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11th/12thGradeEconomicInequalityInquiry

CanWeAffordtheSuper-Rich?

MattWuerker,Politico,7Mar2013.

SupportingQuestions

1. Whatdoeseconomicinequalitylooklike?2. Doeseconomicinequalityadverselyaffectmentalandphysicalhealth?3. Doeseconomicinequalityunderminedemocracy?4. Doeseconomicinequalitynegativelyimpactclimatechangemitigation?

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11th/12thGradeEconomicInequalityInquiry

Canweaffordthesuper-rich?

C3FrameworkIndicators

D2.Eco.15.9-12:Explainhowcurrentglobalizationtrendsandpoliciesaffecteconomicgrowth,labormarkets,rightsofcitizens,theenvironment,andresourceandincomedistributionindifferentnations.

D2.Geo.11.9-12:Evaluatehoweconomicglobalizationandtheexpandinguseofscarceresourcescontributetoconflictandcooperationwithinandamongcountries.

StagingtheCompellingQuestion

Viewaseriesofimagesrelatedtotheeconomicinequality.Conductaclassroomdiscussionconcerningitscausesandconsequences

SupportingQuestion1 SupportingQuestion2 SupportingQuestion3 SupportingQuestion4

Whatdoeseconomicinequalitylooklike?

Howdoeseconomicinequalityaffectmentalandphysicalhealth?”

Doeseconomicinequalityunderminedemocracy?

Doeseconomicinequalityimpactclimatechangemitigation?

FormativePerformanceTask FormativePerformanceTask FormativePerformanceTask FormativePerformanceTask

Understand Understand Understand Understand

Writealistthatdescribesthehistoricaltrends,causes,andextentofintensifyingeconomicinequality.

Writeasummarythatdescribestherelationshipbetweeneconomicinequalityandmentalandphysicalhealth.

Writeaclaimorseriesofclaimsusingevidenceastowhetherornot(andtowhatextent)democracyisunderminedbyeconomicinequality.

Developaclaimsupportedbyevidenceaboutwhetherornot(andtowhatextent)economicinequalityimpactsclimatechangemitigation.

FeaturedSources FeaturedSources FeaturedSources FeaturedSources

SourceA:ExcerptfromGordon,GrowingApart(2013)SourceB:Gilson,“OnlyLittlePeoplePayTaxes”(2011)SourceC:Gilson,“It’stheInequality,Stupid”(2011)

SourcesA&B:Dataoneconomicinequalityandhealthoutcomes,TheEqualityTrust(2011,2012)SourceC:Hinds,“Inequalitycanbeagoodthing”(2013)SourceD:DatafromCenterforDiseaseControl,(2013)

SourceA:Boren,“TheU.S.isanoligarchy,studyconcludes”(2014)

SourceB:Gilson,“WhoOwnsCongress?ACampaignCashSeatingChart”and“CapitolHill’sTop75CorporateSponsors”(2010)

SourceC:FreedomHousereportonpoliticalrightsandcivilliberties(2016)

SourceA:Kenner,“Reducinginequalityandcarbonfootprintswithincountries,”GlobalSustainabilityInstitute(2016)

SourceB:Upton,“Let’sfightthe1percent—ofpowerplants”(2013)

SourceC:Mankiw,“Yes,theWealthyCanBeDeserving”(2014)

SummativePerformanceTask

ARGUMENTCanweaffordthesuper-rich?Constructanargument(e.g.,detailedoutline,poster,essay)thatdiscussesthecompellingquestionusingspecificclaimsandrelevantevidencefromcurrentsourceswhileacknowledgingcompetingviews.

EXTENSIONConvertyourargumentativeessayorposterintoanop-edandsubmitittotheschoolorcitynewspaper.

TakingInformedAction

ASSESSDeterminetherangeofarguments,identifyingthevarianceofperspectiveswithintheclass

ACTInvitemembersofthecommunity,withinandoutsidetheschool,toattendatown-halleventtosharetheclassperspectives.

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Overview

InquiryDescription

Thisinquiryleadsstudentsthroughaninvestigationoftheintensificationofeconomicinequality.Byexploringthecompellingquestion“Canweaffordthesuper-rich?”studentsevaluatethehistoricaltrendsandconsidertheepidemiological,political,andsocio-environmentalconsequencesofescalatingeconomicinequality.Theformativeperformancetasksbuildonknowledgeandskillsthroughthecourseoftheinquirytohelpstudentsunderstandtheinfluenceofthesuper-richonthelivesofothersthroughaprogressivelyexpandedlensofeconomicinequality,mentalandphysicalhealth,democraticprocesses,andclimatechangemitigationefforts.Studentscreateanevidence-basedargumentaboutwhywecannotaffordthesuper-richorwhythesuper-richdonotposearisktosocietyandtheenvironmentinwhichhumanityisembedded.Thoughstudentscancompletetheinquirywiththeprovidedsources,teachersareencouragedtohavestudentsresearchthesupportingquestionstosupplementthem.

Itisimportanttonotethatthisinquiryrequiresprerequisiteknowledgeofhistoricaleventsandideas.Thus,studentsshouldhavealreadystudiedtheGildedAgeandthemyriadproblemsassociatedwithit:workingclassexploitationresultingintheupwardtransferofwealthanditsconcentrationatthetopofthesocioeconomicpyramid;publichealthcrises;politicalcorruption;andgeopoliticalstrugglesaroundresourcecontrolanduse.

Note:Thisinquiryisexpectedtotakeeight40-minuteclassperiods.Theinquirytimeframecouldexpandifteachersthinktheirstudentsneedadditionalinstructionalexperiences(i.e.,supportingquestions,formativeperformancetasks,andfeaturedsources).Teachersareencouragedtoadapttheinquiriesinordertomeettheneedsandinterestsoftheirparticularstudents.Resourcescanalsobemodifiedasnecessarytomeetindividualizededucationprograms(IEPs)orSection504Plansforstudentswithdisabilities.

StructureoftheInquiry

Inaddressingthecompellingquestion“Canweaffordthesuper-rich?”studentsworkthroughaseriesofsupportingquestions,formativeperformancetasks,andfeaturedsourcesinordertoconstructanargumentsupportedbyevidencewhileacknowledgingcompetingperspectives.

StagingtheCompellingQuestion

Instagingthecompellingquestion,“Canweaffordthesuper-rich?”teachersshowstudentsaseriesofslidesoffigures,headlines,andimagesrelatedtoeconomicinequality,promptingaclassroomdiscussionconcerningitscausesandconsequences.

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SupportingQuestion1

Thefirstsupportingquestion—“Whatdoeseconomicinequalitylooklike?”—hasstudentsbegintodevelopanunderstandingofhowextremeinequalityintheU.S.hasbecomeandbywhatmeans.Theformativeperformancetaskasksstudentstowritealistthatdescribesthecausesandextentofintensifyingeconomicinequality.Thefeaturedsourcesforthisquestionincludeadata-richnarrativeaboutthedimensionsofinequalityandwhathascontributedtoitsescalationaswellasasetofchartsandfiguresrelevanttotheconcentrationofeconomicandpoliticalpower.FeaturedSourceAistheintroductorychapterofhistorianColinGordon’s2013book,GrowingApart:APoliticalHistoryofAmericanInequality.Gordon’saccountisoneofthemostsuccinctandclearestdescriptionsofnotonlytheseverityofinequalitybutalsothecausesoftheupwarddistributionofincomeandwealth,whichheattributestoasetofdeliberatepoliticalchoices,suchasunderminingorganizedlabor,cuttingsocialspendingand/orprivatizingpublicgoods,andreconfiguringthestate(e.g.,deregulation,regressivetaxpolicy)toensurethatitcatersprimarilytocorporateandfinancialinterests.FeaturedSourceB,“OnlyLittlePeoplePayTaxes,”byDaveGilson,ajournalistatMotherJones,isacollectionofchartsandcaptionsthatdepicttheU.S.’sinequitabletaxsystem,whichamountstoamechanismforregressivetransfersofwealth.GilsonisalsotheauthorofFeaturedSourceC,“It’stheInequality,Stupid,”whichisasetofgraphics,similartotheonesusedtostagetheCompellingQuestion,thatrepresentslong-termandshort-termtrendshavingtodowiththeincreasinglyskeweddistributionofincome,wealth,andpowerintheU.S.

SupportingQuestion2

Forthesecondsupportingquestion—“Doeseconomicinequalityadverselyaffectmentalandphysicalhealth?”—studentsanalyzecomparativedataregardingtherelationshipbetweeninequalityandvariousmeasuresofhealth.Theformativeperformancetaskasksstudentstodevelopaclaimsupportedbyevidenceaboutwhether(andtowhatextent)mentalandphysicalhealthisadverselyaffectedbyeconomicinequality.Inadditiontotheresourcesfromtheprevioussupportingquestion,thefeaturedsourcesprovidestudentswithadditionalmaterialsthatallowthemtoascertaintherelationshipbetweeneconomicinequalityandhealthoutcomesinbothnationalandinternationalcontexts.FeaturedSourceAisafigurethatcomparesthe“priceofinequality”acrossfourcountries(Japan,Sweden,U.K.,andU.S.)byjuxtaposingeachcountry’slevelofinequalitytovariousindicatorsofpublichealth.FeaturedSourceAalsocontainsanumberofchartsandcaptionsthatillustratethelinkbetweenthedegreeofinequalitywithinaterritorially-definedpopulationandhealthoutcomes.Thisbriefreportshowsaconnectionbetweengreaterinequalityandworsenedhealth.BothsetsofgraphicscomefromaU.K-basedorganizationcalledTheEqualityTrust,whichinterpretsanddisseminatesresearch,developsevidence-basedargumentsaboutpublicpolicy,andcontributesresourcestosocialjusticemovementsandcampaigns.FeaturedSourceBisanop-edbyManuelHinds,whoarguesthat“inequalitycanbeagoodthing.”HedrawsonWorldBankdataonChinatomakeacasethatpovertyreduction(aproxyforhealthimprovement,thoughitisacrudemeasure)hasaccompaniedincreasinginequality.Hindsmakesotherassertionsabouttheroleofinequalityinmotivation,innovation,andprosperityinhispiece,whichprovidesideasforstudentstocritiqueorincorporateintotheirownarguments.FeaturedSourceCisagroupofgraphsfromtheCenterforDiseaseControlthatrepresentdecreasesinmortalityratesandincreasesinlifeexpectanciesoveraroughly100-yeartimeperiodandacrosspopulationcategoriesintheU.S.,thoughunevenly.Itshows,atanabstractlevel,thatbroadimprovementsinpublichealthhavepersisted,eveninthefaceofescalatinginequality,althoughthisdoesnotnegatetheaforementionedevidenceaboutworseninghealthoutcomessincebothcancoexist.

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SupportingQuestion3

Thethirdsupportingquestion—“Doeseconomicinequalityunderminedemocracy?”—asksstudentstoconsiderhowhighlyconcentratedwealthmayormaynotaffectthepoliticalsystem.Theformativeperformancetaskasksstudentstodevelopaclaimsupportedbyevidenceaboutwhether(andtowhatextent)democracyisunderminedbyeconomicinequality.Inadditiontothepreviousfeaturedsources,thesourcesforthistaskallowstudentstograpplewithfactsaboutthedominationofthepoliticalprocessbybigbusinessinterestsaswellasindicatorssuggestingthatingeneralandrelativetomanyothercountries,theU.S.doesadecentjoboffurnishingitscitizenrywithpoliticalrightsandcivilliberties.FeaturedSourceA,“TheU.S.isanoligarchy,studyconcludes,”providesasnapshot(ofMartinGilensandBenjaminPage’s2014study)pertainingtotheunequalresponsivenessoftheU.S.governmenttothepolicypreferencesofcitizensindifferentincomestrata.FeaturedSourceB—“WhoOwnsCongress?ACampaignCashSeatingChart”and“CapitolHill’sTop75CorporateSponsors,”bothassembledin2010byDaveGilsonofMotherJones—symbolizesCongressionalseatingchartsaccordingtomajorbusinesssponsorsratherthanpoliticalpartiesandhighlightstheamountofcorporatemoney,especiallyfromthefinance,insurance,andrealestateindustry(FIRE)sector,inpoliticalcampaigns.FeaturedSourceCcomesfromFreedomHouse,aself-described“independentwatchdogorganization.”Everyyear,theyassigneachcountryaso-calledFreedomStatus(NotFree,PartlyFree,orFree)andaFreedomRating(basedonacombinedPoliticalRightsandCivilLibertiesscore),aswellasanAggregateScoreandpotentiallyadownwardtrendingarrowifconditionshavedeteriorated.Theyalsowriteabriefreportoneachcountry;thereportontheU.S.—whichreceivedanaggregatescoreof90,goodfor46thintheworldalongwithadownwardtrendingarrow—isincluded.ItisbothcomplimentaryandcriticalofthequalityofdemocracyintheU.S.

SupportingQuestion4

Forthefourthsupportingquestion—“Doeseconomicinequalitynegativelyimpactclimatechangemitigation?”—studentscontemplatetheimpactthateconomicinequalityhasonenvironmentaldegradationaswellasoneffortstomitigateclimatechange.Theformativeperformancetaskasksstudentstodevelopaclaimsupportedbyevidenceaboutwhether(andtowhatextent)climatechangemitigationisnegativelyimpactedbyeconomicinequality.Inadditiontotheresourcesfromtheprevioussupportingquestion,thefeaturedsourcesprovidestudentswithadditionalmaterialsthatallowthemtoexaminewhomakesthelargestcontributiontogreenhousegasemissionsandtoweighthecomplacencyandintransigenceofthesuper-rich—whosematerialinterestsareboundupwiththestatusquoandthedriveforendlesscompoundgrowth—againstthepossibilitythattheirpursuitofprofitsandtheinvestmentstheyaremakinginthecontextofmarketcompetitionwillpromotewidespreadsocio-environmentalwelfare.FeaturedSourceA,“Reducinginequalityandcarbonfootprintswithincountries,”a2016workingpaperwrittenbyDarrioKenner,movesbeyondnationalscalepercapitacarbonfootprintstoanalyzetheunequalcontributionstoCO2emissionsacrossdifferentincomegroupsintheU.S.,focusingespeciallyontherichest1%(i.e.,‘carboninequality’).AsKennerwrites,“Whilstitiscrucialtocomparethetotalcarbonfootprintsofeachnation,toidentifywhereunsustainableproductionandconsumptionpatternsareconcentratedglobally,fortoolongdebateshaverevolvedaroundthesenationallevelstatisticswhichhidetheinequalityofconsumptionoffossilfuelswithincountries”(p.1).FeaturedSourceB,“Let’sfightthe1percent—ofpowerplants,”byJohnUptoninGrist,highlightsthedisproportionateamountofpollutiongeneratedbythedirtiestpowerplantsintheU.S.(bydrawingonthis2013reportbyEnvironmentAmericaResearch&PolicyCenter).FeaturedSourceCisanop-edbyN.GregoryMankiwtitled“Yes,theWealthyCanBeDeserving,”publishedinThe

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NewYorkTimesinFebruary2014.Mankiwarguesthatevenintheabsenceof“analtruisticdesiretoadvancethepublicgood,”thatis“precisely”whattherichest1percentdowhen,forexample,extremelywell-compensatedmembersofthefinanceindustryareleftto“allocate[e]theeconomy’sinvestmentresources”by“decid[ing],inadecentralizedandcompetitiveway,whichcompaniesandindustrieswillshrinkandwhichwillgrow.”Clearly,thesesourcesprovidecontrastinginterpretationsofthecausesofandpotentialsolutionstoclimatechange,whichallowsstudentstodeterminewhethertheythinktheroleplayedbythesuper-richinthesedynamicsisharmful,helpful,orboth.

SummativePerformanceTask

Atthispointintheinquiry,studentshaveexaminedthehistoricaltrendsconsideringtheepidemiological,political,andsocio-environmentalconsequencesofescalatingeconomicinequality.

Studentsshouldbeexpectedtodemonstratethebreadthoftheirunderstandingsandtheirabilitiestouseevidencefrommultiplesourcestosupporttheirclaims.Inthistask,studentsconstructanevidence-basedargumentusingmultiplesourcestoanswerthecompellingquestion“Canweaffordthesuper-rich?”Itisimportanttonotethatstudents’argumentscouldtakeavarietyofforms,includingadetailedoutline,poster,oressay.

Students’argumentswilllikelyvary,butcouldincludeanyofthefollowing:

• Wecannotaffordthesuper-rich.First,escalatingeconomicinequalityleadstobadmentalandphysicalhealthoutcomes.Second,themaldistributionofwealthweakensdemocracyinsofarasunequalmoneypowercorrespondswithanunequalamountofpoliticalpoweranddegreeofgovernmentresponsivenesstopolicypreferences.Third,thematerialinterestsofthe1%impedeclimatechangemitigation.

• Thesuper-richdonotposeaproblem.First,economicinequalitymotivatespeopletoachieve,andmentalandphysicalhealthoutcomes—reflectedinlifeexpectancy—intheU.S.arenotonlygloballycompetitivebutalsohaveactuallybeenimprovingdespiteincome/wealthhavingbecomemoreconcentratedatthetop.Second,despiterisingeconomicinequality,theU.S.stillhasastrongdemocracyinsofarasitensuresrelativelygoodaccesstocivillibertiesandcivilrightswhenviewedinaninternationalperspective.Third,the1%’spursuitofwealthandtheircompetitiveinvestmentsspurthedevelopmentoftechnologiesthatcanmollifyenvironmentaldegradation.

• Wecannotaffordthesuper-richgiventheiroutsizedimpactonthequalityofU.S.democracyandthelikelihoodthatintensifyingeconomicinequalitywillexacerbateenvironmentalinjustice;nevertheless,theupwardredistributionandconcentrationofincome/wealthdoesnotposeaproblemwithrespecttomentalandphysicalhealthbecauseinequalityisagreatsourceofmotivationanddoesnotpreventpovertyalleviationandimprovementsinlifeexpectancy.

• Wecannotaffordthesuper-richwhenitcomestotheunfavorablemannerinwhichescalatinginequalityunderminespublichealthanddemocraticprocesses,butitwouldbemistakentoassumethatwealthyindividualsposeaproblemwithrespecttoclimatechangemitigationbecausecompetitionamongfinancialelitescanleadtosensibleinvestmentsandallocationsofresources.

Toextendtheirarguments,teachersmayhavestudentsconverttheirargumentativeessayorposterintoanop-edandsubmitittotheschoolnewspaper.

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StudentshavetheopportunitytoTakeInformedActionbydrawingontheirunderstandingsofhoweconomictrendshaveamultifacetedimpactontheirlives.Theunderstandcomponentisembeddedintheinquiry.Toassess,studentswillcompareanddiscusstheirclaims,thendeterminetherangeofargumentsinordertoidentifythevarianceofperspectiveswithintheclass.Toact,studentswillinvitemembersofthecommunity,withinandoutsidetheschool,toattendatownhalleventtosharetheclassperspectives.Studentsareencouragedtoinvitefriendsandfamilymembers,butalsoconsiderotherstakeholdersintheircommunity.Tofurtherextendthetakinginformedactionpiece,haveastudentdocumenttheeventtosharewiththeschoolortownnewspaper.

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StagingtheCompellingQuestion

FeaturedSources Aseriesofimagescontainingthefigures,headlines,andpicturesrelatedtothecausesandconsequencesofeconomicinequality.

Bivens,J.andMishel,L.(2015).FigureA:Disconnectbetweenproductivityandatypicalworker’scompensation,1948-2014,fromUnderstandingthehistoricdivergencebetweenproductivityandatypicalworker’spay.EconomicPolicyInstitutereport,epi.org.Retrievedfromhttp://www.epi.org/publication/understanding-the-historic-divergence-between-productivity-and-a-typical-workers-pay-why-it-matters-and-why-its-real/

Bonica,A.andShen,J.(2014,April23).Thericharedominatingcampaigns.Here’swhythat’sabouttogetworse.TheWashingtonPost.Retrievedfromhttps://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2014/04/23/the-rich-are-dominating-campaigns-heres-why-thats-about-to-get-worse/?utm_term=.d2cebbcf5940

Boseley,S.(2015,February11).Unemploymentcauses45,000suicidesayearworldwide,findsstudy.TheGuardian.Retrievedfromhttps://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/feb/11/unemployment-causes-45000-suicides-a-year-worldwide-finds-study

Flavelle,C.(2016,October31).ClimatechangeisalreadyforcingAmericanstomove.Bloomberg.Retrievedfromhttps://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-10-31/climate-change-is-already-forcing-americans-to-move

Johannsen,C.C.(2012,July2).Theoneswe’velost:Thestudentloandebtsuicides.TheHuffingtonPost.Retrievedfromhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/c-cryn-johannsen/student-loan-debt-suicides_b_1638972.html

Kasperkevic,J.(2015,October17).Wealththerapytackleswoesoftherich:‘It’sreallyisolatingtohavelotsofmoney’.TheGuardian.Retrievedfromhttps://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/oct/17/wealth-therapy-tackles-woes-of-the-rich-its-really-isolating-to-have-lots-of-money

Kimball,W.andMishel,L.(2015)Unions’declineandtheriseofthetop10percent’sshareofincome.EconomicPolicyInstituteeconomicsnapshot,epi.org.Retrievedfromhttp://www.epi.org/publication/unions-decline-and-the-rise-of-the-top-10-percents-share-of-income/

Mishel,L.andDavis,A.(2015)FigureC:CEO-to-workercompensationratio,1965-2014,fromTopCEOsmake300timesmorethantypicalworkers.EconomicPolicyInstitutereport,epi.org.Retrievedfromhttp://www.epi.org/publication/top-ceos-make-300-times-more-than-workers-pay-growth-surpasses-market-gains-and-the-rest-of-the-0-1-percent/

Mishel,L.,Gould,E.,andBivens,J.(2015).Figure8:Theminimumwagewouldbeover$18haditrisenalongwithproductivity,fromWagestagnationinninecharts.EconomicPolicyInstitutereport,epi.org.Retrievedfromhttp://www.epi.org/publication/charting-wage-stagnation/

Monaghan,A.(2014,November13).USwealthinequality–top0.1%worthasmuchasthebottom90%.TheGuardian.Retrievedfromhttps://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/nov/13/us-wealth-inequality-top-01-worth-as-much-as-the-bottom-90

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Oxfam(2014).Figure4:TherelationshipbetweenfinancialderegulationandinequalityintheUS,fromWorkingforthefew:Politicalcaptureandeconomicinequality.Oxfambriefingpaper,oxfam.org.Retrievedfromhttp://www.dannydorling.org/books/onepercent/Material_files/Media/Figure3-5/Figure3-5.jpg?disposition=download

Roberts,M.(2012,November12).Spanishbankstorestrictevictionsaftersuicides.TheGuardian.Retrievedfromhttps://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/12/spanish-banks-evictions-suicides

Stuart,H.(2014,May19).Foreclosureslinkedtohighersuiciderates:Study.TheHuffingtonPost.Retrievedfromhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/05/19/foreclosure-suicides_n_5351219.html

Syll,L.P.(2014,January20).Theperniciousimpactofthewideningwealthgap.Retrievedfromhttps://larspsyll.wordpress.com/2014/01/20/the-pernicious-impact-of-the-widening-wealth-gap/

Umar,B.(2015,May18).India’sshockingfarmersuicideepidemic.AlJazeera.Retrievedfromhttp://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2015/05/india-shocking-farmer-suicide-epidemic-150513121717412.html

Yglesias,M.(2013,April26).Congressignoresthepooryetagain.Slate.Retrievedfromhttp://www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2013/04/26/congress_ignores_the_poor_larry_bartels_research_explains_the_frequent_flier.html

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SupportingQuestion1

FeaturedSource SourceA: Gordon,C.(2013).GrowingApart:APoliticalHistoryofAmericanInequality.Inequality.org.Webarticle.

Retrievedfromhttp://scalar.usc.edu/works/growing-apart-a-political-history-of-american-inequality/index

Retrievedfromhttp://www.motherjones.com/politics/2011/04/taxes-richest-americans-charts-graph

SupportingQuestion1FeaturedSource SourceC: Gilson,D.(2011,February7).It’stheInequality,Stupid.MotherJones.Article.

Retrievedfromhttp://www.motherjones.com/politics/2011/02/income-inequality-in-america-chart-graph

Retrievedfromhttp://www.dannydorling.org/books/onepercent/Material_files/Media/Figure6-6/Figure6-6.jpg?disposition=download

Retrievedfromhttps://inequality.org/facts/inequality-and-health

SupportingQuestion1FeaturedSource SourceB: Gilson,D.(2011,April11).OnlyLittlePeoplePayTaxes.MotherJones.Article.

SupportingQuestion2FeaturedSource SourceA: TheEqualityTrust(2012).Thepriceofinequality,fourcountries,2012.Datavisualization.

SupportingQuestion2FeaturedSource SourceB: TheEqualityTrust(2011).Inequalityandhealth.Inequality.org.Article.

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SupportingQuestion2FeaturedSource SourceC:Hinds,M.(2013,June24).Inequalitycanbeagoodthing.Quartz.Article.

Retrievedfromhttps://qz.com/96836/inequality-can-be-a-good-thing/

SupportingQuestion2

FeaturedSource SourceD:CenterforDiseaseControlandPrevention,NationalCenterforHealthStatistics(2015,June1).DeathsintheUnitedStates,1900-2013.DataVisualization.

Retrievedfromhttps://blogs.cdc.gov/nchs-data-visualization/deaths-in-the-us/

Retrievedfromhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/10769041/The-US-is-an-oligarchy-study-concludes.html

Retrievedfromhttp://www.motherjones.com/politics/2010/09/congress-corporate-sponsors

Alsosee:Gilson,D.(2010,October4).CapitolHill’sTop75CorporateSponsors.MotherJones.Retrievedfromhttp://www.motherjones.com/politics/2010/09/capitol-hill-top-corporate-sponsors

SupportingQuestion3FeaturedSource SourceA:Boren,Z.D.(2014,April16).TheU.S.isanoligarchy,studyconcludes.Telegraph.Article.

SupportingQuestion3

FeaturedSource SourceB:Gilson,D.(2010,October4).WhoOwnsCongress?ACampaignCashSeatingChart.MotherJones.Article.

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SupportingQuestion3

FeaturedSourceSourceC:FreedomHouse(2016).FreedomintheWorld2016Report,UnitedStatesandTableofCountryScores.Report.

Retrievedfromhttps://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2016/united-statesandhttps://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world-2016/table-scores

SupportingQuestion4

FeaturedSource SourceA:Kenner,D.(2016).Reducinginequalityandcarbonfootprintswithincountries.GlobalSustainabilityInstitute,AngliaRuskinUniversity.Article.

Retrievedfromhttp://whygreeneconomy.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Kenner-2016.-Reducing-inequality-and-carbon-footprints-within-countries.pdf

SupportingQuestion4FeaturedSource SourceB:Upton,J.(2013,September12).Let’sfightthe1percent—ofpowerplants.Grist.Article.

Retrievedfromhttp://grist.org/news/lets-fight-the-1-percent-of-power-plants/

SupportingQuestion4

FeaturedSource SourceC:Mankiw,N.G.(2014,February16).Yes,theWealthyCanBeDeserving.TheNewYorkTimes.Article.

Retrievedfromhttp://scholar.harvard.edu/files/mankiw/files/yes_the_wealthy.pdf

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SourcesList Bivens,J.andMishel,L.(2015).FigureA:Disconnectbetweenproductivityandatypicalworker’s

compensation,1948-2014,fromUnderstandingthehistoricdivergencebetweenproductivityandatypicalworker’spay.EconomicPolicyInstitutereport,epi.org.Retrievedfromhttp://www.epi.org/publication/understanding-the-historic-divergence-between-productivity-and-a-typical-workers-pay-why-it-matters-and-why-its-real/

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