1.1_Windows OS Concepts
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Transcript of 1.1_Windows OS Concepts
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Copyright 2007 Accenture All Rights Reserved
Windows Desktops & Windows XP
Introduction to Windows Operating System
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Content
Operating System (OS)
Operating System Architecture
Operations performed by OS Network Commands
Windows XP Operating system
System Requirements for XP
WIN XP Pro Advantages
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Operating system
An Operating system (OS) is a program that acts
as an intermediary between users of a computer
and as an interface between applications with thecomputer hardware that controls the execution of
application programs
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Operating system (OS) is the most important
software that runs on a Computer. It is an interface
between the user and the hardware
It enable computer hardware to communicate and
operate with the computer software
It provides each user with a slice of the resources
OS act as a control program
Operating System (continued)
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Operating System Architecture
OS is set of programs which controls the computer
system
Other Software/Applicationprogram
Operating System
Hardware
Any request from
different Application
programs reaches to OS,
which in turn sends the
request to Hardware and
executes the request.
Operating System Architecture
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Operating system overview
ppli ation rograms anystem programs
Operating
ystem
ComputerHar ware
ComputerOperators/users1
ComputerOperators/users 2
ComputerOperators/users n
Compiler Interpreter Database
Users
Userrograms
O
ro essor,Memory,
is et
ifferent layers of intera tion with the system
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Operating System Structure
Operating System structure is a container consisting
of collection of structures for interacting with the
operating system's file system, directory paths,
processes, and I/O subsystem.
Operating system provides substructures that are
meant to present a model to handle the resources
Two basic criteria of OS structure are:
User
System
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Operations performed by OS
Different operations performed by OS are:
Memory management
Command Interpreter Process management
File Handling
Networking
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Memory
Memory can be defined as a large array of bytes.With each byte/ word having its own address andcan be accessed by the Central Processing unit(CPU) and I/O (input/output ) devices.
Memory is of two types:
Main Memory
Secondary memory
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Memory (Continued)
Main memory
It is a volatile & Non-Volatile Memory storagedevice which primarily means that the contents are
lost in the case of system failure. ROM (Non- Volatile)
RAM (volatile)
Secondary Memory
It is a permanent and non-volatile memory. Mostcomputers use disks for storing both largeprograms and data.
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Memory Management
Responsibility of OS for main memory management:
It maintains a track of which part of memory isused and by which process
To load a new process in memory when memoryspace becomes available
OS Allocates the memory when needed andshould deallocate the space if it is not needed
Responsibility of the OS for secondary memory : It tracks for free space on the disk
Storage allocation
Scheduling of the Disk
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Command Interpreter
Command interpreter is the program that interprets
control statements.
Its function is to get and execute the next command
statement
Various commands are given to the operating system to
deal with process creation, I/O handling, memory
management and networking
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A process is a running instance of a program. It is a task
that is in execution stage
The tasks executed by the active process are terminals,
files, and other I/O devices communication.
A process is more than a program code. It is an 'active'
entity as oppose to program which consider to be a
'passive' entity.
Process elements are Program code and a Set of
data associated with that code.
Process - Definition
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Process Model
In a process Model, all programs in the computer are
organized in a number of sequential Processes.
The process model protects and separate memory from
each other, and is dynamic in nature. The states in the Process Model are as follows :
New process is being created
Running process currently being executed
Waiting process waiting for some event to occur
Ready process that is prepared to execute
Exit process that finished execution
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Working of Process Model
New Ready
Blocked
Running Exit
AdmitDispatch
Time Out
Release
Event wait
Event Occurs
The Working of the Process model is diagrammatically
shown below:
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Process Scheduling
Process Scheduling is the assignment of physical processors to
processes to accomplish work. The problem of determining
when processors should be assigned and to which processes is
called processor scheduling or CPU scheduling.
Types of Scheduling:
Long-term scheduler (or job scheduler) Decision to add
to the pool of processes to be executed
Short-term scheduler (or CPU scheduler) Decision as to
which available process will be executed by the processor
I/O scheduler Decision as to which processs pending I/O
request shall be handled by an available I/O device
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CPU Scheduler
Processes that are selected from memory that are
ready to execute are allocated time to work with CPU
is called as CPU Scheduler
CPU scheduling decisions may take place when a
process:
Switches from running to waiting state
Switches from running to ready state
Switches from waiting to ready
Terminates
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Types of Process Scheduling
Types of Process Scheduling algorithms are as below:
Non Preemptive scheduling:
The scheduling is non preemptive if, once a process has been
given the CPU, the CPU cannot be taken away from that
process
Preemptive Scheduling:
Preemptive scheduling is the strategy of allowing processes that
are logically run able to be temporarily suspended in contrast to
the "run to completion" method.
Context Switching is used to suspend the process in
preemptive scheduling
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Scheduling Criteria
CPU utilization
Keeping the CPU always busy
Throughput
Processes that complete their execution per unit time
Turnaround time
Time taken to execute a particular process
Waiting time
Time taken for a process in ready queue
Response time
Time taken for responding first request
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File Handling
File is defined as the collection of related information.It represent data, source and object programs.
Responsibility of the OS for file management: Creation, deletion and manipulation of file and
directories
Back up of files onto secondary storage or a nonvolatile storage medium.
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Networking
Networking system is a communication between different
processors or computer. Each processor or computer
has its own local memory.
Communication among systems takes place using aprotocol. Protocol is a set of agreements on which the two
or more systems communicate on a network.
It provides user access to various system resources.
It allows access to a shared resource which supportscomputation speed-up, Increased data availability and
enhanced reliability
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Types of Operating System
Types of Operating System are
Single User Operating System
Only one user is allowed to use the computer at a givenpoint of time
Example : DOS
Multi-User Operating System
Multiple users are allowed to use the same computer at
the same time and /or at different time
Unix, Linux, Windows 2000
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Networking - Definitions
Domain
It contains a group of systems that can be accessed andadministered with a common set of rules. It is set up using anetworking software. It is also referred as domain name.
Internet Protocol (IP) address
Computer which is connected to the Internet is identifieduniquely by a address known as its Internet Protocol (IP)address.
IP address consists of four numbers (each between 0 and255) separated by dots.
Example of IP address: 10.116.12.146
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Networking Definitions (continued) HostName
The IP addresses are difficult to remember the Internet allows usto identify a computer by a name instead of numbers.
For example, IP address 10.116.12.146 can also be referred toas: B3A-2F168-32F7B. This string is known as thecomputer's host name.
DNS server (Domain Name Server)
To communicate on the internet it is important to know whichmachine is connected. So the DNS converts Internet domain andhost names to IP addresses
DHCP server (DynamicHost Configuration ProtocolServer)
DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol andprovides a solution that automatically assigns IP addresses to
computers on a network
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Network Commands
IPCONFIG is a command that displays the currentconfiguration of the IP on computer which isconnected to a network.
IPCONFIG switches that can be used at a command prompt
are as follows:
Ipconfig will display the IP address of the system
ipconfig /all will display all of your IP settings. ipconfig /renew forces the DHCP server, if available
to renew a lease
ipconfig /release forces the release of a lease.
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Windows XP Operating system
Windows XP Operating system is aMicrosoft
product. System Requirements for XP is as follows:
CPU 233Mhz300Mhz (Recommended)
Intel Pentium/Celeron family, AMD K6/Athlon/Duron
family, or compatible processor recommended
Memory64MB
128MB (Recommended)
1.5 gigabyte (GB) of available hard disk
Monitor Super VGA (800 600) or higher resolution video adapterand monitor
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Windows XP Desktop
Screen Shot of Windows XP
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WIN XP Pro Advantages
Advantages of Win XP Pro
Remote Desktop
Offline Files and Folders
Encrypting File System Granular Access Control
Ability to join a Windows NT or Windows 2000 domain
Support for Group Policy and Roaming Profiles
Software Installation and Maintenance
Installation using Remote Installation Services (RIS)
Multi-language support Multiprocessor support
Multiple Monitors support
Personal Firewall
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WIN XP Pro Advantages (continued)
Remote Desktop Remote Desktop acts as a Terminal Server. It is advantageous in the case if you move from computer to
computer and occasionally need to access your primary desktop
from another machine.
Remote Desktop is also useful when you're on the far, as you can
connect to your machine over a VPN connection from a remote
location.
Offline Files and
Folders
Offline files and folders allow you to store the contents of a
network share on the local disk.
This feature is advantageous when you are moving with a laptop.
While plugging laptop back into the network, the files changed on
the laptop are automatically synchronized so that the files in the
network share are up to date.
Encrypting File
System (EFS)
It encrypt files so that unauthorized users cannot view the
contents.
It is useful in high security or a laptop environment.
Both Windows XP Home and Professional support the NTFS file
system, but EFS is disabled on XP Home. EFS is best used on
laptop computers
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WIN XP Pro Advantages (continued)
Granular Access
Control
Windows XP Professional allows you to assign the full range of NTFS
permissions to files and folders.
Instead of granular NTFS based access controls, Windows XP
Ability to join a Windows NT or Windows 2000 domain
It support for Group Policy and Roaming Profiles
Software Installation and Maintenance
Multi-language
support
It allows you to change the language used is various dialog boxes
It is not helpful feature if you work in one language
Multiprocessor support
Multiple Monitors
support
Multiprocessor and multiple monitor support in Windows XP
Professional allows use of up to two processors and 10 monitors.
XP Home allows only a single processor and monitor.
Universal Backup
in Operating
System
Updated Windows NT backup program is included with BOTH XP
Professional and XP Home.
The new backup program allows to back up to virtually any media like
remote disks or tape.
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WIN XP Pro Advantages (continued)
Personal
Firewall
Windows XP's Internet Connection Firewall (ICF) provides
basic computer security, is easy to implement, and is free of
charge to all Windows XP users.
ICF allows the user to set restrictions on connection of
computer from the Internet. The ICF disables all incoming trafficunless traffic is associated with an exchange that began from
within your computer.
Windows XP which provides a shared Internet connection with
other machines on the same network.
One drawback to ICF is that it doesn't block any outbound
traffic Though it should probably be used in conjunction with other
firewall products, ICF is a no-cost product, is easy to
implement, and provides Windows XP users with a basic level
of security.
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Key Points
Operating system (OS) is the most important software that
runs on a Computer. It is an interface between the user
and the hardware
Networking system is a communication between differentprocessors or computer. Each processor or computer has
its own local memory.
IPCONFIG is a command that displays the currentconfiguration of the IP on computer which is connected to
a network. Windows XP Operating system is a Microsoft product.
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