The Shell Bitumen HandbookFifth Edition

Shell Bitumen

Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction 11.1 Preamble 11.2 The earliest uses of bituminous binders 11.3 The growth of bitumen consumption in

Europe 21.4 Sources of binder 3

Chapter 2 Manufacture, storage, handling andenvironmental aspects of bitumens 112.1 The manufacture of bitumen 112.2 Delivery, storage and handling temperatures

of bitumens 162.3 Health, safety and environmental aspects of

bitumens 20

Chapter 3 Constitution, structure and rheology ofbitumens 293.1 Bitumen constitution 293.2 Bitumen structure 353.3 The relationship between constitution

and rheology 373.4 The relationship between broad chemical

composition and physical properties 38

Chapter 4 Specifications and quality of bitumens 434.1 Penetration grade bitumens 434.2 Oxidised bitumens 454.3 Hard bitumens 464.4 Cutback bitumens 464.5 Bitumen quality 474.6 The CEN bitumen specifications 544.7 The SHRP/SUPERPAVE bitumen

specification 54

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Chapter 5 Polymer modified and special bitumens 615.1 The role of bitumen modifiers in asphalt 625.2 The modification of bitumen 645.3 Multigrade bitumens 815.4 Pigmentable binders 845.5 Fuel-resisting binders 865.6 Thermosetting binders 875.7 Cost—performance relationships for modified

binders 89

Chapter 6 Bitumen emulsions 916.1 Emulsifiers 926.2 The manufacture of bitumen emulsions 966.3 Properties of bitumen emulsions 976.4 Classification and specification of bitumen

emulsions 1066.5 Modification of bitumen emulsion properties 1076.6 Uses of bitumen emulsions 1116.7 Bibliography 117

Chapter 7 Mechanical testing and properties of bitumens 1197.1 Standard specification tests for bitumens 1197.2 The Fraass breaking point test 1247.3 Viscosity 1257.4 The bitumen test data chart 1297.5 Temperature susceptibility —

penetration index (PI) 1367.6 Engineering properties of bitumen 1377.7 Other bitumen tests 152

Chapter 8 Durability of bitumens 1578.1 Bitumen hardening 1578.2 Hardening of bitumen during storage, mixing

and in service 1598.3 Bitumen ageing tests 168

Chapter 9 Adhesion of bitumens 1719.1 The principal factors affecting

bitumen/aggregate adhesion 1719.2 The main disbonding mechanisms 1749.3 Methods of measuring and assessing

adhesion 1779.4 Improving bitumen/aggregate adhesion 185

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Chapter 10 Influence of bitumen properties on theperformance of asphalts 18910.1 The influence of bitumen properties during

construction 19110.2 The influence of bitumen properties on the

performance of asphalts in service 195

Chapter 11 Aggregates in asphalts 21911.1 Origins and types of rock 21911.2 Aggregate extraction 22211.3 The European aggregate Standard 222

Chapter 12 Types and applications of different asphalts 23112.1 Coated macadams 23412.2 Hot rolled asphalt 23812.3 Thin surfacings 23912.4 Choice of asphalts on major carriageways 242

Chapter 13 Specification, composition and design of asphalts 24513.1 Recipe specifications for bases and binder

courses 24613.2 Recipe specifications for surface courses 25013.3 Design of bases and binder courses 25513.4 Design of surface courses 25913.5 Guidance on the selection of mixtures 265

Chapter 14 Asphalt production plants 26714.1 Types of mixing plant 26814.2 The addition of recycled asphalt pavement 27514.3 Additive systems 27614.4 Production control testing of asphalts 276

Chapter 15 Transport, laying and compaction of asphalts 27915.1 Transportation 27915.2 Use of tack coats 27915.3 Pavers 28015.4 Additional screed systems 28515.5 Paving operations 28615.6 Compaction 29215.7 Specification and field control 302

Chapter 16 Testing of asphalts 30516.1 Fundamental tests 307

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16.2 Simulative tests 32216.3 Empirical tests 32916.4 Determination of recovered bitumen properties 332

Chapter 17 Properties of asphalts 33717.1 Stiffness of asphalts 33717.2 Permanent deformation of asphalts 34017.3 Fatigue characteristics of asphalts 344

Chapter 18 Design of flexible pavements 35118.1 The importance of stiffness 35318.2 The structural elements of a flexible pavement 35318.3 Factors involved in pavement design 35618.4 Empirical and semi-empirical pavement design 35818.5 Analytical pavement design using the

Shell Pavement Design Method 366

Chapter 19 Surface dressing and other specialist treatments 37119.1 Surface dressing 37119.2 Slurry surfacings/microsurfacings 40319.3 High-friction surfaces 40619.4 Foamed bitumen 40719.5 Application of a coloured surface treatment 41119.6 Recycling asphalts 41319.7 Grouted macadams 415

Chapter 20 Other important uses of bitumens and asphalts 41920.1 Airfield pavements 41920.2 Railway applications 42420.3 Bridges 42620.4 Recreational areas 42720.5 Motor racing tracks 42820.6 Vehicle testing circuits 42820.7 Hydraulic applications 42920.8 Coloured surfacings 43020.9 Kerbs 432

Appendix 1 Physical constants of bitumens 433Al.l Specific gravity 433Al .2 Coefficient of cubical expansion 433A 1.3 Electrical properties 433A1.4 Thermal properties 436

Appendix 2 Conversion factors for viscosities 437Appendix 3 Blending charts and formulae 438Appendix 4 Calculation of bitumen film thickness in

an asphalt 442

Index 445

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