lncredibleEarthRichard Northcott

Read and discover all about our incredible Earth .... What is a votcano?. Where is the deepest take on Earth?

Read and discover more about the world!This series of non-fiction readers providesinterest ing and educat ionaI content, wi thactivit ies and project work.

Series Editor: Hazel Geatches

,9 nudio CD Pack avaitabLe

Word count for this reader: 1,700

Levet 3600 headwords @

oLevel 5900 headwords

Level 51,050 headwords/ a fio"f"'.f;",0,

Cover photograph: Science Photo Library lAsh ptume from Mount St Hetens in 1980)

OXFORD ENGLISHlsBN 978-0- 1 9-464438-9

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EarthRichard Northcott

Introduction1 Earth's Crust 42 Oceans 63 Rivers and Waterfalls 84 Gtaciers and lcebergs 10

5 Hot Water L2

6 Mountains and Lakes t47 Caves 16

8 Earthquakes and Tsunamis 18

9 Deserts 2010 Erosion 22Activities 24Projects 44

Picture Dictionary 46

About Read and Discover 48

OXTORDUNIVERSITY PRESS

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With ,hon/$ k) Ann [ullickJbr scicncc checking

Don't go near! This is a volcano, and it 'serupting. Volcanoes are dangerous, but theyare beautifut, too. There are many otherincredible places on Earth - high mountains,great rivers, big deserts

: ,

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What is the highestmountain on Earth?What is the biggest hotWhat is the deepest [ake?What incredible placesdo you know?

tEoffiffifkWEarth is round, like an orange. Oranges

have a skin and Earth has a skin, too. \7e

call this skin Earth's crust. IJnder the crust

there is very hot rock.

E,arth's crust has different pieces. Thesepieces move very, very slowly. Millions

of years 3go, the pieces moved and made

mountains. LInder mountains the crust is

thick, but under the ocean it's thinner.

When two pieces of the crust move and

meet) there can be earthquakes.

A volcano is a hole in

Earth's crust. $7hen a

volcano erupts, hot

rock flies out from

under the ground, and

melted rock pours out

over the ground.

Volcanoes under the

ocean sometimes make

new islands. In L963, a

volcano in the Atlantic

Ocean made a new

island called Surtsev.

There are many different rocks in Earth's

crust.They are millions of years old.Therocks are often different colors. In thePainted Desert in Arizona in the USA. voucan see the different rocks.

@ _-r\ l / ,\_ i_--

@rceamsOn Earth there is more ocean than land.

The Pacific Ocean is the biggest ocean.

It's bigger than Africa!

Did you know that there are mountains

and valleys under the ocean? Some of

these mountains are bigger than the biggest

mountains on land. In the deepest parts of

the ocean, the water is l0 kilometers deep.

The water in the ocean is always moving.\il7aves hit the land and break the rocks.

Sometimes, big pieces of rock fall into

the ocean. They leave big cliffs, like the

beautiful Uluwatu Cliffs in Bali in Indonesia.

S7here the ocean is warm, we sometimes

find coral. Coral is made of millions of very

small animals that make hard covers around

themselves. $7hen the animals die, the hard

covers make the coral reef.

The Great Barrier Reef near Australia is

the biggest coral reef in the world. It's

21600 kilometers long. Sea turtles, dolphins,

and many other amazing animals live there.

etm

Rivers usually begin as streams inmountains. The water comes from rainor snow. All rivers then go to the ocean.

Big rivers are very strong. When the ground

under a river is soft, the river makes valleys.\7hen the ground under it is hard rock,there are waterfalls or rapids.

One incredible waterfall is the Iguazu Fallsbetween Argentina and Brazll. Iguazumeans 'big water' in an old language ofSouth America.

K]

There's more water in the River Amazon

than in any other river in the world. It begins

in the mountains in Peru and Ecuador. Then

it goes through the rainforest in Brazil, and

to the Atlantic Ocean.

There are no bridges on the Amazon. First,

the river goes through rainforest and there

are no roads. Then, near the ocean, the river

is very wide so people can't build bridges.

They cross the river by boat.

calted anacondas. Some grow to 9 meters [ong.

The Amazon is the homeof one of the longest snakes,

* Go to pages 28-29 for activities.

Lffi}di

The coldest places on Earth are in thehighest mountains, and at the North andSouth Poles. Flere, there are rivers made ofice. They are called glaciers. Glaciers beginwhen snow falls.

Mountain glaciers move very, very slowlydown the mountain. \When the ice melts, thewater goes into rivers. It can take thousandsof years for the water from a glacier to getto the ocean.

At the North and South Poles, where the

glaciers are near the ocean' very big pieces

of ice break off. These are called icebergs.

Icebergs move slowly on the ocean.

Near the North Pole, Ilulissat is one of the

most incredible places on Earth - and one

of the coldest. The glacier and icebergs

here are very, very big. The glacier is about

40 kilometers long and it moves slowly to

the Arctic Ocean. It moves about 30 meters

every day.

@cebergs are dangerous forboats. Most of the ice is underthe water, so people in boatscan't see atl the ice.

* Go to pages 30-31 for activities.

Imagine you are in this park.Suddenly, you hear a loud noiscof water moving very fast. Thenhot water and steam pour outof the ground.You are lookingat a geyser.

What makes a geyser? When itrains or snows, the water goesinto the ground. Deep underthe ground there is hot rock. Ifrainwater touches a lot of hotrock, it begins to boil. Thenthere's a lot of steam.

Suddenlg the water can't stayunder the ground. It has tocome out. Geysers are very hot,so don't go near them!

These white cliffs look like they are made of

ice, but they are really made of rock. Hot

water came out of the ground and poured

down the mountain. Then minerals in the

water made these incredible cliffs. They look

like waterfalls, but they never move. They

are thousands of vears old.

At the JigokudaniMonkey Park in Japan, hotwater from under the groundmakes pools. When theweather is cold, monkeyssit in the warm water.

& Go to pages 32-33 for activities.

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The biggest mounrain chain in the world isthe Himalayas in Asia. It began when twopieces of Earth's crust met and moved up.They began to move about 50 million yearsago - and they are moving now, very slowly.

The top of Mount Everesr in the Himalayasis the highest place on Earth - it's about9 kilometers above the ocean. Everest isvery big and it's getting bigger. The top ofEverest goes up about 5 millimeters everyyear) because Earth's crust is moving ailthe time.

Near high mountains there are often deep

lakes. The deepest lake in the world is

Lake Baikal in Russia. It's more than

1r600 meters deep. Scientists are exploring

the lake in small submarines.

Lake Baikal began when pieces of Earth's

crust moved and made a deep hole. \7ater

from 330 rivers goes into Lake Baikal.

There's more water here than in all the

Great Lakes in North America!

S Go to pages 34-35 for activit ies.

{.

Caves are incredible underground worlds.Many people are interested in them.

What makes a cave? Near the coast, oceanwaves hit cliffs and make holes. In themountainsr the moving ice in a glaciermakes caves in the rock.

The most incredible caves are in soft rockcalled limestone. Rain falls on the limestoneand makes holes. Slowly, the holes growbigger and make caves. This takesthousands and thousands of vears.

Caves are usually very wet because water

comes through the rock. SlowlY, the

raindrops mix with minerals and build

incredible rock sculptures, called stalactites

and stalagmites.

Thousands of years &go,

people lived in caves.

They didn't have books

or paper, so they drew

. pictures on the cave

walls. People drew

this picture in a cave

in France, about

16,000 years ago.

r1,tl.:,

The Sarawak Chamber inBorneo is the biggest cavein the wortd. l t 's [onger thanten big p[anes!

/'f

Go to pages 36-37 for activit ies.

Usually, Earth's crust moves very slowly -

only a few millimeters every year.

Sometimes, two pieces of the crust movesuddenly in different direcrions, and thenthere's an earthquake.

Earthquakes are dangerous becausebuildings sometimes fall down. \il7hen

there's an earthquake, people in buildingsgo under a heavy table. Or they standbetween two rooms. These are good ideas -

they can help to keep people safe.

There are earthquakes under the ocean,

too. IJsually, they are small and not

dangerous. Sometimes an earthquake under

the ocean makes a giant wave called a

tsunami. Tsunamis can be very dangerous.

After a tsunami, there are often floods.

There's water everywhere. Flouses, cars,

and trees are in the water. The water isn't

clean, so many people are sick. In 2004'

there was a very big tsunami in the Indian

Ocean. Many people died.

& Go to pages 38*39 for activit ies.

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\--l Camels can live fora week with no water.

A desert is a dry place, with almost no rain.

About 20 percent (.X,) of the land on

Earth is desert.What are deserts made of?

Some deserts are made of sand, and many

deserts are made of stones or rocks. Deserts

are usually hot, but not always. Antarctica is

a cold desert. I t docsn't rain often there.

but there's lots of ice.

The Sahara Desert in Africa is the biggest

hot desert on Earth. It 's bigger than

Australia! The animals in the desert can live

there because thev don't drink verv often.

In Bolivia in South America, there's a

desert made of salt . I t 's cal led the Salar

de Uyuni. About 40,000 years ago i t was

a saltwater lake, but now the ground is hard

and dry most of the time . Souretimes the

ground looks like a big mirror.

Many people visit the Salar de Uyuni

becausc i t 's an incredible place. There's

even a hotel made of salt !

r...:1..'llill::':';

..

;l\Go to pages 40-41 for act iv i t ies.

In the Colorado River in the USA, erosion

began about 20 million years ago. The river

moved over the rock and slowly broke it'

Sun, cold weather, and wind broke the rock,

too. All these things made the incredible

deep valley called the Grand Canyon'

\7ind, rain, sun' and snow - the weather

is a part of Earth's story. Sun and wind

make deserts. Glaciers move between

mountains and make valleys. Rain falls on

limestone and makes caves ... This story

began millions of years ago, and it is still

going on. \7hat an incredible story it is!

Where are these rocks? Are they onthe moon? No, they are in Cappadociain Turkey.

They look like sculptures, but no one madethem. Really, the windy weather made them.These rocks are not very hard. The windblows on them and very slowly changesthem. When the weather changes Earth inthis way, we call it erosion.

$!f Read pages 4-5.

1 Match.

Comptete the sentences.

crust hotes ocean etd rocks volcano

Some mountains are mill ions of years ,:!,,1When pieces of Earth's meet, there aresometi mes ea rthq uakes.

Volcanoes are

The rock in a

in Earth's crust.

is very hot.

Sometimes a votcano under the makesa new is land.

6 In the Painted Desert thecotors.

and write the words.

1 ! j :=

4 Circle the odd one out.

1 Japan LFutlh, Russia China

2 orange apple banana skin

3 move fatt piece eruPt

4 votcano dangerous beauti fuI incredibte

5 in under on ground

6 red brown desert Yetlow

IeN.tk-sCwsJs* 3 Find

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Earth's crust is mi[ t ions iThe pieces of Earth's crust 'There are different rocks 'Under Earth's crust, there'sThere are votcanoes under

of years o[d.the ocean.in Earth's crust.round.very hot rock.move very stowty.

1

2

3

4

5

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S Read pages 6-7.

g Write the words.cliffs coraI dotphin

sea turtle vetteir waves

r

Write true or false.

1 There are mountains under the ocean.2 Africa is bigger than the pacific Ocean.3 Waves can break rocks.4 A coral reef can make an island.5 The Great Barrier Reef is near Africa.6 Sea turttes live in coral reefs.

Answer the questions.

1 What is the biggest ocean on Earth?

2 How deep is the deepest water in the ocean?

3 Where are the Utuwatu Ctiffs?

4 What is coral made of?

5 Where is the Great Barrier Reef?

Add the words and write correct sentences.

1 The Pacif ic Ocean is than Afr ica. (bigger). . '

2 There are big mountains the ocean. (under)

3 When waves hit the [and, rocks into the ocean. (fatt)

4 CoraI is hard, it isn't made of rock. (but)

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5 Many amazing animats near coral reefs. (t ive)

w ffi #wwffiffi ffi reW %Wm&ww#'m W ffi wf

Amazon anaconda BraziI4 Write the words. lguazu Fatts ocean rainforest

& Read pages 8-9.river waterfa[[

g. Write the words. mountain rainforest

Circle the correct words.t The lguazu Fatts are in Austratia / south America.2 The ground under waterfatts is hard / soft.3 The Amazon begins in the mountains / ocean.4 The Amazon goes through ,/ under the rainforest.5 The Amazon / anaconda is a very long snake.

Circle the odd one out.1 river ocean waterfaI kitometer2 water rain rock snow3 snake waterfal[ river rapids4 mountain hard soft strong5 Peru Ecuador Amazon Braztl.

1 A[[ rivers go here.

2 This big r iver is in South America.

3 There are many trees here.

4 This country is in South America.

5 This is an incredibte waterfa[[.

6 This is a very long snake.

ffiq'@

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the

the

the

the

the

Write correct sentences.

1 The wortd in rivers comes from rain or snow.

2 When a river goes over rocks, it makes rain.

3 lguazu Fatls is a South American rainforest.

4 The Amazon begins in the rainforest in Peru.

5 The Amazon goes through a big mountain.

r

6 You can find rivers in the Amazon.

d!6

&lme tmtrffi ffim* $mmbmtrW$Read pages 10-11.

k Complete the sentences.gtacier ice incredibte mountain stowty icebergs

1A is a river made of ice.2 Gtaciers move down the3 Gtaciers move very, very4 Near the ocean, glaciersbreak and make

3 Order the words.

1 move / s[ow[y. / Glaciers / veryr ' ; { -

2 are / made / ice. / rivers / Glaciers / of

3 dangerous / lcebergs / boats. / are / for

4 of / the / l lutissat / one / is / places. / coldest

4 Comptete the questions. Then write the answers.

How What Wlten Where Why

do glaciers begin?

: , , , , t ! l { . i i , i r , r r i i j ' .

are glaciers made of?

are icebergs dangerous?

is l tut issat?

5 In icebergs a lot of6 There are

is under the water.icebergs at l[ulissat.

P Complete the chart.

coraI reef glacier ice iceberg snowA-mazon Rainfai.est volcano metted rock

W Hot{It_IIIII

l

2

3

4

5

r

long is the glacier at l lu l issat?

ffitr

. ffise Fdmtsr

S Read pages 12-t3.

& Write the words.geyser pool rain

I

snow

" .o ov)q___,^ry;

O .- a o.^

' . "

-nNAtr.

4". f l\ i>: ' l_-n ' -

steam

3 Match.

1 Under a geyser there is2 Geysers make3 The water in a geyser is4 Don' t5 The ct i f fs at Pamukka[e

took I ike6 Pamukkale is in

go near a geyser.

very hot.waterfalts.a toud noise.a lot of hot rock.Turkey.

/ "

3L Add the words and write correct sentences.

1 Deep under the, there is hot rock. (ground)

2 When boils, it makes steam. (water)

3 The monkeys at J igokudani in the warm water. (s i t )

4 ln the water there are. (minera|'s)

5 The at Pamukkate look [ike waterfa[ts. (ctiffs)

2 Write true or false.

1 Geysers are made of water and steam.2 Geysers are usuatly very cotd.

3 Geysers look [ike big icebergs.

4 The water in a geyser stays in the ground.

5 Some monkeys in Japan sit in warm water.6 The cliffs at Pamukkate are very otd.

waterfaI

b\;%7+"

6 Don't go near because they are very hot. (gevsers)

Erc

F&rF\{ F) ; nn^usrtaf;ns amd Lakmsts . / I t l l , I

' ! -

t Read pages 14-15.

$. Complete the sentences.

deepest highest riversmountain chain moved stowty

The Himatayas are aPieces of Earth's crustthe Himalayas.

The Himatayas are moving veryMount Everest is thein the wortd.

5 The lake in the wortd is6 Water from 330 goes into

in1

2

3

4

Asia.

and made

mountain

in Russia.

Lake Baikal .

Write the questions. Then write the answers.

t high / mountain in the worldl ioltt;rf sq i?l* {r;;mi;*;,;,, i i6;;;,6;rg:l!+ !rr t[ge qlel{,tc&F

2 deep / lake in the world

3 big / mountain chain in the world

4 big / river in the world

Answer the questions.

1 What is the highest mountain in your country?

2 What is the biggest lake in your country?

4r;3. Circle the odd one out.

1 fish water bird snake2 highest longest rainforest3 mountain lake pond river4 moved made went top5 high very deep big6 Russia Japan Earth Turkey

biggest

r"

3 What is the most incredible place in your country?

ffirewww$" Read pages t6-L7.

Circle the correct words.

1 There are sometimes caves on / near the coast.2 Gtaciers move / break and make caves.3 The rain makes caves / waves in [imestone.4 The Sarawak Chamber is in Brazil / Borneo.5 Stalactites are made of ice / rock.

6 Peopte drew pictures / paper on the cave watls.

Order the words.

1 usuatty / Caves / wet. / are

2 is / soft / a / Limestone / rock.

3 often / in / limeston e. / There ,/ caves / are

4 drew / walls. / Peopte / pictures / cave / on

3 Match and write the questions. Then writethe answers.

Where isls [ imestone veryAre cavesWhat are statactitesWhy did people

Do you

hard?[ike caves?made of?the Sarawak Chamber?draw on cave wa[[s?usua[[y wet?

2

3

4

5

6

r

5 people / Now / caves. / Live / in / don't / most

'

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T3 Write true or false.

and write.

i i I t - l ;1; ii ; - i ; r ; i i ii i i , io lg ii - " i " i ' r*- Il r iere:miib i i i ; i ;1i - t " t : l -

I t ih iq;ull - - 1*- . . i - ' - l I

K Findi "" - t -- i . .

lc ib jui i l ; i ;i * ih i ;i i - ' ' i

tb ig i tl " - I " -J '

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* Read pages 18*19.

Complete the sentences.

bui ldings in moves ocean under

1 Earth's crust moves a few kitometersevery day.

Earthquakes are dangerous.

In an earthquake, i t 's a good ideato go under a heavy table.

There are never earthquakes underthe ocean.

Earthquakes under the ocean are notusualty dangerous.

A tsunami is a smat[ wave.

4 Write correct sentences.

7 Earth's crust moves a few milt imeters every day.

2 Big earthquakes are not very dangerous.

Earthquakes under the ground sometimesmake tsunamis.

4 A tsunami is a giant bui td ing.

2

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wit i

1

2

7

8

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

Usualty Earth's crust

When there is an earthquake

There are earthquakes

Earthquakes under themake tsunamis.

The tsunami

very slowty.

fat[ down.

the ocean.

sometimes

2004 was very big.

r

5 After a tsunami, there are often people.

Wl r -&x

i,.W,j ffi*sgr&s$ Read pages 20-21.

g Complete the

ffi Match.

t Some deserts are made2 l t doesn't rain often3 The Sahara Desert is bigger4 Animals in the desert5 In Bot iv ia, there is a desert6 The Salar de Uyuni is

than Austra[ ia.made of sa[t .of sand.in Antarct ica.don't dr ink very often.an incredibte place.

Order the words.

1 usual[y / Deserts / hot. / are

2 very / are / places. / dry / Deserts

3 Africa. / The / in / is / Desert / Sahara

4 Antarctica. / lt 's / in / cold / very

5 visit / Satar de Uyuni. / peopte / Many / the

Complete the questions. Then write the answers.

What How much Why Where

of the [and on Earth is desert?

is the biggest hot desert on Earth?

is Bol iv ia?

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do many people vis i t the Salar de Uyuni?

Srosimn* Read pages 22-23.

Match and write the questions. Then writethe answers.

2 Complete the Puzzle.2Y

r -*it.,,_

1 The monkeys in J igokudani s i t in the warm -.2 - under the ocean sometimes make tsunamis.3 In South America there's a - made of salt.4 You can find incredibte - in l imestone.5 A - is a hote in Earth's crust.6 The Great Barrier Reef is near -.7 The deepest - in the world is in Russia.8 A - is a river made of ice.9 The water in a - is verY hot.

10 Att rivers go to the -.

What do you think is the most incredible place

on Earth? Why?

Where isWhat changed theWhere is the GrandWhat is the name ofthe r iverWhen did erosion

Canyon?begin in the ColoradoRiver?Cappadocia?in the Grand Canyon?rocks in Cappadocia?

1

2

3

4

5

T- 'e *l_"

@

fr{y Cswn*wy10,00S Ywmww &Eo$

& lmagine your country 10,000 years ago. Whatwas there? Write / or X. then write notes.

/'"'" "'\

{ Houses l

\ i l1\-* --"'

i'ilJ'\,/;'*)\f ;;\''.E "..jj,/\'.{ J.'''

/-.-\I lnsects 1

\ i l /,'ffih\ i.-t I\-5/

t[r\t\tI1\1\'\\{\\l)

'ii

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\ \ \ { \ \ \999

'i1i r ,r r'i'

{\\ \\ t\\9(])9

i. .+i-.

{\\ {\\ \\t t )u

l t , ' i t , ' , ' i ' i

1\t\\\\\t\t\'\

Make a poster. Write about your country10,000 years ago and draw some pictures.

Disptay your poster.3

@

{-r\s-'l

Rivers

t_l

frmer€d3b$w WWmffiws&m $*1y €auffittry

1 Complete the chart about incredible placesin your country.My country:

The highest place:

.r---'--ii

-_-'---.--/

2 Find a photo or a picture of one of these places.

ffi Make a poster. Write sentences to describethe incredibte place. Disptay your poster.

I The longest river: iI ,I :{ il - it"-*---*-----i-i ttre most I! beautiful place: ii l

@

Picture Dictionfr!'y

boit

ffitrS:/';::f,>??desert

fatt

3

flood

ffiground

i6@

ruwis [and

ryffi ffi@w"minerats

coast cover dangerous deep

,tr 1 /

- t o€die direct ions Earth

/ \ , -w

, TV I

LI

ho[e

@

[ake [oud mett mi l l ion stream submarine top

r. ^..//t

,//D

O/ l[gl=Ery:- l?[, -\]

a\noisemountain

chainocean pour rainforest

stones

ffi:LW%XL-U* Sec.,r'-qre#d

WAVC

fr,ffi trfrffi m4esandflver road rocks satt

sculpture skin squarekitometer

ff i#msteam

t l v!'wva[[ey

@

Series Editor: Hazel Geatches . CLIL Adviser: John Ctegg

Oxford Read and Discover graded readers are at four levets, from3 to 6, suitable for students from age 8 and older. They cover manytopics within three subject areas, and can support Engtish across thecurriculum, or Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL).

Available for each reader:. Activity Book. Audio CD Pack (book & audio CD)

For Teacher's Notes & CLIL Guidance go towww.ou p.c om / elt/ teacher/reada ndd iscover

Oxford Read and Discover readers shown in GRAY avai[able early 2011,.For younger students, Dolphin Readers Levels Starter, I, and 2 are avaitable.

1 Subject

\reaLeve[ \

The World of Science& Technotogy

The NaturalWorld

The Wortd of Arts& SociaI Studies

@600

headwords

Super Structures

Your Five Senses

How We Make Products

Sound and Music

Amazing Minibeasts

WonderfuI Water

All About Rainforest Life

Animals In the Air

' Free Time Aroundthe World

$ Festiva[s Aroundthe World

@750

headwords

. A[[ About Plants

" Machines Then and Now. Keeping Fit and Heatthy

" Recycie, Recycte, Recycle

. All About Ocean Life

. lncredibte Earthr AU About Desert Life. Animals In the Night

WondersOf the Past

Animals In Art

r'R\K/900

headwords

Transportation Thenand Now

Witd Weather

Materia[s To Products

Medicine Then and Now

Great Migrations

Exptoring Our World

Animal Life Cycles

Life 0n lslands

Homes Aroundthe World

Our Wortd ln Arl

@1,050

headwords

a

a

a

Clothes Then and Now

Your Amazing Body

Cetls and Microbes

Incredibte Energy

r All About Space. Caring For Our Planetr Earth Then and Now. Wonderfu[ [cosystems

. Food Aroundthe Wortd

. l le[ping Ar0undthe World