116 Amicus Brief of United States 2(1)

8/16/2019 116 Amicus Brief of United States 2(1)

1/36

!"#$ &'(&')&&* &'(&')&+* &'(&')&'

,! -./ 0!,-/1 2-3-/2 4506- 57 388/392756 -./ !,!-. 4,640,-

80/!-/ 36,:5!3 !" $%&*

'%$()"(**+,-..!%%!!+ * ;$

2./6,77 $ 2-/6!9,!12/@ 85A/99

/6B A,99,3= /$ .3C/=3!!9:;:< =>=,?@A:

-""51)!4+B -..!%%$"! 8"$**C(D(% /(D(+(5)B E55F A:>G7&8& /!.$1"F!)" 5* H3+"(2!I?; '!))+4%D$)($ -D!&B JKK$+L()M"5)B /C :;?@;

"#$%& '()'(*''+ ,-.*(.*,'/+ 01& 22'/*2,+ 13456478& ''/+ 9#:% ' ;< -/


2/36

!"#$% '( )'*!%*!+

,-./

"#$%&'()$" *#' +(,,*%- .............................................................................. /

+$*$0,0#$ ........................................................................................................................ 1

*. 2343567 "889:56;96? ............................................................................... 1

@. *59A6? ..................................................................................................... B

). C59


3/36

99

!"#$% '( "0!1'23!3%+

)-4/45 ,-./6475

!"#$%&' )* +,-. /,',-0 U/1V +. );. VYPV ZVF/V[ .................. /U VU 1U WU \U //U /VU /1U /WU /\U /BU /PU VFU V/U VVU V1

12345'& 6%* )* 78'#&,#990: ;--" %9 6%55-"3- %9 ,=- +*/* )* ?=#,#&


4/36

999

G%=& E%- C%* R )* N--. UW\/ (.+. /]\ ZVF/F[ ..................................................................................................... VYU VW

;%$'&% )* 6#,B %9 K'$8-,%& UBVY 2.14 VPB Z14 )95. VF/1[ ............................................................................................. V/

L-8-&."-0 )* !"J'#%UB]Y 2.14 /VWY ZP;H )95. VF/W[ .......................................................................................... VY

C',#%&'8 @-.:& %9 18#&. )* +,-. !#"8#&-0 P&3*U]/1 2.14 B/] ZP;H )95. VF/\[ ...................................................................................... /BU /]

C-O K'5J0=#"- )* L'#&- UW1V (.+. BYV ZVFF/[ ........................................................................................................... V/

N#3- )* /'&,' @- A8-)',%" 6%"J*U11/ (.+. V/] Z/PYB[ ........................................................................................................... /1

+,-. /,',-0 )* !8'>'5' U\P/ 2.14 /V\P Z//;H )95. VF/V[.................................................................................. V/U V1

+,-. /,',-0 )* C',#%&'8 D"-'02"B A5J0* +%& UW/1 (.+. YWY Z/PPW[ .......................................................................................................... VY

+,-. /,',-0 )* /%2,= 6'"%8#&' UBVF 2.14 W/] ZY;H )95. VF/1[ ................................................................................ //U /]U V1

S'88- E-8 /%8 )* ?=#,#&


5/36

9T

] (.+.). ^ //]VZ6[Z\[Z) [Z9[OZ99[ ..................................................................................... BU /\

] (.+.). ̂ //]VZ6[Z\[Z2[ ............................................................................................... BU /\

] (.+.). ^ /VVB .................................................................................................................. /F

] (.+.). ^ /VVBZ6[Z1[Z@[Z99[ ................................................................................................ /

] (.+.). ̂ /VVBZ6[Z1[Z@[Z999[ ......................................................................................... BU /\

] (.+.). ^ /VVBZ6[Z1[Z) [Z9[ ....................................................................................... /U BU /\

] (.+.). ^ /VVBZ6[Z1[Z) [Z99[ ................................................................................................ B

] (.+.). ̂ /VVBZ6[Z1[Z'[ .......................................................................................... /U BU /\

] (.+.). ̂ /VWWZD[ZV[ .................................................................................................... BU /\

] (.+.). ^ /VWWZD[Z][ .......................................................................................................... B

] (.+.). ̂ /1VY6Z6[Z/[ ................................................................................................... 1U /\

] (.+.). ̂ /1VY6Z6[Z/[Z*[ ............................................................................................... /U Y

] (.+.). ^ /1VY6Z6[Z/[Z@[ ................................................................................................... Y

] (.+.). ^ /1VY6Z6[ZV[ ................................................................................................... YU /\

] (.+.). ̂ /1VY6Z_[ ................................................................................................... /U YU /\

] (.+.). ̂ /1VY6Z_[Z/[Z*[OZ'[ ........................................................................................... Y

] (.+.). ^ /1VY6Z_[ZV[ ........................................................................................................ Y

] (.+.). ̂ /1VY6Z_[ZW[ ..................................................................................... WU /FU /1U /Y

] (.+.). ^ /1VY6Z3[ ....................................................................................................... WU /\

] (.+.). ^ /1VY6Z3[ZY[OZW[ .................................................................................................. W

"#$%& '()'(*''+ ,-.*(.*,'/+ 01& 22'/*2,+ 13456478& ''/+ 9#:% ( ;< -/


6/36

T

] (.+.). ^ /1VY6ZN ) ....................................................................................................... WU /\

] (.+.). ̂ /1VY6ZH[ ............................................................................................................. Y

] (.+.). ̂ /1VY6ZH[Z1[ ..................................................................................... /U YU BU ]U /W

] (.+.). ^ /1VY6 =


7/36

T9

*59A. %3T. +;6;. ^ /1OBFV ...................................................................................................... //

*59A. %3T. +;6;. ^ /1OBF1 ...................................................................................................... //

*59A. %3T. +;6;.^ /1OVFF] ................................................................................................. ]U //

*59A. %3T. +;6;. ^ /1OVFF]Z*[ ....................................................................................... ]U PU VV

*59A. %3T. +;6;. ^ /1OVFFP ................................................................................................ BU //

*59A. %3T. +;6;. ^ /1OVFFPZ*[Z1[ .............................................................................. BU ]U PU VV

*59A. %3T. +;6;. ^ V1OV//Z//[ ................................................................................................. B

2/.9:-8;/ ?-8/@;-:45

*59A


8/36


9/36

#+("',*0(#'+ .+, -*//."2

-DE 0FGHEI 2HJHE# #KLMGH# HDG# LNGEO GF NE#P"F#E H" HDE 4"KNHQ# "NIEN GF;GHGFR

HDE R";ENFMEFHQ# ;GES# "F TSDEHDEN HDE 3NGU"FJ EMPV"WMEFH(NEVJHEI GIEFHGHW HDEOH

PN";G#G"F# XDJVVEFREI GF HDG# JPPEJV $ $ $ JNE PNEEMPHEI LW OEIENJV GMMGRNJHG"F VJS$Y

7"N HDE NEJ#"F# HDJH O"VV"S* HDE 4"KNH #D"KVI D"VI HD"#E PN";G#G"F# PNEEMPHEI H" HDE

EZHEFH HDEW NEVW O"N HDEGN EFO"NXEMEFH "F GFO"NMJHG"F GF "N JXX"MPJFWGFR HDE OEIENJV

7"NM ,([* "N PEFJVGUE ONJKI X"MMGHHEI H" IEM"F#HNJHE JKHD"NGUJHG"F H" S"N\ GF HDE

0FGHEI 2HJHE# KFIEN OEIENJV GMMGRNJHG"F VJS$

7EIENJV VJS MJ\E# GH KFVJSOKV H" EMPV"W JF TKFJKHD"NGUEI JVGEFY] (&!&* "FE

SD" G# F"H VJSOKVVW JIMGHHEI O"N PENMJFEFH NE#GIEFXE "N "HDENSG#E JKHD"NGUEI H" LE

EMPV"WEI GF HDE 0FGHEI 2HJHE#$ ^ 0$2$4$ _ &+)`JaJba&ba3b* aDba+b$ 3FI GH PN";GIE# TJ

X"MPNEDEF#G;E ONJMES"N\ O"N cX"MLJHGFR HDE EMPV"WMEFH "OQY #KXD PEN#"F#$

-1(N5)$ D& 7)("!0 8"$"!+ * &+) 2$ 4H$ )`[)* )'d` a)d&)b$ -DE OEIENJV #XDEME MJ\E#

EMPV"WEN# PNGMJNGVW NE#P"F#GLVE O"N PNE;EFHGFR KFJKHD"NGUEI JVGEF# ON"M "LHJGFGFR

EMPV"WMEFH* GFXVKIGFR LW NEeKGNGFR EMPV"WEN# H" HJ\E #HEP# H" ;ENGOW EMPV"WEE#Q S"N\

JKHD"NGUJHG"F HDN"KRD J OEIENJV EMPV"WMEFH ;ENGOGXJHG"F #W#HEM* ^ 0$2$4$ _ &+)`JaLb$

4"FRNE## DJ# PN";GIEI J IEHJGVEI #XDEME "O XNGMGFJV* XG;GV* JFI GMMGRNJHG"F(

NEVJHEI X"F#EeKEFXE# O"N JVGEF# SD" X"MMGH ONJKI H" GFIKXE JF EMPV"WEN H" LEVGE;E

HDJH HDEW JNE JKHD"NGUEI H" S"N\ GF HDE 0FGHEI 2HJHE# KFIEN OEIENJV GMMGRNJHG"F VJS$

8!! ^ 0$2$4$ __ &&^)aJbafba4b* &))gaJba+ba>baGGb* a4baGb* a1b* &+)`Xh &^ 0$2$4$

_ &'`faJb(aLb$ 7EIENJV "OOGXGJV# EZENXG#E #KL#HJFHGJV IG#XNEHG"F GF XD""#GFR JM"FR HDE#E

"#$%& '()'(*''+ ,-.*(.*,'/+ 01& 22'/*2,+ 13456478& ''/+ 9#:% 2 ;< -/


10/36

)

EFO"NXEMEFH "PHG"F#* JFI HDEGN EFO"NXEMEFH IEXG#G"F# HJ\E GFH" JXX"KFH J ;JNGEHW "O

OEIENJV P"VGXW "LiEXHG;E#* GFXVKIGFR HDE FEEI# "O OEIENJV VJS EFO"NXEMEFH$

2HJHE VJS# HDJH XNGMGFJVGUE ONJKI GF HDE OEIENJV EMPV"WMEFH ;ENGOGXJHG"F #W#HEM*

"N ONJKI "HDENSG#E X"MMGHHEI H" IEM"F#HNJHE S"N\ JKHD"NGUJHG"F KFIEN OEIENJV

GMMGRNJHG"F VJS* GFHENOENE SGHD HDE#E OEIENJV PNEN"RJHG;E# JFI GFHNKIE KP"F MJHHEN#

HDJH 4"FRNE## DJ# LN"KRDH SGHDGF GH# TEZXVK#G;E R";ENFJFXE$Y -1(N5)$ * &+) 2$ 4H$ JH

)'d&$ 3# SGHD MJFW "HDEN EOO"NH# LW HDE 2HJHE "O 3NGU"FJ H" NERKVJHE HDE PNE#EFXE*

M";EMEFH* JFI EMPV"WMEFH "O JVGEF#* TjPkENMGHHGFR HDE 2HJHE H" GMP"#E GH# "SF

PEFJVHGE#Y O"N ONJKI X"MMGHHEI LW JVGEF# H" IEM"F#HNJHE S"N\ JKHD"NGUJHG"F KFIEN

OEIENJV GMMGRNJHG"F VJS TS"KVI X"FOVGXH SGHD HDE XJNEOKV ONJMES"N\ 4"FRNE##

JI"PHEI*Y (0& JH )'d)* JFI GMPENMG##GLVW TIG;E#Hjk OEIENJV JKHD"NGHGE# "O HDE EZXVK#G;E

P"SEN H" PN"#EXKHE HDE#E XNGME#*Y O$%%! 0!% 85%B P)2& D& KL("()M * g+) 7$+I &ddf* &d)g

a[HD 4GN$ )d&+b$ 3XX"NIGFRVW* HDE 3NGU"FJ VJS# JNE PNEEMPHEI H" HDE EZHEFH HDEW

JHHEMPH H" NERKVJHE #KXD ONJKI$

,H I"E# F"H O"VV"S* D"SE;EN* HDJH HDE XDJVVEFREI PN";G#G"F# JNE PNEEMPHEI GF

HDEGN EFHGNEHW$ -" HDE EZHEFH HDE VJS# JV#" NERKVJHE GF#HJFXE# "O GIEFHGHW HDEOH HDJH I"

F"H GMPVGXJHE OEIENJV GMMGRNJHG"F PNEN"RJHG;E#* HDE VJS# JNE F"H PNEEMPHEI GF HD"#E

JPPVGXJHG"F#$ 3XX"NIGFRVW* HDE 4"KNH #D"KVI KPD"VI HDE PNEVGMGFJNW GFiKFXHG"F "FVW H"

HDE EZHEFH GF;E#HGRJHG"F# JFI PN"#EXKHG"F# KFIEN HDE XDJVVEFREI PN";G#G"F# NEVW "F

GFO"NMJHG"F PN";GIEI GF HDE 7"NM ,([ JFI JXX"MPJFWGFR I"XKMEFH#* "N NERKVJHE

ONJKI X"MMGHHEI H" IEM"F#HNJHE S"N\ JKHD"NGUJHG"F KFIEN OEIENJV GMMGRNJHG"F VJS$

"#$%& '()'(*''+ ,-.*(.*,'/+ 01& 22'/*2,+ 13456478& ''/+ 9#:% ', ;< -/


11/36

+

-(.($/$+(

.3 %454678 #99:;67 ?7@

A3 T-DE B";ENFMEFH "O HDE 0FGHEI 2HJHE# DJ# LN"JI* KFI"KLHEI P"SEN ";EN

HDE #KLiEXH "O GMMGRNJHG"F JFI HDE #HJHK# "O JVGEF#$Y -1(N5)$ D& 7)("!0 8"$"!+ * &+) 2$ 4H$

)`[)* )`[^ a)d&)b$ 8KN#KJFH H" HDJH P"SEN* 4"FRNE## EFJXHEI HDE ,MMGRNJHG"F JFI

!JHG"FJVGHW 3XH a,!3b* ^ 0$2$4$ __ &&d& !" +!Q&* JFI "HDEN GMMGRNJHG"F VJS# HDJH

TE#HJLVG#Djk J X"MPNEDEF#G;E OEIENJV #HJHKH"NW #XDEME O"N NERKVJHG"F "O GMMGRNJHG"F

JFI FJHKNJVGUJHG"F JFI #EH HDE HENM# JFI X"FIGHG"F# "O JIMG##G"F H" HDE X"KFHNW JFI

HDE #KL#EeKEFH HNEJHMEFH "O JVGEF# VJSOKVVW GF HDE X"KFHNW$Y CL$FR!1 5* C5FF!12! 5*

7&8& D& KL("()M * &+& 2$ 4H$ &[f^* &[g+ a)d&&b aGFHENFJV eK"HJHG"F MJN\# "MGHHEIb$

,FGHGJVVW* HDG# NERGME IGI F"H PN";GIE O"N X"MPNEDEF#G;E OEIENJV NERKVJHG"F "O

JVGEF EMPV"WMEFH$ KL("()M * &+& 2$ 4H$ JH &[g`h /!C$)$+ D& S(2$ * `)` 0$2$ +'&* +fd

a&[gfb$ >KH SGHD HDE EFJXHMEFH "O HDE ,MMGRNJHG"F 6EO"NM JFI 4"FHN"V 3XH a,643b

GF &[^f* 4"FRNE## LN"KRDH HDE NERKVJHG"F "O EMPV"WMEFH "O JVGEF# SGHDGF HDE

X"MPNEDEF#G;E OEIENJV NERKVJHG"F "O GMMGRNJHG"F KFIEN HDE ,!3$ 8!! -1(N5)$ * &+) 2$

4H$ JH )'d`$

,643 JMEFIEI HDE ,!3 H" MJ\E GH KFVJSOKV H" \F"SGFRVW EMPV"W JF

TKFJKHD"NGUEI JVGEF*Y +!! ^ 0$2$4$ _ &+)`JaJba&b* JFI E#HJLVG#DEI TJ X"MPNEDEF#G;E

ONJMES"N\Y O"N NERKVJHGFR HDE EMPV"WMEFH "O #KXD PEN#"F#$ -1(N5)$ * &+) 2$ 4H$ JH

)'d`$ AGHDGF HDG# ONJMES"N\* HDE HENM TKFJKHD"NGUEI JVGEFY NEOEN# H" J PEN#"F SD" G#

F"H TEGHDEN a3b JF JVGEF VJSOKVVW JIMGHHEI O"N PENMJFEFH NE#GIEFXE* "N a>b JKHD"NGUEI

"#$%& '()'(*''+ ,-.*(.*,'/+ 01& 22'/*2,+ 13456478& ''/+ 9#:% '' ;< -/


12/36

`

H" LE #" EMPV"WEI LW HDG# XDJPHEN "N LW HDE j2EXNEHJNW "O ."MEVJFI 2EXKNGHWk$Y

^ 0$2$4$ _ &+)`JaDba+bh +!! ^ 4$7$6$ _ )g`J$&)aJb(aXb$&

4"FRNE## MJIE EMPV"WEN# PNGMJNGVW NE#P"F#GLVE O"N PNE;EFHGFR KFJKHD"NGUEI

JVGEF# ON"M "LHJGFGFR EMPV"WMEFH LW MJ\GFR GH GVVERJV O"N EMPV"WEN# H" DGNE "N EMPV"W

J PEN#"F HDE EMPV"WEN \F"S# H" LE JF KFJKHD"NGUEI JVGEF* ^ 0$2$4$ _ &+)`JaJba&ba3b*

aJba)b* JFI LW NEeKGNGFR EMPV"WEN# H" ;ENGOW HDE S"N\ JKHD"NGUJHG"F "O HDE PE"PVE HDEW

DGNE* (0& _ &+)`JaJba&ba>b* aLbh ̂ 4$7$6$ _ )g`J$)aLba&baGb(aGGb$ -DE EMPV"WEN MK#H JHHE#H

KFIEN PEFJVHW "O PENiKNW HDJH GH DJ# ;ENGOGEI HDJH JF EMPV"WEE TG# F"H JF KFJKHD"NGUEI

JVGEFY LW PDW#GXJVVW EZJMGFGFR #PEXGOGEI I"XKMEFH#]#KXD J# J 0$2$ PJ##P"NH*

PENMJFEFH NE#GIEFH XJNI* ING;ENQ# VGXEF#E JFI KFNE#HNGXHEI #"XGJV #EXKNGHW XJNI* "N

X"MPJNJLVE I"XKMEFHJHG"F]E;GIEFXGFR HDE EMPV"WEEQ# GIEFHGHW JFI S"N\

JKHD"NGUJHG"F KFIEN OEIENJV GMMGRNJHG"F VJS* JFI X"FOGNMGFR HDJH HD"#E I"XKMEFH#

NEJ#"FJLVW JPPEJN H" LE REFKGFE$ ^ 0$2$4$ _ &+)`JaLba&ba3b(a1bh ^ 4$7$6$

_ )g`J$)aLba&ba;ba3b* a4b$ 5F HDE #JME O"NM]\F"SF J# HDE 7"NM ,([]EMPV"WEE#

MK#H JV#" MJ\E JF JHHE#HJHG"F "O HDEGN S"N\(JKHD"NGUEI #HJHK#$ ^ 0$2$4$ _ &+)`JaLba)b$)

& ,F )dd)* NE#P"F#GLGVGHW O"N JIMGFG#HENGFR ^ 0$2$4$ _ &+)`JaDb SJ# HNJF#OENNEION"M HDE 3HH"NFEW BEFENJV H" HDE 2EXNEHJNW "O ."MEVJFI 2EXKNGHW$ 8!! f 0$2$4$

__ )d)a+b* )g&aLb* ''g$

) /MPV"WEN# FEEI F"H X"MPVEHE JFI NEHJGF J 7"NM ,([ O"N GFIEPEFIEFHX"FHNJXH"N#* PEN#"F# DGNEI LEO"NE !";EMLEN f* &[^f* HD"#E PENO"NMGFR TXJ#KJVI"ME#HGX #EN;GXE#Y GF XENHJGF #GHKJHG"F#* JFI EMPV"WEE# X"F#GIENEI H" LE X"FHGFKGFR GFHDEGN EMPV"WMEFH$ ^ 4$7$6$ __ )g`J$&aOb* )g`J$)aLba&ba;GGGb$

"#$%& '()'(*''+ ,-.*(.*,'/+ 01& 22'/*2,+ 13456478& ''/+ 9#:% '* ;< -/


13/36

'

,F JIIGHG"F* EMPV"WEN# MJW aJFI KFIEN 3NGU"FJ VJS* MK#Hb ;ENGOW JF EMPV"WEEQ# S"N\

EVGRGLGVGHW HDN"KRD /(CENGOW* HDE OEIENJV R";ENFMEFHQ# EVEXHN"FGX EMPV"WMEFH(

JKHD"NGUJHG"F ;ENGOGXJHG"F #W#HEM$ KL("()M * &+& 2$ 4H$ JH &[g'h ^ 0$2$4$ _ &+)`J F"HE$

,643 PN";GIE# HDJH HDE 7"NM ,([* TJFI JFW GFO"NMJHG"F X"FHJGFEI GF "N

JPPEFIEI H" #KXD O"NM* MJW F"H LE K#EI O"N PKNP"#E# "HDEN HDJF O"N EFO"NXEMEFH "OY

HDE ,!3 JFI EFKMENJHEI OEIENJV VJS# NERJNIGFR OJV#E #HJHEMEFH#* GIEFHGOGXJHG"F(

I"XKMEFH ONJKI* ONJKI GF HDE OEIENJV EMPV"WMEFH ;ENGOGXJHG"F #W#HEM* JFI PENiKNW$

^ 0$2$4$ _ &+)`JaLba'b$ -DK#* T4"FRNE## DJ# MJIE XVEJN $ $ $ HDJH JFW GFO"NMJHG"F

EMPV"WEE# #KLMGH H" GFIGXJHE HDEGN S"N\ #HJHK# cMJW F"H LE K#EIQ O"N PKNP"#E# "HDEN

HDJF PN"#EXKHG"F KFIEN #PEXGOGEI OEIENJV XNGMGFJV #HJHKHE#*Y "N O"N XG;GV EFO"NXEMEFH "O

OEIENJV GMMGRNJHG"F VJS$ -1(N5)$ * &+) 2$ 4H$ JH )'d`$

B3 7EIENJV EMPV"WMEFH(JKHD"NGUJHG"F ;ENGOGXJHG"F NEeKGNEMEFH# JNE EFO"NXEI

JRJGF#H EMPV"WEN# THDN"KRD XNGMGFJV PEFJVHGE# JFI JF E#XJVJHGFR #ENGE# "O XG;GV PEFJVHGE#

HGEI H" HDE FKMLEN "O HGME# JF EMPV"WEN DJ# ;G"VJHEI HDE PN";G#G"F#$Y -1(N5)$ * &+) 2$

4H$ JH )'d`h ^ 0$2$4$ _ &+)`JaEb(aOb$ 4G;GV PEFJVHGE# GFXVKIE OGFE# NJFRGFR ON"M l)g' H"

l&f*ddd O"N EJXD KFJKHD"NGUEI JVGEF DGNEI GF ;G"VJHG"F "O _ &+)`JaJb* JFI ON"M l&dd H"

l&*&dd O"N EJXD ;G"VJHG"F "O HDE ;ENGOGXJHG"F #W#HEMQ# PJPENS"N\ NEeKGNEMEFH#$

^ 0$2$4$ _ &+)`JaEba`b(a'bh ^ 4$7$6$ _ )g`J$&d$ 4"FRNE## JV#" E#HJLVG#DEI JF

JIMGFG#HNJHG;E EFO"NXEMEFH ONJMES"N\ O"N JIMGFG#HENGFR HDE#E XG;GV PEFJVHGE#* #KLiEXH

H" iKIGXGJV NE;GES$ ^ 0$2$4$ _ &+)`JaEb$

"#$%& '()'(*''+ ,-.*(.*,'/+ 01& 22'/*2,+ 13456478& ''/+ 9#:% '- ;< -/


14/36

f

7EIENJV VJS I"E# F"H GMP"#E XNGMGFJV #JFXHG"F# "F KFJKHD"NGUEI JVGEF# O"N

#EE\GFR "N EFRJRGFR GF EMPV"WMEFH$ 8!! -1(N5)$ * &+) 2$ 4H$ JH )'d` aT4"FRNE## MJIE

J IEVGLENJHE XD"GXE F"H H" GMP"#E XNGMGFJV PEFJVHGE#Y O"N #KXD X"FIKXHb$ >KH HDN"KRD

,643 JFI #KL#EeKEFH EFJXHMEFH#* 4"FRNE## IGI E#HJLVG#D J X"MPNEDEF#G;E NERGME "O

XNGMGFJV* XG;GV* JFI GMMGRNJHG"F(NEVJHEI X"F#EeKEFXE# O"N JVGEF# SD" X"MMGH ONJKI H"

IEM"F#HNJHE HDEGN JKHD"NGUJHG"F H" S"N\ GF HDE 0FGHEI 2HJHE#$

4"FRNE## JKHD"NGUEI #PEXGOGX XNGMGFJV PEFJVHGE# O"N JVGEF# SD" X"MMGH

EMPV"WMEFH(JKHD"NGUJHG"F(NEVJHEI ONJKI$ 3 PEN#"F MJW F"H \F"SGFRVW K#E J

I"XKMEFH F"H VJSOKVVW G##KEI H" HDE PEN#"F* J OJV#E I"XKMEFH* "N J OJV#E JHHE#HJHG"F

TO"N HDE PKNP"#E "O #JHG#OWGFR J NEeKGNEMEFHY "O HDE OEIENJV EMPV"WMEFH ;ENGOGXJHG"F

#W#HEM$ &^ 0$2$4$ _ &'`faLb$ 3 ;G"VJH"N "O HDJH XNGMGFJV PN"DGLGHG"F MJW LE OGFEI JFI

#EFHEFXEI H" KP H" OG;E WEJN# GF PNG#"F$ P0& 7EIENJV VJS OKNHDEN PN";GIE# P"HEFHGJVVW

M"NE #ENG"K# XNGMGFJV PEFJVHGE# O"N J PEN#"F SD" K#E# "N P"##E##E# JF GMMGRNJHG"F

I"XKMEFH* GFXVKIGFR "FE HDJH IEM"F#HNJHE# OEIENJV S"N\ JKHD"NGUJHG"F* T\F"SGFR GH H"

LE O"NREI* X"KFHENOEGHEI* JVHENEI* "N OJV#EVW MJIE* "N H" DJ;E LEEF PN"XKNEI LW $ $ $

ONJKI "N KFVJSOKVVW "LHJGFEI$Y P0& _ &'`faJb$

,F JIIGHG"F* 4"FRNE## XNEJHEI XG;GV PEFJVHGE# O"N I"XKMEFH ONJKI GF X"FiKFXHG"F

SGHD OEIENJV GMMGRNJHG"F NEeKGNEMEFH#* GFXVKIGFR HDE S"N\ JKHD"NGUJHG"F NEeKGNEMEFH$

^ 0$2$4$ _ &+)`XaJba&b(a`b$ 3FI GH GMP"#EI JI;EN#E GMMGRNJHG"F X"F#EeKEFXE# O"N

JVGEF# SD" X"MMGH ONJKI H" E#HJLVG#D S"N\ JKHD"NGUJHG"F KFIEN OEIENJV GMMGRNJHG"F

VJS$ 4"FRNE## MJIE NEM";JLVE JVGEF# X"F;GXHEI KFIEN HDE XNGMGFJV I"XKMEFH ONJKI

"#$%& '()'(*''+ ,-.*(.*,'/+ 01& 22'/*2,+ 13456478& ''/+ 9#:% '= ;< -/


15/36

g

PN";G#G"F# GF &^ 0$2$4$ _ &'`f* +!! ^ 0$2$4$ _ &))gaJba+ba>baGGGbh JVGEF# SD" ;G"VJHE HDE

XG;GV PEFJVHW PN";G#G"F GF ^ 0$2$4$ _ &+)`X* +!! (0& _ &))gaJba+ba4baGbh+ JFI JVGEF# SD"

OJV#EVW NEPNE#EFH HDJH HDEW JNE 0$2$ XGHGUEF# O"N GMMGRNJHG"F PKNP"#E#* GFXVKIGFR O"N HDE

PKNP"#E "O E#HJLVG#DGFR OEIENJV S"N\ JKHD"NGUJHG"F* +!! (0& _ &))gaJba+ba1b$ 4"FRNE##

OKNHDEN PN";GIEI HDJH JVGEF# SD" EFRJRE GF #KXD ONJKI JNE NEFIENEI GFJIMG##GLVE$ 8!!

(0& _ &&^)aJbafba4baGb(aGGb* a7b$ ,F JIIGHG"F* OEIENJV VJS GF MJFW XJ#E# PNEXVKIE# JF JVGEF

SD" SJ# VJSOKVVW JIMGHHEI J# J F"FGMMGRNJFH ON"M JIiK#HGFR DG# #HJHK# H" VJSOKV

PENMJFEFH NE#GIEFXE GO HDE JVGEF SJ# EMPV"WEI SDGVE DE SJ# JF TKFJKHD"NGUEI JVGEF$Y

P0& _ &)''aXba)b* a^b$

!3 .6:C=>7 ?7@

-DG# VGHGRJHG"F GMPVGXJHE# P"NHG"F# "O HS" 3NGU"FJ XNGMGFJV VJS#$ .$>$ )gg[*

EFHGHVEI HDE T9ERJV 3NGU"FJ A"N\EN#Q 3XH*Y EFJXHEI J ;JNGEHW "O MEJ#KNE# GFHEFIEI H"

XKNL HDE EMPV"WMEFH "O TKFJKHD"NGUEI JVGEF#Y GF 3NGU"FJ$ 8!! /6 +)`^('g$ -DE VJS

IEOGFEI TKFJKHD"NGUEI JVGEFY J# TJF JVGEF SD" I"E# F"H DJ;E HDE VERJV NGRDH "N

JKHD"NGUJHG"F KFIEN OEIENJV VJS H" S"N\ GF HDE 0FGHEI 2HJHE# J# IE#XNGLEI GF ^ j0$2$4$k

_ &+)`JaDba+b$Y 3NGU$ 6E;$ 2HJH$ _ )+()&&a&&bh +!! /6 +)'d$ 3M"FR HDE MEJ#KNE#

EFJXHEI LW .$>$ )gg[ SJ# JF JMEFIMEFH H" 3NGU"FJQ# JRRNJ;JHEI GIEFHGHW HDEOH

#HJHKHE* 3NGU$ 6E;$ 2HJH$ _ &+()dd[* MJ\GFR GH J XNGME H" \F"SGFRVW K#E HDE GIEFHGOWGFR

+ -DE 3HH"NFEW BEFENJV MJW SJG;E HDG# X"F#EeKEFXE GF XENHJGF XGNXKM#HJFXE#$8!! ^ 0$2$4$ _ &))gaJba+ba4baGGb$

"#$%& '()'(*''+ ,-.*(.*,'/+ 01& 22'/*2,+ 13456478& ''/+ 9#:% '( ;< -/


16/36

^

GFO"NMJHG"F "O JF"HDEN PEN#"F* SDEHDEN NEJV "N OGXHGHG"K#* TSGHD HDE GFHEFH H" "LHJGF

EMPV"WMEFH$Y P0& _ &+()dd[a3ba+bh +!! /6 +)`[$ -DE EMPV"WEN IEVGXEF#GFR PN";G#G"F

JH G##KE GF KL("()M SJ# JV#" JM"FR HDE MEJ#KNE# EFJXHEI GF HDJH LGVV$

2GMGVJNVW* .$>$ )g`'* XJPHG"FEI T3F 3XH $ $ $ 6EVJHGFR H" /MPV"WMEFH "O

0FJKHD"NGUEI 3VGEF#*Y JMEFIEI 3NGU"FJQ# GIEFHGHW HDEOH #HJHKHE* 3NGU$ 6E;$ 2HJH$ _ &+(

)dd^* H" XNGMGFJVGUE HDE K#E "O GIEFHGOWGFR GFO"NMJHG"F "O JF"HDEN PEN#"F* SDEHDEN NEJV

"N OGXHGHG"K#* TSGHD HDE GFHEFH H" "LHJGF "N X"FHGFKE EMPV"WMEFH$Y 3NGU$ 6E;$ 2HJH$

_ &+()dd^a3bh +!! /6 +)f[(gd$ -DJH JMEFIMEFH SJ# EFJXHEI X"FHEMP"NJFE"K#VW SGHD

J FKMLEN "O MEJ#KNE# EZPNE##VW JIINE##GFR HDE EMPV"WMEFH "O KFJKHD"NGUEI JVGEF#$

8!! /6 +)f[(^f$ 8NG"N H" HDE#E JMEFIMEFH#* 3NGU"FJ VJS IGI F"H #PEXGOGXJVVW MJ\E GH

J XNGME H" X"MMGH GIEFHGHW HDEOH O"N PKNP"#E# "O "LHJGFGFR "N X"FHGFKGFR EMPV"WMEFH$

-DENE G# #KL#HJFHGJV E;GIEFXE GFIGXJHGFR HDJH HDE 3NGU"FJ VJS# TJNE JGMEI JH

GMP"#GFR XNGMGFJV PEFJVHGE# "F KFJKHD"NGUEI JVGEF# SD" #EE\ "N EFRJRE GF

KFJKHD"NGUEI EMPV"WMEFH$Y /6 )f$ -DE LGVV#Q HGHVE# NEOVEXH HDJH PKNP"#E* JFI HDE

VERG#VJHG;E DG#H"NW IEM"F#HNJHE# HDE VERG#VJHKNEQ# D"PE JFI EZPEXHJHG"F HDJH HDE FES

XNGMGFJV PEFJVHGE# S"KVI OJXGVGHJHE HDE NEM";JV "O KFJKHD"NGUEI JVGEF# ON"M HDE 2HJHE$

/6 )gh +!!B !&M&* 2/6 &[d a2EF$ 5Q.JVVENJFb aPNEIGXHGFR HDJH JVGEF# JNNE#HEI O"N K#GFR

TOJV#E ,1Y H" "LHJGF J i"L S"KVI T#EVO(IEP"NH J# PJNH "O J PVEJ JRNEEMEFHY JFI TR"

LJX\ H" HDEGN X"KFHNW "O "NGRGFYbh 2/6 &^g a2EF$ >KNF#b a"PP"#GFR PN"P"#JV H" NEIKXE

HDE #E;ENGHW "O PEFJVHGE# J;JGVJLVE KFIEN 3NGU$ 6E;$ 2HJH$ _ &+()dd[a3ba+b* VE#H #KXD

JXHG"F LE T;GESEI J# J SEJ\EFGFRY "O T"KN "PP"#GHG"F H" GVVERJV GMMGRNJHG"FYbh 2/6

"#$%& '()'(*''+ ,-.*(.*,'/+ 01& 22'/*2,+ 13456478& ''/+ 9#:% '/ ;< -/


17/36

[

&`[(') a6EP$ 8EJNXEb aF"HGFR ";ENJVV R"JV "O .$>$ )gg[ H" XJK#E TJHHNGHG"FY "O TGVVERJV

JVGEFj#kY ON"M HDE 0FGHEI 2HJHE#b$

,F =JNGX"PJ 4"KFHW]HDE VJNRE#H X"KFHW GF 3NGU"FJ]HDE XDJVVEFREI VJS# DJ;E

GFIG#PKHJLVW LEEF K#EI PNGMJNGVW H" PN"#EXKHE KFJKHD"NGUEI JVGEF#$ 8!! /6 &fh 2/6

&[f aGF '' S"N\#GHE NJGI#* T&ddm "O JVV #K#PEXH# O"KFI H" LE X"MMGHHGFR GIEFHGHW HDEOH

H" RJGF EMPV"WMEFH SENE GVVERJV JVGEF#Ybh 2/6 &[f([g aJFF"KFXGFR GFHEFH H" TX"FHGFKE

H" EFO"NXE HDE GVVERJV GMMGRNJHG"F VJS#Y HDN"KRD TEMPV"WEN #JFXHG"F#nGIEFHGHW HDEOH

"PENJHG"F#Ybh 2/6 ))) aGIEFHGOWGFR 3NGU$ 6E;$ 2HJH$ __ &+()dd^a3b JFI &+()dd[a3ba+b

J# T,VVERJV ,MMGRNJHG"F 9ERG#VJHG"FYb$ ,FIEEI* HDE XDJVVEFREI VJS# SENE #" "OHEF K#EI

H" #KPP"NH NJGI# "F LK#GFE##E# HD"KRDH H" LE EMPV"WGFR KFJKHD"NGUEI JVGEF# HDJH HDE

0FGHEI 2HJHE# LN"KRDH #KGH JRJGF#H =JNGX"PJ 4"KFHW JFI GH# 2DENGOO O"N J PJHHENF "N

PNJXHGXE "O IG#XNGMGFJH"NW EFO"NXEMEFH JRJGF#H* JFI KFVJSOKV IEHEFHG"F "O* 9JHGF"#$

8!! 7)("!0 8"$"!+ D& T$1(25.$ C53)"4 * !"$ 4C(&)([^& a1$ 3NGU$ )d&)b$`

!"HSGHD#HJFIGFR HDG# O"XK# "F KFJKHD"NGUEI JVGEF#* HDE NEX"NI GFIGXJHE# HDJH HDE

XDJVVEFREI 3NGU"FJ VJS# DJ;E LEEF JPPVGEI "F JH VEJ#H #"ME "XXJ#G"F# H" GFIG;GIKJV#

SD"* GF #EE\GFR EMPV"WMEFH* X"MMGH ONJKI H" X"FXEJV GFO"NMJHG"F "HDEN HDJF J VJX\

`

7"VV"SGFR HDE EFHNW "O HDE PNEVGMGFJNW GFiKFXHG"F GF HDG# XJ#E* =JNGX"PJ4"KFHW JFI GH# 2DENGOO #EHHVEI HDE VJS#KGH SGHD J X"F#EFH IEXNEE HDJH PVJXE# X"FIGHG"F#KP"F HDEGN JLGVGHW H" NE#KME EFO"NXEMEFH "O HDE XDJVVEFREI PN";G#G"F# GF HDE E;EFHHDJH HDE PNEVGMGFJNW GFiKFXHG"F G# VGOHEI$ 8!! 5NIEN 3MEFIGFR ;< -/


18/36

&d

"O S"N\ JKHD"NGUJHG"F KFIEN OEIENJV GMMGRNJHG"F VJS$ 8!! 2HJHE >N$ [ o F$)$ 7"N

EZJMPVE* HDE =JNGX"PJ 4"KFHW 3HH"NFEWQ# 5OOGXE PKN#KEI PN"#EXKHG"F "O "FE 0$2$

XGHGUEF SD"* #EE\GFR EMPV"WMEFH GF HDE DEJVHD XJNE OGEVI* K#EI J OJV#E GIEFHGHW GF "NIEN

H" DGIE DEN OEV"FW INKR X"F;GXHG"F$ /6 ++[(`d* '[`(['* ff&* ff`$

03 16:=6 16=D445:>;E

8VJGFHGOO# M";EI H" PNEVGMGFJNGVW EFi"GF HDE XDJVVEFREI PN";G#G"F# "O #HJHE VJS*

KNRGFR HDJH HDEW JNE PNEEMPHEI "F HDEGN OJXE LW OEIENJV GMMGRNJHG"F VJS$ -DE IG#HNGXH

X"KNH JRNEEI$ 4"FXVKIGFR HDJH HDE #HJHE PN";G#G"F# PVJGFVW JNE TJGMEI JH GMP"#GFR

XNGMGFJV PEFJVHGE# "F KFJKHD"NGUEI JVGEF# SD" #EE\ "N EFRJRE GF KFJKHD"NGUEI

EMPV"WMEFH GF HDE 2HJHE "O 3NGU"FJ*Y /6 )g* HDE X"KNH DEVI HDJH PVJGFHGOO# X"KVI VG\EVW

#D"S HDJH HDE VJS# JNE PNEEMPHEI LW OEIENJV GMMGRNJHG"F VJS KFIEN L"HD OGEVI JFI

X"FOVGXH PNEEMPHG"F HDE"NGE#$

,F GH# OGEVI PNEEMPHG"F JFJVW#G#* HDE X"KNH X"FXVKIEI HDJH TKFJKHD"NGUEI(JVGEF

ONJKI GF #EE\GFR EMPV"WMEFHY DJ# TLEEF DEJ;GVW JFI X"MPNEDEF#G;EVW NERKVJHEI LW

4"FRNE##$Y /6 )^$ -DE X"KNH "L#EN;EI HDJH OEIENJV VJS PN";GIE# XG;GV* XNGMGFJV* JFI

GMMGRNJHG"F X"F#EeKEFXE# O"N PEN#"F# SD" K#E OJV#E I"XKMEFH# H" IEM"F#HNJHE S"N\

JKHD"NGUJHG"F GF HDE 0FGHEI 2HJHE#* ^ 0$2$4$ __ &))g* &+)`Xh &^ 0$2$4$ _ &'`faJb(aLb*

JFI HDJH 4"FRNE## DJ# EZPNE##VW NE#HNGXHEI HDE K#E "O GFO"NMJHG"F #KLMGHHEI HDN"KRD

HDE OEIENJV EMPV"WMEFH ;ENGOGXJHG"F #W#HEM* ^ 0$2$4$ _ &+)`JaLba'b$ -DE X"KNH

X"FXVKIEI HDJH TjHkDE#E PN";G#G"F# E;GFXE JF GFHEFH H" "XXKPW HDE OGEVI "O NERKVJHGFR

ONJKI JRJGF#H HDE OEIENJV EMPV"WMEFH ;ENGOGXJHG"F #W#HEM*Y JFI HDJH HDE 3NGU"FJ VJS#

"#$%& '()'(*''+ ,-.*(.*,'/+ 01& 22'/*2,+ 13456478& ''/+ 9#:% '? ;< -/


19/36

&&

JNE PNEEMPHEI LEXJK#E HDEW TDJ;E HDE PKNP"#E JFI EOOEXH "O NERKVJHGFR HDE #JME

OGEVI$Y /6 )[(+d aXGHGFR 7)("!0 8"$"!+ D& 853"L C$15%()$ * g)d 7$+I '&^ a`HD 4GN$ )d&+bb$

AGHD NE#PEXH H" X"FOVGXH PNEEMPHG"F* HDE X"KNH EZPVJGFEI HDJH JVHD"KRD HDE

XDJVVEFREI 3NGU"FJ VJS# TPKN#KE E##EFHGJVVW HDE #JME PKNP"#E J# HDE OEIENJV #HJHKHE#

IE#XNGLEI JL";E*Y HDEW TJI"PH IGOOENEFH #JFXHG"F#$Y /6 +d(+&$ ADENEJ# HDE OEIENJV

#XDEME JVV"S# OEIENJV "OOGXGJV# H" #EVEXH JM"FR J NJFRE "O XNGMGFJV* XG;GV* JFI

GMMGRNJHG"F #JFXHG"F#* EFO"NXEMEFH "O HDE 3NGU"FJ VJS# G# JKHD"NGUEI "FVW HDN"KRD

XNGMGFJV PN"#EXKHG"F* JFI HDE JKHD"NGUEI PEFJVHW KFIEN #HJHE VJS G# KP H" ^$g' WEJN#Q

GMPNG#"FMEFH O"N OGN#H(HGME "OOEFIEN#* 3NGU$ 6E;$ 2HJH$ __ &+(gd)* &+(gd+* &+()dd^* &+(

)dd[]J PENG"I V"FREN HDJF HDE ' WEJN# JKHD"NGUEI LW &^ 0$2$4$ _ &'`faLb$ /6 +&$

-DE X"KNH X"FXVKIEI HDJH HDE#E IGOOENEFH* ";ENVJPPGFR #HJHE XNGMGFJV #JFXHG"F# PNE#EFH

JF "L#HJXVE H" HDE GFHEFIEI "PENJHG"F "O HDE IEHJGVEI OEIENJV #XDEME$ /6 +&(+)$

."F*/$+(

(G:E 0=H6< -G=H85 *IG=85 76J #>KH>D


20/36

&)

RN"KP G# F"H JF EeKJV JFI X"FHGFK"K#VW EZG#HGFR X"FXKNNEFH P"SEN "O #HJHE JFI

FJHG"Fjhk $ $ $ SDJHE;EN P"SEN J #HJHE MJW DJ;E G# #KL"NIGFJHE H" #KPNEME FJHG"FJV

VJS$Y U()!+ D& /$D(05V("N * +&) 0$2$ ')* f^ a&[`&b$ -DE OEIENJV R";ENFMEFH DJ#

KVHGMJHE JKHD"NGHW H" NERKVJHE HDE HNEJHMEFH "O JVGEF# GF HDE 0FGHEI 2HJHE# LEXJK#E GH G#

HDE !JHG"F J# J SD"VE* JFI F"H JFW #GFRVE 2HJHE* HDJH MK#H NE#P"FI H" HDE GFHENFJHG"FJV

X"F#EeKEFXE# "O #KXD HNEJHMEFH$ 8!! -1(N5)$ * &+) 2$ 4H$ JH )`[^$

4"RFGUJFH "O HDE#E #GRFGOGXJFH FJHG"FJV GFHENE#H#* 4"FRNE## TE#HJLVG#DEI J

X"MPNEDEF#G;E OEIENJV #HJHKH"NW #XDEME O"N NERKVJHG"F "O GMMGRNJHG"F JFI

FJHKNJVGUJHG"F JFI #EH HDE HENM# JFI X"FIGHG"F# "O JIMG##G"F H" HDE X"KFHNW JFI HDE

#KL#EeKEFH HNEJHMEFH "O JVGEF# VJSOKVVW GF HDE X"KFHNW$Y CL$FR!1 5* C5FF!12! 5* 7&8& D&

KL("()M * &+& 2$ 4H$ &[f^* &[g+ a)d&&b aGFHENFJV eK"HJHG"F MJN\# "MGHHEIb$ 3VHD"KRD

TV"XJV NERKVJHG"Fj#kY I" F"H EZXEEI #HJHE JKHD"NGHW SDENE HDE NERKVJHG"F# DJ;E "FVW J

TPKNEVW #PEXKVJHG;E JFI GFIGNEXH GMPJXH "F GMMGRNJHG"F*Y /!C$)$+ D& S(2$ * `)` 0$2$

+'&* +'' a&[gfb* E;EF J NERKVJHG"F GF JF JNEJ "O HNJIGHG"FJV #HJHE JKHD"NGHW G# PNEEMPHEI

LW OEIENJV GMMGRNJHG"F VJS GO GH T#HJFI# J# JF "L#HJXVE H" HDE JXX"MPVG#DMEFH JFI

EZEXKHG"F "O HDE OKVV PKNP"#E# JFI "LiEXHG;E# "O 4"FRNE##*Y -1(N5)$ * &+) 2$ 4H$ JH )'d&

aeK"HGFR U()!+ * +&) 0$2$ JH fgb$ ,F JIIGHG"F* #HJHE VJS# JNE PNEEMPHEI SDENE HDEW #EE\

H" NERKVJHE GF J OGEVI SDENE OEIENJV NERKVJHG"F G# T#" PEN;J#G;E $ $ $ HDJH 4"FRNE## VEOH F"

N""M O"N HDE 2HJHE# H" #KPPVEMEFH GH*Y "N SDENE HDENE EZG#H# J TOEIENJV GFHENE#H $ $ $ #"

I"MGFJFH HDJH HDE OEIENJV #W#HEM SGVV LE J##KMEI H" PNEXVKIE EFO"NXEMEFH "O #HJHE

"#$%& '()'(*''+ ,-.*(.*,'/+ 01& 22'/*2,+ 13456478& ''/+ 9#:% *, ;< -/


21/36

&+

VJS# "F HDE #JME #KLiEXH$Y P0& aJVHENJHG"F# GF "NGRGFJVb aeK"HGFR E(2! D& 8$)"$ W! X%!D$"51

C51.&* ++& 0$2$ )&^* )+d a&[`gbb$

B3 -DENE G# F" IG#PKHE GF HDG# XJ#E HDJH OEIENJV VJS PNEEMPH# #HJHE NERKVJHG"F "O

ONJKI X"MMGHHEI "F HDE 7"NM ,([ JFI JXX"MPJFWGFR I"XKMEFH#$ ,643 PN";GIE# HDJH

HDE 7"NM ,([* TJFI JFW GFO"NMJHG"F X"FHJGFEI GF "N JPPEFIEI H" #KXD O"NM* MJW F"H

LE K#EI O"N PKNP"#E# "HDEN HDJF O"N EFO"NXEMEFH "O jHDE ,!3kY JFI XENHJGF "HDEN

EFKMENJHEI OEIENJV VJS# NERJNIGFR OJV#E #HJHEMEFH#* GIEFHGOGXJHG"F(I"XKMEFH ONJKI*

GMMGRNJHG"F ONJKI aGFXVKIGFR ONJKI GF HDE OEIENJV EMPV"WMEFH ;ENGOGXJHG"F #W#HEMb*

JFI PENiKNW$ ^ 0$2$4$ _ &+)`JaLba'b$ -DK#* T4"FRNE## DJ# MJIE XVEJN $ $ $ HDJH JFW

GFO"NMJHG"F EMPV"WEE# #KLMGH H" GFIGXJHE HDEGN S"N\ #HJHK# cMJW F"H LE K#EIQY "HDEN

HDJF O"N PKNP"#E# "O HD"#E T#PEXGOGEIY OEIENJV #HJHKHE#$ -1(N5)$ * &+) 2$ 4H$ JH )'d`$

1EOEFIJFH# X"FXEIE HDJH _ &+)`JaLba'b TVEJ;E# F" eKE#HG"F HDJH 4"FRNE## IGI

F"H GFHEFI O"N 2HJHE# H" K#E jHDEk 7"NM ,([ O"N PN"#EXKHGFR HDEGN "SF XNGME#$Y 2HJHE

>N$ +^$ 3NGU"FJQ# GIEFHGHW HDEOH PN";G#G"F# JNE HDK# GFIG#PKHJLVW PNEEMPHEI H" HDE

EZHEFH HDJH EFO"NXEMEFH "O HD"#E PN";G#G"F# S"KVI NEVW "F GFO"NMJHG"F HJ\EF ON"M "N

JXX"MPJFWGFR HDE 7"NM ,([$ -DE PN"DGLGHG"F "F #HJHE "N V"XJV K#E "O HDJH GFO"NMJHG"F

JPPVGE# NERJNIVE## "O HDE PKNP"#E O"N SDGXD HDE GFO"NMJHG"F SJ# PN";GIEI$ 7"N

EZJMPVE* GO J 0$2$ XGHGUEF PN";GIEI J OJV#E FJME "N #"XGJV #EXKNGHW FKMLEN "F HDE 7"NM

,([ GF "NIEN H" X"FXEJV J XNGMGFJV NEX"NI ON"M J PN"#PEXHG;E EMPV"WEN* _ &+)`JaLba'b

S"KVI PNEXVKIE J 2HJHE ON"M K#GFR HDE 7"NM ,([ H" PN"#EXKHE HDJH PEN#"F$

"#$%& '()'(*''+ ,-.*(.*,'/+ 01& 22'/*2,+ 13456478& ''/+ 9#:% *' ;< -/


22/36


23/36

&'

SDEHDEN OEIENJV GMMGRNJHG"F VJS* SGHD GH# IEHJGVEI #EH "O PEFJVHGE# JFI "HDEN

X"F#EeKEFXE# O"N ONJKI X"MMGHHEI H" IEM"F#HNJHE S"N\ JKHD"NGUJHG"F KFIEN OEIENJV

GMMGRNJHG"F VJS* PNEXVKIE# 2HJHE# JFI V"XJVGHGE# ON"M XNEJHGFR HDEGN "SF #EPJNJHE

NERGME# O"N PKFG#DGFR HDE ;ENW #JME ONJKI$ ,FIEEI* GH G# SEVV E#HJLVG#DEI HDJH THDE

EZG#HEFXE "O JF EZPNE## PNE(EMPHG"F PN";G#G"F I"E# )5" LJN HDE "NIGFJNW S"N\GFR "O

X"FOVGXH PNE(EMPHG"F PNGFXGPVE# "N GMP"#E J #PEXGJV LKNIEF HDJH S"KVI MJ\E GH M"NE

IGOOGXKVH H" E#HJLVG#D HDE PNEEMPHG"F "O VJS# OJVVGFR "KH#GIE HDE XVJK#E$Y -1(N5)$ * &+)

2$ 4H$ JH )'d`(d' aJVHENJHG"F JFI GFHENFJV eK"HJHG"F MJN\# "MGHHEIb$

T3 -DE XDJVVEFREI PN";G#G"F# JNE OKNHDEN PNEEMPHEI H" HDE EZHEFH HDEW NERKVJHE

ONJKI X"MMGHHEI H" IEM"F#HNJHE JKHD"NGUJHG"F H" S"N\ GF HDE 0FGHEI 2HJHE# KFIEN

OEIENJV GMMGRNJHG"F VJS$ -DE XGNXKM#HJFXE# GF SDGXD JF EMPV"WEE MJW X"MMGH #KXD

ONJKI JNE F"H VGMGHEI H" HDE JHHE#HJHG"F GF HDE 7"NM ,([ JFI #KPP"NHGFR I"XKMEFH#*

JFI 4"FRNE## DJ# X"MPNEDEF#G;EVW NERKVJHEI #KXD ONJKI E;EF SDEF GH G# X"MMGHHEI

"KH#GIE HDE 7"NM ,([ PN"XE##$ 3XX"NIGFRVW* #HJHE NERKVJHG"F G# OKNHDEN PNEEMPHEI

GF#"OJN J# GH GFHNKIE# "F "N #HJFI# J# JF "L#HJXVE H" HDG# OEIENJV NERKVJH"NW #XDEME$

,643 LN"KRDH NERKVJHG"F "O JVGEF EMPV"WMEFH SGHDGF HDE LN"JIEN

X"MPNEDEF#G;E OEIENJV ONJMES"N\ "O GMMGRNJHG"F NERKVJHG"F$ 7EIENJV VJS E#HJLVG#DE#

SDGXD JVGEF# XJF LE JKHD"NGUEI H" S"N\ GF HDE 0FGHEI 2HJHE#* ^ 0$2$4$ _ &+)`JaDba+bh +!!

^ 4$7$6$ _ )g`J$&)aJb(aXb* JFI GH GMP"#E# FKMEN"K# NEeKGNEMEFH# "F EMPV"WEN# H"

EF#KNE HDJH HDEGN EMPV"WEE# JNE F"H TKFJKHD"NGUEI JVGEF#Y PN"DGLGHEI ON"M "LHJGFGFR

EMPV"WMEFH GF HDE 0FGHEI 2HJHE#$ 4"FRNE## MJIE EMPV"WEN# PNGMJNGVW NE#P"F#GLVE O"N

"#$%& '()'(*''+ ,-.*(.*,'/+ 01& 22'/*2,+ 13456478& ''/+ 9#:% *- ;< -/


24/36

&f

PNE;EFHGFR KFJKHD"NGUEI JVGEF# ON"M "LHJGFGFR EMPV"WMEFH LW E#HJLVG#DGFR JF

EMPV"WMEFH(JKHD"NGUJHG"F ;ENGOGXJHG"F #W#HEM* JFI LW GMP"#GFR #JFXHG"F# "F

EMPV"WEN# HDJH \F"SGFRVW DGNE "N EMPV"W KFJKHD"NGUEI JVGEF#$ ^ 0$2$4$ _ &+)`JaJba&b(

a)b* aEb* aObh -1(N5)$ * &+) 2$ 4H$ JH )'d`$

7EIENJV VJS JV#" PN";GIE# J X"MPNEDEF#G;E NERGME "O XNGMGFJV* XG;GV* JFI

GMMGRNJHG"F(NEVJHEI X"F#EeKEFXE# O"N GFIG;GIKJV# SD" X"MMGH ONJKI H" IEM"F#HNJHE

S"N\ JKHD"NGUJHG"F KFIEN OEIENJV GMMGRNJHG"F VJS$ 3 PEN#"F SD" K#E# J OJV#E

GIEFHGOGXJHG"F I"XKMEFH "N MJ\E# J OJV#E JHHE#HJHG"F TO"N HDE PKNP"#E "O #JHG#OWGFR J

NEeKGNEMEFH "OY HDE OEIENJV EMPV"WMEFH ;ENGOGXJHG"F #W#HEM #EH O"NHD GF ^ 0$2$4$

_ &+)`JaLb MJW LE OGFEI* "N #EFHEFXEI H" KP H" OG;E WEJN# GF PNG#"F* "N L"HD$ &^ 0$2$4$

_ &'`faLb$ 3FI J PEN#"F SD" X"MMGH# ONJKI H" IEM"F#HNJHE DG# S"N\ JKHD"NGUJHG"F

KFIEN OEIENJV GMMGRNJHG"F VJS]SDEHDEN "N F"H HDJH ONJKI G# X"MMGHHEI #PEXGOGXJVVW

SGHDGF HDE 7"NM ,([ PN"XE##]MJW LE GMPNG#"FEI O"N KP H" HEF WEJN#* GF M"#H XJ#E#$

8!! (0& _ &'`faJb aPN"DGLGHGFR J LN"JI NJFRE "O GMMGRNJHG"F(I"XKMEFH ONJKI* GFXVKIGFR

SGHD NE#PEXH H" I"XKMEFH# HDJH E;GIEFXE JKHD"NGUEI EMPV"WMEFH GF HDE 0FGHEI

2HJHE#b$ ,F JIIGHG"F* 4"FRNE## #PEXGOGEI HDJH PEN#"F# SD" X"MMGH GMMGRNJHG"F(

I"XKMEFH ONJKI JNE #KLiEXH H" XG;GV PEFJVHGE#* ^ 0$2$4$ _ &+)`XaJb* aIba+b* JFI HDJH

KFJKHD"NGUEI JVGEF# SD" EFRJRE GF ONJKI H" E#HJLVG#D S"N\ JKHD"NGUJHG"F KFIEN OEIENJV

GMMGRNJHG"F VJS JNE #KLiEXH H" JI;EN#E GMMGRNJHG"F X"F#EeKEFXE#* (0&

__ &&^)aJbafba4baGb(aGGb* a7b* &))gaJba+ba>baGGGb* a+ba4baGb* a+ba1b* &)''aXba)b$

"#$%& '()'(*''+ ,-.*(.*,'/+ 01& 22'/*2,+ 13456478& ''/+ 9#:% *= ;< -/


25/36

&g

-DE XDJVVEFREI #HJHE XNGMGFJV VJS# IGOOEN #KL#HJFHGJVVW ON"M HDG# X"MPNEDEF#G;E

OEIENJV #XDEME$ ADENEJ# OEIENJV VJS PN";GIE# TJ OKVV #EH "O #HJFIJNI# IE#GRFEI H"

S"N\ J# J DJNM"FG"K# SD"VE*Y GFXVKIGFR "PHG"F# O"N GMP"#GHG"F "O XNGMGFJV* XG;GV* "N

GMMGRNJHG"F X"F#EeKEFXE#* O$%%! 0!% 85%B P)2& D& KL("()M * g+) 7$+I &ddf* &d)' a[HD 4GN$

)d&+b aGFHENFJV eK"HJHG"F MJN\# "MGHHEIb* HDE 3NGU"FJ VJS# JNE EFO"NXEJLVE "FVW

HDN"KRD XNGMGFJV PN"#EXKHG"F$ 8!! -1(N5)$ * &+) 2$ 4H$ JH )'d' aNEX"RFGUGFR HDJH J

TX"FOVGXH GF HEXDFGeKE XJF LE OKVVW J# IG#NKPHG;E H" HDE #W#HEM 4"FRNE## EFJXHEI J#

X"FOVGXH GF ";ENH P"VGXWYb aJVHENJHG"F JFI GFHENFJV eK"HJHG"F MJN\# "MGHHEIb$ ,FIEEI* GF

MJFW XGNXKM#HJFXE#* HDE XDJVVEFREI 3NGU"FJ VJS# S"KVI JKHD"NGUE J DJN#DEN XNGMGFJV

#EFHEFXE HDJF S"KVI LE J;JGVJLVE KFIEN OEIENJV VJS$ 3NGU"FJQ# VJS# HDENELW HDNEJHEF

H" IG#NKPH T4"FRNE##Q# GFHEFHG"FJV XJVGLNJHG"F "O HDE JPPN"PNGJHE LNEJIHD "O HDE VJS

JFI #E;ENGHW "O HDE PKFG#DMEFHY O"N ONJKI X"MMGHHEI LW JVGEF# H" IEM"F#HNJHE S"N\

JKHD"NGUJHG"F KFIEN OEIENJV GMMGRNJHG"F VJS$ O$%%! 0!% 85% * g+) 7$+I JH &d)'h +!! $%+5B

!&M&* C15+R4 D& J$"(5)$% W51!(M) Y1$0! C53)2(% * '+d 0$2$ +f+* +^d a)dddb aD"VIGFR

PNEEMPHEI J #HJHE VJS GMPVGXJHGFR O"NEGRF NEVJHG"F# SDENE HDE TGFX"F#G#HEFXW "O

#JFXHG"F# $ $ $ KFIENMGFEjIk HDE X"FRNE##G"FJV XJVGLNJHG"F "O O"NXEYb$

/;EF GO HDE #HJHE PEFJVHGE# SENE M"NE X"F#G#HEFH SGHD OEIENJV VJS* HDE 2HJHEQ#

K#KNPJHG"F "O OEIENJV EFO"NXEMEFH IG#XNEHG"F GF HDG# X"FHEZH S"KVI GFHNKIE "F JFI

GFHENOENE SGHD HDE #XDEME EFJXHEI LW 4"FRNE##$ 3 #HJHE VJS G# PNEEMPHEI SDENE

OEIENJV NERKVJHG"F G# #" PEN;J#G;E TJ# H" MJ\E NEJ#"FJLVE HDE GFOENEFXE HDJH 4"FRNE##

VEOH F" N""M O"N HDE 2HJHE# H" #KPPVEMEFH GH$Y J$"(5)$% W!0Z) 5* S%()0 D& 7)("!0 -(1%()!+

"#$%& '()'(*''+ ,-.*(.*,'/+ 01& 22'/*2,+ 13456478& ''/+ 9#:% *( ;< -/


26/36

&^

P)2&* ^&+ 7$+I g&^* g++ a[HD 4GN$ )d&fb aGFHENFJV eK"HJHG"F MJN\# "MGHHEIb$ >EXJK#E

4"FRNE## DJ# X"MPNEDEF#G;EVW NERKVJHEI ONJKI X"MMGHHEI LW KFJKHD"NGUEI JVGEF# H"

IEM"F#HNJHE HDEGN S"N\ JKHD"NGUJHG"F KFIEN OEIENJV VJS* TE;EF X"MPVEMEFHJNW "N

JKZGVGJNW #HJHE VJS# JNE F"H PENMGHHEI$Y 7)("!0 8"$"!+ D& 853"L C$15%()$ * g)d 7$+I '&^*

'++ a`HD 4GN$ )d&+b$ ,H G# HDE PNEN"RJHG;E "O *!0!1$% "OOGXGJV# H" P"VGXE ONJKI LW JVGEF#

X"MMGHHEI H" IEM"F#HNJHE S"N\ JKHD"NGUJHG"F KFIEN *!0!1$% GMMGRNJHG"F VJS#$ 8!! (0&

aD"VIGFR HDJH 4"FRNE## DJ# "XXKPGEI HDE OGEVI "O TXNEJHGFR* P"##E##GFR* JFI K#GFR

ONJKIKVEFH GMMGRNJHG"F I"XKMEFH#Ybh 6!51M($ [$"()5 -%%& *51 U3F$) E(ML"+ D& 65D!1)51 5*

6$&* f[& 7$+I &)'d* &)fg a&&HD 4GN$ )d&)b aD"VIGFR PNEEMPHEI J BE"NRGJ VJS HDJH

TVJWENjEIk JIIGHG"FJV PEFJVHGE# JH"P OEIENJV jGMMGRNJHG"Fk VJSYbh 2*& S32\F$) C5& D&

'%$()"(**+Z [!M$% C5FF&* '+& 0$2$ +`&* +`g(`^ a)dd&b aD"VIGFR PNEEMPHEI J 2HJHEQ# EOO"NH

H" P"VGXE ONJKI "F OEIENJV JREFXGE# KFIEN OEIENJV NERKVJH"NW #XDEMEb$

="NE";EN* J XNGHGXJV OEJHKNE "O HDE X"MPNEDEF#G;E OEIENJV #XDEME G# HDE

IG#XNEHG"F HDJH GH JOO"NI# OEIENJV "OOGXGJV#$ ,F IEXGIGFR SDEHDEN JFI D"S H" JIINE## JF

KFJKHD"NGUEI JVGEF SD" DJ# X"MMGHHEI ONJKI H" IEM"F#HNJHE DE "N #DE G# JKHD"NGUEI

H" S"N\ GF HDE 0FGHEI 2HJHE#* HD"#E "OOGXGJV# LJVJFXE J NJFRE "O X"MPEHGFR GFHENE#H#$

7"N EZJMPVE* HDE 1EPJNHMEFH "O ."MEVJFI 2EXKNGHW DJ# PNG"NGHGUEI HDE

GF;E#HGRJHG"F JFI PN"#EXKHG"F "O EMPV"WEN# SD" \F"SGFRVW DGNE KFJKHD"NGUEI JVGEF#$

7EIENJV VJS EFO"NXEMEFH "OOGXGJV# N"KHGFEVW NEVW "F O"NEGRF FJHG"FJV#* GFXVKIGFR

KFJKHD"NGUEI JVGEF#* H" LKGVI XNGMGFJV XJ#E#* PJNHGXKVJNVW XJ#E# JRJGF#H DKMJF

HNJOOGX\EN#* +!!B !&M&* &^ 0$2$4$ __ &'^&* &'^`* &'^[* &'[d* JFI EMPV"WEN# SD" ;G"VJHE

"#$%& '()'(*''+ ,-.*(.*,'/+ 01& 22'/*2,+ 13456478& ''/+ 9#:% */ ;< -/


27/36

&[

,643$ 8!! /6 )`^* )'^('[$ -DE JLGVGHW H" NEVW "F KFJKHD"NGUEI JVGEF# J# SGHFE##E# GF

DGRD(PNG"NGHW XNGMGFJV PN"XEEIGFR# JI;JFXE# GMP"NHJFH OEIENJV GFHENE#H# HDJH S"KVI LE

HDSJNHEI LW PJNJVVEV #HJHE PN"#EXKHG"F# "O HDE #JME GFIG;GIKJV# O"N "OOEF#E# JVNEJIW

NERKVJHEI LW OEIENJV VJS$ 8!! 1EXV$ "O 1JFGEV 6JR#IJVE* /ZEX$ 3##"X$ 1GN$* 0$2$

,MMGRNJHG"F JFI 4K#H"M# /FO"NXEMEFH pp )&* ++(+^* 7)("!0 8"$"!+ D& -1(N5)$ * !"$ &d(

X;(&`&+ a1$ 3NGU$ ;< -/


28/36

)d

H" HDSJNH "N MJFGPKVJHE S"N\EN PN"HEXHG"F# "N VJL"N JFI GMMGRNJHG"F EFO"NXEMEFHYb$

4"FRNE## DJ# #GMGVJNVW F"HEI HDE FEEI H" DJNM"FGUE OEIENJV GMMGRNJHG"F EFO"NXEMEFH

SGHD HDE PKLVGX GFHENE#H GF PN"HEXHGFR ;GXHGM# "O DKMJF HNJOOGX\GFR$ 8!! )) 0$2$4$

_ g&d&aLba&[b aOGFIGFR HDJH Tj;kGXHGM# $ $ $ #D"KVI F"H LE GFJPPN"PNGJHEVW $ $ $ PEFJVGUEI

#"VEVW O"N KFVJSOKV JXH# X"MMGHHEI J# J IGNEXH NE#KVH "O LEGFR HNJOOGX\EI*Y GFXVKIGFR

TK#GFR OJV#E I"XKMEFH#Yb$

/FO"NXEMEFH "O HDE XDJVVEFREI PN";G#G"F# JRJGF#H PEN#"F# SD" X"MMGH ONJKI

H" IEM"F#HNJHE S"N\ JKHD"NGUJHG"F KFIEN OEIENJV GMMGRNJHG"F VJS GFHENOENE# SGHD

OEIENJV X"FHN"V ";EN HDE "PENJHG"F "O HDG# #XDEME$ >W TGMP"#jGFRk jHDEGNk "SF

PEFJVHGE#Y O"N X"FIKXH JVNEJIW JIINE##EI LW OEIENJV GMMGRNJHG"F VJS* -1(N5)$ * &+) 2$

4H$ JH )'d)* HDE XDJVVEFREI 3NGU"FJ XNGMGFJV VJS# TIG;E#Hjk OEIENJV JKHD"NGHGE# "O HDE

EZXVK#G;E P"SEN H" PN"#EXKHEY HDE "OOEF#E$ O$%%! 0!% 85% * g+) 7$+I JH &d)g$ 2KXD

EFXN"JXDMEFH KP"F OEIENJV EFO"NXEMEFH PNEN"RJHG;E# NG#\# GFHENOENEFXE SGHD HDE

OEIENJV #XDEME* PJNHGXKVJNVW SDENE OEIENJV "OOGXGJV# DJ;E X"F#XG"K#VW IEHENMGFEI )5" H"

XNGMGFJVVW PN"#EXKHE J PJNHGXKVJN KFJKHD"NGUEI JVGEF$ -DE OEIENJV IEHENMGFJHG"F "O

D"S LE#H H" EFO"NXE #JFXHG"F# KFIEN HDE GMMGRNJHG"F VJS# MJW GF #"ME XGNXKM#HJFXE#

GMPVGXJHE O"NEGRF JOOJGN#* GFXVKIGFR HDE FEEI H" JXX"KFH O"N NEXGPN"XJV XNGMGFJV

EFO"NXEMEFH LW "HDEN X"KFHNGE#$ 8!! -1(N5)$ * &+) 2$ 4H$ JH )`[^$ 3FI IGOOENEFH #HJHE

VJS# NERKVJHGFR ONJKI X"MMGHHEI H" IEM"F#HNJHE JKHD"NGUJHG"F H" S"N\ GF HDE 0FGHEI

2HJHE# X"KVI RG;E NG#E H" J HN"KLVGFR PJHXDS"N\ "O GFX"F#G#HEFH PEFJVHGE#$ -DK#*

JVHD"KRD HDE XDJVVEFREI PN";G#G"F# MJW TJHHEMPHjk H" JXDGE;E "FE "O HDE #JME R"JV# J#

"#$%& '()'(*''+ ,-.*(.*,'/+ 01& 22'/*2,+ 13456478& ''/+ 9#:% *? ;< -/


29/36


30/36


31/36

)+

6$%.!1 D& H' T51M$) CL$+! S$)\B J&-&* ^d) 7$+I `+g* ``^ a)I 4GN$ )d&'b$ 7EIENJV VJS*

#PEXGOGXJVVW &^ 0$2$4$ _ &d)^* JV#" XNGMGFJVGUE# GIEFHGHW HDEOH M"NE REFENJVVW$ >KH

KFVG\E OEIENJV VJS# R";ENFGFR ONJKI X"MMGHHEI H" IEM"F#HNJHE S"N\ JKHD"NGUJHG"F

KFIEN OEIENJV GMMGRNJHG"F VJS* _ &d)^ G# F"H PJNH "O J X"MPNEDEF#G;E #XDEME "O

OEIENJV NERKVJHG"F GF JF JNEJ "O ";ENNGIGFR OEIENJV X"FXENF$ 3FI #HJHE VJS#

XNGMGFJVGUGFR HWPE# "O GIEFHGHW HDEOH KFNEVJHEI H" OEIENJV GMMGRNJHG"F VJS JNE F" M"NE

#KLiEXH H" PNEEMPHG"F HDJF JNE #HJHE VJS# XNGMGFJVGUGFR "HDEN X"FIKXH HDJH JV#" G#

PN"DGLGHEI LW OEIENJV VJS* !&M&* LJF\ N"LLENW "N INKR "OOEF#E#$ -DENE G# F" E;GIEFXE

HDJH 4"FRNE## GFHEFIEI H" PNEEMPH #HJHE VJS# XNGMGFJVGUGFR GF#HJFXE# "O GIEFHGHW HDEOH

HDJH I" F"H GMPVGXJHE OEIENJV GMMGRNJHG"F PNEN"RJHG;E#$

5F HDEGN OJXE* HDE XDJVVEFREI #HJHE VJS# #EEM XJPJLVE "O JPPVGXJHG"F H" MJHHEN#

HDJH OJVV SGHDGF HNJIGHG"FJV JNEJ# "O #HJHE JKHD"NGHW$ 0FVG\E HDE VJS# XDJVVEFREI GF

-1(N5)$ * &+) 2$ 4H$ )`[)h 853"L C$15%()$ * g)d 7$+I '&^h JFI 7)("!0 8"$"!+ D& -%$R$F$ * f[&

7$+I &)f[ a&&HD 4GN$ )d&)b* SDGXD JPPVGEI EZXVK#G;EVW H" JVGEF#* HDE HEZH "O 3NGU"FJQ#

GIEFHGHW HDEOH VJS# G# F"H #" VGMGHEI$ ,H JPPEJN# HDJH JH VEJ#H #"ME 3NGU"FJ "OOGXGJV#

DJ;E K#EI HDE XDJVVEFREI PN";G#G"F# H" PN"#EXKHE GIEFHGHW HDEOH KFNEVJHEI H" OEIENJV

GMMGRNJHG"F VJS* #KXD J# ONJKI X"MMGHHEI H" DGIE JF EMPV"WEEQ# PJ#H XNGMGFJV

X"F;GXHG"F$ 8!! +3.1$ PP$ [(&dh 2HJHE >N$ [ o F$)$ 2KXD JPPVGXJHG"F# I" F"H GMPVGXJHE

OEIENJV GMMGRNJHG"F PNEN"RJHG;E# JFI* GFIEEI* MJW JIINE## GMP"NHJFH G##KE# PN"PENVW

SGHDGF HDE NEJXD "O HDE 2HJHEQ# P"VGXE P"SEN$

"#$%& '()'(*''+ ,-.*(.*,'/+ 01& 22'/*2,+ 13456478& ''/+ 9#:% -' ;< -/


32/36

)`

3# IG#XK##EI JL";E* D"SE;EN* HDE OJXH HDJH HDE XDJVVEFREI VJS# SENE INJOHEI GF

FEKHNJV HENM# I"E# F"H GMMKFGUE HDEM ON"M PNEEMPHG"F JFJVW#G#$ -" HDE EZHEFH HDE

VJS# NEVW O"N HDEGN EFO"NXEMEFH "F GFO"NMJHG"F GF "N JXX"MPJFWGFR HDE 7"NM ,([ "N

XNGMGFJVGUE ONJKI X"MMGHHEI H" IEM"F#HNJHE S"N\ JKHD"NGUJHG"F KFIEN OEIENJV

GMMGRNJHG"F VJS* HDEW JNE PNEEMPHEI LEXJK#E HDEW HNEFXD "F EZXVK#G;EVW OEIENJV

GMMGRNJHG"F PNEN"RJHG;E# JFI #HJFI J# JF "L#HJXVE H" HDE OEIENJV #XDEME$ -DE

XDJVVEFREI 3NGU"FJ VJS# JNE HDK# F"H PNEEMPHEI GF HDEGN EFHGNEHW* LKH HDEW JNE

XJHER"NGXJVVW PNEEMPHEI GF HDEGN PNGFXGPJV JPPVGXJHG"F$ 8!!B !&M&* H5L) /5! J5& > D& E!!0 *

'f& 0$2$ &^f* &[` a)d&db aJIINE##GFR X"MPJNJLVE XDJVVEFRE HDJH SJ# TOJXGJVY GF "FE

#EF#E JFI TJ#(JPPVGEIY GF JF"HDENb$

-DJH PVJGFHGOO# DJ;E JI;JFXEI J OJXGJV XDJVVEFRE GF #EE\GFR J PNEVGMGFJNW

GFiKFXHG"F I"E# F"H PNEXVKIE HDG# 4"KNH ON"M D"VIGFR HDE XDJVVEFREI VJS# H" LE

XJHER"NGXJVVW PNEEMPHEI GF PJNH* JFI HDK# JOOGNMGFR HDE PNEVGMGFJNW GFiKFXHG"F H" HDJH

EZHEFH$ 3PPEVVJHE X"KNH# DJ;E JKHD"NGHW H" IEHENMGFE HDE PN"PEN #X"PE "O GFiKFXHG;E

NEVGEO IE F";" JFI H" M"IGOW JF GFiKFXHG"F J# FEXE##JNW H" X"FO"NM GH# HENM# H" VJS$

8!!B !&M&* 7)("!0 8"$"!+ D& J$"(5)$% Y1!$+314 XF.+& 7)(5) * '&+ 0$2$ `'`* `gg(g^ a&[['b

aM"IGOWGFR T";ENGFXVK#G;EY GFiKFXHG"Fbh T!%!)01!+ D& -1.$(5* g^` 7$+I &)'` a[HD 4GN$

)d&'b aJOOGNMGFR MJi"NGHW "O GFiKFXHG"F JRJGF#H =JNGX"PJ 4"KFHW 2DENGOOQ# 5OOGXE SDGVE

IGNEXHGFR XENHJGF M"IGOGXJHG"F# "F NEMJFIbh X& ^ H& 6$%%5 K()!14 D& 6$%%5 C$""%! C5$* [fg

7$)I &)^d* &)^+ a[HD 4GN$ &[[)b aJOOGNMGFR GFiKFXHG"F JOHEN TM"IGOWjGFRk jGH#k #X"PEYb$

"#$%& '()'(*''+ ,-.*(.*,'/+ 01& 22'/*2,+ 13456478& ''/+ 9#:% -* ;< -/


33/36

)'

-DE 2KPNEME 4"KNHQ# IEXG#G"F GF C("(N!)+ 7)("!0 D& WXC * ''^ 0$2$ +&d a)d&db*

GFIGXJHE# HDJH HDE OJGVKNE H" JNRKE #PEXGOGXJVVW O"N FJNN"SEN NEVGEO I"E# F"H PNEXVKIE HDE

JSJNI "O #KXD NEVGEO GF JPPN"PNGJHE XGNXKM#HJFXE#$g ,F HDJH XJ#E* HDE 4"KNH OJXGJVVW

GF;JVGIJHEI J OEIENJV XJMPJGRF OGFJFXE VJS E;EF HD"KRD HDE PVJGFHGOO# DJI PNE##EI "FVW

JF J#(JPPVGEI XDJVVEFRE$ -DE 4"KNH EZPVJGFEI HDJH THDE IG#HGFXHG"F LEHSEEF OJXGJV JFI

J#(JPPVGEI XDJVVEFRE# G# F"H #" SEVV IEOGFEI HDJH GH DJ# #"ME JKH"MJHGX EOOEXH "N HDJH GH

MK#H JVSJW# X"FHN"V HDE PVEJIGFR# JFI IG#P"#GHG"F GF E;ENW XJ#E GF;"V;GFR J

X"F#HGHKHG"FJV XDJVVEFRE*Y JFI GH #D"KVI F"H TPNE;EFHjk HDE 4"KNH ON"M X"F#GIENGFR

XENHJGF NEMEIGE# GO HD"#E NEMEIGE# JNE FEXE##JNW H" NE#"V;E J XVJGM HDJH DJ# LEEF

PNE#EN;EI$Y P0& JH ++&h +!! $%+5 E!!0 * 'f& 0$2$ JH &[` aT-DE VJLEV G# F"H SDJH MJHHEN#$Yb$

0'+0?*-#'+

7"N HDE O"NER"GFR NEJ#"F#* HDE 4"KNH #D"KVI JOOGNM HDE PNEVGMGFJNW GFiKFXHG"F

GF#"OJN J# GH PNEXVKIE# HDE JPPVGXJHG"F "O HDE XDJVVEFREI PN";G#G"F# H" HDE EZHEFH HDEW

NEVW O"N HDEGN EFO"NXEMEFH "F GFO"NMJHG"F GF "N JXX"MPJFWGFR HDE 7"NM ,([ "N

NERKVJHE ONJKI X"MMGHHEI H" IEM"F#HNJHE S"N\ JKHD"NGUJHG"F KFIEN OEIENJV

GMMGRNJHG"F VJS$

g 3VHD"KRD PVJGFHGOO# PNE##EI J OJXGJV XDJVVEFRE GF HDEGN M"HG"F O"N PNEVGMGFJNWNEVGEO* HDEGN X"MPVJGFH JV#" GFXVKIE# J NEeKE#H O"N HJNREHEI NEVGEO H" EFi"GF IEOEFIJFH#ON"M TK#GFR GFO"NMJHG"F "N I"XKMEFH# KFI"XKMEFHEI S"N\EN# #KLMGH H" #D"SOEIENJV JKHD"NGUJHG"F H" S"N\ J# HDE LJ#G# O"N JFW JNNE#H "N PN"#EXKHG"F$Y /6 ++)d$

"#$%& '()'(*''+ ,-.*(.*,'/+ 01& 22'/*2,+ 13456478& ''/+ 9#:% -- ;< -/


34/36

)f

6E#PEXHOKVVW #KLMGHHEI*

>/!


35/36

0$"(#%#0.($ '% 0'/1?#.+0$

, DENELW XENHGOW HDJH HDE O"NER"GFR >NGEO O"N HDE 0FGHEI 2HJHE# J# 3MGXK# 4KNGJE

G# HSEFHW(OG;E PJRE#* X"F#G#HEFH SGHD HDG# 4"KNHQ#


36/36

0$"(#%#0.($ '% -$"V#0$

, DENELW XENHGOW HDJH "F =JNXD )'* )d&f* , OGVEI HDE O"NER"GFR LNGEO LW XJK#GFR J

IGRGHJV ;EN#G"F H" LE OGVEI EVEXHN"FGXJVVW ;GJ HDE 4=n/47 #W#HEM$ 4"KF#EV SGVV LE

#EN;EI LW HDE 4=n/47 #W#HEM$

#n 9GFI#EW 8"SEVV9,!12/@ 85A/99

"#$%& '()'(*''+ ,-.*(.*,'/+ 01& 22'/*2,+ 13456478& ''/+ 9#:% -/ ;< -/

116 Amicus Brief of United States 2(1)

Documents

Transcript of 116 Amicus Brief of United States 2(1)