11th Edition - 2009 Chapter 16: Tourism Planning, Development, and Social Considerations Tourism:...

11th Edition - 2009 Chapter 16: Tourism Planning, Development, and Social Considerations

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies

Part Four: Tourism Supply, Demand, Planning and Development

• Identifying the factors that determine the success of a tourism destination

• Relate tourism planning to tourism policy

• Discover what the goals of tourism development should be

• Recognize that some serious barriers to tourism development must be overcome if a desired growth is to occur

• Learn the political and economic aspects of development including those related to developing countries

• Appreciate the importance of architectural design and concern for heritage preservation, local handicrafts, and use of indigenous materials in creating tourist facilities

Learning Objectives




The Ritchie/Crouch Modelof




Relating Tourism Planningto Tourism Policy

SIMILARITIES1. They both deal with the future development of a tourism

destination or region;2. They both emphasize the strategic dimensions of managerial

action–although planning must also address a number of tactical concerns.

DIFFERENCES1. Policy formulation is definitely very “big picture” while much

of planning is characterized by an attention to detail;2. Policy formulation is a creative, intellectual process, while

planning is generally a more constrained exercise;3. Policy, and particularly its visioning component, has a very

long-term strategic emphasis, while planning tends to be more restrictive in its time horizon. A one-year planning cycle is not uncommon, although 3-5 year plans are a possibility. In contrast, destination visions may have a 5, 10, 50, or even a 100 year time horizon;

4. Policy formulation must allow for as yet unseen circumstances and technologies to be considered. In contrast, planning tends to assume current conditions and technologies, with some allowances for predictable, or evolutionary change;

5. Policy formulation tends to emphasize a systematic determination of “WHAT” should be done in long-term tourism development, while planning tends to emphasize the “HOW” for the achievement of specific destination goals.




Some Advantages of Tourism

• Provide employment opportunities

• Generates foreign exchange

• Increases incomes

• Increases GNP

• Development of tourism infrastructure helps to stimulate local commerce and industry

• Justifies environmental protection and improvement

• Increase governmental revenues

• Diversifies the economy

• Creates a favorable worldwide image for the destination

• Facilitates the process of modernization

• Provides tourist and recreation al facilities for the local population

• Provides foreigners and opportunity to be favorable impressed by little-known nation or regions




Some Disadvantages of Tourism

1. Develops excess demand

2. Creates leakages so great that economic benefits do not accrue

3. Diverts funds from more promising forms of economic development

4. Creates social problems from income differences, social differences, introduction of prostitution, gambling, crime, and so on

5. Degrades the natural physical environment

6. Degrades the cultural environment

7. Poses the difficulties of seasonality

8. Increases vulnerability to economic and political changes

9. Adds to inflation of land values and the price of local goods and services




The Planning Process

1. Define the system and formulate objectives

2. Gather data

3. Analyze and interpret

4. Create the preliminary plan

5. Approve the plan

6. Create the final plan

7. Implement the plan




An Overview of the Tourism Planning Process

STAGE 1

Definethe

System

In doing so, ensure that

the definitions

for the policy

formulation and

destination planning are consistent

STAGE 2

GatherNecessar

yData

Again, much of the data

used for policy

formulation may be

helpful for the planning

processHowever, additional and much

more detailed

data will be required for the planning

process

STAGE 3

Analyze &Interpret

Data

In doing so, it is useful to

relate data to the specific facilities, events,

activities, and programs that impact on the factors that

determine/influence

destinationsuccess

STAGE 4

CreatePreliminary

Plan

The plan should start to make

clear the detailed nature of the facilities,

events, activities, and programs that will deliver the

unique high quality

destination experience that will enhance the competitivenes

s of the destination

within strategic market

segments

STAGE 5

ApprovethePlan

It is critical to ensure that

where approval is required no

relevant stakeholders

are overlooked

STAGE 6

Createthe

Final Plan

At this stage, the level of

detail becomes

increasingly rigorous and

directly related to the

specific geography, legislation, financing,

and timing of the

“real world”

STAGE 7

ImplementthePlan

This stage allocates

responsibility for

development actions to specific

individuals and

organizations, defines the

exact timing of these

actions, and establishes

contingencies for

unexpected occurrences.

This stage also monitors,

follows up, and evaluates




Goals of Tourism Development

1. Provide a framework for raising the living standard of the people through the economic benefits of tourism

2. Develop an infrastructure and provide recreation facilities for visitors and residents alike

3. Ensure development within visitor center and resorts is appropriate to those areas

4. Establish a development program consistent with the cultural, social, and economic philosophy of the government and people of that region

5. Optimize visitor satisfaction

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2009

11th Edition - 2009 Chapter 16: Tourism Planning, Development, and Social Considerations Tourism:...

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