1.1.4. common paracite infections [compatibility mode]

Common Parasitic InfectionsInfections

DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS

ParasitesAmoeba

Flukes

Pin worms

Hook worms Tape worm Mouth

Dwarf Tape worms

Fish Tape worms Wipe worms


Cutaneous leishmaniasis


leishmaniasis


Scabies


This skin disorder is due to infestation of the skin by fly larvae . The most common fly causing dermal

myiasis is the screw worm fly.DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND,

CON, BPKIHS

Babesia: Babesiosis is a vector-borne illness usually transmitted deer tick or black legged tick

. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS

Parasite infection in lung


Lyme disease by Tick bite


Loa eye parasite in Eye


Eye Worm


Round worm


Ascaris In Mouth and Nose


Worm in Head


Parasites In Humans

Some facts:• Humans may be a host to over 100

different types of parasites.• In recent medical studies it has been • In recent medical studies it has been

estimated that 85% of the North American adult population has at least one form of parasites living in their bodies.


1. Types of parasitesa. Protozoa

– Single celled, Organized cellular structure – May ingest solid particles– Require aquatic (watery) environment – Reproduce by binary fission at some point in life cycle

b. Helminths (worms)– Multicellular, Organized internal structure; includes

• Platyhelminths (flatworms)• Nematoda (roundworms)

c. Ectoparasites– Insects and arachnida (spider, scorpions) found on the skin.


Classification, disease and detection of parasites


Protozoa– Amoebae

• Form cytoplasmic protrusions (pseudopodia).

• Occur as trophozoites (active, growing) and • Occur as trophozoites (active, growing) and cyst (environmentally protected) forms.


• Pathogens

–Entamoeba histolytica • Disease - Ranges from: asymptomatic,

diarrhoea to dysentery and liver disease.• Transmission - Fecal-oral - contaminated

water/food, (especially in the tropics).– Poor living conditions.


Flagellates– Propelled by flagella.– May occur in trophozoites and cyst forms.– Have shape because of rigid outer wall.

• Pathogens - Giardia lamblia• Disease - Ranges from asymptomatic to • Disease - Ranges from asymptomatic to

acute or chronic diarrhoea• Transmission - Fecal-oral,

waterborne,World wide.


• Trichomonas vaginalis– Disease - Vaginitis.– Transmission - Sexual.– Detection - Microscopy of discharge,

culture.culture.


• Trypanosoma spp– Cause: Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping sickness)– Disease - Fever, encephalitis; cardiac

complications.– Transmission - Fly, Bug – Detection - Parasites stained on blood – Detection - Parasites stained on blood

smears, serology.


• Sporozoa– Mature forms are non-motile.– Complex life cycles.– Pathogens - Plasmodium spp. Cause malaria.– Disease - Episodic fevers, anaemia - life – Disease - Episodic fevers, anaemia - life

threatening!– Transmission - Mosquito bites.– Detection: Parasites stained on blood film.


• Cryptosporidium parvum– Disease: watery diarrhea (chronic in

immunosuppressed)– Transmission: fecal-oral, water borne,

animals (zoonosis), world wide distribution– Detection: microscopy of stool using special – Detection: microscopy of stool using special

stains


• Cyclospora cayetanensis–Disease - Watery diarrhea, similar

to above.–Transmission - Fecal - oral,

especially in tropics. especially in tropics. –Detection - As for Cryptosporidium.


• Toxoplasma gondii– Disease - Mostly asymptomatic infection,

but new infection in pregnancy causes fetal malformations; also infection in immuno-suppressed.

– Transmission - By poorly cooked meat, from cat stool, rarely water.

– Detection - By serology.


• Helminths– Platyheminths (flatworms)

• Cestodes – “tapeworms”• Ribbon like, segmented. No digestive system, adult

attached to gut wall by scolex, larval forms in tissues.

• Life cycle Definitive Host (gut contains adult worms�)

• Environment (�Ova�)• Intermediate Host (�tissues contain larval stage)• When the intermediate host is eaten by the

definitive host, the adult worm develops in the gut from the larval form, and later produces ova.


• Principle Pathogens– Taenia saginata,Taenia solium

• Disease: - Abdominal discomfort (man is definitive host {i.e. has adult}).

• Transmission: - Larval forms ingested in food.• Detection: - Identification of ova or adult

segments in stool.

– Some cestodes infect humans by the adult form in the gut, some infect by larval forms in tissues, and some infect in both forms.


–Cysticercosis ( T. solium larvae)• Disease -Cysts throughout the body

tissues.• Transmission - Ova are ingested;• Detection - Serology, also x-ray,

ultrasound, and other methods to ultrasound, and other methods to detect mass lesions.


• Pathogens - Schistosoma spp. (schistosomiasis).

• Disease - Effects of inflammation, hematuria.

• Transmission - Penetration of skin .• Detection - Ova in stool/urine depending • Detection - Ova in stool/urine depending

on species of schistosome.


–Nematodes (roundworms)• Disease - Abdominal pain/discomfort

(most found in the gut).• Transmission - Fecal-oral via ova in

stool.stool.• Detection

–Recognition of ova using stool microscopy.

–Identification of adult worms.


–Hookworms• Disease - Chronic blood loss.• Transmission - Larvae penetrate skin.skin.

• Detection - Identification of ova or larvae in stool.


–Filaria - filariasis• Disease - Fevers, elephantiasis,

swelling and deformity of limbs, genitalia.

• Transmission - Mosquito borne/Sand • Transmission - Mosquito borne/Sand fly.

• Detection - Marasites (microfilaria) stained on blood film.


Filarisis


Elephantitis


Ectoparasites– Colonize the body vs. Micropredators

that bite only.• Insects - ( 6 legs) - fleas , head-, body-

and pubic lice (singular – Louse)• Arachnida - ( 8 legs, but can have 6 in • Arachnida - ( 8 legs, but can have 6 in

immature form) - ticks, mites

– Their importance is as vectors of disease and to a lesser extent cosmetic.


Adaptations to a parasitic existence• Loss of structures or enzymes, e.g. GI tract.• Development of pathogenic adaptations, e.g.

mechanisms of attachment (hookworms).• Defense mechanisms, e.g. resistance to

digestion (nematodes).digestion (nematodes).• Increased reproductive capacity, eg. Ascaris.

Some parasites require infection of a host to complete their lifecycles.

Other parasites may be free living in the environment and do not need to cause infection to persist.


Detection of GI protozoa –amoebae / flagellates

• Microscopic identification of organisms from a concentrated extract of stool.

• Microscopic identification of organisms • Microscopic identification of organisms using a stained slide made from a filtered stool suspension.

Note: Parasite preservative kills all organisms; therefore, a preserved specimen cannot be used for culture.


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ARTHROPOD INFECTIONS/INFESTATIONS OF THE SKIN:

Insect infections/infestations1. Louse (Anoplura) infestations: Pediculus2. Blood-feeding bugs (Hemiptera)3. Fleas (Siphonaptera)4. Blood-feeding flies and myiasis (Diptera)

• Cutaneous myiasis – calliphorid blowflies; putsi flies, • Cutaneous myiasis – calliphorid blowflies; putsi flies, human botflies

• Gastrointestinal myiasis – calliphorid blowflies• Ophthalmomyiasis – sheep nasal bot fly, Oestrus ovis41;

screw worms• Genitourinary myiasis – calliphorid blowflies.• Sanguinivorous myiasis – the Congo Floor Maggot


Arachnid infections/infestations

1. Mites2. Ticks3. Argasid ticks4. Ixodid ticks4. Ixodid ticks


Common Symptoms of Parasites

• Constipation: Some worms, because of their shape and large size. can physically obstruct certain organs. Heavy worm infections can block the common bile duct infections can block the common bile duct and the intestinal tract, making elimination infrequent and difficult.


Diarrhoea: Certain parasites, primarily protozoa, produce a prostaglandin (hormonelike substances found in various human tissues) which creates a sodium and chloride loss that leads to frequent watery stools. The diarrhoea process in parasite infection is, therefore, a function of the parasite, not the body's attempt to rid itself of an infectious organism.

Gas and Bloating: Some parasites live in the upper small intestine where the inflammation they produce causes both intestine where the inflammation they produce causes both gas and bloating. The situation can be magnified when hard-to-digest foods such as beans and raw fruits and vegetables are eaten. Persistent abdominal distention is a frequent sign of hidden invaders. These gastrointestinal symptoms can persist intermittently for many months or years if the parasites are not eliminated from the body.


Irritable bowel syndrome: Parasites can irritate inflame, coal, the intestinal cell wall, leading to a variety of gastrointestinal symptoms and malabsorption of vital nutriens, particularly fatty substances. This malabsorption leads to bulky stools and steatorrhea (excess far in feces).

Joint and muscle aches and pains: Parasites are known to migrate to encyst (become enclosed in a sac) in known to migrate to encyst (become enclosed in a sac) in joint fluids, and worms can encyst in muscles. Once Ads happens, pain becomes evident and is often assumed to be caused by arthritis Joint and muscle pains and inflammation are also the result of tissue damage caused by some parasites of the body's ongoing immune response to then- presence.


Anaemia: Some varieties of intestinal worms attach themselves to the mucosal lining of the intestines and then leach nutrients from the human host. If they are present in large enough numbers, they can create enough blood loss to cause a type of iron deficiency or pernicious

Allergy: Parasites can irritate and sometimes perforate the intestinal lining, increasing bowel permeability to the intestinal lining, increasing bowel permeability to large undigested molecules. This can activate the body's immune response to produce increased levels of eosinophils, one type of the body's fighter cells. The eosinophils can inflame body tissue, resulting in an allergic reaction. Like allergy, parasites also trigger an increase in the production of immunoglobulin E (IgE).


• Skin conditions: Intestinal worms can cause hives, rashes, weeping eczema, and other allergic-type skin reactions. Cutaneous ulcers, swellings and sores, popular lesions, and itchy dermatitis can afl result from protozoan invasion.

Granuiomas: Granulomas are tumour-like Granuiomas: Granulomas are tumour-like masses that encase destroyed large or parasitic eggs. They develop most often in the colon or rectal walls but can also be found in the lungs liver, peritoneum, and uterus.


Nervousness: Parasitic metabolic wastes and toxic substances can serve as irritants to the central nervous system. Restlessness and anxiety are often the result of the systemic parasite infestation. (After completing a herbal cleanse, many people swear that their persistently grouchy mates or relatives have become a lot more pleasant and patient. "The most famous tapeworm of recent years belonged to the late opera singer Maria Callas. She had a serious weight and skin problem. When the tapeworm was detected and removed, ha" weight dropped, her skin improved and her temperament mellowed," says Gittleman.) temperament mellowed," says Gittleman.)

Sleep disturbances: Multiple awakening during the night particularly between 2 and 3 AM, are possibly caused by the body's attempts to eliminate toxic wastes via the liver. According to Chinese medicine, these hours are governed by the liver. Sleep disturbances are also caused by nocturnal exits of certain parasites through the anus, creating the intense discomfort and itching.


Teeth grinding: Bruxism - abnormal grinding, clenching, and gnashing of the teeth - has been observed in cases of parasitic infection. These symptoms are most noticeable among sleeping for children. Bruxism may be a nervous response to the internal foreign irritant.

Chronic fatigue: Chronic fatigue symptoms include tiredness, flu-like complaints, apathy, depression, impaired concentration, and faulty memory. Parasites impaired concentration, and faulty memory. Parasites cause these physical, mental, and emotional symptoms through malnutrition resulting from malabsorption of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and especially vitamins A and B-12.


• Immunie Dysfunction: Parasites depress immune system functioning by decreasing the secretion of immunoglobulin A (I&A). Their presence continuously stimulates the system response and over time can exhaust this vital defense system, leaving the body open to bacterial and viral infections. and viral infections.

The following conditions might also be tell-tale signs of a parasitic invasion: weight gain, excessive hunger, weight loss, bad taste in the mouth and bad breath, asthma, diabetes, epilepsy, acne, migraines, and even the biggest killers: heart disease and cancer.DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND,

CON, BPKIHS

Nematoda -Roundworms

· Anisakis

· Ascaris Lumbricoides - Giant Roundworm

· Enterobius Vermicularis - Pinworm

· Hookworms· Hookworms

· Loa Loa - Eye Worm - Subcutaneous Filariasis

· Strongyloides Stercoralis

· Trichuris Trichiura - Whipworm

· Wuchereria Bancrofti - Lymphatic Filariasis - Elephantiasis


Trematoda -Flukes

· Fasciola Hepatica - Liver Fluke

· Fasciolopsis Buski - Intestinal FlukeFluke

· Paragonimus Westermani - Lung Fluke

· Schistosoma - Blood Flukes


Cestoda -Tapeworms

· Diphyllobothrium Latum - Fish Tapeworm

· HymenolepisNana - Dwarf · HymenolepisNana - Dwarf Tapeworm

· Taenia Saginata - Beef Tapeworm

· Taenia Solium - Pork Tapeworm


Protozoa

· Balantidium Coli

· EntamoebaHistolytica - Amoebiasis

· GiardiaIntestinalis· GiardiaIntestinalis

· Leishmania

· Plasmodium Falciparum - Malaria

· Toxoplasma Gondii

· TrypanosomaBrucei - Sleeping SicknessDR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND,

CON, BPKIHS

Skin Parasites

· Cimex Lectularius - Bedbug

· Dermatobia hominis - Human Botfly· Dermatobia hominis - Human Botfly

· SarcoptesScabiei - Scabies


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1.1.4. common paracite infections [compatibility mode]

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