Edward A. Fox fox@vt CS DLRL Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
11/20/09 Seminar -- Virginia Tech Department of Computer Science “Digital Libraries” by Edward...
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11/20/09 Seminar -- Virginia TechDepartment of Computer Science
“Digital Libraries”by Edward A. Fox
• [email protected] http://fox.cs.vt.edu• Director, Digital Library Research• Laboratory, http://www.dlib.vt.edu
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Acknowledgements
• Mentors (Licklider, Kessler, Salton)
• Virginia Tech, CS, Digital Library Research Laboratory (DLRL: 2030 Torg.)
• NSF and other sponsors
• Students, colleagues, co-investigators
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Faculty Collaborators (selected)
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Robert Beck Edward Carr Lillian Cassel Hsinchun Chen Wingyan Chung
Lois Delcambre Stephen Edward
Carlos Evia Weiguo Fan C. Lee Giles
Eric Hallerman John Impagliazzo
Andrea Kavanaugh
John Lee David Maier
Gary Marchionini
Manuel Perez-Quinones
Jeffrey Pomerantz
Naren Ramakrishnan
Steven Sheetz
Donald Shoemaker
Ricardo da Silva Torres
Barbara Wildemuth
Royce Zia Christopher Zobel
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Student Collaborators (selected)
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Yinlin Chen Noha ElSherbiny
Marcos Andre Goncalves
Doug Gorton
Jian Jiao Tarek Kanan Spencer Lee Jonathan Leidig
Ming Luo Yi Ma Kunal Mudgal Uma Murthy
Fernando Das Neves
Sung Hee Park Rao Shen Ohm Sornil
Venkat Srinivasan
Hussein Suleman
Seungwon Yang Xiaoyan Yu
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Asynchronous, Digital Library Mediated Scholarly Communication
Different time and/or place
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Libraries of the FutureJCR Licklider, 1965, MIT Press
World
Nation
State
City
Community
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Institutional Repositories• “Institutional repositories are digital
collections that capture and preserve the intellectual output of a single university or a multiple institution community of colleges and universities.”
• Crow, R. “Institutional repository checklist and resource guide”, SPARC, Washington, D.C., USA
• www.arl.org/sparc/IR/IR_Guide_v1.pdf
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Computing (flops)Digital content
Com
mun
icat
ions
(ban
dwid
th, c
onne
ctiv
ity)
Locating Digital Libraries in Computing andCommunications Technology Space
Digital Libraries technologytrajectory: intellectualaccess to globally distributed information
less moreNote: we should consider 4 dimensions: computing, communications,content, and community (people)
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D ig ita l L ib ra r y C o n te n t
A rt ic le s ,R e p o rts,
B o o ks
T e xtD o c um e n ts
S p ee c h ,M u s ic
V id eoA u d io
(A e ria l)P h o tos
G e og rap h icIn fo rm ation
M o d e lsS im u la tio ns
S o ftw a re ,P ro g ra m s
G e no m eH u m a n,a n im a l,
p la n t
B ioIn fo rm a tion
2 D , 3 D ,V R ,C A T
Im ag es a ndG ra p h ics
C o n te n tT yp e s
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Information Life Cycle
AuthoringModifying
OrganizingIndexing
StoringRetrieving
DistributingNetworking
Retention/ Mining
AccessingFiltering
UsingCreating
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AuthoringModifying
OrganizingIndexing
Storing Archiving
NetworkingAccessingFiltering
Creation
DistributionUtilization
Significance
Similarity
Pertinence
AccuracyCompletenessConformance
Seeking
SearchingBrowsingRecommending
Relevance
Timeliness
AccessibilityAccessibility
Inactive
Active
Discard
RetentionMining
Semi-Active
Preservability
Timeliness
Preservability
Describing
Quality and the Information Life Cycle
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Digital LibrariesShorten the Chain from
Editor
Publisher
A&I
Consolidator
Library
Reviewer
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DLs Shorten the Chain to
Author
Reader
Digital
LibraryEditor
Reviewer
Teacher
Learner
Librarian
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Example : planetmath.org
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Digital Libraries --- Objectives
• World Lit.: 24hr / 7day / from desktop• Integrated “super” information systems: 5S:
Table of related areas and their coverage• Ubiquitous, Higher Quality, Lower Cost • Education, Knowledge Sharing, Discovery• Disintermediation -> Collaboration • Universities Reclaim Property• Interactive Courseware, Student Works• Scalable, Sustainable, Usable, Useful
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Degree of Structure
Chaotic Organized Structured
Web DLs DBs
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Digital Object (DO) Types
• Born digital• Digitized version of “real” object
– Is the DO version the same, better, or worse?– Decision for ETDs: structured + rendered
• Surrogate for “real” object– Not covered explicitly in metamodel for a
minimal DL– Crucial in metamodel for archaeology DL
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Metadata Objects (MDOs)• MARC (library catalog records)• Dublin Core (web cataloging)• LOMS (learning objects)• RDF (Semantic Web)• ORE (packages)
• Crosswalks, Mappings• Ontologies• Topic maps, Concept maps
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Open Archives Initiative (OAI) = Technical Umbrella for
Practical Interoperability…
ReferenceLibraries
Publishers E-PrintArchives
…that can be exploited by different communities
Museums
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OAI – Repository PerspectiveRequired: Protocol
DODO DO DO
MDO
MDO MDOMDOMDO
MDOMDOMDO
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Discovery CurrentAwareness Preservation
Service Providers
Data Providers
Metada ta
ha rve sting
The World According to OAI
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Contexts / Application Domains
• Archaeology (ETANA-DL)– http://www.etana.org
• Computing education (Ensemble)– http://www.computing portal.org
• Crises/tragedies/recovery (CTR)– http://www.ctrnet.net
• Electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs)– http://www.ndltd.org
• Fish identification: http://si.dlib.vt.edu/23
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A Digital Library Case Study• Domain: graduate
education, research• Genre:ETDs=electronic
theses & dissertations• Ryan Richardson:
Spanish Cmaps• Venkat Srinivasan:
Classify, Browse, Analyze
Project: Networked Digital Library of Theses & Dissertations (NDLTD)
http://www.ndltd.org
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Student Gets CommitteeSignatures and Submits ETD
Signed
Grad School
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Library Catalogs ETD, Access isOpened to the New Research
WWW
NDLTD
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Thanks to: NSF IIS-0736055
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CTR stakeholders
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• Build a networked digital library relating to CTR
• Support information exploration
• Aided by an ontology
• Integrate community, content, and services relating to CTR, making it accessible, and preserving it for long-term reuse
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Goals for Ontology for CTR
Social networkapplications
CTR literature
Focus groups
Websites, Internet Archive
Browsing
SearchingQuery expansion
Visualizing
Tagging
Summarizing
CTR Ontology• Individual• Organizational• Community• Political• …
Multicultural/ linguistic input
Recommending
sources
uses
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SSP1 and Storytelling
1 Stepping Stones and Pathways, http://fox.cs.vt.edu/SSP
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DL Curriculum Project• NSF award to VT and UNC-CH• CS and LIS
• http://curric.dlib.vt.edu
• http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Curriculum_on_Digital_Libraries
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DL Curriculum FrameworkSemester 1:
DL collections:development/creation
Semester 2:DL services and
sustainability
CO
UR
SE
STR
UC
TUR
E
DigitizationStorage
Interchange
Digital objectsCompositesPackages
MetadataCataloging
Author submission
NamingRepositories
Archives
Spaces(conceptual,geographic,2/3D, VR)
Architectures(agents, buses,
wrappers/mediators)Interoperability
Services(searching,
linking, browsing, etc.)
Intellectual property rights mgmt.
PrivacyProtection (watermarking)
Archiving and preservation
Integrity
Architectures(agents, buses,
wrappers/mediators)Interoperability
CO
RE
DL
TOP
ICS
DocumentsE-publishing
Markup
Info. NeedsRelevanceEvaluation
Effectiveness
ThesauriOntologies
ClassificationCategorization
Bibliographic information
BibliometricsCitations
RoutingFiltering
Community filtering
Search & search strategyInfo seeking behavior
User modelingFeedback
Info summarizationVisualization
Multimedia streams/structures
Capture/representationCompression/coding
Content-based analysis
Multimedia indexing
Multimediapresentation,
rendering
RE
LATE
DTO
PIC
S
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Curatorial Work and Learning in Virtual Environments
• Explore how Second Life (SL) can be leveraged in the digital curation community for purposes of improving work practices and training– Explore and understand collaboration related
to preservation using virtual environments– Develop and assess SL services that support
collaboration and training related to digital preservation
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Digital Preserve Personnel / Avatars
EdFox RiekoEdward Fox
zamfir PauleSpencer Lee
Gary OctagonGary Octagon
Gary Marchionini
mantruc MartianJavier Velasco-Martin
Uma AldrinUma Murthy
http://slurl.com/secondlife/Digital%20Preserve/140/126/29
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DL Definitions - 1
• “A digital library is an organized and focused collection of digital objects, including text, images, video, and audio, along with methods of access and retrieval, and for selection, creation, organization, maintenance, and sharing of the collection.”
• Witten & Bainbridge – “How to Build a Digital Library” – Morgan Kaufmann 2003
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DL Definitions - 2• “Digital libraries are organizations that
provide the resources, including the specialized staff, to select, structure, offer intellectual access to, interpret, distribute, preserve the integrity of, and ensure the persistence over time of collections of digital works so that they are readily and economically available for use by a defined community or set of communities”
• Waters,D.J. CLIR Issues, July/August 1998• www.clir.org/pubs/issues/issues04.html
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DL Definitions - 3
• Issues and Spectra–Collection vs. Institution–Content vs. System–Access vs. Preservation– “Free” vs. Quality–Managed vs. Comprehensive–Centralized vs. Distributed
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DL Definitions - 4• NOT a “digitized library”• NOT a “deconstruction” of existing
systems and institutions, moving them to an electronic box in a Library
• IS a new way to deal with knowledge– Authoring, Self-archiving, Collecting,– Organizing, Preserving,– Accessing, Propagating, Re-using
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5S LayersSocieties
Scenarios
Spaces
Structures
Streams
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Informal 5S & DL Definitions
DLs are complex systems that• help satisfy info needs of users (societies)• provide info services (scenarios)• organize info in usable ways (structures)• present info in usable ways (spaces)• communicate info with users (streams)
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Hypotheses
• A formal theory for DLs can be built based on 5S.
• The formalization can serve as a basis for modeling and building high-quality DLs.
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5Ss
Ss Examples Objectives
Streams Text; video; audio; image Describes properties of the DL content such as encoding and language for textual material or particular forms of multimedia data
Structures Collection; catalog; hypertext; document; metadata
Specifies organizational aspects of the DL content
Spaces Measure; measurable, topological, vector, probabilistic
Defines logical and presentational views of several DL components
Scenarios Searching, browsing, recommending
Details the behavior of DL services
Societies Service managers, learners, teachers, etc.
Defines managers, responsible for running DL services; actors, that use those services; and relationships among them
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5S and DL formal definitions and compositions (April 2004 TOIS)
5S
structures (d.10)streams (d.9) spaces (d.18) scenarios (d.21) societies (d. 24)
structural metadataspecification(d.25)
descriptive metadataspecification(d.26)
repository(d. 33)
collection (d. 31)
(d.34)indexingservice
structured stream (d.29)
digitalobject (d.30)
metadata catalog (d.32)
browsingservice
(d.37)
searchingservice (d.35)
digital library(minimal) (d. 38)
services (d.22)
sequence (d. 3)
graph (d. 6)function (d. 2)
measurable(d.12), measure(d.13), probability (d.14), vector (d.15), topological (d.16) spaces
event (d.10)state (d. 18)
hypertext(d.36)
sequence (d. 3)
transmission(d.23)
relation (d. 1) language (d.5)
grammar (d. 7)
tuple (d. 4)*
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Digital Object
RepositoryCollection Minimal DL
Metadata Catalog
Descriptive Metadata
Specification
A Minimal DL in the 5S Framework
Structural Metadata
Specification
Streams Structures Spaces Scenarios Societies
indexingbrowsing searching
services
hypertext
Structured Stream
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Streams
text
audio
image
video digitalobject
Repository
Collection Catalogdescribes
stores
is_version_of/ cites/links_to
Index
Service
Scenario
event
extendsreuses
ServiceManager
Actor
operationexecutes
participates_in
recipient
runs
Scenarios
Societies
inherits_from/includes
association
uses
Topological
ProbabilisticMetric
Measurable
Measure
describes
employsproduces
employsproduces
employsproduces
Structures
Spaces
Vector
contains
metadata specifications
is_a is_a
precedeshappens_before
is_a
redefinesinvokes
contains
contains
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Browsing Collaborating Customizing Filtering Providing access Recommending Requesting Searching Visualizing
Annotating Classifying Clustering Evaluating Extracting Indexing
Measuring Publicizing
Rating Reviewing (peer)
Surveying Translating
(language)
Conserving Converting
Copying/Replicating Emulating Renewing
Translating (format)
Acquiring Cataloging
Crawling (focused) Describing Digitizing
Federating Harvesting Purchasing Submitting
Preservational Creational Add Value
Repository-Building Information Satisfaction
Services
Infrastructure Services
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Ontology: Applications
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VT Research on ServicesBrowsing Classifying Clustering
Collecting Filtering Harvesting
Mining Personalizing Preserving
Recommending Re-finding Searching
Sharing Submitting Visualizing
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Requirements Analysis Design Implementation Test
5S 5SLOO ClassesWorkflow Components
DLEvaluation
5SGraph 5SLGenFormalTheory/Metamodel
DL XMLLog
DL Modeling and Software Engineering
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5S MetaModel
5SGraphDL
Expert
DL Designer
5SL DL
Model
5SLGen
Practitioner
Researcher
TailoredDL
Services
Teacher
componentpool
ODLSearch,ODLBrowse,ODLRate,ODLReview,
…….
Requirements (1) Analysis (2)
Implementation (4)
Design (3)
5SGraph 5SGen
Mapping Tool
5SSuite
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5SL: a DL design language• Domain specific languages
– Address a particular class of problems by offering specific abstractions and notations for the domain at hand
– Advantages: domain-specific analysis, program management, visualization, testing, maintenance, modeling, and rapid prototyping.
• XML-based realization of 5S– Interoperability– Use of many sub-languages (e.g., MIME types, XML
Schemas, UML notations)
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• Help users model their own instances of a digital library (DL) in the 5S language (5SL).
• A simple modeling process which enables rapid generation of digital libraries
• Features– 5SGraph loads and displays a metamodel in a
structured toolbox.– The structured editor of 5SGraph provides a top-
down visual building environment for the DL designer.
– 5SGraph produces syntactically correct 5SL files according to the visual model built by the designer.
5SGraph: A DL Modeling Tool
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Overview of 5SGraph
Workspace
(instance model)
Structured
toolbox
(metamodel)
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Integration of Domain Focused DLs
• Union archaeological metadata catalog generation
• Modeling archaeological DLs (ArchDLs) in the 5S framework
• ArchDL integration case study: ETANA-DL
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ETANA-DL ArchitectureDigBase and DigKit
LahavNimrin
UmayriHisban
Megiddo
Jalul
New Sites
DATABASE
WRAPPERS
ETANA-DLUNION
CATALOG
SearchUSER
INTERFACE
BrowseRecommend
NotePersonalize
ReviewVisualizationsArchaeology
Specific
Work in progress
…
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ETANA-DL Multi-dimensional Browsing3 new sites
2 new types of artifacts
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ETANA Societies1. Historic and pre-historic societies (being studied)2. Archaeologists (in academic institutes, fieldwork
settings, or local and national governmental bodies)
3. Project directors4. Technical staff (consisting of photographers,
technical illustrators, and their assistants)5. Field staff (responsible for the actual work of
excavation)6. Camp staff (e.g., camp managers, registrars, tool
stewards)7. General public (e.g., educators, learners, citizens)
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ETANA Scenarios1. Life in the site in former times2. Digital recording: the planning stage and the excavation stage 3. Planning stage: remote sensing, fieldwalking, field surveys, building
surveys, consulting historical and other documentary sources, and managing the sites and monuments
4. Excavation1. Detailed information is recorded, including for each layer of soil, and for
features such as pole holes, pits, and ditches. 2. Data about each artifact is recorded together with information about its
exact find spot. 3. Numerous environmental and other samples are taken for laboratory
analysis, and the location and purpose of each is carefully recorded. 4. Large numbers of photographs are taken, both general views of the
progress of excavation and detailed shots showing the contexts of finds. 5. Organization and storage of material6. Analysis and hypotheses generation and testing7. Publications, museum displays8. Information services for the general public
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Minimal archaeological DL in the5S framework
(A.i is from minimal DL, j is new)
StreamsStreams StructuresStructures SpacesSpaces ScenariosScenarios SocietiesSocieties
indexingindexingbrowsingbrowsing searchingsearching
servicesservices
hypertexthypertext
Structured Stream
ArchObj
ArchColl
ArchObjArchObj
ArchCollArchColl
Arch Metadata catalogArchDO
ArchDRArchDRArchDCollArchDColl Minimal ArchDL
SpaTemOrgSpaTemOrg
StraDiaStraDia
Arch Descriptive Metadata specification
Descriptive Metadata
specification
A.1 A.2 A.3 A.4 A.5
A.6
A.8
A.9
A.10 A.11
A.12
A.7
12
A.1
4
5
6
7
8
9 10
3
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SI: Knowledge Work Support
• Torres at UNICAMP, Brazil• Hallerman in Fisheries at VT• Funding by Microsoft Research• Search in collections of fish images• using combination of• image properties (CBIR) and• textual descriptions (annotations)• With superimposed information (SI --
Murthy, Delcambre, Cassel, …)
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Working with information in situ
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Content BasedInformationRetrieval
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SuperIDR architecture
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Minimal DL to Reference Model
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Ensemble Portal Logical Architecture
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Example of Union Service: CitiViz
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Data Mapping (state-of-the-art)
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Mapping confirmation
Mapping history
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5SGraph5S Archaeology
MetaModelArchDL Expert ArchDL Designer
Structure Sub-model
ETANA-DLUnion Services
Descriptions
HarvestingMapping
SearchingBrowsing
…
Scenario Sub-model
VN Metadata Format
ETANA-DL Metadata Format
HD Metadata Format
Mapping Tool
Wrapper4VN Wrapper4HD
Inverted Files
Services DB
Index
Index
BrowseService
SearchService
Browse DB
OtherETANA-DL
Services
Web Interface
XOAI
XOAI
VNCatalog
HDCatalog
UnionCatalog
5SGen
ComponentPool
Browsing…
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Conclusions• We have answered the >40-year-old challenge
of Licklider to build a unified CS / LIS theory by– Proposing and formalizing the first comprehensive
formal framework for digital libraries • Showed how to move from theory to practice by
– Applying the framework to the problems of – Materializing these applications into languages, tools,
formats, systems, etc.– Explaining and evaluating in a variety of contexts
• You are invited to engage and innovate!
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Choosing your contribution
• How to innovate?• How to prove the improvement?
• What group of stakeholders?• What type of content?• What approach to improving services?• What broader impact?
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Questions?Discussion?
Thank You!