11A Programming 1 HTML-Web

7/30/2019 11A Programming 1 HTML-Web

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IST 195 Programming 1: HTML-Web

The Semantic Web, XML, and English on the

Web

Prof. Randy Wenner

Adapted from Professor Jeff Stanton


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Learning Map

1. The Semantic Web

Giving web page contents more meaning for peopleand computers

2. XML

One of the most important tools for creating thesemantic web

3. English and the Web

Challenges of many cultures, many pages, in manylanguages and how XML and the semantic web may

help


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Semantic Web

Semantic:

Part of the structure of language relating to meaning,especially of words

The Semantic Web: Web 3.0?

An idea for the future of the WWW in whichinformation is tagged with information about its

meaning rather than about its format


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The Web is not Semantic now

Currently the web is a large collection of HTML

documents and a bit of other stuff We know that HTML is a formatting language: It says

where elements on the page should go and what they

should look like

Example: Zap Mama makes a second level

heading, left justified, bold, larger font

HTML does not actually say what anything actually is

what kind of information it is You cant tell from the tag what Zap Mama

signifies. Is it a command? A label? A name?


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Where we are Today: the Syntactic Web

[Hendler & Miller 02]


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The Syntactic Web is A hypermedia, a digital library

A library of documents called (web pages) interconnected by a

hypermedia of links A database, an application platform

A common portal to applications accessible through webpages, and presenting their results as web pages

A platform for multimedia BBC Radio 4 anywhere in the world! Terminator trailers!

A naming scheme Unique identity for those documents

A place where computers do the presentation (easy)and people do the linking and interpreting (hard).

Why not get computers to do more of the hard work?

[Goble 03]


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Hard Work using the Syntactic Web

Find image of Buzz Shaw (SU former chancellor)

http://www.buzzbutt.com/

html/shaw_party.html
http://www.buzzbutt.com/html/shaw_party.htmlhttp://www.buzzbutt.com/html/shaw_party.htmlhttp://www.buzzbutt.com/html/shaw_party.htmlhttp://www.buzzbutt.com/html/shaw_party.html


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What is the Problem?

Consider a typical web

page:

Markup consists

of:

renderinginformation (e.g.,

font size and

color)

Hyperlinks to

related content

Semantic content

is accessible to

humans but not

(easily) tocomputers


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What information we seeWWW 2002

The eleventh international world wide web conference

Sheraton Waikiki hotel

Honolulu, Hawaii, USA7-11 may 2002

1 location 5 days learn interact

Registered participants coming from

australia, canada, chile denmark, france, germany, ghana, hong kong, india,

ireland, italy, japan, malta, new zealand, the netherlands, norway, singapore,switzerland, the united kingdom, the united states, vietnam, zaire

Register now

On the 7th May Honolulu will provide the backdrop of the eleventh internationalworld wide web conference. This prestigious event

Speakers confirmed

Tim Berners-LeeTim is the well known inventor of the Web,

Ian Foster

Ian is the pioneer of the Grid, the next generation internet


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What information a machine seesWWW2002The eleventh inteqnational woqld wide webconfeqenceSheqaton waikiki hotelHonolulu, hawaii, USA7-11 may 20021 location 5 days leaqn inteqactRegisteqed paqticipants coming fqomaustqalia, canada, chile denmaqk, fqance,geqmany, ghana, hong kong, india,iqeland, italy, japan, malta, new zealand,the netheqlands, noqway, singapoqe,switzeqland, the united kingdom, the unitedstates, vietnam, zaiqe

Registeq nowOn the 7th May Honolulu will pqovide thebackdqop of the eleventh inteqnational woqldwide web confeqence. This pqestigious event Speakeqs confiqmedTim beqneqs-leeTim is the well known inventoq of the Web, Ian FosteqIan is the pioneeq of the Gqid, the nextgeneqation inteqnet


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So, if a machine sees garble

You cant ask it

Whos speaking at the conference? What countries will be represented?

What dates is the conference being held?

etc.


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The Semantic Web aims to solve this

Rather than describing formatting, tags would

designate what kind of information a piece ofinformation was

Rather than discarding the internal organization of the

data when placing it on web pages, authors would

keep the natural structure of the data

Tags like Zap Mama would replace thecurrent HTML strategy of tagging the format of the

information

Artist Title Courtesy

Beastie Boys Now Get Busy Beastie Boys appear courtesy of Beastie Boys and Capitol Records.

David Byrne My Fair Lady David Byrne appears courtesy of Nonesuch Records.

Zap Mama Wadidyusay? Zap Mama appears courtesy of Luaka Bop Records.


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The Semantic Web was always the goal

Web was invented byTim Berners-Lee (amongst others), a

physicist working at CERN

TBLs original vision of the Web was much more ambitious than

the reality of the existing (syntactic) Web:

TBL (and others) have since been working towards realizing this

vision, which has become known as the Semantic Web

article in May 2001 issue of Scientific American

... a goal of the Web was that, if the interaction between person and hypertext

could be so intuitive that the machine-readable information space gave an

accurate representation of the state of people's thoughts, interactions, and workpatterns, then machine analysis could become a very powerful management

tool, seeing patterns in our work and facilitating our working together through the

typical problems which beset the management of large organizations.
http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/


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More on the Semantic Web


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Oh Happy Day!

The Semantic Web is under development

Three major components XML Extensible markup language

for tagging the structure of the data

RDFResource description framework

a way to break knowledge down into small pieces, with some rules

about the meaning of those pieces

Goal: to have a method so simple that it can express any fact, and yet

so structured that computer applications can do useful things with

knowledge expressed in RDF

OWL Web Ontology Language

for describing the big picture about how data elements on one or more

pages all fit together and relate to one another


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Of course, we can't be

drawing our way through the

Semantic Web, so insteadhow about a table-style

representation for the graph?

Each row represents an arrow

(an edge) in the figure. Thefirst column has the name of

the node at the start of the

edge. The second column has

the label of the edge itself(the kind of edge). The third

column has the name of the

node at the end of the arrow.

Start Node Edge Label End Node

vincent_donofrio starred_in law_&_order_ci

law_&_order_ci is_a tv_show

the_thirteenth_floor similar_plot_as the_matrix

...

l X L


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Example XML

The following text may look identical in a

browser

E l XML


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Example XML

But its quite different under the hood.

See how the XML differs from the HTML?

HTML

XML

E l XML


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Example XML

You can use Internet Explorer to view XML in its

raw form (VIEW>SOURCE) Note the meaningful tags, like

E l RDF


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Example RDF

RDF information is expressed in XML

This example describes the prior example Gives the title, author, creation date, and subject

These pieces of information are called metadata

because they are data about data

OWL E l


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OWL Example OWL is also expressed in a form similar to XML

Things to note from the example:

a wine is a potable liquid produced by at least one maker of type winery

A wine is made from at least one type of grape (such grapes are restricted to wine grapes elsewhere in the ontology)

Wine

1

1

.........

L i M P


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Learning Map - Pause

1. The Semantic Web

As it stands, HTML documents have lots of formatting but

little meaningful structure: Example, it is impossible to

search the web for a name and restrict the search just to

names of authors

Adding semantics to web pages would simplify both

searching and organization of information on the web;

automatic research tools could eliminate lots of the

drudgery

The semantic web is under development by W3C and

others and consists of XML, RDF, and OWL Next: More on XML

Last: English and the Web

XML Th U i l M k


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XML The Universal Markup

A human and computer readable coding system

for tagging web documents In order to be human readable, both markup and

data are represented in character form

Can be used for a variety of purposes, but for thesemantic web is used for giving structure to raw

data

XML is a restricted form of SGML, the Standard

Generalized Markup Language (ISO Standard

#8879)

XML S kd


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XML Smackdown

XML is bigger and more powerful than HTML

Anything HTML can do, XML can do better XML can be used to create specialized tools (such as

XML Signatures for storing and managing digital

signatures)

There is no easy or consistent way to do this in HTML

HTML has recently been eaten up by XHTML, which

expresses all of the HTML tags as proper XML tags

Eventually, HTML will become obsolete, and to be properlydisplayed, all pages will have to be XHTML compliant

XML M k it


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XML Make it up as you go

IST195Summer 2010

Randy Wenner

Adjunct Professor

Hinds 010

Learning Map Pause


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1. The Semantic Web

2. XML The universal markup language, poised to take

over pretty much everything having to do with

markup on the web

XML is the heart of the semantic web

English and the Web

English Language Country Categories


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English Language Country Categories

Countries with English as a native language:

Examples: UK, USA, Australia, New Zealand, Canada

Countries with English as a second language:

Everyday or official usage; E.g., India, Singapore, Ghana

Countries with English as a frequently taught foreign

language

Examples: France, Germany, Netherlands

Countries with English as a foreign language:

English not generally spoken within the country Examples: Japan, Thailand, China

Where is the major growth coming from

in terms of new web content?

North America? Nope try again


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North America? Nope, try again

N.A. does not have the most Internet users, and

Does not have the fastest growth in Internet useWORLD INTERNET USAGE AND POPULATION STATISTICS

World RegionsPopulation

( 2009 Est.)

Internet Users

Dec. 31, 2000

Internet Users

Latest Data

Penetration

(% Population)

Growth

2000-2009

Users %

of Table

Africa 991,002,342 4,514,400 86,217,900 8.7 % 1,809.8 % 4.8 %

Asia 3,808,070,503 114,304,000 764,435,900 20.1 % 568.8 % 42.4 %

Europe 803,850,858 105,096,093 425,773,571 53.0 % 305.1 % 23.6 %

Middle East 202,687,005 3,284,800 58,309,546 28.8 % 1,675.1 % 3.2 %

North America 340,831,831 108,096,800 259,561,000 76.2 % 140.1 % 14.4 %

Latin America/Caribbean 586,662,468 18,068,919 186,922,050 31.9 % 934.5 % 10.4 %

Oceania / Australia 34,700,201 7,620,480 21,110,490 60.8 % 177.0 % 1.2 %

But English is the Language of the Web
http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats1.htmhttp://www.internetworldstats.com/stats3.htmhttp://www.internetworldstats.com/stats4.htmhttp://www.internetworldstats.com/stats5.htmhttp://www.internetworldstats.com/stats14.htmhttp://www.internetworldstats.com/stats10.htmhttp://www.internetworldstats.com/stats6.htmhttp://www.internetworldstats.com/stats6.htmhttp://www.internetworldstats.com/stats10.htmhttp://www.internetworldstats.com/stats14.htmhttp://www.internetworldstats.com/stats5.htmhttp://www.internetworldstats.com/stats4.htmhttp://www.internetworldstats.com/stats3.htmhttp://www.internetworldstats.com/stats1.htm


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But English is the Language of the Web

Are you pleased? Better not get too happy!

Because the Internet was developed in the U.S.and had its earliest rapid growth there,originally most pages were in English

As the Internet has grown and the adoptionhas occurred more rapidly, the overall numberof English language pages has grown, but as aproportion of the total content on the web,

English has dropped

Top 10 Languages on the Web
http://www.internetworldstats.com/


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Top 10 Languages on the Web (http://www.internetworldstats.com)

TOP TEN LANGUAGES

IN THE INTERNET

Internet

Users

by Language

Internet

Penetration

by Language

Growth

in Internet

(2000 - 2009)

Internet

Users

% of Total

World Population

for this Language

(2009 Estimate)

English 499,213,462 39.5 % 251.7 % 27.7 % 1,263,830,976

Chinese 407,650,713 29.7 % 1,162.0 % 22.6 % 1,373,859,774

Spanish 139,849,651 34.0 % 669.2 % 7.8 % 411,631,985

Japanese 95,979,000 75.5 % 103.9 % 5.3 % 127,078,679

Portuguese 77,569,900 31.4 % 923.9 % 4.3 % 247,223,493

German 72,337,310 75.0 % 161.1 % 4.0 % 96,389,702

Arabic 60,252,100 17.5 % 2,297.7 % 3.3 % 344,139,242

French 57,017,099 16.9 % 375.2 % 3.2 % 337,046,097

Russian 45,250,000 32.3 % 1,359.7 % 2.5 % 140,041,247

Korean 37,475,800 52.7 % 96.8 % 2.1 % 71,174,317

Likely Conclusions
http://www.internetworldstats.com/http://www.internetworldstats.com/languages.htmhttp://www.internetworldstats.com/stats17.htmhttp://www.internetworldstats.com/stats13.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugese_languagehttp://www.internetworldstats.com/stats18.htmhttp://www.internetworldstats.com/stats19.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corean_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corean_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://www.internetworldstats.com/stats19.htmhttp://www.internetworldstats.com/stats18.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_languagehttp://www.internetworldstats.com/stats13.htmhttp://www.internetworldstats.com/stats17.htmhttp://www.internetworldstats.com/languages.htmhttp://www.internetworldstats.com/


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Likely Conclusions

Although the total number of English language

web pages will continue to grow, the proportionversus total pages will continue to drop

The proportional growth of pages in European

languages will also slow down

The proportional growth of pages in Chinese will

grow at an accelerating pace

The use for or necessity of automated and semi-

automated page translation will increasemarkedly over the coming ten years

Machine Translation


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Machine Translation

Refers to the process of using a computer program to translate

from one language to another

The state of the art is still not as accurate or sophisticated as one

might like

Back-translation example from Babelfish:

Original text: In all of Syracuse University, there is not a finer instructor of

Information Technology than the highly-accomplished, intellectualoverachiever, and all-around good guy who is known as Randy Wenner.

English to Chinese:Wenner

Chinese back to English: West the grand total forces the doveSi university, compared to is called blue Wenner the high

success, the intelligence high achievement and the versatile

goodness does not have an information technology better

instructor.

Machine Translation and XML


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Machine Translation and XML

Machine translation can be improved

by the use of XML and XML standards XML documents are much easier to

translate than other electronic

documents because they separate outform from content, and they conform to arigorous standard and defined syntax.

Web Based Translation Tools


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Web-Based Translation Tools

Babelfish (http://babelfish.yahoo.com/)

Translates short text passagesAlso tryhttp://www.freetranslation.com/

Google

Google Translate (http://translate.google.com/) Translates text or URLs

Google Language Tools(http://www.google.com/language_tools?hl=en )

Search for pages in any of several dozen languages

Google Chrome (browser) will offer totranslate for you

http://babelfish.yahoo.com/http://www.freetranslation.com/http://translate.google.com/http://www.google.com/language_tools?hl=enhttp://www.google.com/language_tools?hl=enhttp://translate.google.com/http://www.freetranslation.com/http://babelfish.yahoo.com/


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1. Semantic Web

2. XML

3. English and the Web

English is first language in relatively little of theworld population and a declining proportion of

Internet users The need will grow over the coming 5-10 years for

automated translation of web content to facilitateuse of foreign language web pages

XML can be used to develop tools and standardsthat will assist with the development of bettermachine translation

11A Programming 1 HTML-Web

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