1111111~~~'!II~·1 · 1111111~~~'!II~·1 I•••'~III Jerry W. Mercer, Richard L. Beauheim,...
Transcript of 1111111~~~'!II~·1 · 1111111~~~'!II~·1 I•••'~III Jerry W. Mercer, Richard L. Beauheim,...
Basic Data Report forDrilling and Hydrologic Testing ofDrillhole DOE-2 at theWaste Isolation Pilot Plant(WIPP) Site
N tA REPORTSAND86-0611 • UC-70
.r'1'Jnlimited Release".~'" Printed April 1987
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1111111~~~'!II~·1I•••'~III
Jerry W. Mercer, Richard L. Beauheim, Richard P. Snyder,George M. Fairer
Prepared bySandia National LaboratoriesAlbuquerque, New Mexico 87185 and Livermore, California 94550for the United States Department of Energy
~ under Contract DE-AC04-76DP00789
._.J
Issued by Sandia National Laboratories, operated for the United StatesDepartment of Energy by Sandia Corporation.NOTICE: This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by anagency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor any of theircontractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for theaccuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringeprivately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product,process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise,does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation,or favoring by the United States Government, any agency thereof or any oftheir contractors or subcontractors. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government,any agency thereof or any of their contractors or subcontractors.
Printed in the United States of AmericaAvailable fromNational Technical Information ServiceU.s. Department of Commerce5285 Port Royal RoadSpringfield, VA 22161
NTIS price codesPrinted copy: A14Microfiche copy: A01
SAND86-0611Unlimited ReleasePrinted April 1987
DistributionCategory UC -70
Basic Data Report forDrilling and Hydrologic Testing of
Drillhole DOE-2 at theWaste Isolation Pilot Plant
(WIPP) Site
Jerry W. MercerEngineering Projects Division
Richard L. BeauheimEarth Sciences Division
Sandia National LaboratoriesAlbuquerque, NM 87185
Richard P. Snyder and George M. FairerUS Geological Survey
Denver, CO 80225
AbstractDrillhole DOE-2 was drilled to investigate a structural depression marked by the downwarddisplacement of stratigraphic markers in the Salado Formation - 2 mi north of the center ofthe WIPP site. This depression was named informally after the shallow borehole FC-92 inwhich the structure was described. The presence of the depression was confirmed by drilling.Contrary to several hypotheses, halite layers were thicker in the lower part of the Salado, notthinner as a result of any removal of halite. The upper Castile anhydrite in Drillhole DOE-2is anomalously thick and is strongly deformed relative to the anhydrite in adjacentdrillholes. In contrast, the halite was <8 ft thick and significantly thinner than usuallyencountered. The lower Castile anhydrite appears to be normal. The depression within thecorrelated marker beds in the Salado Formation in Drillhole DOE-2 is interpreted as a resultof gravity-driven deformation of the underlying Castile Formation.
Several stratigraphic units were hydrologically tested in Drillhole DOE-2. Testing of theunsaturated lower portion of the Dewey Lake Red Beds was unsuccessful because ofexceptionally small rates of fluid intake. Drill-stem tests were conducted in five intervals inthe Rustler Formation, over the Marker Bed 138-139 interval in the Salado Formation, andover three sandstone members of the Bell Canyon Formation. A pumping test was conductedin the Culebra Dolomite Member of the Rustler Formation. Pressure-pulse tests wereconducted over the entire Salado Formation. Fluid samples were collected from the CulebraDolomite Member and from the Hays Member of the Bell Canyon Formation.
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Contents1. Executive Summary 7
2. IntroductionJerry W. Mercer, Sandia National Laboratories 92.1 Purpose of the WIPP 92.2 Background of DOE-2 Siting 92.3 The Purpose of Drillhole DOE-2 13
2.3.1 Structural Objectives 132.3.2 Hydrologic Objective 13
2.4 Drilling and Testing Program 13References 15
3. Geologic DataRichard P. Snyder and George M. Fairer, USGS 173.1 Introduction 173.2 Description of Drillhole DOE-2 193.3 Description of Cuttings and Core 253.4 Conclusions 293.5 Structural Summary
David J. Borns, Sandia National Laboratories 29References 31
4. Hydrologic TestingRichard L. Beauheim, Sandia National Laboratories 334.1 Purposes of Testing 334.2 Selection of Test Intervals 334.3 Test Methods 34
4.3.1 Constant-Head Borehole-Infiltration Tests 344.3.2 Drill-Stem Tests 364.3.3 Slug Tests 364.3.4 Pressure-Pulse Tests 374.3.5 Pumping Tests 374.3.6 Isolation Verification 37
4.4 Instrumentation 374.4.1 Phase-I Testing-The Dewey Lake Red Beds 374.4.2 Phase-I Testing-The Rustler Formation 384.4.3 Phase-Ia Testing-The Culebra Dolomite Member 394.4.4 Phases-II and -III Testing-The Salado and Bell Canyon Formations .41
4.5 Test Summary 424.5.1 Dewey Lake Red Beds 424.5.2 Rustler Formation 424.5.3 Salado Formation 484.5.4 Bell Canyon Formation 50
4.6 Hydrogeochemical Sampling 534.6.1 Culebra Dolomite Fluid Sampling 5:~
4.6.2 Hays Sandstone Fluid Sampling 534.7 Present Well Condition 554.8 Summary 56References 56
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Contents (continued)APPENDIX A-Field Operations Plan of Sandia National Laboratories for WIPP Site Investigations
of Drillhole DOE-2, Phase I 57APPENDIX B-Field Operations Plan of Sandia National Laboratories for WIPP Site Investigations
of Drillhole DOE-2, Phases II and III 137APPENDIX C-Abridged Hole History of Drillhole DOE-2: Phases I, II, and III.......................................... 209APPENDIX D-Permits and Miscellaneous Documents 225APPENDIX E-Geophysical Logs of Drillhole DOE-2 251APPENDIX F-USGS Lithologic Log for Drillhole DOE-2 255
Figures2-1 Location Map for Drillhole DOE-2, WIPP Site, Southeastern New Mexico 92-2 Structure Contours for MB-124 in the Salado Formation 102-3 Structure Contour Map, Top of the Salado Formation 112-4 WIPP Drillhole DOE-2 As-Built Conditions After Hydrologic Tests, July 1985 142-5 Directional Survey of Drillhole DOE-2 143-1 Location of WIPP Site and Drillholes DOE-2, W-11, W-12, and W-13 183-2 Lithologic and Geophysical Logs of Drillhole DOE-2 plastic envelope3-3 Geologic Section Near Drillhole DOE-2 304-1 Components of a Drill-Stem Test and Slug Test 364-2 Dewey Lake Test Equipment Configuration 384-3 USGS Data-Acquisition System 384-4 Baski DST Tool 394-5 Culebra Pumping Test Equipment Configuration 404-6 Sandia Data-Acquisition System 404-7 BPT DST Tool 414-8 BPT DST Data-Acquisition System 414-9 Forty-niner Test Sequence Plot 43
4-10 Magenta Test Sequence Plot 434-11 Tamarisk Test Sequence Plot 444-12 Culebra Test Sequence Plot 454-13 Culebra Pumping Test Sequence Plot 464-14 H-5b Response to DOE-2 Pumping 474-15 H-6b Response to DOE-2 Pumping 474-16 Rustler-Salado Test Sequence Plot 484-17 Marker Beds 138-139 Test Sequence Plot 494-18 Bottom-Hole Temperature and Pressure During Marker Beds 138-139 Testing 494-19 Salado Test Sequence Plot 504-20 Ramsey Test Sequence Plot 514-21 Olds Test Sequence Plot 524-22 Hays Test Sequence Plot 524-23 Hays Sandstone Serial Sample Analyses 55
Tables3-1 Abridged Drilling History of Drillhole DOE-2 193-2 Stratigraphic Summary of Drillhole DOE-2 233-3 Interval Thicknesses of Salado Formation in Drillholes W-11, W-12, and DOE-2; and Differences
in Thickness of the Intervals in W-11 and W-12 Compared to Interval Thicknesses in DOE-2 274-1 DOE-2 Test Summary 354-2 Solute Concentrations in Drillhole DOE-2 Groundwaters 54
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Basic Data Report forDrilling and Hydrologic Testing of
Drillhole DOE-2 at theWaste Isolation Pilot Plant
(WIPP) Site
1. Executive Summary
Geologic and hydrologic site characterization hasprogressed at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP)in southeastern New Mexico for more than 10 years.Although the major concentration of studies is ending,investigation into several questions continues. Thesequestions, such as hydrologic variations within theevaporite sequence, and evaporite deformation withinthe Salado and Castile Formations, are being furtherevaluated to increase overall confidence in the reliability of WIPP performance.
One potentially significant area of interest lies2 mi north of the center of the WIPP facility in an areacalled the "disturbed zone"; it consists of a stackedsequence of depressions in the Salado Formation.Drillhole DOE-2 (704FSL, 128FEL, Sec.8, T.22S.,R.31E., Eddy County, NM) was drilled and hydrologically tested during 1984 and 1985 to investigate thisdepression. These studies are being done on behalf ofthe US Department of Energy (DOE) in response totheir stipulated agreement with the State of NewMexico. C&C item (la) states: "Complete basic datareport for Phases I, la, II, and III of DOE-2 drillhole."This report contains all basic geologic and hydrologicdata obtained from the drilling and testing of Drillhole DOE-2.
Before DOE-2 was drilled, the depression, namedinformally after the shallow drillhole FC-92, was identified as circular and -0.5 mi in diameter. Structuralclosure of the "FC-92 depression" was up to 25 ft at thetop of the Salado Formation. The structure was inferred to increase in diameter with increasing depthand to have -50 ft of closure at Marker Bed 124, near
the middle of the Salado. Structural data were notavailable below MB124. Such structures raise questions as to the processes that cause them; suggestionsinclude the possible contributions of dissolution, gravity tectonics, and faulting in the evaporites.
Drillhole DOE-2 penetrated (from top to bottom)Pleistocene deposits, 13 ft, including fill material forthe pad; Santa Rosa Sandstone, 120 ft; Dewey LakeRed Beds, 506 ft; the Rustler Formation, 322 ft; theSalado Formation, 2122 ft; the Castile Formation, 988ft; and the upper Bell Canyon Formation (DelawareMountain Group), 254 ft. In addition to obtainingnearly continuous core (>99% recovery) from thesurface to total depth (4325 ft), geophysical logs weretaken to measure acoustic velocities, density, radioactivity, and formation porosities. The geophysicallogs were used to help identify the stratigraphy, toverify formation tops, to verify depth measurements,and to provide physical property data on the variouslithologies.
Drilling of DOE-2 confirmed the presence of adepression within the lower portion of the Salado. Thehalitic units between the anhydrite and polyhalitemarker beds in the lower Salado, beginning at theUnion anhydrite, were thickened up to two times theaverage thickness determined by previous drilling inthe WIPP area. The base of the Salado was - 300 ftdeeper in DOE-2 than extrapolated from nearbyholes. Thus, the depression at DOE-2 does not resultfrom halite removal from the lower Salado, as severalworkers in the area have suggested.
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The Castile Formation encountered in DOE-2 isalso anomalous. Three anhydrites are usually present,interlayered with two thick halites. Anhydrite I, thelowest Castile anhydrite, appears to be intact and ofnormal thickness in DOE-2. Anhydrites II and III,however, are thickened by tight folding and are indirect contact. Three hundred feet or more of halite isexpected in the average section of the Castile; in DOE2 the only halite present was <8 ft thick.
The depression within the Salado Formation atDOE-2 is interpreted as having formed in response togravity-driven salt flowage within the Castile Formation. This is suggested by the distribution of saltstructures within the Castile in adjacent holes. Forexample, the anomalously thin Castile halite in DOE2 is interpreted as having resulted from lateral flow ofhalite towards hole WIPP-ll to the north, in whichCastile halite is anomalously thick. Some of the upperCastile anhydrite in DOE-2 apparently deformed very
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soon after deposition. In addition, the absence ofdissolution residues or relicts in the lower Salado orCastile suggests that evaporite dissolution did notcontribute to forming the structure.
Several stratigraphic units were hydrologicallytested in DOE-2, including drill-stem tests, pressurepulse tests, and a pumping test of the Culebra Dolomite. Units tested included (with increasing depth)the lower portion of the Dewey Lake Red Beds, fivemembers of the Rustler Formation (including theRustler-Salado contact), the WIPP facility horizonand bounding anhydrite marker beds within theSalado Formation, the bulk of the Salado Formation,and three zones in the upper portion of the BellCanyon Formation. Water samples were collectedfrom the Culebra Dolomite Member of the RustlerFormation and from the Hays sandstone of the BellCanyon Formation.
2. IntroductionJerry W. Mercer, Sandia National Laboratories
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R30E ' R31 E R32E I R33E
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WIPP SITE
1"---IIIIIIIIIIII-,-----------
LINE OF SECTION
~DOE 2------
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2 MILESI
This report describes the data collected during thedrilling and hydrologic testing of exploration DrillholeDOE-2. Chapter 2 gives detailed background information on development of the technical objectives andsiting of the drillhole. Consistent with the usual format of a basic data report, individual technical sections are by separate authors, with references listedseparately for each section.
2.2 Background of DOE-2 SitingGeologic and hydrologic site characterization has
progressed at the site for more than 10 years, and themajor effort is drawing to a close. Several questionswill continue to be investigated, such as hydrologicvariations within the entire evaporite sequence andevaporite deformation within the Salado and CastileFormations.
2.1 Purpose of the WIPPThe DOE is developing the WIPP for under
ground disposal of transuranic waste from defenserelated programs. The site selected for this facility isin eastern Eddy County, 25 mi east of Carlsbad, NM(Figure 2-1).
The underground disposal facility of the WIPPwill be placed at a depth of -2150 ft in the beddedsalts of the Permian Salado Formation, which is contained in an evaporite sequence> 3200 ft thick. Aftera period of "pilot" operation in a waste-retrievablemode, it is expected that the WIPP will be convertedinto a permanent disposal facility. The WIPP alsoincludes an underground research facility for in situexperiments to address technical issues related tointeractions between bedded salt and high-level defense wastes.
Sandia National Laboratories, as scientific advisor to the DOE, supports the WIPP project in sitecharacterization, including continuing evaluation ofthe geologic and hydrologic processes that may affectthe WIPP site both now and in the future.
Figure 2·1. Location Map for Drillhole DOE-2, WIPP Site,Southeastern New Mexico
9
One area of interest lies 2 mi north of the WIPPsite in the "disturbed zone" (defined by Borns et al.,1983) and consists of a stacked sequence of depressions in the Salado Formation. This anomalous feature, a structural depression -0.5 mi in diameter, wasfound centered near a potash test hole called FC-92located in the SE corner of Sec.8, T.22S., R.31E., andfirst described by Griswold (1977). This structure,often referred to as the "FC-92 depression," was alsodiscussed in reports by Powers et al. (1978) and Borns,et al. (1983). Davies discussed this feature (Figure 2-2)in a paper given to the State of New Mexico Environmental Evaluation Group (EEG) in 1983. BeforeDOE-2 was drilled, the structural closure of the FC-92
R31E
depression appeared to be -25 ft at the top of theSalado (Figure 2-3), increasing to -50 ft at MarkerBed 124 (Figure 2-2). The stratigraphic extent of thedepression was unknown. However, based on datafrom several shallow drillholes (in particular, WIPP34 and FC-92), it was concluded that the structureextended at least to Marker Bed 126 in the middle ofthe Salado Formation. In most of the potash exploration holes, Marker Bed 126 is the deepest and mostconsistent horizon penetrated. Such structures as the"FC-92 depression" raise questions regarding the processes that could have formed them and are importantin understanding the evolution of the Delaware Basin.
oI
CONTOUR INTERVALIS 10 leet
2 MILESI
Figure 2-2. Structure Contours for MB-124 in the Salado Formation
10
o 5,000 10,000 FTFrom Snyder. 1983in Borns el at .. 1983
CONTOUR INTERVALS IN 25 leel
Figure 2-3. Structure Contour Map, Top of the Salado Formation
Davies (1983) proposed that the FC-92 depressioncould be evidence of deep dissolution near the WIPPsite, resulting from input of unsaturated brines fromor below the Castile Formation and moving into thelower portion of the Salado. Such dissolution, he said,could occur at a rate that would induce lateral andvertical ductile flow in the overlying halite units towards a point of dissolution and/or removal at thebase of the Salado.
Processes discussed by other workers in the areathat could cause such an anomaly include irregularsedimentation, gravity tectonics, and/or basementfaulting of the rocks near the base of or immediatelybelow the evaporite section. As discussed by Borns etal. (1983), the extensive deformation structures thatdo occur are usually restricted to the "disturbed zone"that is mostly confined to the Castile Formation. The
11
Salado Formation is usually structurally smooth except in local areas such as the FC-92 depression. Thisobservation led Snyder (in Borns et al., 1983) tosuggest that changes in thickness of the sedimentationin the Salado were a result of deposition of the Saladoon an already deforming Castile surface. The Castiledeformation and resultant Salado features such as theFC-92 depression could be a result either of gravitytectonics within the Castile or of faulting associatedwith the lower Castile or in the Delaware MountainGroup that forms the floor for the evaporite sequence.In this case, the FC-92 depression may be restricted tothe Salado Formation, although the "cause" may be inthe Castile or below.
However, if the FC-92 structure (1) would continue or extend into the Castile Formation, and (2)would appear to result from deep dissolution and to bestill active, it would raise questions about the project'sability to assure no breaching of the WIPP facility bydissolution from below during the containmentperiod. On the other hand, if the structure was a resultof irregular sedimentation or of inactive or activegravity tectonics or basement faulting, it would probably not jeopardize facility development. Irregular sedimentation could have occurred more than 200 millionyears ago when the Salado Formation was being deposited; in that case, the process would now be inactive and would have no effect on facility development.Gravity tectonics and basement faulting may have ledto the irregular sedimentation discussed above andwould be inactive today, but the rates of deformationwould be very slow even if these processes were stillactive. Borns et al. (1983) calculate that, even if deformation was ongoing and regional, it would not jeopardize the facility over the next 10,000 yr (the timeframe for facility containment).
A formal meeting was convened January 19,1984,after a recommendation by the New Mexico EEG tothe DOE to investigate the genesis of the "FC-92depression." Attendees included personnel from EEG,Sandia, the DOE, D'Appolonia (now IT Corporation),the US Geological Survey, and the University of NewMexico. After lengthy discussions, a tentative site fora drillhole (DOE-2) was selected, and a set of technicalobjectives and a preliminary drilling plan were agreedupon. Another issue was the possible encounter of apressurized brine reservoir in the Castile Formation.It was concluded that minimal testing should be conducted if a brine reservoir was encountered, althoughthis was not a primary technical objective of thedrilling plan.
Multiple lines of evidence were used in sitingDrillhole DOE-2. Several seismic reflection surveyswere conducted near the proposed DOE-2 site because
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the site is within the "disturbed zone" (Powers et al.,1978; Borns et al., 1983). However, interpretation ofthese surveys is not definitive in outlining the FC-92depression or the structure that may be causing it.
In 1984, Sandia conducted a controlled-source,audio-frequency magnetotelluric (CSAMT) surveyspecifically to investigate the FC-92 depression and toevaluate the potential for an associated brine reservoirin the Castile Formation. The experimental CSAMTsurvey method consists of laying out several lines ofdata stations that use two orthogonal, groundeddipole, primary field-transmitting antennas. For bothantennas, the electric field was measured parallel tothe grounded dipole, and the magnetic field was measured perpendicular to the electric field in the plane ofthe earth (Bartel and Jacobson, in preparation). Results of this survey yield a resistivity value as a function of frequency for each data station. There arelimitations in this method, but it does provide anothertool for noninvasive evaluation of structures.
Preliminary data analyses from earlier CSAMTsurveys had identified low electrical resistivities (conductors) in the subsurface described as possibly characteristic of brine. One such area was near WIPP-12, aknown occurrence of a brine reservoir in the CastileFormation. Based on these surveys, it was proposedthat the CSAMT survey might provide a method todefine the structure near FC-92, and possibly to determine if a brine reservoir was present within the Castile. Preliminary results from these CSAMT surveys,when compared to the WIPP-12 surveys, stronglysuggested no anomalously low resistivities (conductors) near the proposed DOE-2 site. Consequently, thepotential was considered minimal for the occurrenceof any brine reservoir.
Also of concern in the hole siting was the presenceof possible faulting in the lower part of the CastileFormation and the upper part of the Bell CanyonFormation. Davies (1983) suggested that the possiblepresence of faults should be considered in the recommendation for the final hole location. The significanceof this faulting is that, if faults do intersect the lowerCastile and upper Bell Canyon Formations, they mayprovide a hydrologic pathway to the evaporites. Suchdeep structures were originally inferred by Powers etal. (1978) and were interpreted from seismic lines asfaults extending NW-SE. However, using higher resolution seismic lines, Barrows (in Borns et al., 1983) didnot maintain this interpretation. Another set of faultswas postulated by Snyder (in Borns et al., 1983) tooccur in Anhydrite I of the Castile Formation and totrend NE-SW, the trace of which would intersect thefaults proposed by Davies near the FC-92 depression.During hole selection, it was determined that because
the presence of these faults was suspect and becausetheir delineation was constrained both by limitedborehole data and by a preliminary interpretation ofgeophysical data, it would be almost impossible tolocate a drillhole precisely at the intersection of thesefaults. Although the suspected presence of these faultswas used in the evolution of the drillhole location, itwas decided by the New Mexico EEG and the WIPPproject staff that the final hole location would still bedetermined basically by the shape of the FC-92 depression and the geophysical CSAMT surveys.
Several meetings were held early in 1984 betweenthe WIPP project staff and the New Mexico EEG tofinalize the hole location and to refine the drilling andtesting plan to be used for drilling DOE-2. The finalhole location recommended by the New Mexico EEGand the WIPP project staff was in the SE 1/4 of Sec.8,T.22S., R.31E. The final hole location resulted frommany discussions concerning siting criteria and included moving the hole to accommodate the finalexpected geometry of the depression and the finalCSAMT surveys. The scope of work and the fieldoperations plans developed from these meetings areincluded in Appendixes A and B of this report. Theabridged hole history of DOE-2 is included in Appendix C, permits and miscellaneous documents are contained in Appendix D, and listings of the geophysicallogs are in Appendix E. The USGS Lithologic Log forDrillhole DOE-2 is contained in Appendix F.
2.3 The Purpose of DrillholeDOE-2
The presence of the FC-92 depression raised questions about the processes that formed it and whetherthese processes, if active, could threaten the long-termcontainment of wastes in the WIPP facility. Becauseof the strong interest in the anomaly, and based on arecommendation of the New Mexico EEG through thestipulated agreement and C&C item (l-b) to "evaluatethe depression near FC-92 drill hole," DOE drilled ahole (DOE-2) to investigate this feature.
Although DOE-2 was primarily a structural investigation, the proposed hole location provided an opportunity for collecting added information on thehydrology of the evaporite and associated lithologies.
The stated structural and hydrologic objectivesresulting from various meetings and the recommendations of the EEG are as follows:
2.3.1 Structural Objectives• Evaluate the extent of the FC-92 depression in
the Salado Formation, and characterize (if present) the deformation and flow structures in theSalado and Castile Formations, specifically atthe base of the Salado evaporite section. Thestratigraphic extent of the depression is described in Chapter 3 of this report. Detaileddescription of structures and interpretation ofthe origin of the structures will be described in aseparate report (Borns, 1986).
• Determine the origin of the FC-92 depression.
2.3.2 Hydrologic ObjectivePerform hydrologic tests in the Rustler, Salado,
Castile, and Bell Canyon Formations. If funded, perform a "whole-hole" test in which the Rustler and BellCanyon fluid-producing zones are intentionally interconnected and in which directions of fluid movementcan be monitored. All hydrologic testing in DrillholeDOE-2 is described in Chapter 4 of this report. Theraw data collected during these tests are reported inINTERA Technologies (1986).
As stated, the hydrologic tests were conducted astests of opportunity in an area of limited availablehydrologic data. The units in the Rustler Formation,particularly the Magenta and Culebra DolomiteMembers, were considered critical for hydrologic sitecharacterization. In this location, the proposed holewould fill a void in defining the potentiometric surfacemap for the WIPP site. The hole also provides anopportunity to conduct hydrologic tests in the SaladoCastile Formations to add to the hydrologic data basecharacterizing the evaporite section (Mercer, 1987).Additional hydrologic data from the Bell CanyonFormation were also needed; in particular, data fromthe Hays, Olds, and Ramsey sandstone members. Ifbrine was encountered in the Castile Formation, it wasdecided to conduct minimal testing.
2.4 Drilling and Testing ProgramThe drilling and testing program at Drillhole
DOE-2 was divided into three phases. This divisionaccommodates budget cycles and differences in primary scientific interest for (1) different sections of thestratigraphy in the Dewey Lake, Rustler, and BellCanyon Formations, and (2) different structures andhydrologies in the Salado and Castile Formations.
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Figure 2-5. Directional Survey of Drillhole DOE-2
TOTAL DEPTH LOGGED424S11
SURFACE CASING 9-S/S" 0.0"36 Ib/II, J-SS, LT & CSET AT 1,009'
CONDUCTOR CASING 13-3/S" D.O.,4S Ib/fl, H-40 SET AT 39'
--7-7/S" HOLE DRILLED BY CORINGOPEN BORE HOLETOTAL DRILLED DEPTH 4,325'
- LYNES PRODUCTION-INJECTIONPACKER (PIP) 6-5/S" 0.0.INFLATABLE ELEMENT x 66"TOP OF ELEMENT SET AT4051.60' JULY 29, 19S5
f--!.--2-3/S" 0.0. TUBING, 4.7 Ib/fl,J-SS EUE, SRD.
LARKIN WELLHEAD TYPE F-92/" 9-S/S" 0.0. 2000 0 W.P.
'O'=kh=;>/ (WORKING PRESSURE)
BOREHOLE DEPARTURE (OFF VERTICAL), It
961 ~--=-cc-c=~~--tlSALADO FORMATION
T.D.4,325'~
639'~~-----l1RUSTLER FORMATION
GROUND SURFACE13'
SANTA ROSA133' SANDSTONE
DEWEY LAKE
2" BALL VALVE-----_
3,083' =-::=-=-=-==c-=-CASTILE FORMATION
:z: 60 ....----,--,..---r--,.-----,--,..--,---,.------r---,----,...lI:
=0...:: z 50-'C(\J>= 40lI:...>It 302...~ 20...lI:
: 10...o...S 0:J:...~ :J: 10.. ...
=>5:20 L..-.!0--2"-0---'40--60.L.--.!60--10L O-....I.
12-0
-14'-:0-1....1.60--'-16'-:0---=-'200
WEST EAST
4,071 --------nBELL CANYON FORMATlON
Figure 2-4. WIPP Drillhole DOE-2 As-Built ConditionsAfter Hydrologic Tests, July 1985
Phase I of the DOE-2 investigation included coring to the top of the Salado Formation and preliminary hydrologic testing of the Rustler Formation andthe overlying Dewey Lake Red Beds.
Hydrologic "retesting" of the Culebra DolomiteMember of the Rustler was carried out before deepening the hole into the Salado; it was included as Phasela. Phase II completed the hole to the total depth,coring the evaporite section (Salado and Castile Formations) and the upper part of the underlying BellCanyon Formation. The primary focus of this phasewas to delimit the structural depression and to conduct hydrologic tests on the Salado and Castile Formations. Phase III included hydrologic characterization of the Ramsey, Olds, and Hays sandstones of theBell Canyon Formation. The Phase III program wasalso considered to include the operation of a "wholehole" test intentionally interconnecting the Bell Canyon and Rustler Formations. However, a whole-holetest has not yet been approved or funded by the DOE.An abridged drilling and testing history for DOE-2 iscontained in Appendix C. Legal permitting and asbuilt documentation is contained in Appendix D.Drillhole DOE-2 is located 704FSL (from south line)and 128FEL (from east line) in Sec.8, T.22S., R.31E.,in Eddy County, NM. The borehole penetrated, fromtop to bottom, Pleistocene deposits (13 ft with fillmaterial for pad), Santa Rosa Sandstone (120 ft),Dewey Lake Red Beds (506 ft), Rustler Formation(322 ft), Salado Formation (2122 ft), Castile Formation (988 ft), and 254 ft of the upper Bell CanyonFormation (Delaware Mountain Group). In additionto obtaining nearly continuous core (>99% recovery)from the surface to total depth (4325 ft), geophysicallogs were taken to measure acoustic velocities, density,radioactivity, and formation porosities (Appendix E).
Following all testing, the hole configuration included a packer set at 4051 ft with 2-3/8-in. tubing tothe surface (Figure 2-4). This configuration allowedthe Salado-Castile hydrostatic heads to be monitoredin the annulus and the Bell Canyon hydrostatic headsto be monitored in the tubing.
In April 1986, the packer and tubing were removed, and a retrievable-bridge plug was set in thecasing from 868.6 to 873.2 ft below ground level. Thecasing across the Culebra Dolomite test interval wasperforated from 822 to 848 ft using 0.5-in. bullets at4 shots/ft. This configuration allows DOE-2 to serve asa hydrologic observation well monitoring heads withinthe Culebra Dolomite.
A directional survey of Drillhole DOE-2 showingborehole departure from vertical is shown in Figure 25. The deviation at the bottom of the hole is -185 fteast and 50 ft to the north relative to the hole collar atthe surface.
14
ReferencesBartel, L. C.; and Jacobson, R D. In preparation. Prelimi
nary Interpretation of the Results from the CSAMTSurvey to Site the DOE-2 Borehole (Albuquerque, NM:Sandia National Laboratories).
Borns, D. J. 1986. The Geologic Structures Observed inDrillhole DOE-2 and Their Possible Origins, SAND861495 (Albuquerque, NM: Sandia National Laboratories).
Borns, D. J.; Barrows, L. J.; Powers, D. W.; and Snyder,R P. 1983. Deformation of Evaporites Near the WasteIsolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) Site, SAND82-1069 (Albuquerque, NM: Sandia National Laboratories).
Davies, P. B. 1983. Assessing the Potential for Deep-SeatedSalt Dissolution and Subsidence at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP). Presentation prepared for theState of New Mexico Environmental Group Conferenceon WIPP Site Suitability for Radioactive Waste Disposal, May 12 and 13, Carlsbad, NM.
Griswold, G. B. 1977. Site Selection and Evaluation Studies of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WI?P) , LosMedaiios, Eddy County, New Mexico, SAND77-0946(Albuquerque, NM: Sandia National Laboratories).
INTERA Technologies. 1986. WIPP Hydrology Program,Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, Southeastern New Mexico, Hydrologic Data Report #3, SAND86-7109 (Albuquerque, NM: Sandia National Laboratories).
Mercer, J. W. 1987. Compilation of Hydrologic Data fromDrilling the Salado and Castile Formations Near theWaste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) Site in Southeastern New Mexico, SAND86-0954 (Albuquerque, NM:Sandia National Laboratories).
Powers, D. W.; Lambert, S. J.; Shaffer, S. K; Hill, L. R; andWeart, W. D. 1978. Geological Characterization Report, Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) Site, Southeastern New Mexico, SAND78-1596 (Albuquerque,NM: Sandia National Laboratories).
15-16
3. Geologic DataRichard P. Snyder and George M. Fairer, USGS
AbstractDrillhole DOE-2, in the north-central part of the
WIPP site, southeastern New Mexico, was drilled andcored to a depth of 4325 ft below ground level toinvestigate a structural depression in this part of thesite. The hole penetrated surficial Holocene sand, theMescalero caliche of Pleistocene age, Santa RosaSandstone of Triassic age, and the Dewey Lake RedBeds, Rustler Formation, Salado Formation, CastileFormation, and upper 254 ft of the Bell CanyonFormation, all of Permian age.
The Dewey Lake Red Beds contain numerousveins of secondary selenite, most of which are parallelto the nearly horizontal bedding, but the dip of someselenite-filled fractures is between 30° and vertical.
Data obtained from core show that halite, formerly present in the Forty-niner and Tamarisk Members of the Rustler Formation, has been removed bydissolution, but that most of the halite in the unnamed lower member of the Rustler is still present.The Magenta Dolomite Member of the Rustler Formation does not appear to be sufficiently fractured tobe a suitable aquifer, but the Culebra Dolomite Member of the Rustler Formation is highly fractured andprobably is a very good aquifer. The contact betweenthe Rustler and the underlying Salado Formationshows no evidence of ground-water movement.
The Salado Formation is approximately 300 ftthicker than projected from nearby drillholes. All theincreased thickness occurs in the unnamed lowermember, and is caused by a combination of constantlydownward thickening of the halite layers (or beds)between anhydrite and polyhalite marker beds and by
beds which were more steeply dipping than wereprojected.
A typical section of the Castile Formation was notpenetrated by DOE-2. Instead of the expected threeanhydrite units separated by two halite units, theCastile Formation at DOE-2 consists of an upperexcessively thick anhydrite unit, a very thin haliteunit, and a typical lower anhydrite unit. Instead of anaverage thickess of about 1330 ft, only 989 ft of Castilewere penetrated and even some ofthis thickness is dueto dipping strata. The thinner Castile section is probably the result of halite having flowed northward slowlyenough to allow the overlying anhydrite to movesouthward and downward by pressure recrystallization; almost no fracturing was observed in the core.
The Bell Canyon Formation in DOE-2 is nearlyhorizontal and includes a typical section to the bottomof the hole. Units of the Bell Canyon penetratedinclude the Lamar Limestone Member, and the Ramsey sand, Ford shale, Olds sand, and Hays sand (informal units of local usage).
3. 1 IntroductionDrillhole DOE-2 is an exploratory hole drilled to
investigate a structural depression about 2 miles northof the center of the WIPP site in southeastern NewMexico (Figure 3-1). Starting on August 28, 1984,Drillhole DOE-2 was cored from a depth of 48.1 ftbelow G.L. (ground level) to 981 ft on September 18,1984. From May 5 to June 8, 1985, the hole wasdeepened to 4325 ft (drilling and coring).
17
EDDY COUNT ...
-LoOV'iN"G'COUNTY' -', 32'00'
32'30'
W-11
W~-13.~ DOy2
WIPP \'Boundary W-12!
2 :;1:;;" ."
Outer n\n" "Boundary i i
:T
I~__-ll~~18§:Or---t:-----I
IIi,
NEW
MEXICO
INDEX MAP
··_··_··--"CU'i:'"eE:A'SON°·COUfIlTY-·
L..-.'--+-r'T-"""",+0---r-----L-r--,-l'?--r----l'S.,--_--,-_2? MIL ES~ , , , 'J ,'0 ,'s 2'0 'is 3'0 KILOMETERS
Figure 3-1. Location of WIPP Site and Drillholes DOE-2, W-ll, W-12, and W-13
A southeast-trending syncline is evident on structure maps drawn on the top of the Dewey Lake RedBeds, on the tops of the various members of theRustler Formation, and on the top of the SaladoFormation (Snyder, 1983, Figures 2-17, 2-19, 2-21, 224, and 2-26). Earlier maps by Griswold (1977, Figures8 and 12), constructed when less information wasavailable, also show the syncline.
All measurements related to the drill site are inEnglish units. The measurements include: the horizontal and vertical location survey of the drill hole, thedrilling depths furnished by the driller, and the wireline log furnished by the logger. If metric units aredesired, the following conversion factors should beused.
MultiplyEnglish
Unit
mile (mi)foot (ft)inch (in.)inch (in.)pounds per square
inch Ob/in.2)
By
1.60930.304825.42.54
0.006895
To ObtainMetricUnit
kilometer (km)meter (m)millimeter (mm)centimeter (cm)
megapascal (MPa)
18
3.2 Description of Drillhole DOE-2Drillhole DOE-2 is located in eastern Eddy
County, New Mexico, approximately 700 ft north ofthe south line, 130 ft west of the east line, Sec.8,T.22S., R.31E., nearly 2 miles north of the center ofthe WIPP site (Figure 3-1 and Table 3-1). DOE-2 wasdrilled and cored to a depth of 981 ft from August 28to September 18, 1984, and deepened by drilling andcoring to 4325 ft from May 5 to April 8, 1985. Duringthe 1984 drilling, surface casing was set to a depth of39 ft prior to coring. During 1985, the hole was drilledand reamed and casing was set to a depth of 1009 ft.Continuous core was taken from 48.1 to 981 ft andfrom 1011.2 to 4325 ft. No description of cuttings isavailable from 981 to 1011.2 ft. Core was logged at thesite by R. P. Snyder and G. M. Fairer of the U.S.Geological Survey from 48.1 to 981 ft, and by R. P.Snyder, and R. M. Holt, K. L. Pittman, and ReyCorrasco of International Technology, and D. J. Bornsof Sandia National Laboratories from 1011.2 to 4325ft. A stratigraphic summary (Table 3-2) and a detailedlithologic log (Figure 3-2 and Appendix F) wereprepared.
Drillhole DOE-2 penetrated loose sand of Holocene age and the Mescalero caliche of Pleistocene age;sandstone and siltstone of the Santa Rosa Sandstoneof Triassic age; siltstone, claystone, and sandstone ofthe Dewey Lake Red Beds of Permian age; and anevaporite sequence of the Rustler Formation of Permian age, consisting of anhydrite, gypsum, dolomite,claystone, siltstone, and halite. Below the RustlerFormation the hole penetrated additional rocks ofPermian age as follows: the Salado Formation, whichpredominately consists of halite and lesser amounts ofanhydrite, polyhalite, siltstone, and potash minerals'the Castile Formation, nearly all anhydrite; and th~upper part of the Bell Canyon Formation, consistingof shale, limestone, and sandstone.
Geophysical logs were run by the Water ResourcesDivision of the U.S. Geological Survey and by DresserAtlas Co.. The Dresser Atlas logs, reproduced on Figure 3-2, mclude: (1) a gamma log recording naturalgamma r~diation; (2) a gamma-gamma log recordingrock densIty; and (3) a neutron log recording hydrogen(water) in the rock. Caliper, duallaterolog, temperature, 4-arm caliper and directional survey logs wererun below 1000 ft, but are not included in this report.
Table 3-1. Abridged Drilling History of Drillhole DOE-2
LOCATION: Sec. 8, T. 22 S., R. 31 E.
704.07 ft from south line
128.19 ft from east line
ELEVATION (land surface): 3418 35 ft Oat f d th• • um or ep measurements in drilling and logging operations.
LITHOLOGIC LOG PREPARED BY: R. P. Snyder and G. M. Fairer, USGS: 0 to 981 ft.
R. P. Snyder, USGS, and R. M. Holt, Kate L. Pittman, Rey Carrasco, IT Corp.,
and D. J. Borns, SNL: 981 to 4325 ft.
URILLING CONTRACTOR: Pennsylvania Drilling Co. 0-981 ft
Verna Drilling Co. 981-4325 ft
DRILLING RECORD: 0-981 ft. Commenced drilling on Aug. 28, 1984, and completed on Sept. 18, 1984.
13-3/8-in. casing set at 39 ft below surface. R Ie. bOt 39 t 48 foc 1 0.1 t, core 48.1 to
981 ft. Lost circulation below 200 ft. Drilling medium, air and air mist above
477 ft, brine below 477 ft. Hole ready for reaming to 4-3/4 in. prior to water
tests in Rustler Formation and Rustler/Salado Formation contact.
981-4325 ft: April 29, 1985, reamed hole from 4 3/4 in. to 12 in., deepened hole
(rock. bit) to 1011.1 ft, set 10 in. casing from surface to 1008 ft. May 5 to
May 16, cored from 1011.1 to 3095.6 ft. May 17 to 22, geophysical logging and
hydraulic testing. May 23 to June 8 coring from 3095.6 to 4325.0 ft. Hole ready
for logging and additional hydraulic testing.
19
Table 3-1. (continued)
Core Depth RPM Weight Ci rcul at i ng Interval PercentNo. Interval (feet) on bit pressure Feet Feet recoverec1
From / to (1 bs) (lb/in2) cored recovered
1 48.1 55.6 60 NA Air 7.5 7.5 1002 55.6 61.0 60 NA Air 5.4 2.5 463 61.0 69.0 60 NA Air 8.0 10.0 1254 69.0 79.0 60 NA Air 10.0 9.7 975 79.0 89.2 60 NA Air 10.2 10.2 1006 89.2 98.8 60 NA Air 9.6 9.6 1007 98.8 108.8 60 NA Air 10.0 10.0 1008 108.8 118.5 60 NA Air 9.7 9.7 1009 118.5 121.2 60 NA Air 2.7 2.7 100
10 121.2 131.0 60 NA Air 9.8 9.6 QR11 131.0 141.0 60 NA Air 10.0 9.5 9512 141.0 151.0 60 NA Air 10.0 9.3 9313 151.0 161.0 60 NA Air 10.0 7.R 7814 161.0 168.0 60 NA Air 7.0 9.3 13115 168.0 178.0 60 NA Air 10.0 2.9 2916 178.0 180.0 60 NA Air 2.0 2.8 14017 180.0 190.0 60 NA Air 10.0 10.2 10218 190.0 200.0 60 NA Ai r 10.0 10.0 10019 200.0 210.0 60 NA Air 10.0 8.0 8020 210.U 220.0 60 NA Air 10.0 10.1 10121 220.U 230.0 60 NA Air 10.0 9.2 9?22 230.0 240.0 60 NA Air 10.0 9.3 9123 240.0 250.0 60 NA Air 10.0 9.5 9524 250.0 260.0 60 NA Air 10.0 9.1 912:> 26U.0 270.0 60 NA Air 10.0 10.0 10026 270.0 280.0 60 NA Air 10.0 10.0 10027 280.0 290.0 60 NA Air 10.0 10.0 10028 290.0 300.0 60 NA Air 10.0 10.2 10229 300.0 310.2 60 NA Air-Mist 10.2 10.2 10030 310.2 320.0 60 NA Air-Mist 9.8 9.8 10031 320.0 330.0 60 NA 200-300 10.0 10.0 10032 330.0 339.0 60 NA 200-300 9.0 8.4 9333 339.0 341.0 60 NA 200-300 2.0 2.6 13034 341.0 351.0 60 NA 200-300 10.0 9.4 Q435 351.0 361.0 60 NA 200-300 10.0 10.0 10036 361.0 371.5 60 NA 200-300 10.5 10.5 10037 371.5 381.0 60 NA 200-300 9.5 FI.5 R938 381.0 382.5 60 NA 200-300 1.5 2.5 Hi739 382.5 392.0 60 NA 200-300 9.5 9.7 10?40 392.0 401.0 60 NA 200-300 9.0 9.0 10041 401.0 411.0 60 NA 200-300 10.0 10.0 10042 411.0 421.0 60 NA 200-300 10.0 9.FI 9R43 421.0 431.0 60 NA 250 10.0 9.6 9644 431.U 441.0 60 NA 250 10.0 10.1 10140 441.0 451.1 60 NA 250 10.1 10.2 10246 451.1 461.0 60 NA 250 9.9 9.8 9947 461.0 471.0 60 NA 250 10.0 10.0 10048 471.0 478.0 60 NA 250 7.0 5.8 8349 478.0 481.1 30 NA 100 3.1 3.1 1005U 481.1 491.0 60 NA 100 9.9 9.8 9951 491.U 501.0 60 NA 100 10.0 9.9 9952 501.0 511.0 60 NA 100 10.0 9.5 Q553 511.0 516.5 60 NA 100 5.5 5.9 10754 516.5 521.0 45 NA 100 4.5 4.5 100:>5 521.0 531.0 80 NA 100 10.0 9.9 9Q56 531.0 541.0 80 NA 100 10.0 9.8 9R57 541.U 551.U 80 NA 100 10.0 9.8 9R58 551.0 561.0 80 NA 150 10.0 10.0 10059 561.0 571.0 80 NA 100 10.0 9.5 9560 571.0 581.0 80 NA 100 10.0 10.0 10061 581.0 591.0 80 NA 100 10.0 9.5 9562 591.0 601.0 80 NA 100 10.0 9.9 qq
(continued)
20
Table 3-1. (contInued)
Core Depth RPM Weight Ci rcul at1ng Interval Percent
No. Interval (feet) on bit pressure Feet Feet recoverer!
From / to (1 bs) (lb/in2) cored recovererl
63 601.0 611.0 100 NA 100 10.0 9.6 9664 611.0 621.0 100 NA 100 10.0 9.9 9965 621.U 631.0 100 NA 100 10.0 10.0 10066 631.0 641.0 100 NA 100 10.0 9.6 Clfi67 641.U 651.0 80 NA 50 10.0 10.0 10068 651.0 661.0 80 NA 50 10.0 10.0 10069 661.0 671.0 80 NA 100 10.0 9.5 9570 671.0 681.0 80 NA 250 10.0 8.2 8271 681.0 691.0 60 NA 100 10.0 10.1 10172 691.0 701.0 60 NA 150 10.0 10.0 10073 701.0 711.0 60 NA 200 10.0 9.1 9174 711.0 721.0 60 NA 150 10.0 10.1 10175 721.0 731.0 60 NA 100 10.0 10.0 10076 731.0 741.0 60 NA 100 10.0 10.0 10077 741.0 751.0 60 NA 100 10.0 10.0 1007'0 751.0 761.0 60 NA 100 10.0 9.5 91;79 761.0 771.0 60 NA 100 10.0 10.0 10080 771.0 781.2 75 NA 150 10.0 10.2 10281 781.2 791.2 75 NA 150 10.0 10.0 Ino82 791.2 801.2 75 NA 150 10.0 9.7 9783 801.2 811.0 75 NA 300 9.R 10.3 10584 811.0 821.0 75 NA 300 10.0 10.n 10085 821.0 831.0 75 NA 175 10.0 R.6 R686 831.0 841.0 75 NA 200 10.0 10.0 10087 841.0 849.0 75 NA 200 B.O 6.1i B381:1 849.0 851.0 75 NA 175 2.0 1.8 9089 851.0 858.5 75 NA 150 7.5 7.5 100YO 858.5 861.0 75 NA 100 2.5 2.5 100Yl 861.0 871.0 75 NA 100 10.0 9.R ClRY2 871.0 881.0 75 NA 100 10.0 10.0 10093 881.0 891.0 75 NA 100 10.0 9.8 QR94 891.0 901.0 75 NA 275 10.0 10.2 10(95 901.0 911.2 75 NA 175 10.2 10.2 10096 911.2 921.4 75 NA 175 10.2 10.2 10097 921.4 931.0 75 NA 175 9.6 9.6 10098 931.0 941.0 75 NA 175 10.0 10.0 10099 941.0 951.0 75 NA 275 10.0 10.0 100
1UO 951.0 961.0 75 NA 100 10.0 10.0 IOn101 961.0 971.0 75 NA 100 10.0 10.0 1001UL 971.0 981.0 75 NA 100 10.0 10.0 Ion
*Note: core numbers 1 through 58 were repeated when cori ng was resumed in May 1985.
1 1011.2 1042.7 60 15,000 300 31.5 31.5 1002 1042.7 1102.6 44 15,000 150-200 59.9 58.3 973 1102.6 1162.9 44 15,000 150-200 60.3 61.4 10(4 1162.9 1222.3 44 15,000 150-200 59.4 li1.0 1035 1222.3 1282.0 44 15,000 150-200 59.7 59.0 996 1282.0 1342.0 44 15,000 150-200 60.0 60.0 1007 1342.0 1402.0 44 10,000 150-200 60.0 60.0 1008 1402.0 1427.0 48 15-18,000 200 25.0 25.7 103I} 1427.0 1487.0 48 15-18,000 200 60 59.4 9Q
10 1487.0 1547.0 44 15,000 200 60 59.5 CICI11 1547.0 1607.0 44 15,000 200 60 57.0 9512 1607.0 1667.0 44 15,000 200 60 5R.0 Q713 1667.0 1700.0 44 15,000 200 33 32.6 9914 17UO.0 1760.9 44 15,000 200 60.9 60.Cl 1001~ 176U.9 1821.0 44 15,000 200 60.1 59.6 9916 1821.0 1881.0 44 15,000 200 60.0 60.0 10017 1881.U 1941.0 44 15,000 200 60.0 60.0 10018 1941.0 2001.0 44 15.000 200 60.0 60.0 100
(continued)
21
Table 3-1. (concluded)
Core Depth RPM Weight Ci rcul at i ng Interval Percent
No. Interval (feet) on bit pressure Feet Feet recovererl
From / to (1 bs) (lb/in2) cored recovered
19 2001.0 2061.0 44 15,000 250 60.0 59.0 9820 2061.0 2121.0 44 15,000 250 60.0 59.8 10021 2121.0 2181.0 44 15,000 250 60.0 61.2 10222 2181.0 2241.0 48 18,000 225 60.0 60.0 10023 2241.0 2301.0 44 18,000 225 60.0 52.9 8R24 2301.0 2354.6 44 18,000 225 53.6 52.7 9R25 2354.6 2414.5 44 18,000 250 59.9 60.R 10226 2414.5 2475.2 44 18,000 250 60.7 60.7 101)27 2475.2 2535.2 44 18,000 250 60.0 60.0 10028 2535.2 2595.9 44 18,000 250 60.7 60.7 10029 2595.9 2656.0 75 16,000 250 60.1 59.5 993U 2656.0 2716.0 56 20,000 450 60.0 59.8 Ion31 2716.0 2776.0 75 14,000 300 60.0 47.4 7932 2776.0 2824.0 46 15-18,000 275 48.0 59.8 12533 2824.0 2884.2 30-45 12,000
30-48 16-18,000 250 60.2 60.2 10034 2884.2 2944.2 48-50 18-20,000 250 60.2 60.2 1003ti 2944.2 3004.2 48-50 18,20,000 250 60.2 60.2 10036 3004.2 3064.9 48-50 18-20,000 250 60.3 60.3 10037 3064.9 3095.6 50 16-18,000 300 31.7 31.7 10038 30\15.6 3b5.9 48 15,000 250 60.3 60.3 10039 3155.9 3215.9 43 15,000 200 60.0 60.0 10040 3215.9 3275.9 45 15,000 375 60.0 59.5 9941 3275.9 3335.0 45 15,000 375 60.1 60.2 10042 3335.0 3365.0 44 15,000 400 30.0 29.5 9843 3365.0 3425.0 44 15,000 400 60.0 60.8 10144 3425.0 3485.0 44 15,000 250 60.0 59.2 99
40045 3485.0 3545.0 44 15,000 350 60.0 59.6 9946 3545.0 3605.0 44 15,000 350 60.0 60.4 10147 3605.0 3665.0 44 15,000 350 60.0 60.0 10048 3665.0 3725.0 44 15,000 350 60.0 60.0 Ino49 3725.0 3785.0 44 15,000 350 60.0 59.5 qq
50 3785.0 3845.0 44 15,000 350 60.0 59.8 Ion51 3845.0 3905.0 45 15,000 600 60.0 60.0 10052 3905.0 3965.0 45 15,000 600 60.0 59.6 9953 3965.0 4025.0 45 15,000 500 50.0 59.5 9954 4025.0 4085.0 45 15,000 sao 60.0 59.6 q9
55 4085.0 4145.0 45 15,000 500 60.0 61.1 10256 4145.0 4205.0 45 15,000 3-400 60.0 59.4 99ti7 4205.0 4265.0 45 15,000 3-400 60.0 60.6 101ti8 4265.0 4325.0 45 15,000 3-400 60.0 60.0 lOa
22
Table 3-2. Stratigraphic Summary of Drillhole DOE-2
Rock unit Depth Interval (feet)
QuaternaryHolocene
Dune Sand 0 8Pleistocene
Mescalero caliche 8 13
TriassicSanta Rosa Sandstone 13 133.3
Permi anDewey Lake Red Beds 133.3 639.1
Rustler FormationForty-niner Member 639.1 698.6Magenta Dolomite Member 698.6 722.4Tamarisk Member 722.4 823.7Culebra Dolomite Member 823.7 846.0Unnamed lower member 846.0 960.9
Salado Formation 960.9 3082.8
Salado FormationUpper member 960.9 1448.7
MB 101 1080.3 1084.2MB 102 1116.6 1117.7MB 103 1130.4 1143.5MB 104 1154.7 1155.1MB 105 1170.8 1171.8MB 106 Not PresentMB 107 1228.0 1228.4MB 108 1237.5 1238.1MB 109 1260.0 1283.5MB 110 Not PresentMB 111 1330.8 1331.0MB 112 1347.0 1349.2MB 113 1372.4 1372.9MB 114 1394.3 1394.8MB 115 1427.7 1430.6MB 116 1439.3 1441.4
McNutt potash zone 1448.7 1827.4Vaca Triste Sandstone 1448.7 1456.1MB 117 1510.0 1511.9MB 118 1533.6 1534.7MB 119 1556.8 1557.9
10th OZ 1574.0 15RO.0MB 120 1581.4 1581.8
9th OZ 1580 1584 (est.)MB 121 1598.5 1599.8MB 122 1606.6 1607.5
8th OZ 1611.1 1619.3Union anhydrite 1630.1 1637.9MB 123 1716.5 1721.9MB 124 1728.B 1738.4
4th OZ 1746.0 1748.53rd OZ 1766 1774 (est.)2nd OZ 1780 1782.5 (est.)
MB 125 Not PresentHB 126 1825.9 1827.4
(continued)
23
24
Table 3-2. (concluded)
Rock unit Depth Interval (feet)
Lower member 1827.4 3082.8MB 127 1852.7 1853.8MB 128 1864.5 1865.5MB 129 1889.9 1891.9MB 130 1901.8 1902.0MB 131 1971.2 1971.7HB 132 1999.7 2001.2MB 133 2018.8 2021.7HB 134 2069.3 2081.0HB 135 2099.8 2100.5MB 136 2144.9 2157.3MB 137 Not PresentMB 138 2203.1MB 139 2303.3 2306.3MB 140 2372.1 2388.0MB 141 2450.1 2454.5MB 142 2503.6 2517.9MB 143 2566.4 2571.6MB 144 2603.6 2615.7Cowden anhydrite 2644.5 2669.5
Castile Formation 3082.8 4071.4An hyd ri te I II 3082.8 3801.1Hal ite II Not PresentAnhydrite II ?Halite I 3801.1 3809.2Anhydrite I 3809.2 4071. 4
Delaware Mountain GroupBell Canyon Formation 4071.4 4325+
Lamar Limestone Member 4071.4 4103.4Ramsey sand 4103.4 4174.0Ford shal e 4174.0 4182.8Olds sand 4182.8 4218.2(?)Hays sand 4218.2(?) - 4248+
TO 4325
IDepth interval interval estimated during auguring hole for surface pipe.All other depths from core measurements.
3.3 Description of Cuttingsand Core
The surface units at the DOE-2 site consist ofyellowish-brown dune sand approximately 8 ft thickoverlying the Mescalero Caliche, a light-gray carbonate soil approximately 5 ft thick. Depth and thicknessof these two units were estimated by observing material recovered by augering prior to setting the surface casing.
The Santa Rosa Sandstone (at a depth of 13 to 133ft) consists of 120 ft of moderately to well-indurated,moderate-reddish-brown and yellowish-brown sandstone interbedded with dark-reddish-brown siltstoneand claystone. The rocks are laminated to thinlybedded; sandstones range from fine to coarse grained.Some beds contain clay galls indicating periods duringdeposition when the surface was dry enough for desiccation cracks to form. Some units are cross-bedded,but most are thinly bedded.
The 506-ft-thick Dewey Lake Red Beds were penetrated from 133 to 639 ft. Most of the formationconsists of dark-reddish-brown siltstone, but sandstones and especially claystones are interspersed atirregular intervals. The rock contains grayish-greenblebs and streaks, resulting from the reduction ofiron-bearing minerals in the rock.
Secondary gypsum (selenite) occurs as veins andfracture fillings in most of the Dewey Lake Red Bedsin the subsurface at the WIPP site area. In DrillholeDOE-2 the selenite was first observed at a depth of144 ft (11 ft below the top of the formation), but iscommon in beds below 178 ft (45 ft below top offormation). Most veins occur along nearly horizontalbedding planes and are as much as 5 cm thick. Thethicker veins occur in the section down to about 541 ft(408 ft below top of formation). From 541 ft to thebase of the formation at 639 ft, the numerous seleniteveins are very thin and commonly form a box-workpattern. Selenite also fills fractures that occur atvarious angles to the bedding. Most selenite veinsshow a median suture and contain straight crystalsnormal to the wall rock, despite variations in dip ofthe fracture. Presence of a median suture identifiesthe vein filling as antitaxial. At a depth of 420 ft, a veinfilling shows crystal curvature near the center of thevein. Nearly all vein fillings show no crystal curvature;therefore, shear stress was probably absent duringformation of the selenite crystals. For a comprehensive discussion of vein fillings, median sutures, andcurved crystals, the reader is referred to Durney andRamsey (1973).
Clay galls and desiccation-crack fillings are disseminated throughout the Dewey Lake Red Beds,indicating deposition of sediment in a very shallow orephemeral lake. Cross-bedding of some thin-beddedsandstones and siltstones indicates current movementfrom various directions. Soft sediment deformation(convoluted bedding) also occurs throughout strata ofthe Dewey Lake. The contact of the Dewey Lake RedBeds with the underlying Rustler Formation ismarked by a O.I-ft-thick grayish-green claystone thatappears to have been deposited on partially erodedanhydrite. There is no indication of ground-watermovement along the contact.
The Rustler Formation is divided into five members; from top to bottom, (1) Forty-niner Member; (2)Magenta Dolomite Member; (3) Tamarisk Member;(4) Culebra Dolomite Member; and (5) the unnamedlower member. The Forty-niner and Tamarisk Members were named by W. B. Lang (Adams, 1944) andthe two dolomite members by Vine (1963). The Rustler Formation is 321.8 ft thick (639.1 to 960.9 ft) inDOE-2.
The Forty-niner Member (639.1 to 698.6 ft) iscomposed of two thick anhydrite/gypsum units (639.1to 670.0 and 680.9 to 698.6 ft) separated by a 10.9-ftthick (670.0 to 680.9 ft) claystone and gypsumfragment unit. At other locations in the subsurface onand near the WIPP site and to the west, the calciumsulfate units have been completely hydrated to gypsum. Eastward, where the Forty-niner is more deeplyburied, the units are totally anhydrite. Density andneutron logs were used together with core descriptionsto distinguish anhydrite from gypsum in DrillholeDOE-2. "Chicken-wire" and nodular structure in theanhydrite of the lower unit indicate the complex alteration history of the Forty-niner. The geophysical logsindicate gypsum in portions of both the upper andlower anhydrites, mostly in the lower halves of each(Figure 3-2). The claystone unit between the twoanhydrites, which has been identified as a dissolutionresidue, remaining after removal of halite (Jones andothers, 1960, Figure 1), contains recemented roundedsiltstone fragments and broken secondary gypsumbeds. The rock varies from soft to very well indurated.Washout during coring is common in this soft unit.
The Magenta Dolomite Member, approximately24 ft thick (698.7 to 722.4 ft), underlies the Fortyniner Member. The Magenta is a pale-yellowishbrown to light-olive-gray, thinly laminated to thicklybedded dolomite containing several 2- to 6-mm-thickselenite veins that are parallel to nearly horizontal
25
bedding. The dolomite also commonly contains crossbeds and small-scale lenses. Laminae in the lower 1.4ft of the member are wavy and may be the result ofsoft sediment deformation. No open fractures wereobserved in the core, but the selenite vein fillingsattest to possible postdepositional vertical tension onthe unit.
Underlying the Magenta Dolomite is the Tamarisk Member, approximately 101 ft thick (722.4 to823.7 ft), which consists of two light- to dark-gray andbrownish-gray gypsum and anhydrite units separatedby 6.6 ft of reddish-brown, light-bluish-gray, paleyellowish-brown, and olive-gray gypsiferous siltstoneand claystone residue containing pods of gypsum andbladed selenite.
The upper gypsum and anhydrite unit (722.4 to798.3 ft), approximately 76 ft thick, consists mainly ofgypsum and gypsiferous anhydrite and minor anhydrite. Nearly all of the core of this member exhibits"chicken-wire" and nodular structures. From 782 to798.3 ft most of the unit consists of large-bladedcrystals of gypsum. Crenulated, nodular laminae ofgypsum are common between depths of 768 and 783.5ft, and soft sediment deformation structures occurfrom 796.0 to 797.1 ft.
The lower gypsum and anhydrite unit, approximately 19 ft thick (804.9 to 823.7 ft), also containsgypsiferous anhydrite and minor clayey gypsum.Swallow-tail, twinned gypsum crystals occur in theupper one-third of the unit, which is mostly gypsum;anhydrite constitutes most of the lower half of theunit. Clay seams occur throughout.
Underlying the Tamarisk Member is the CulebraDolomite Member, 22.3 ft thick (823.7 to 846.0 ft).The Culebra consists of commonly clayey dolomiteof a light-olive-gray and moderate-yellowish-browncolor. Numerous vugs, generally less than 1 mm indiameter, occur near the top and bottom of the member, but the central part contains vugs as large as 5mm. The rock is highly fractured in the central portion, and only a few fractures are healed with gypsum.
Below the Culebra Dolomite Member is the 124.9ft-thick unnamed lower member of the Rustler Formation (846.0 to 960.9 ft). The uppermost part of the
26
lower member consists of 3.8 ft of black, plastic clayand 6.0 ft of reddish-brown clay residue containingbladed selenite crystals and gypsum nodules. Theremainder of the member consists of thin to thick,alternating beds of reddish-brown halitic claystone,argillaceous halite, clear halite, reddish-orange polyhalitic halite, gypsum, anhydrite, and grayish-greensiltstone and claystone. Minor amounts of anhydriteand gypsum containing halite pseudomorphs are disseminated throughout the member. In the basal part,siltstone and claystone units contain halite-healed,high-angle fractures. An 0.8-ft, dark-reddish-brownand pale-red anhydrite(?) occurs at the base of themember. No evidence of halite dissolution occurs below 864.4 ft.
The Salado Formation, named by Lang (1935,p 267), includes the upper halite-rich part of theCastile Gypsum of Richardson (1904, p 43). TheSalado contains 85 % to 90 % halite or rock salt andlesser amounts of anhydrite, polyhalite, potassimumrich rocks, and minor amounts of sandstone, and claystone. The formation has been divided into threeinformal members (Jones, 1973, p 14). All three members contain similar amounts of halite, anhydrite, andpolyhalite; the middle member, the McNutt potashzone, contains mineable quantities of potassiumbearing minerals, chiefly sylvite and langbeinite. Theupper and middle members are generally more siltyand clayey than the lower member. The detailed description of the Salado Formation is given in Jones(1973).
The unnamed upper member of the Salado Formation consists of halite containing alternating unitsof disseminated polyhalite, clay, and anhydrite, 15marker beds (Jones and others, 1960) of either polyhalite or anhydrite and several unnumbered, very thinbeds of polyhalite. The thickness of the unnamedupper member at DOE-2 (488 ft) compares favorablywith thickness of this unit in Drillholes W-11 (463 ft)and W-12 (478 ft). Distances between tops of markerbeds (Table 3-3) are quite similar. These two factorssuggest that the upper member at these three sites hasnot been affected by dissolution or flowage of halite.
Table 3-3. Interval Thicknesses of Salado Formation in Drillholes W-11, W-12, and DOE-2; andDifferences (+ or -) in Thickness of the Intervals in W-11 and W-12 Compared to Interval Thicknessesin DOE-2 (rounded to nearest foot)
W-12 W-ll DOE-2 Difference in thickness Difference in thickness
Interval lThi ckness Thickness Thi ckness DOE-2 vs W-12 00E-2 vs W-ll
(ftl (ftl (ftl + =more, - = less + :: more, less
Top of Sa Iado Fm.-MB 101 113 113 120 +7 +7~lll 101-lU2 36 34 36 0 +2Mil 102-103 15 14 13 -2 -1Mil 103-104 20 22 25 +5 +3Mil lU4-105 16 15 16 0 +1Mil 105-106 21 22 22 +1 0Mil 106-107 35 36 35 0 -1Mil 107-108 9 7 10 +1 +3Mil 108-109 23 25 22 -1 -32MIl 109-111 69 65 71 +2 +6Mil 111-112 17 14 16 -1 +2Mil 112-113 26 25 25 -1 0Mil 113-114 22 19 22 0 +3Mil 114-115 34 34 34 0 0Mil 115-116 12 11 11 -1 0Mil 116-Vaca Triste SS 10 9 10 0 +1
Upper member 478 465 488 +10 +~3
Vaca Triste SS-117 62 59 61 -1 +2Mil 117-11B 22 21 24 +2 +3Mil 118-119 24 IB 23 -1 +'>Mil 119-120 22 25 24 +2 -1Mil 120-121 12 16 18 +6 +?Mil 121-122 8 8 8 0 0Mil 12,-Union anhydrite 23 22 23 0 +1Mil Union anhydrite-123 78 71 87 +9 +16~Il 123-124 13 12 12 -1 0
Mil 124-126 90 75 98 +8 +23
McNutt potash zone 354 327 378 +24 +51
Mil 126-127 23 18 26 +3 +8Mil 127-128 12 9 12 0 +3Mil 128-129 22 18 25 +3 +7Mil 129-130 10 8 12 +2 +4Mil 130-131 62 47 69 +7 +22Mil 131-132 29 21 29 0 +8Mil 132-133 18 12 19 +1 +7Mil 133-134 41 37 50 +9 +11Mil 134-135 23 20 31 +8 +11~Il 135-136 34 32 45 +11 +13
Mil 136-138 63 48 89 +26 +41t·lll 138-139 47 36 70 +23 +34Mil 139-14u 44 31 68 +24 +37Mil 140-141 64 41 78 +14 +37Mil 141-142 44 28 54 +10 +20Mil 142-143 49 30 62 +13 +32Mil 143-144 30 36 38 +8 +?Mil 144-Cowden anhydrite 34 98 41 +7 -57Cowden anhydrite-
Top Castile Fm. 292 17 438 +146 +4?1
Lower member 941 587 1256 +315 +069
Tota I Sa Iado Fm. 1773 1379 2122 +349 +743
~Measurement from top of marker bed to top of next lower marker bed, includes ha 1i te interval between.Marker bed not identified, next lower marker bed used.
27
The Vaca Triste Sandstone (Adams, 1944) marksthe top of the McNutt potash zone; the base of MarkerBed 126 marks the base. The McNutt potash zonediffers in one important aspect from the upper andlower members; it contains as many as 11 separatepotash-mineral bearing zones numbered from the bottom up. Not all strata contain mineable amounts ofpotash in all areas. Some minor amounts of the potashmineral (sylvite) were identified in the core, but mostof the potash was dissolved by the drilling fluid duringcoring, and there is no direct evidence as to theamount of potash minerals the 11 zones contain atDOE-2. Indirect evidence (lost core and partiallydissolved core, wash-out zones shown by the caliperlog, and high gamma readings matched to very lowdensity readings) shows where the soluble potashzones (mostly sylvite) are located. Potash is present atDOE-2 in the 11th, 10th, 9th, 8th, 4th, and probablythe 3rd and 2nd ore zones. The 4th ore zone containsabout 2.5 ft of langbeinite, a potassium-magnesiumsulfate that is not soluble in the brine drilling fluid.
Table 3-3 shows the footage intervals betweentops of marker beds in the McNutt. The intervals donot vary much when comparing DOE-2 and W-11 andW-12, except below the Union anhydrite, where theintervals in DOE-2 begin to increase in thickness.
The unnamed lower member of the Salado consists mainly of halite, some of which is argillaceous,polyhalitic, and anhydritic, and irregularly spacedanhydrite and polyhalite beds. Some of the haliteexhibits evidence of recrystallization that includeshalite free of foreign material and of intervals that arevery coarsely crystalline.
The halite intervals in the lower member in W-11(Table 3-3) are believed to have been thinned byflowage of halite from between marker beds caused byupward flowage of halite and anhydrite beds in theunderlying Castile Formation (Snyder, 1982). WithW-12 as a guide, a thickness of about 940 ft wasprojected for the lower member in DOE-2; instead athickness of 1256 ft was penetrated. Some of thisapparent thickness is caused by dipping strata. Because the marker beds themselves do not vary inthickness very much from one drillhole to the next,the majority of the thickness change from the top ofone marker bed to the top of the next is due tothickening of the intervening halite. Table 3-3illustrates the thickened intervals of halite betweenmarker beds in DOE-2 as compared with W-11 andW-12.
The Castile Formation, in the area of DOE-2,generally consists of three anhydrite units separatedby two halite units. Anderson and others, (1972) identify these units from the top downward as AlII, HIl,
28
All, HI, and AI. Estimates of total Castile thicknessfrom oil and gas holes in the WIPP site vicinity rangedfrom about 1350 to 1400 ft. DOE-2 penetrated 989 ftof the Castile; from top to bottom, 719 ft of anhydrite,8 ft of halite, and 262 ft of anhydrite. Dipping andrepeated beds (sometimes inverted sections) causeAlII to appear much thicker than typical, HII may bemissing, All is possibly incorporated in the thickenedupper anhydrite, HI is only 9.1 ft thick (7.6 to 7.8 ft oftrue thickness), and AI is typical and nearly flat lying.The upper anhydrite showed no macroscopic evidenceof fracturing except for rare verticle rehealed fracturesvisible only on artificially broken surfaces. Laminations directly above and below 3387 ft dip 25° to 30° inopposing directions, and one lamination can be seen toenter into and exit from the core in the same directionover a length of less than 2 ft. The 9.1 ft of halitepenetrated just below the thick upper anhydrite consists of nearly transparent bands alternating withtranslucent bands containing finely disseminatedcrystals of anhydrite. The faint banding dips, 15° to20° and the halite is very coarsely crystalline.
The basal anhydrite dips 15° to 20° in the upperpart and 0° to 10° in the lower part. These dips do nottake into consideration the 5° to 7° deviation of thedrillhole. The true dip may be 0° to more than 20°.Future work with portions of the core that wereoriented will define the true dip and strike of theupper part of the basal anhydrite. Most of the basalanhydrite consists of cyclic deposits of relativelythick anhydrite, thinner dolomite, and laminatedanhydrite/dolomite. These cycles range in thicknessfrom a few inches to several feet. At the base of theanhydrite is a 1.7-ft-thick dolomite/anhydrite bedcontaining hydrocarbon that oozes from nearly vertical open fractures. The Castile Formation conformably overlies the Bell Canyon Formation.
DOE-2 penetrated the upper part of the BellCanyon Formation of the Delaware Mountain Group.From the top downward, units penetrated are theLamar Limestone, the Ramsey sand, the Ford shale,the Olds sand, and the Hays sand. The Lamar Limestone was first described by Lang (1935); the otherunits are informal units of local usage.
Dip angles measured were nearly normal to thecore, but the directional survey indicated that thedrillhole deviated about 5°. The actual dip of theformation could range from 5° to 10°.
The Lamar Limestone consists of an upper 2.4 ftof grayish- and dark-black calcareous shale and 29.6 ftof similar colored limestone containing pelecypodshell fragments and corals as large as 0.02 ft indiameter.
The Ramsey sand, 70.6 ft thick, is light to olivegray and fine to medium grained. The unit is fairlywell indurated with calcareous cement. Underlyingthe Ramsey sand is the 8.8 ft-thick, dusky-yellowishbrown, calcareous Ford shale. The Ford contains numerous white pelecypod shells, both fragmental andwhole.
The Olds sand, 35.4 ft thick, is fine to mediumgrained olive-black and olive-gray sandstone; wherewell indurated, the sandstone contains a noncalcareous cement. Discontinuous claystone laminae are disseminated throughout.
The basal contact of the Hays sand was not identified but is believed to be at about 4248 ft, making theunit about 44 ft thick. The Hays sand is marked by anupper shaley sandstone nearly 1 ft thick and by sandstone similar to the Olds sand above. Like the Olds,the Hays has noncalcareous cement but is more indurated. Below the Hays, the unnamed sandstones contain thin (3 to 9 mm thick) black shale beds in sharpcontact with the sandstone. Contacts between thenamed units are generally gradational.
3.4 ConclusionsThe purpose of Drillhole DOE-2 was to investi
gate a known structural depression in rocks of Salado and younger age. The depression is a southeasttrending, doubly plunging syncline. Previous drillingin the area has defined the syncline as to size, and hasshown that there is about 20 ft of closure generallycentered on the DOE-2 site. Control of mappableunits is excellent from the surface downward to thetop of the unnamed member of the Salado Formation,and the syncline is apparent to this depth. Threeholes, W-ll about 4000 ft north of DOE-2, W-12about 1 mi south, and W-13 about 4500 ft southwest,yielded some indication that the Castile-Bell Canyoncontact might not conform to a generally eastwarddipping uninterrupted surface; the contact in W-llappears at too shallow a depth.
From the surface to as deep as the unnamed lowermember (MBI26), of the Salado Formation, depths torock units and formation tops were within a few feet ofprojections using previously published structuremaps. From the unnamed lower member, marker bedsand identifiable units consistently occurred at greaterdepths than predicted. It appears that downward saltflowage has increased thicknesses of halite betweenmarker beds from MB126 to the base of the SaladoFormation. The unnamed lower member of the Saladois about 315 ft thicker than predicted.
The Castile Formation underlying the Salado Formation was not a typical section as is found in thisarea. A typical section consists of three anhydriteunits separated by two halite units. In descendingorder, the Castile should consist of about 300 to 450 ftof ALII, 225 to 275 ft of HII, 120 ± ft of AIl, 320 to 370ft of HI, and about 265 ft of AI. The uppermostanhydrite was 719 ft thick, but some of this thicknessis caused by dipping and overturned beds. Only about7.5 ft (corrected for dips of 15° to 20°) of halite waspenetrated below the uppermost anhydrite. The lowermost anhydrite, 262 ft thick, identified as AI, appeared to be undisturbed. The laminations dippedfrom 0° to 10°, but considering the hole deviation of5°, the true dip of AI could be as much as 15°.
The portion of the Bell Canyon Formation coredin DOE-2 showed no unusual structure and no fracturing. Dips of bedding planes were similar to AI inthe Castile Formation.
It appears as if Castile halite, probably all of HII,and most of HI moved northward by flowage towardthe W-ll drill site where nearly 1000 ft of halite (HIand HII) was penetrated. As the halite moved northward, AlII and possibly All subsided, and movedsouthward from drill site W-l1 toward drill site DOE2 slowly enough to allow pressure recrystallization ofthe thick anhydrite units. This slow movement precluded formation of fractures. It is possible that Allwas pulled apart by tensional forces as HI flowedoutward from beneath All, and no All is present atthe DOE-2 site. No evidence of solution, such asresidue, was observed in the core from either Salado orCastile Formations.
3.5 Structural SummaryDavid J. Borns, Sandia National Laboratories
The following discussion is an abridged summaryof the structural data as interpreted by D. J. Borns. Amore detailed interpretation will be made available ina report of DOE-2 to be released later (Borns, 1986).
Dissolution and gravity-driven deformation aretwo processes that are mentioned prominently as possibly producing the structural depression at DOE-2.Dissolution, if it occurred at DOE-2 in the last millionyears, would be significant relative to the adjacent(3-km) WIPP site. Dissolution is marked by the removal of salt, but the Salado section at DOE-2 exhibits thickening. Therefore, it is unlikely that the depression was formed by dissolution in the Salado. Thenear absence of halite in the Castile suggests that the
29
dissolution hypothesis be examined. In Halite I andespecially Halite II in nearby holes, there are manyanhydrite stringers 1 em to 1 m wide. These stringersoccur with consistent stratigraphic position within thehalites. Ifdissolution of Halite II and I occurred, thesestringers should remain. In examining the core fromDOE-2, we have not observed such relict stringerswithin the upper anhydrite nor at the contact withhalite. The only evidence for dissolution is the thinnedhalite section.
Halite can, however, also be thinned by deformation. The cross section of Salado and Castile stratigraphy (Figure 3-3) from DOE-2 and adjacent holesshows that the Castile salt is anomalously thickenedat borehole WIPP-ll, 1.6 km north of DOE-2. Withinthis portion of the Delaware Basin, the Castile Formation deforms into a series of antiforms and synforms(Snyder, in Borns et aI, 1983). Salt flowage accompa-
nies such deformation. The thickening of salt atWIPP-ll will be accompanied by thinning elsewhere.In some cases, the area of removal is called a saltremoval basin or a peripheral sink (Seni and Jackson,1980). The structure at DOE-2 may represent a saltremoval basin. Salt flowage is consistent with thestrongly lineated fabric exhibited by the halite remaining at DOE-2. The elongation of the halite grainsmay represent the direction of flowage.
In summary, the structural depression intersectedat the DOE-2 borehole probably formed in response togravity-driven salt flowage, as suggested by distribution of salt structures within adjacent holes and thedistribution of structures within the Castile. Dissolution is not favored due to the thickening of salt in theSalado and the nonobservation of residues or relicts inthe Castile.
ELEVATION
u..t) WIPP-'2 DOE-2 WIPP-"-1-C=====::::W:'P~P=-'=3:::==:::::ii!m!!1£:¥~~~============r-RIA SIC· SANTA ROSA
PERMIAN - DEWEY LAKE RED BEOS-2500
McNUTT POTASH ZONE
'"NN...
TO·3513R31ELINE OF SECTION
--t5-!>~~~~.'WIPP-'3,WIPP-12,IIIi
WIPPSITE:
-----..=.===----
------------------
PERMIAN· CASTILEFORMATIO:N~~~~~~~~~~::d
ANHYDRITE II
ANHYDRITEII?
7______ ANHYD~~~_-----?
BELL CANYON FORMATION•TO·.325
",,1.\oY>
---- -~o~~---------00
,t;......t-
--~~ ------------qt-~
~==~~~~~!.~11.8-_--MARKER SECilJj---
- ~Q.~fjM!tf!QIDr~__
ANHYDRITE III
i,...i,...DISTANCE Heet)
...
,...
,...
,...
SEA LEVEl
Figure 3-3. Geologic Section Near Drillhole DOE-2
30
ReferencesAdams, J. E., 1944, Upper Permian Ochoan Series of Dela
ware Basin. West Texas and Southeast New Mexico:American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,vol. 28, no. 11, p. 1596-1625.
Anderson, R. Y., Dean, W. K, Jr., Kirkland, D. W., andSnider, H. 1., 1972, Permian Castile varved evaporitesequence, west Texas and New Mexico: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 83, no. 1, p. 59-86.
Borns, D. J., 1986, The geologic structures observed indrillhole DOE-2 and their possible origins, Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP): Sandia National LaboratoriesReport SAND86-1495.
Durney, D. W., and Ramsey, J. G., 1973, Incrementedstrains measured by syntectonic crystal growths, inGravity and Tectonics, DeJong, K. A., and Scholten,Robert, eds., New York, John Wiley and Sons, p. 67-96.
Freeland, M. H., and Dadourian, P. P., 1982, Geologic datafor borehole WIPP-12, Eddy County, New Mexico, inBasic data report for drillhole WIPP-12 (Waste Isolation Pilot Plant-WIPP): Sandia National LaboratoriesReport SAND82-2336, p. 4-68.
Goddard, E. N., Chairman, and others, 1948, Rock-ColorChart: Washington, National Research Council (reprinted by Geological Society of America, 1975).
Gonzalez, J. L., and Jones, C. L., 1979, Geologic data, inBasic data report on drillhole WIPP-25 (Waste Isolation Pilot Plant-WIPP): Sandia Laboratories ReportSAND79-0279, p. 4-26.
Griswold, G. B., 1977, Site selection and evaluation studiesof the Waste lsolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), Los Medanos, Eddy County, New Mexico: Sandia LaboratoriesReport SAND77-0946, 48 p.
Jones, C. L., 1973, Salt deposits of Los Medanos area, Eddyand Lea Counties, New Mexico, with sections onGround water hydrology by M. K Cooley and Surficialgeology by G. O. Bachman: U.S. Geological SurveyOpen-File Report USGS-4339-7, 67 p.
___ 1978, Test drilling for potash resources, Waste Isolation Pilot Plant site, Eddy County, New Mexico: U.S.Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-592, v. 2,431 p.
Jones, C. L., Bowles, C. G., Bell, K. G., 1960, Experimentaldrill hole logging in potash deposits of the Carlsbaddistrict, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-FileReport 502, 25 p.
Lang, W. B., 1935, Upper Permian Formation of DelawareBasin of Texas and New Mexico: American Associationof Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 19, p. 262-270.
___1937, The Permian Formations of the Pecos Valley ofNew Mexico and Texas: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 21, p. 874-875.
Richardson, G. B., 1904, Report of a reconnaissance inTrans-Pecos Texas, north of Texas and Pacific Railway: Texas University Mineralogical Survey Bulletin,and Texas University Bulletin 23, 119 p.
Seni, S. J., and Jackson, M. P. A., 1983, "Evolution of SaltStructures, East Texas Diapir Province, Part 2: Patterns and Rates of Halokinesis." American Associationof Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 67, 1245.
Snyder, R. P., 1982, Geologic Data for borehole WIPP-11 inBasic data report for drillhole WIPP-11; (Waste Is~lation Pilot Plant-WIPP): Sandia National LaboratoriesReport SAND79-0272, p. 5-23.
___1983, General site geology, in Borns, D. J., Barrows,L. J., Powers, D. W., and Snyder, R. P., Deformation ofevaporites near the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP)site: Sandia National Laboratories Report SAND821069, p. 13-51.
Snyder, R. P., and McIntyre, A. F., 1981, Geologic data forborehole WIPP 33, !.g Basic data report for drillholeWIPP 33 (Waste Isolation Pilot Plant-WIPP): SandiaNational Laboratories Report SAND80-2011, p. 4-22.
Vine, J. D., 1963, Surface Geology of the Nash Draw Quadrangle, Eddy County, New Mexico: U.S. GeologicalSurvey Bulletin 1141-B, 46 p.
31-32
4. Hydrologic TestingRichard L. Beauheim, Sandia National Laboratories
The hydrologic testing program for DrillholeDOE-2 was developed through consultation betweenSandia National Laboratories, the US Department ofEnergy (DOE), the US Geological Survey (USGS),and Westinghouse/IT. The program was outlined forthe New Mexico Environmental Evaluation Group(EEG) for their information and to solicit theircomments.
4.1 Purposes of TestingVarious breach consequence scenarios have been
hypothesized for the WIPP that involve interconnection of the WIPP facility with overlying and/or underlying aquifers through one or more boreholes. Toevaluate these scenarios requires characterization ofthe aquifers overlying and underlying the facility withrespect to their relative head potentials, permeabilities, storativities, and water qualities. The intent ofthe DOE-2 testing program was to characterize hydrologically all zones in a single borehole that couldpotentially playa significant role in any breach event.The information gathered from each zone would alsoassist in regional characterization of the differentaquifers.
4.2 Selection of TestIntervals
During the drilling of DOE-2, four stop pointswere scheduled, to allow for hydraulic testing of themost recently penetrated strata. The first stop pointwas at the top of the Rustler Formation, to allow fortesting the overlying Dewey Lake Red Beds. Althougha water table exists in the Dewey Lake locally south ofthe WIPP site, no evidence of saturation of the DeweyLake at DOE-2 was observed. Nevertheless, the DeweyLake is permeable, as evidenced by a loss of circulation at a depth of -245 ft, and it could conceivablyprovide a flow path in the event of a breach.
The original Field Operations Plan for the PhaseI investigations (Appendix A) called for three tests inthe Dewey Lake: one in the Dewey Lake sandstoneestimated to lie between -200 and 250 ft deep, one inthe Dewey Lake gypsiferous zone between - 250 and400 ft deep, and one in the lower Dewey Lake from-400 ft to just below the Dewey Lake-Rustler contact. Unfavorable drilling conditions, however, required reaming the upper Dewey Lake to too large adiameter for testing with the available equipment.Hence, the decision was made to try to test only thelower Dewey Lake from a depth of 490 ft to the bottomof the hole at 641 ft deep, -2 ft below the contact withthe Rustler Formation. When a reliable packer seatcould not be obtained at 490 ft, the top of the testinterval was moved down to 539 ft.
The second stop point, at the top of the SaladoFormation, coincided with the end of Phase-I drillingand allowed for testing the overlying Rustler Formation. Portions or all of the five members of the Rustlerwere selected for testing, with the test intervals andmajor rock types of interest being as follows: thelower claystone part of the unnamed member and theRustler-Salado contact, from 945 to 967 ft deep; theCulebra Dolomite Member, from 824 to 846 ft deep;the claystone/siltstone portion of the Tamarisk Member, from 796 to 817 ft deep; the Magenta DolomiteMember, from 700 to 722 ft deep; and the claystone/siltstone portion of the Forty-niner Member, from 664to 686 ft deep (refer to Appendix F for relationshipbetween test intervals and detailed lithology). Theuntested portions of the Tamarisk and Forty-ninerMembers are comprised of unfractured anhydrite andgypsum; the untested portion of the lower unnamedmember is comprised of clay, anhydrite, gypsum, andhalite. These zones were judged to have permeabilitiestoo low for measuring with the available equipment.
Phase-Ia testing of the Culebra dolomite alsooccurred at the second stop point, albeit after the holewas reamed. The results of the Phase-I testing of theCulebra, discussed later, indicated the need for additional testing before Phase-II drilling.
33
The third stop point was at the top of the CastileFormation, to allow for testing the overlying SaladoFormation. The first zone tested in the Salado Formation extended from 2196 to 2308 ft deep and includedMarker Beds 138 and 139 as well as the WIPP facilityhorizon (see Table 3-2). This zone was selected because of the pressurized gas and brine occurrencesnoted in the 50-ft coreholes into the roof and floor ofthe facility (US DOE, 1983). The bulk of the Saladoand the Salado-Castile contact was also tested overthe interval from 1041 to 3095 ft deep. This intervalwas tested to determine whether there were significant pressure-producing zones within the Salado. Because no such zones were detected, no further testswere performed in the Salado.
The fourth stop point was at the final total depthof the hole (4325 ft), -254 ft into the Bell CanyonFormation; it allowed for testing portions of the upperBell Canyon and the Castile Formation. This stoppingpoint was selected because it was beneath the typicalstopping point for gas exploration drilling in the BellCanyon and extended about the same distance intothe Bell Canyon as Hole Cabin Baby-l (Beauheim etal., 1983). Hence, the same Bell Canyon zones thatwere tested in Cabin Baby-l could be tested in DOE-2.Evaluation of core and geophysical logs indicated atotal lack of open fractures in the Castile and very lowpermeability. Thus, testing in the Castile was deemedunwarranted. The Bell Canyon test intervals andunits of interest in DOE-2 were: the Hays sandstone,from 4220 to 4325 ft deep; the Olds sandstone, from4177 to 4218 ft deep; and the Ramsey sandstone, from4138 to 4180 ft deep (see Appendix F for relationshipbetween test intervals and detailed lithology). TheLamar limestone, which was tested in Cabin Baby-I,was not tested in DOE-2 because examination of thecore indicated very low permeability.
All intervals listed above and in Table 4-1 areactual, tested intervals, i.e., the intervals betweenstraddle packers or between a single packer and thebottom of the hole. As the individual tests are summarized in Section 4.5, differences between the estimatedproducing thicknesses and the total tested thicknesseswill be discussed.
4.3 Test MethodsA variety of testing methods were used at DOE-2
because both saturated and unsaturated media weretested and because permeabilities ranging over six
34
orders of magnitude were encountered. A constanthead borehole-infiltration test was attempted in theunsaturated Dewey Lake Red Beds. For the saturatedintervals to be tested, drill-stem tests (DSTs), risinghead "slug" tests, pressure-pulse tests, and pumpingtests were selected as the most appropriate means ofquantifying hydraulic properties.
4.3. 1 Constant-Head BoreholeInfiltration Tests
Constant-head borehole-infiltration tests, as described by Stephens and Neuman (1980), involve isolating a zone to be tested above a water table withinflatable packers, then applying a constant fluidpressure to the zone and monitoring the rate of waterflow into the formation. Where the unsaturated stratato be tested overlie a relatively impermeable layerrather than a water table, the same type of test may besuitable, depending on whether steady-state flow conditions are reached before boundary effects from theimpermeable layer come into play. If boundary effectsbegin to influence the data before steady-state conditions are reached, observation wells are required tointerpret the response.
When a constant-head borehole-infiltration testbegins, the flow rate into the formation will be relatively high as the rock around the borehole begins tosaturate. At this time, flow is largely horizontal because the strongest gradient is oriented normal to theaxis of the borehole. With increasing time and saturation, the flow rate decreases and downward verticalflow becomes increasingly important. As the horizontal area of saturation widens, the area over whichvertical flow occurs also increases. When the downward vertical flow balances the horizontal flow, steadystate is reached and the flow rate stabilizes. Thestabilized flow rate can then, in theory, be used tocalculate the saturated permeability of the formation.
In practice, complete stabilization of the flow ratecan take an unreasonably long time. Stephens andNeuman (1980) determined that when flow rate wasplotted vs the inverse of the square root of flow time, astraight line would eventually develop that could beextrapolated to infinite time. The flow-rate interceptat infinite time corresponds to the saturated flow ratewithin -10%. In the field, this plotting technique canbe used to determine when a valid extrapolation canbe made and the test terminated, reducing total testtime by one or more orders of magnitude.
Table 4-1. DOE-2 Test Summary
TestInterval Pressure Start End
Depth Transducer Test Start End Before Pressure Pressure qr*Zone Lithology (ft) Depth (ft) Test Date Time Time Test (psia) (psia) (psia) (BPD)
Dewey Lake siltstone/ 539-641 53.8 Constant- 9/14/84 02:08 03:08 0.009claystone Head
Forty-niner siltstone/ 664-686 644.4 FFU 10/15/84 10:37:54 11:38:10 176.3' 7.3' 8.4' 0.16claystone/ FBU' 10/15/84 11:38:18 21:07:00 17.4' 175.2'anhydrite/ Slug 10/15-16/84 21:12:05 08:15:00 175.2' 14.7' :31.8'gypsum
Magenta dolomite 700-722 680.9 FFL 10/13/84 16:29:08 17:22:20 184.1' 7.0\ 9.1' 0.08FBU 10/13-14/84 17:22:29 05:15:00 18.8\ 188.9'
Slug 10/14-15/84 09:18:40 08:45:00 174.7' 6.9\ 41.8'
Tamarisk clay/ 796-817 776.3 FFL/Slug 10/12-13/84 22:09:40 09:38:30 271.4' 122.0\ 112.2'siltstone/ FBU 10/13/84 09:39:10 12:35:00 136.2' B3.7'anhydrite/gypsum
Culebra(1) dolomite 824-846 804.8 FFL 10/12/84 12:32:05 12:39:00 178.0' 61.6' 102.0\ 54.0FBU 10/12/84 12:39:15 13:00:40 103.9' 175.6t
SFL' 10/12/84 13:01:10 13:08:25 175.6' 107.1' 140.0' 41.8SBU' 10/12/84 13:08:30 16:00:35 142.0' 187.2'Slug 10/12/84 16:01:17 16:52:00 187.2' 47.3' 186.4'
Culebra(la) dolomite 824-846 8101 Pumping 2/19-3/12/85 17:00:00 17:00:00 197.1' 197.1' 65.6' 213Recovery 3/12-13/85 17:00:00 10:00:00 65.6' 196.6'
Rustler- claystone/ 945-967 925.6 FFL/Slug 10/11-12/84 19:00:55 09:00:00 384.7' 103.9' 93.6'Salado siltstone/
halite FBU 10/12/84 09:20:00 09:30:00 348.8' 347.2'
MB 138-139 halite/ 2195- 2176.94 FFL 5/19/85 10:20:15 10:41:00 988.4 241.0 243.1 0.37anhydrite/ 2309 FBU 5/19-20/85 10:41:00 10:00:09 243.1 445.6clay
Salado halite/ 1040- 1022.33 Pulse 1 5/21/85 14:18:15 23:55:00 308.8 181.9 266.2anhydrite 3095 Pulse 2 5/22/85 00:12:30 14:00:02 267.1 405.7 309.3
Ramsey sandstone/ 4138- 4120.57 FFL 7/12/85 08:55:38 09:19:50 1825.0 270.5 285.1 5.31shale 4180 FBU 7/12/85 09:19:50 12:11:38 285.1 1783.3
SFL 7/12/85 12:12:04 13:27:10 1783.3 287.7 324.1 4.49SBU 7/12/85 13:27:10 19:01:44 343.3 1765.0Slug 7/12-14/85 19:02:10 07:10:07 1765.0 326.0 1114.0
Olds sandstone/ 4177- 4159.19 FFL 7/26/85 08:14:55 08:29:50 1875.6 127.5 141.6 6.60shale 4218 FBU 7/26/85 08:29:50 12:29:52 141.6 1848.7
SFL 7/26/85 12:30:15 13:00:13 1848.7 143.2 164.1 5.51SBU 7/26-27/85 13:00:13 08:47:50 164.1 1843.0Slug 7/27-29/85 08:48:22 07:10:23 1843.0 165.6 980.4
Hays sandstone 4220- 4206.31 FFL 7/18/85 18:04:00 18:15:06 1872.2 198.9 564.2 2774325 FBU 7/18-19/85 18:15:06 07:37:39 832.9 1846.8
SFL 7/19/85 07:38:07 07:58:25 1846.8 581.8 1011.4 165SBU 7/19/85 07:58:25 12:24:06 1175.9 1838.7Slug 7/19/85 12:24:30 16:40:11 18:J8.7 194.2 1775.8
'q, ~ final flow rate, in barrels per daytpsig; psig "" psia - 10.5tbelow top of casing'FFL ~ first flow period'FBU ~ first buildup period3SFL ~ second flow period'SBU ~ second buildup period
35
4.3.2 Drill-Stem Tests (DSTs)DSTs (and slug and pressure-pulse tests) require
m~unt~nga packer as~emblyat the bottom of a tubingstrmg m the hole to Isolate the interval to be tested.For a test of the lower portion of the hole, a singlepacker may be used. To test a discrete zone in a holerequires a straddle-packer arrangement. Other necessary equipment includes a shut-in tool to isolate thetest interval from the tubing, transducers readingpressures above, between, and below the packers, anda data-acquisition system (DAS). Instrumentationspecifications are discussed below.
The first step in a DST is to select the interval tobe tested. The packer separation, or straddle, is thenadjusted to correspond to the interval thickness. Next,the packer assembly, including transducers, is runinto the hole to the desired depth and the packers areinflated. The test interval is then shut in (isolatedfrom the tubing above), and the fluid in the tubingabove the tool is swabbed out while the pressure in thetest interval stabilizes.
The various phases of a drill-stem test describedbelow are depicted schematically in Figure 4-1. Theactual DST begins with opening the shut-in toolwhich allows the water in the isolated interval to ente;the tubing. Because of the large pressure differentialnormally existing between the evacuated tubing andthe isolated interval, water under the initial staticformation pressure flows toward the borehole and upthe tubing string. This is the first flow (FFL) period(Figure 4-1). This period begins with a drop in pressure from static (shut-in tool closed) to a pressurecorresponding to the weight of the water remaining inthe tubing (after swabbing) above the transducer. Aswater rises up the tubing string, the pressure exerteddownward on the isolated interval increases, reducingthe pressure differential and thus the flow rate.
/PRE-TEST STATIC PRESSURE
~ rr(:··············! ~ ~g:
~'SFLII~IFFLI
"-- SLUG
ElAPS£O TIME
When the flow rate has decreased by -10% to20 % from its initial value, the shut-in tool is closedstopping the flow of water up the tubing. This is th~beginning of the first pressure buildup (FBU) period.The pressure in the test interval, which had droppedbecause of the FFL, builds back up toward the staticformation pressure now that the interval is once againisolated. Initially, the pressure builds up rapidly because of the differential between the pressure in thetest interval at the end of the FFL and that in thesurrounding formation. As this pressure differentialdecreases, the rate of pressure buildup decreases. Onan arithmetic plot of pressure vs time, the pressure"bends over" and starts to level out (Figure 4-1). Thelonger the FBU is allowed to run, the more definitivethe data become, and conditions become more idealfor the start of the second flow period. In practicalterms, the FBU should generally last at least fourtimes as long as the FFL. In very low permeabilityformations, an FBU duration more than 10 times aslong as the FFL may be necessary.
Following the FBU, the shut-in tool is reopened toinitiate the second flow (SFL) period. Because thewater level in the tubing will not have changed sincethe end of the FFL, a pressure differential will existbetween the test interval and the tubing. The SFLtypically lasts longer than the FFL, again until theflow rate decreases by 10% to 20%. At the conclusionof the SFL, the shut-in tool is closed and the secondbuildup (SBU) period begins. Like the FBU, the SBUcontinues until the pressure starts to "level out." Aswith the FBU, the data become more definitive thelonger the SBU continues, and conditions improve forthe next phase of testing. These four periods-theFFL, FBU, SFL, and SBU-generally constitute asingle complete DST.
4.3.3 Slug TestsAfter the second buildup of the DST, and while
the shut-in tool is still closed, the fluid is swabbed outof the tubing to allow a rising-head slug test. A risinghead slug test is performed in exactly the same manner as the DST flow periods, except that the test is notterminated after the flow rate changes by 10% to20%. Ideally, the slug test should continue until theinitial pressure differential has decreased by 80% to90%. Practically, 40% recovery is generally adequateto define the shape of the recovery curve, particularlyif log-log plotting techniques are used (Ramey et al.,1975).
Figure 4-1. Components of a Drill-Stem Test and Slug Test
36
4.3.4 Pressure-Pulse TestsPressure-pulse tests come in two varieties: pulse
withdrawal and pulse-injection. For either type, thetest interval is first shut in and the pressure allowed tostabilize. The tubing string is either swabbed for apulse-withdrawal test or filled to the surface (or otherwise pressurized) for a pulse-injection test. The shutin tool is then opened only long enough to transmit theunderpressure (pulse-withdrawal) or overpressure(pulse-injection) to the test zone. In practical terms, ittypically takes -1 min to open the tool, to verify overseveral pressure readings that the pressure pulse hasbeen transmitted, and to close the tool. The dissipation of the resultant pressure differential between thetest zone and the formation is then monitored for theactual test. As with a slug test, the pressure differential should be allowed to decrease by 80 % to 90 %.However, pressure-pulse tests proceed much morerapidly than slug tests because equilibration is causedby compression of fluid rather than by filling a volumeof tubing. Hence, attaining 80 % to 90 % recovery isgenerally practical during a pressure-pulse test.
4.3.5 Pumping TestsPumping tests are performed by isolating the
interval to be tested in a borehole, lowering a pumpinto the hole, and pumping water from the formationat a nominally constant rate while monitoring thedecline in water level or pressure in the pumped welland in any nearby available observation wells. Durations of pumping periods vary greatly, primarily as afunction of what volume (or areal extent) of the aquifer one wishes to test. Following the pumping period,the recovery (rise) of water levels or pressures in thewells is monitored, typically through at least 95 %recovery.
4.3.6 Isolation VerificationPressures above and below the tested interval are
monitored during all tests to detect any leakagearound packers or other types of flow into or out of thetest interval from/to above or below. Slow, uniformpressure changes of a few psi above and below the testinterval are not uncommon because borehole fluidsmay seep into the adjacent formations or formationfluids may flow into relatively underpressurized intervals of the borehole. Abrupt, higher magnitude pressure changes may indicate faulty packer seats or othermalfunctions.
Even when inflated to 2000 psi above ambientpressures, however, packers exhibit a degree of compliance, or "give." Because some shut-in tools require
an up-or-down movement of the tubing string withseveral tons of force, packers may shift very slightlyupward or downward during these movements. In anisolated interval of the borehole, such as below thebottom packer, the increase or decrease in volumecaused by the packer compliance is translated into adetectable pressure change. Packer-complianceeffects should not be confused with pressure changeshaving other causes. Differentiation is possible because packer compliance typically causes abrupt pressure changes at the time of tool movements or afterpacker inflation, followed by a return to the predisturbance pressure, whereas packer leaks or bad sealsusually result in continuous pressure changes orequilibration between test-interval pressure and annulus or bottomhole pressure.
4.4 InstrumentationFour different sets of instrumentation were used
during DOE-2 testing: one set during the Phase-Itesting of the Dewey Lake Red Beds, a second setduring the Phase-I testing of the Rustler Formation athird set during the Phase-Ia testing of the Culebradolomite, and a fourth set during the Phase-II andPhase-III testing of the Salado and Bell Canyon Formations. The fourth set of instrumentation whichused quartz-crystal transducers, produced the 'highestquality (high-resolution, low-noise) data.
NOTE: The use of brand names in this report isfor identification only, and does not imply endorsement of specific products by Sandia NationalLaboratories.
4.4. 1 Phase-I TestingThe Dewey Lake Red Beds
The downhole equipment for the Phase-Iconstant-head borehole-infiltration testing of theDewey Lake Red Beds consisted of a Baski airinflatable packer with a feed-through line for a transducer on 2.375-in. tubing. Two Bell and Howell CEC1000 strain-gauge transducers were strapped to thetubing, one connected to the zone below the packer bymeans of the feed-through line and the other measuring the pressure in the borehole annulus above thepacker. The uphole equipment consisted of a positivedisplacement Bean pump to supply pressure to thetubing, a CertainTeed water meter to measure theflow rate, an Ashcroft 0- to 100-psi pressure gauge tomeasure the injection pressure, a ball valve to controlthe backpressure, and a bypass line to divert the water
37
Figure 4-2. Dewey Lake Test Equipment Configuration
produced by the pump in excess of that which theformation could accept. Figure 4-2 is a schematicdrawing of the downhole and uphole instrumentation.
The transducers and other data-acquisitionequipment for the Phase-I Dewey Lake and Rustlertesting were provided by the USGS and are describedin detail by Basler (1983). A Validyne CD-19 carrierdemodulator amplifier provided ac excitation and avariable high-level output for the transducers. Datawere recorded with a Soltec VP-6723S strip-chartrecorder and an Esterline Angus PD2064 digital datalogger. A Validyne DB-199 digital barometer was usedto monitor and record barometric pressure. TheUSGS DAS is shown schematically in Figure 4-3. ADatel DVC-8500 voltage calibrator was used to verifycalibration of recorders and digital meters. Transducer calibration was performed before and after eachinstallation with a Chandler 23-1 dead-weight tester.
SOLTEC VP-6723S ESTERLINE ANGUSSTRIP-CHART PD2064 DIGITAL
RECORDER DATA LOGGER
----- -----VALIDYNE CD19 VAllDYNE DB-199CARRIER DEMODULATOR DIGITAL
AMPLIFIER BAROMETER
POWER TO! fMILLIVOLTNSDUCERS OUTPUT
WIRELINES
TRA
Figure 4-3. USGS Data-Acquisition System
4.4.2 Phase-I TestingThe Rustler Formation
For the Phase-I drill-stem testing of the RustlerFormation, the downhole equipment consisted of aBaski straddle-packer DST tool and three Bell andHowell CEC 1000 strain-gauge transducers. The DSTtool consisted of two air-inflatable packers separatedby a perforated spacing shroud, with a section of blankpipe containing an air-inflatable shut-in packer setabove the upper straddle packer (Figure 4-4). Thisentire assembly was lowered to the desired test depthon 2.375-in. tubing. The DST tool has feed-throughfittings for inflation lines for the three packers, andfor pressure-transmittal lines from the zone beneaththe lower packer and from the straddled interval tothe transducers, which were strapped to the tubingjust above the DST tool. A third transducer, whichmeasured the wellbore annulus pressure above theupper packer, was also strapped to the tubing. Eachtransducer was connected to the DAS at the surface(described in Section 4.4.1) with a separate wireline.
TOB&H CEC 1000STRAIN-GAGE
TRANSDUCERS
NOTTO SCALE
...~... T.D.
BASKI PACKER
2-3/8 inTUBING
=ANNULUS iTRANSDUCER
f- ------- ~::~S:T10N SYSTEM-- --------! VALVEI PRESSURE: GAGEI
:
RUSTLER
TEST ·INTERVALTRANSDUCER
DEWEY LAKE
=.~
PRESSUREREGULATOR
COMPRESSEDNITROGEN
38
Figure 4-4. Baski DST Tool
4.4.3 Phase-Ia Testing-The Culebra Dolomite Member
For the Phase-Ia pumping test of the Culebradolomite, the downhole equipment consisted of a 3-hpRed Jacket 32BC pump suspended below a Baski airinflatable packer on 2.375-in. tubing, with two Druck
PACKER-INFLATIONdLINES T
WIRELINE TO DAS
BOTTOM-HOLETRANSDUCER
SHORT NIPPLE
PACKER-INFLATIONLINE
TOP PACKER
COUPLER
PACKER-INFLATIONLINE---.!J-'
NOT TO SCALE
II H't'l =~WIRELINES TO DAS
ANNULUSTRANSDUCER
._____PACKER-INFLATIONLINE
,....--TEST-INTERVALI TRANSDUCER
2-3/8 In TUBING
ADAPTOR
NIPPLE
';~ADAPTOR
CONNECTOR WITH HOLESFOR WATER PASSAGE
PACKER-INFLAnONLINE
FLUID PORTS
SPACERS
/BOTTOM PACKER
~~ -TRANSDUCERFEED-THROUGH LINE
_NOSE CONE
PDCR-10 strain-gauge transducers strapped to thetubing above the packer (Figure 4-5). One transducermeasured the pressure below the packer by means of afeed-through line through the packer; the second measured the pressure in the wellbore above the packer. AO.25-in. nylon line for collecting fluid samples was teedoff from the main discharge line just above the pumpand fed through the packer to the surface. A Lyneswater-inflatable resettable bridge plug was set belowthe Culebra to seal off the lower portion of the hole.The uphole equipment consisted of a Rockwell flowmeter, and of a pressure gauge and a ball valve tomaintain adequate backpressure on the flow meter.
The DAS at the surface for the Phase-Ia testingconsisted of Tektronix PS503A dual power supplies toprovide power to the transducers, a Hewlett Packard(HP) 3495A signal scanner for channel switching, anHP3456A digital voltmeter (DVM) to measure thetransducer output, an EDC-501J programmable voltage standard to verify the accuracy of the DVM, anHP9845B desktop computer for system control, andHP9885M and S floppy disk drives for data storage(Figure 4-6). The HP3456A DVM and the EDC-501Jare calibrated by the Sandia Standards Laboratoryevery 6 months. The transducers were calibrated inthe field using a Heise gauge before installation in thewell. The data-acquisition software was written and ismaintained by Sandia. Additional information on thisDAS can be found in INTERA Technologies andHydroGeoChem (1985).
At the H-5b and H-6b observation wells (Figure2-1), Baski air-inflatable packers were set in the wellcasing above the Culebra to minimize wellborestorage effects during the testing. Druck PDCR-10strain-gauge transducers measured pressures in theCulebra intervals by means of feed-through linesthrough the packers. Additional transducers measured pressures in the wellbores above the packers.The DASs used were identical to that at DOE-2,except that at H-5b, no HP9845B computer was available. Millivolt output from the H-5b transducers wasread manually from the HP3456A DVM and enteredinto log books. The data were converted to pressuresafter hand-entry into computer files.
39
SNLCAS
(Figure 4·8)
COMPRESSEDNITROGEN
PACKER·INFLATIONLINE
WIRELINES
ANNULUSTRANSDUCER
TohLIZINGFLOW METER
PRESSUREGAGE
SAMPLELINE
~7-7/8In
OPENHOLE
TEST·INTERVALTRANSDUCER
TRANSDUCERFEED.THROUGH _"---~'TIT
LINE
PUMP INTAKE
NOT TO SCALE
::... ::M~
0 ::..... m ::.. ci ..,ill
~::~..0>
LYNES BRIDGE PLUG
T.D.
Figure 4-5. Culebra Pumping Test Equipment Configuration
HP-9845BCOMPUTER
Hp-3456ADIGITAL
VOLTMETER
HP-9885M & SDUAL FLOPPYDISK DRIVES
EDC-501JPROGRAMMABLE
VOLTAGE STANDARD
HP-3495ASCANNER
SIGN~OUTPUT~
TEKTRONIXPS503A POWER
SUPPLIES
§pOWER~EXCITATIONINPUT
WIRELINES
40
TO DRUCK PDCR-10STRAIN-GAGE
TRANSDUCERS
Figure 4-6. Sandia Data-Acquisition System
REAL·TlMEDATA PLOTTING
REAL-TIMEDATA LISTING
EPSON LX-80OR Hp·2225APRINTER
HP-9872PLOTTER
DATA.ACQUISITION PROGRAM
DATA STORAGE
l:::::="Hp-85
COMPUTER
Figure 4-8. BPT DST Data-Acquisition System
HP-3497A DATAHp·5316A I-----f ACQUISITION/CONTROL
UNIVERSAL UNIT OR HP-59306ACOUNTER RELAY ACTUATOR
the transducers to the DAS at the surface. For tests ofthe lower portion of the hole, the bottom packer wasremoved and the tool was run in a single-packerconfiguration. The hydrological test tool was loweredto the desired test depth on 2.375-in. tubing.
The DAS used with the BPT tool consisted of aBPT SC-2 interface unit linking the transducers withthe rest of the system, an HP5316A universal counterthat measured the frequencies of the current pulsessent by the transducers, an HP59306A relay actuatoror an HP3497A data acquisition/control unit for channel switching, an HP85 computer with tape drive forsystem control and data recording, an Epson LX-80 orHP2225A printer for real-time listing of the data, andan HP9872 plotter for real-time plotting of the data(Figure 4-8). The quartz-crystal transducers were calibrated by BPT before being sent to the field. Thetransducer calibration coefficients were entered intothe data-acquisition program for automatic data conversion to pressure and temperature before recording.The data-acquisition software was written and ismaintained by G-Tech Corp. of Houston.
PACKER ELEMENT
ELEMENT CONNECTOR
~ 2-3/8 in TUBING
~ ..-/ CROSS·OVER SUB
CIRCULATING VALVE(BALL BAR SLEEVE)
~CROSS-OVERSUB
~ ~ SHUT·IN TOOL2.87 II CLOSED3.2211 OPEN
CROSS·OVER SUB
SENSOR CARRIER
L-+ 11el-J----- P3
-:::-::.---+-''''''L_-- TRIPLE TRANSDUCER
_______________ SAFETY JOINT
"J" SLOT TOOL1.37 II THROW
ELEMENT CONNECTOR
PACKER ELEMENT
1-4LHL-Il-I~ELEMENTCONNECTOR
'Tttt-fl-l_-_STAINLESS STEEL TUBING
u __--P2
00 MANDRIL
WIRELINE
FLUID PORTS
P1
4.4.4 Phases-II and -III TestingThe Salado and Bell CanyonFormations
For the Phase-II and Phase-III drill-stem, slug,and pressure-pulse testing of the Salado and BellCanyon Formations, the downhole equipment wassupplied by Baker Production Technology (BPT; formerly Lynes, Inc.). This consisted of a BPT hydrological test tool comprised of two water-inflatable straddle packers, spacers, a circulating valve, a shut-in tool,a J -slot tool used for packer inflation and deflationvarious crossovers, and a sensor carrier containin~three quartz-crystal pressure-temperature transducers (Figure 4-7). The transducers are ported throughthe tool to the hole below, between, and above thepackers. A seamless, stainless-steel wireline connected
STAINLESS STEEL TUBING ---_'"T""t1""""""1.______________SPACERS
ELEMENT CONNECTOR
NOTE:P1 IS PRESSURE BELOW THE TESTED INTERVAL;P2 IS PRESSURE IN THE TESTED INTERVAL;P3 IS PRESSURE IN THE WELL ANNULUS ABOVETHE TESTED INTERVAL.
Figure 4-7. BPT DST Tool
41
4.5 Test SummaryPortions of four formations were tested in DOE-2:
the Dewey Lake Red Beds and the Rustler, Salado,and Bell Canyon Formations. A summary of the testsperformed is presented in Table 4-1. All test data arecontained in INTERA Technologies (1986).
4.5. 1 Dewey Lake Red BedsTesting of the Dewey Lake Red Beds began Sep
tember 13, 1984, and concluded September 14, 1984(Table 4-1). The original test zone selected was thelower Dewey Lake from 490 ft deep to the bottom ofthe hole at 641 ft, -2 ft into the Rustler Formation.When a good packer seat could not be obtained at 490ft, the packer was moved down to where the holebecame slightly smaller. The final test interval wasfrom 539 to 641 ft.
The Dewey Lake constant-head boreholeinfiltration test was originally set up with a pump tosupply a constant pressure and a totalizing flow meterto measure the flow rate into the formation (Figure4-2). This meter required a minimum of 0.25 gal/min(gpm) of flow to make the internal turbine turn. Whenit became apparent that the formation would notaccept fluid at that rate, the pump and flow meterwere removed from the system. The injection-systemconnections were removed from the tubing string, andthe tubing was filled to the top, -7 ft above groundsurface. As the fluid level dropped in the tubing, waterwas added from a graduated cylinder every 10 to 20min to maintain a constant head on the system.
After one hour, a total of 58 mL of water had beenadded to the tubing. The test was terminated at thistime for two reasons: (1) at an apparent inflow rate of-1 mL/min, even a very small leak somewhere in thesystem could introduce a very large error in the flowmeasurement; and (2) because of the low observedinitial infiltration rate, the difficulty of saturating anunknown volume of rock, and an anticipated declininginfiltration rate as saturation approached, continuingthe test until reaching steady-state conditions wasdeemed impractical.
42
The observed low inflow rate was taken as anindication that the permeability of the lower DeweyLake is low enough to rule out the lower Dewey Lakeat DOE-2 as a significant transport pathway in theevent of a repository breach. Further quantification ofthe lower Dewey Lake hydraulic properties wasdeemed unwarranted.
4.5.2 Rustler FormationSix sets of tests were conducted in the Rustler
Formation in two phases: (1) the Phase-I testing ofthe Forty-niner Member, the Magenta DolomiteMember, the Tamarisk Member, the Culebra Dolomite Member, and the unnamed member and RustlerSalado contact; and (2) the Phase-Ia testing of theCulebra.
Forty-niner Member COST 664-686)-The Fortyniner Member was tested between the depths of 664and 686 ft, an interval containing all the clay andsiltstone within the Forty-niner (670.0 - 680.9 ft) aswell as gypsum and anhydrite above and below. Testing of the Forty-niner was performed October 15 and16, 1984 (Table 4-1), and comprised one flow periodlasting 60 min, one buildup period lasting 569 min,and a slug test lasting 663 min (Figure 4-9).
The apparent pressure response to testing wassomewhat erratic. A relatively high degree of noise issuperimposed on the pressure trends for all threetransducers shown in Figure 4-9. The noise is significant because the low permeability of the unit did notalways allow incremental changes in the pressure signal to be of a magnitude greater than that of the noise.
Magenta Dolomite Member COST 700-722)-TheMagenta Dolomite Member was tested between thedepths of 700 and 722 ft. In total, the Magenta extendsfrom 698.7 to 722.4 ft deep (Table 3-2). Testing of theMagenta began October 13, 1984, and concluded October 15, 1985 (Table 4-1). The testing consisted of oneflow period lasting 53 min, one buildup period lasting713 min, and a slug test lasting 1406 min (Figure 4-10).
200.0 r--------------------------------,
160. 0
<.:l 120.0ina..
.:•Li• 81U~
a..
rPRE-TEST EQUILIBRATION
j'!.....
~(.~ ._ ....! :::::::.:::::
-FBU
. ·······1
rPRE~~~.~~ .~~~~~ ~.~~~...~~~.~~~.~ ............_ .
'-- ~RESSUREABOVE TEST INTERVAL
40.1l
.. ,.- .. ,
Start Dot.: IIII I511984Start Ii...: 1l9: IS: Illl
Elap.ed Ti •• in Minute.Linear-Lineor Sequence Plot
DDE-2/DST 664-686/FDRTY-NINER
Figure 4-9. Forty-niner Test Sequence Plot
.,::................................................. rPRESSURE BELOW TEST INTERVA.L.
'-..... . .168.11
2111.1l..---------=---=__----------------------,r PRE-TEST EQUILIB~~~I~~ ./" .......
~ 12ll.1l.-/ . .:........ ... '., '
.·\.:·~~ESSURE ABOVE TEST INTERVAL
Be.ll -FBU
4ll.1l
Start Date: 111/13/1984Start Ti_, lSoIlSoIlll
Elap••d Ti ... in Minut••Lin.ar-Linear Sequenc. PlatDOE-2/DST 71l1l-722/MAGENTA
Figure 4-10. Magenta Test Sequence Plot
43
All three transducers exhibited pressure trendsduring the Magenta testing that seemed to bear norelationship to the tests themselves (Figure 4-10).Often, these trends seemed to be parallel for all thetransducers. The last four hours of the buildup period,for example, were marked by declines in the pressuresmeasured by the transducers. These trends wereprobably caused by transducer "drift," i.e., anon-constant relationship between pressure-inducedstrain and transducer output. This drift could becaused by several factors. The fact that the drift of allthree transducers was nearly parallel indicates thatthe drift may have had a source in an overall systemproblem, perhaps in the power supply, rather than inthe individual transducers.
Tamarisk Member COST 796-817)-The Tamarisk Member was tested between the depths of 796 and817 ft, an interval containing all of the clay andsiltstone within the Tamarisk (798.3 - 804.9 ft, 811.3 811.9 ft deep), sandwiched between layers of gypsumand anhydrite. Testing of the Tamarisk began October 12, 1984, and concluded October 13, 1984 (Table
4-1). A drill-stem test comprising one flow period andone buildup period was attempted (Figure 4-11). Withthe test interval isolated from the tubing by a valve(shut-in) packer (Figure 4-4), the fluid was bailedfrom the tubing. The valve packer was deflated toinitiate the flow period, but no fluid entered thetubing. After 11.5 hr, the pressure had not risensteadily but had oscillated slightly and had suffered anet loss of -10 psi. Reinflating the valve packer tobegin the "buildup" period caused an immediate24-psi rise in pressure as the fluid in the test intervalwas compressed slightly. Over the subsequent 3-hr"buildup" period, the pressure again oscillated with anet loss of - 2.5 psi.
Culebra Dolomite Member, Phase-I (DST 824
846)-The Culebra Dolomite Member was tested between the depths of 824 and 846 ft, which includes allbut a fraction of the upper foot of the unit. Culebratesting took place October 12, 1984 (Table 4-1), andcomprised two flow periods of 7 min duration each,two buildup periods of 21 and 172 min duration, andone slug test lasting 51 min (Figure 4-12).
300.11.-----------------------------,
r PRE-TEST EQUILIBRATION
..2611.11
..........~ .
.·"'---PRES~~RE ~B~V~ ;~S~I~T~·~;~H .
rPRESSURE BELOW TEST INTERVAL_ .
'-' 220.0Vi"'-!;
•5•• 1811.0•L"'-
1411.11
11l1l·1l1l 240
r FFL
.
4811 120 9611
r FBU
~ , ...
1200
5t.art. Dat..: 111/12/19845t.art Ti".: 11: Illl: Illl
Elap••d Ti •• in Minut••Linear-L I near Sequenc. Plat.DOE-2/DST 196-811/TAMARlSl<
44
Figure 4-11. Tamarisk Test Sequence Plot
540.0 1""""""-------------------------------..,
440.0
~ 340.0D
C
eL~e: 240.0
a':
140.0
PRESSURE BELOW TEST INTERVAL
.......
I PRESSL!RE AB?VE TEST INTERVAL .
==;:=======~~---:-L FBU ~------, \::"SBU
PRE-TEST EQUILIBRATION . A./ '-SFL
I"-FFL
Start Date: 10/121 I 984
Start TiOle: 10: 16: 00
Elop••d Ti.e in MinutesL i neor-L i near Se9uence Plat
00E-2/0sT 824-846/CULE8RA
Figure 4-12. Culebra Test Sequence Plot
The pressure response during the Culebra testingwas very rapid. Following the flow periods, 99% recovery was attained within 10 seconds. During the slugtest, the pressure reached 100% recovery after -35mIn.
When the bottom straddle packer was inflatedbelow the Culebra as the test equipment was being setup, the packer expansion compressed the fluid below.This caused an immediate pressure rise, whichdecayed steadily during the Culebra testing (Figure4-12). This bottom-hole pressure decline neither influenced, nor was influenced by, the Culebra testing.
The pressure behavior exhibited during thesetests indicated that the well was closely connected to avery high-permeability and/or high-storage zone within the Culebra. Further testing, of a type capable ofplacing a larger stress on the Culebra, was warranted.A long-term pumping test was selected as the mostappropriate method of stressing the Culebra. Thisbecame the Phase-Ia testing, described in the following section.
Culebra Dolomite Member, Phase-Ia-A Culebrapumping test lasting exactly three weeks was conducted at DOE-2 from February 19 to March 12, 1985.About 187 900 gal were pumped over this period, at anaverage rate of -6.21 gpm (213 bpd). Pressures werealso monitored during the pumping period, and for 28days of recovery, at the nearest other Culebra wells,H-5b and H-6b. H-5b is -10 590 ft slightly south ofeast of DOE-2 , and H-6b is -10 150 ft slightly southof west of DOE-2.
DOE-2 Response
During the pumping period, the Culebra fluidpressure at DOE-2 drew down for the first severalhours and then oscillated between -60 and 65 psig forthe remainder of the test (Figure 4-13). The oscillationwas caused largely by flow-rate fluctuations, particularly early in the test, between -5.1 and 6.6 gpm.Following the pumping period, pressure recovery wasmonitored at DOE-2 for 17 hr, by which time 99.6%recovery had occurred.
45
DOE-2~-PUMPON
210 r---------,---------.,-----------.
180 f- -
150 f- -Cll
io
-
-
-
PUMPOFF~~
o 0 0 0 000 0 0 0 o 0 0 00
oo
::~
ui~ 120 f- 0enenwa:Q.
600400
Plot Start Time: 02/18/198515:003O:--------....I--------~----------Io 200
ELAPSED TIME, hours
Figure 4-13. Culebra Pumping Test Sequence Plot
H-5b Response
A plot of the pressure at R-5b during the DOE-2pumping test is presented in Figure 4-14. Noise in thedata obscures any uniform pressure trend and alsomakes it difficult to define a precise static pressurebefore the test. Additionally, while the pressure appears to have dropped during the pumping period, themaximum drawdown is only -0.4 psi. Furthermore,no actual recovery of pressure is evident after thepump was turned off.
H-6b Response
A log-log plot of the R-6b drawdown and recoveryresponse to the DOE-2 pumping test is presented inFigure 4-15. The maximum drawdown recorded wasonly 1.2 psi. With such a small magnitude of pressurechange, transducer noise "smeared" the pressure response visibly.
Unnamed Member and Rustler-Salado Contact
(DST 945-967)-The unnamed member of the Rustler, and the Rustler-Salado contact, were tested between 945 and 967 ft deep. The Rustler-Salado contact is at 960.9 ft (Table 3-2). The bottom 16 ft of theRustler Formation consist of claystone, while the upper 6 ft of the Salado consist of siltstone and halite.Testing of this zone began October 11, 1984, andended October 12, 1984 (Table 4-1).
Testing began by deflating the valve packer withthe tubing partially bailed to initiate a flow period(Figure 4-16). After one hour, no appreciable fluid hadentered the tubing, and the test was converted to along-term slug test. The flow period/slug test lasted atotal of 14 hours. The pressure oscillated slightlyduring this period, with a net loss of -11 psi. Thevalve packer was then reinflated to isolate the intervaland to see whether the pressure would build up. Thevalve-packer inflation caused an immediate pressureincrease of -255 psi as the water in the test intervalwas compressed. This pressure began to decay slowly,and the test was terminated.
46
78.5 r----y--------....,...----r---------r----------..,
78.0 ~_PUMP ON
-
78.0 ~
ali 78.5
iiia:::::l:gWa::Do
_PUMPOFF
oo
-
77.5 t- -
860480
Pial S~arl Time: 02115/198500:0077.0 L..-_......L. J.-__....I... ...I-. .....J
oELAPSED TIME, houl'l
Figure 4-14. H-5b Response to DOE-2 Pumping
46.00 r---------------r---------------....,
-PUMP 00 f--PUMP OFF
45.00
ClI...f
44.00
43.00
Plot Start Time: 02/19/1985 17:00:0C42.00 l..- .l-- .l--_-L__L- ---'L.-- ----' --'
0.000 200.0 400.0 600.0 800.0 1000. 1200.
El..APSED TIME. HOURS
Figure 4-15. H-6b Response to DOE-2 Pumping
47
35lU
420.0 r~.-:-:..-==:::::.....::::....:::::....:::....:-:-:.::-::;;~----------------------..' . .-J-=--: - -.. -----7.....,...-:R.E~S~R~ ~E~O~ TEST INTERVAL
." 'l':'~~~~'~S~ EQUILIBRATION .
~ 290.0~c
c5c: 2HU<.
Cl.
1411.0
rPRESSURE ABOVE TEST INTERVAL
Start Date: Hl/11/19B4Start 11..., 13:33:00
Elapsed Tillis in Minutes
Linear-Linear Se9uenc8 Plot
DOE-2/051 945-967/RUS1LER-SALAOO
Figure 4-16. Rustler-Salado Test Sequence Plot
4.5.3 Salado FormationTwo sets of tests were conducted in the Salado
Formation, one set covering the interval from slightlyabove Marker Bed 138 to slightly below Marker Bed139, which includes the repository horizon, and another set spanning essentially the entire Salado.
Marker Beds 138 to 139 COST 219S-2309)-Asection of the mid-Salado from 2195 to 2309 ft deepwas tested on May 19 and 20, 1985 (Table 4-1). Thisinterval included Marker Beds 138 and 139 and theintervening WIPP facility horizon. The testing consisted of a 21-min flow period followed by a 23.3-hrbuildup period (Figure 4-17).
During the testing of Marker Beds 138 to 139, thebottom-hole pressure initially dropped and then rosealmost 50 psi (Figure 4-17). This pressure responsewas probably not related to formation pressure because later testing of the entire Salado did not detect
48
pressures of this magnitude. Instead, the pressureresponse was probably caused by temperature changesthat exactly paralleled the pressure changes in theisolated interval (Figure 4-18). The drilling fluid andthe test equipment used in drilling DOE-2 were probably not in thermal equilibrium with the formationrock and fluid. A shut-in borehole interval in anextremely low-permeability medium such as halitebehaves, in the short term, as a closed system. Hence,when the temperature of the fluid dropped initially,probably as the fluid cooled the DST tool, the pressure dropped. Later, as the formation heated thedrilling fluid, the fluid pressure rose. Over a longerperiod of time, the pressure would have dissipatedthrough the lower Salado. Similar thermally inducedpressure responses have also been observed in testinglow-permeability crystalline rocks (Grisak et al.,1985). No temperature trends were evident in the testinterval (i.e., Marker Beds 138 to 139) data.
15111...---------------------------------...,18se r- -- '=..;.~.~~~.~~.~ ..~~.~~~ ;E~T·I~T~R~~L·
.~ PRESSURE ABOVE TEST INTERVAL12•• __ ----f................................................................ . . . . . . . . .
I.sef.-, --- ------ -.--.- --..- -
~ gee '--PRE-TEST EQUILIBRATION
75/11
e••j458
81.
15/11
_ ,._ ..
/"'-' "'-FBU
''-FFL
.L.-__~__~__~__~__~_---"""--_---"""--_---"'-+-_---"""--_-.-I
Start Dat.. 1lS/18/1985Start Ti_ 13& 3Il: IlIl
linear-Li ....ar~. PlotDOE-2/DST 2195-231l9/MB 138-139
Il 271l S41l 811l IIl8Il 135Il 16211Elapeed Ti_ in Minutea
1891l 21611 2438 271l1l
Figure 4-17. Marker Beds 138-139 Test Sequence Plot
81.30
81.25
81.20
81.15 u.0
81.10 uia::J
81.05l-e(a:w
81.00 a..:Ew
80.95I-
80.90
80.85
80.802160 2430 2700
Linear-Linear Sequence PlotDOE-212312-3095 SHUT-IN
1890162013501080
ELAPSED TIME. minutes
810540270
.~~::L~:::RE , .. ///.:::/::~~~,-_._._~~~~~/~:~:~:TtJ;/I r·... \-
'- ....-............ ~ PRESSURE..............- .1390 L......~..........'--'-~ .........~~~~_..........~~..........~~.......~...........~~~~_ ........._----.J
o
1440
1435·
1430
1425III'iii
1420Q.
uia: 1415:JC/)C/)w 1410a:a..
1405·
1400
1395-
Start Date: 05/18/1985Start Time: 13:30:00
Figure 4-18. Bottom-Hole Temperature and Pressure During Marker Beds 138-139 Testing
49
Salado Formation COST 1040-3095)-The entireSalado Formation (except for the upper 79 ft) and theupper 12 ft of the Castile Formation were tested in aninterval extending from a single packer at 1040 ft tothe bottom of the hole, 3095 ft deep. The tests wereperformed from May 21 to 22, 1985 (Table 4-1), andconsisted of a 9.5-hr pulse-withdrawal test followed bya 13.8-hr pulse-injection test (Figure 4-19). The primary objective of the tests was to determine whetherzones existed in the Salado that could cause pressurebuildups at the wellhead such as those observed atCabin Baby-1 and WIPP-12 (Mercer, 1987). The secondary objective of the tests was to obtain informationon bulk Salado hydraulic properties.
When the packer was inflated and the Saladointerval shut in, the interval was overpressurized relative to any expected Salado pressure. To relieve thisoverpressure, we partially swabbed the tubing, openedthe interval briefly to the tubing to drop the pressure,and shut the interval back in. In response, the testinterval pressure built up rapidly, then rolled over andbegan a slow, steady drop (Figure 4-19). This rollovereffect was caused by the dissipation of the pressureskin imparted to the Salado while the hole was openand filled with fluid. Formal testing began after therate of pressure decline had dropped to -2 psi/hr.
4.5.4 Bell Canyon FormationThree sets of tests were conducted in the Bell
Canyon Formation: tests of the Ramsey sandstone,the Olds sandstone, and the Hays sandstone. Thesesandstones are separated by siltstones/claystones oflower permeability that served as packer seats.
Ramsey Sandstone COST 4138-4180)-Based onan examination of geophysical logs, the most permeable portion of the Ramsey sandstone appears to be a28-ft section from 4144 to 4172 ft deep. This zone wastested in a straddled interval extending from 4138 to4180 ft deep. Tests were conducted from July 12 to 14,1985 (Table 4-1), and consisted of two flow periods of24 and 75 min duration, two buildup periods of 172and 335 min duration, and a 36-hr slug test (Figure4-20). The Ramsey tests were hindered by a partialshort circuit in the wireline connecting the transducers to the DAS. The short circuit led to occasionalperiods of meaningless data. This "noise" was filteredout, leaving visible gaps in the data presented inFigure 4-30. The analysis of the data, however, is notaffected by the malfunction.
/ PRESSURE ABOVE TEST INTE~~~~
650.....--------------------------------1~\'- SHUT-IN AND
600 f \ SWABBED
550 "',---- OPENED
500
450
25'1'1225'1200'1
Linear-Linear Sequence PlatODE-2/0ST 1'14'1-3B95/SALADO FM
17511
\............................~~.~~.~..~ ..
1'1'1'1 125'1 1511BElapeed Till. in Minut••
75'15llB2511
...........................rPRE-TEST EQUILIBRATION
f .I'-SHUT-IN
Start Oat.. '15/2'1/1985Start Tille: 22. '1'1. 00
200
250
400
:a00
:a50
Figure 4-19. Salado Test Sequence Plot
50
A sLUG\ '-SFL
'- FFL
.._-------_.....-'..-'....-.-'
..-
-SBU
/PRE-TES~r~(;;ION'C:~~~::::::~:::~~::=,~=
I
!FBU-f
2ilBIl
18811
1611111
141l1l
<iii 121l1lI>.
£• Il11l11l1
i 8811I>.
611111
411111
21111
111""-_.........-..-__........--'- ...... ""-_..................__........--'- ...... ""-_.........................._-'
St.art. Dat.e: 11711111985Start. Ti_ Ie. 2Il& IlIl
Linear-Linear Sequence Plot.[)(JE-2/OST 4138-418l1l/IW4SEY SS
Il Sill IIl20 IS38 2040 255Il 3Il6IlElapeed Ti_ in MinutM
3570 459il 511l1l
Figure 4-20. Ramsey Test Sequence Plot
Olds Sandstone (DST 4177-4218)-Based on anexamination of geophysical logs, the most permeableportion of the Olds sandstone appears to be a 30-ftsection from 4187 to 4217 ft deep. This zone was testedin a straddled interval extending from 4177 to 4218 ftdeep. Tests were conducted from July 26 to 29, 1985(Table 4-1), and consisted of two flow periods of 15and 30 min duration, two buildup periods of 240 and1188 min duration, and a 46.4-hr slug test (Figure4-21).
Hays Sandstone (DST 4220-4325)-Based on anexamination of geophysical logs, the most permeableportion of the Hays sandstone exposed in DOE-2appears to be the lower 100 ft, from 4225 to 4325 ftdeep. This zone was tested in a bottom-hole test usinga single packer set at 4220 ft, with the bottom of thehole at 4325 ft. Tests were conducted July 18 and 19,1985 (Table 4-1), and consisted of two flow periods of11 and 20 min duration, two buildup periods of 803and 266 min duration, and a 256-min slug test (Figure4-22).
51
25II1II["'.;:-----------------------------------.:'-SHUT-IN AND
225lIl fr-==S;;W;;A;;B~B;;;E::_D-----------.lC:-P-R-E-SS-U-RE-A-BO-VE-T_ES_T_I_N_T_E_RV_A_L _rOPENED
2lII8e / r PRE-TEST EQUILIBRATION
j
17Sl1l
ISl1l1l1
1258
IIl8ll
7Sl1l
25111
;1(<=i !
''-SHUT-IN ! ,FBU~: ~-SBU
FFL-' ~- SFL
'L. PRESSURE BELOW TEST INTERVAL
1lJL-+ -'- ......__.......... ......__....... -'- --' ........ '"-__,..J
5tcrt Dot.. 117/25119855tcrt Ti_ 14. 3lL lJll
Linear-Linear s.q.-.... PlotDOE-VDST 4177-4218/0UlS 55
II 5411 1ll8ll 162ll 21611 271111 32411Elapeed TiM in Minute.
3711ll 432ll 4B6ll 541111
Figure 4-21. Olds Test Sequence Plot
251111 ,..--------------------------------------,
22511
i rPRE-TEST EQUILIBRATION
~ , -~FBU ((.~~~ .
Li neo...-L i neo", Sequenca PIat00E-2/D5T 42211-4325/HAY5 55
2111111
17511
1511"
12511
1111111
7511
51111 I-FFL2511
II
II 1611 320 480
5tort Data: 117/18/19855to...t TI.: 14.40: llll
640 800 960Elopaad Ti_ in Minutea
.!
!
I-SFL
1120 1280 1440
, .. -
1600
52
Figure 4-22. Hays Test Sequence Plot
4.6 HydrogeochemicalSampling
A major objective of the DOE-2 testing programwas to obtain reliable fluid samples from the mostsignificant water-bearing units (units that could affectthe movement of radionuclides in the event of arepository breach). The fluid samples were to provideinformation on the fluid properties affecting flow,particularly specific gravity, as well as data on themajor and minor element chemistries of the fluids.
Fluid samples were ultimately collected from twohorizons in DOE-2: the Culebra Dolomite Member ofthe Rustler Formation, and the Hays sandstone of theBell Canyon Formation, the only two units encountered that possessed adequate permeability to makesampling practicable. The Culebra samples were collected by pumping; the Hays samples were collectedby swabbing. Other details of the sampling, and theresults, follow.
When sampling through steel tubing, some degreeof metals contamination of the samples is unavoidable. To lessen this contamination, all tubing wasthoroughly steam-cleaned with detergent to removerust scale before its introduction into the hole. ATeflon-based pipe dope was also used to lubricate allconnections.
4.6. 1 Culebra Dolomite FluidSampling
Ten sets of fluid samples were collected seriallyduring the Culebra dolomite pumping test, whichlasted from February 19 to March 12, 1985. The firstsamples were collected February 20, 1985; the finalsamples were collected March 12, 1985, after-184 000 gal had been pumped. The samples werecollected at the surface through a 0.25-in. nylon sample line, which was teed off from the main dischargeline just above the pump (Figure 4-5).
Each set of serial samples was analyzed in a fieldlaboratory trailer for some or all of the followingparameters: pH, Eh, temperature, specific gravity,alkalinity, chloride, divalent cations, ferrous iron, andferric iron. The final set of samples was collected nearthe end of the pumping test after alkalinity, chloride,and divalent cation concentrations had stabilized.The final samples were sent to the laboratories ofBendix Field Engineering Corp. in Grand Junction,Colorado for more complete analyses. Additional informatio~ on sampling procedures, instrumentation,and serial analyses is presented in Colton and Morse(1985), and Fischer (1985).
Results of the final field and laboratory analysesof the Culebra water are presented in Table 4-2. Theterminology of Back (1961) was used to classify theCulebra water as a sodium-calcium chloride-sulfatebrine. The water has a total dissolved solids (TDS)concentration of - 60 500 mg/L, a pH of 7.0, a specificconductance of -61000 J,Lmhos/cm, and a specificgravity of -1.04 at a temperature of 22°C.
4.6.2 Hays Sandstone FluidSampling
After completion of the Hays sandstone slug test,the Hays interval was cleaned by swabbing. A total of43 swabs, representing -11 000 gal, was pulled fromJuly 19 to 23, 1985. Eight sets of serial samples, plusthe final samples, were collected during swabbing. Foreach set of serial samples, some or all of the followingparameters were measured in the field: temperature,specific gravity, specific conductance, chloride, anddivalent cations. The final samples were collected onthe last swab, after specific gravity, chloride, anddivalent cation concentrations had stabilized according to the criteria established in Colton and Morse(1985), and were shipped to the laboratories of BendixField Engineering Corp. for more complete analyses.
53
54
Table 4-2. Solute Concentrations in Drillhole DOE-2 Groundwaters
Sample
Hays Sandstone Culebra DolomiteUnits DST 4220 - 4325a Pumping Testb
Field Determinations
Temperature °C 32.5c 20.7Eh mV 443pH std units 7.01Specific gravity 1.10d 1.04"Specific conductance JImhos/cm 120000d 61000Alkalinity (as HCOs) mg/L 67Chloride mg/L 89800f 32300Divalent cations meq/L 397 f 186
Laboratory Determinations
CationsCalcium mg/L 5910 1960Cesium mg/L <0.01 <0.007Lithium mg/L 5.8 0.47Magnesium mg/L 1330 1060Potassium mg/L 880 410Sodium mg/L 49600 18400Strontium mg/L 145 37.7
AnionsAlkalinity (as CaCOs) mg/L 39 54Bromide mg/L 251 33.5Chloride mg/L 89700 34600Fluoride mg/L 1.12 1.7Iodide JIg/L 6390 225Sulfate mg/L 2020 3950
Other ElementsBoron mg/L 53.8 15.6Iron mg/L 10.8 0.36Manganese mg/L 2.84 0.30Silicon (as Si02) mg/L 2.5 17.4
"Final sample collected on 43rd swab after -11 000 gal removedbSample collected after pumping -184 000 galcMeasured downholedMeasurement made on sample from 31st swab; water temperature = 27°C·Water temperature = 22°C~easurementmade on sample from 41st swab
Results of the serial sample measurements arepresented in Figure 4-23. Final field and laboratoryanalyses are presented in Table 4-2. The terminologyof Back (1961) was used to classify the Hays water as asodium-calcium chloride-sulfate brine. The water hasa TDS of -150 000 mg/L, a specific conductance of-120000 Ilmhos/cm, and a specific gravity of -1.10at a temperature of 27°C.
•
•
4.7 Present Well ConditionAfter completion of all Bell Canyon testing in
DOE-2, a production-injection packer (PIP) was setnear the base of the Castile Formation from 4051.6 to4057.1 ft deep. The 2.375-in. drill tubing was leftattached to the PIP and open to the interval below,forming an observation well completed through theupper Bell Canyon (Figure 2-4).
The Bell Canyon interval was cleaned by pulling22 swabs, representing almost 5800 gal, between July29 and 31, 1985. The specific gravity of the fluidremoved was monitored during swabbing, and swabbing was terminated when the specific gravity stabilized at 1.1. Over the subsequent months, the BellCanyon fluid rose up the tubing as a recovery responseto the swabbing. From November 1985, throughMarch 1986, the fluid level in the tubing changed verylittle, apparently stabilizing -384 ft below groundsurface, at an elevation of -3034 ft above sea level.The PIP was removed from DOE-2 on April 1, 1986.When the PIP was removed, a tight spot in the hole inthe upper Salado apparently stripped the rubbergland from the packer. The rubber remains in thehole. Complete recovery records for the Bell Canyoninterval were published in INTERA Technologies andHydroGeoChem (1985) and INTERA Technologies(1986).
While the PIP was in the hole, the annular spacebetween the tubing and the borehole wall functionedas an observation well completed across the entireSalado and Castile Formations. When the wellheadwas installed on DOE-2 on July 31, 1985, the annuluswas filled with brine to near the surface. When thewellhead was disassembled on April 1, 1986, the fluidlevel in the annulus was below the 200-m limit of awater-level probe, having apparently infiltrated intothe Salado and/or Castile.
After removal of the PIP, a BPT resettable bridgeplug was set in the casing from 868.6 to 873.2 ft deep.On April 2, 1986, the casing across the Culebra interval in DOE-2 was perforated with O.5-in. bullets, usingfour shots/ft between the depths of 822 and 848 ft.Henceforth, DOE-2 will serve as a Culebra observation well.
-
-
-
--
--
-
-
11,000
--
.-I
•
9000 11,000
I
•
•
•
I
7000
I
•
•
•
•
•
•
I
•
5000
I
•
•
I
3000
I
•
•
•
•
• •80 L--L._.L-'-l.._.L...-1......I._...L-I...,.I._....I·'L...-....I-·--l
12 I-
14 I-
18 "'--"""'-"T"'""l-r--'Ir--......--.,.....I-T""-"-,.....--
16 Ie-
10 L-....L.._1L.-·....L---J'_....L---l''--...._'L-....I--J
1000 3000 5000 7000 9000
400 ~
200 I-
300 I-
150 L-......._.L...-'.....I..._~I--L_....L.-'--"__1.-' ....--.1
250 I-
450
350 ~
120 I-
100 I-
•160 I-
1000180
140 I-
1.18 •
1.10
1.12
1.16
1.20 ,.....-.--..--~--r---r-.,....--.--.-.......- .....
1.14
~:;CIE:CIoiLoWQ.C/)
C/)Zo~C ...0-~Z'ZEw..Ic>i5
wQ
ir ...0..1 m:tU
wUE
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C/)z~
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VOLUME SWABBED, g81
Figure 4-23. Hays Sandstone Serial Sample Analyses
55
4.8 SummaryEleven stratigraphic intervals were hydrologically
tested in Drillhole DOE-2, using four different sets ofinstrumentation and three different data-acquisitionsystems. The highest-quality data were obtained byusing the BPT DST tool with quartz-crystal transducers. Test methods included constant-head boreholeinfiltration tests, drill-stem tests, slug tests, pressurepulse tests, and a pumping test. Units tested included(with increasing depth) the lower portion of theDewey Lake Red Beds, five members of the RustlerFormation (including the Rustler-Salado contact), theWIPP facility horizon and bounding anhydritemarker beds within the Salado Formation, the bulk ofthe Salado Formation, and three zones in the upperportion of the Bell Canyon Formation.
Water-quality samples were collected from theCulebra Dolomite Member of the Rustler Formationby pumping, and from the Hays sandstone of the BellCanyon Formation by swabbing. Both waters aresodium-calcium chloride-sulfate brines.
ReferencesBack, W. 1961. Techniques for Mapping of Hydrochemical
Facies. USGS Prof Paper 424-D (Washington, DC: USGPO), pp 380-82.
Basler, J. A. 1983. Instrumentation Used for HydraulicTesting of Potential Water-Bearing Formations at theWaste Isolation Pilot Plant Site in Southeastern NewMexico. USGS Open-File Report 83-144 (Washington,DC: US GPO), 29 pp.
Beauheim, R. L.; Hassinger, B. W; and Klaiber, J. A. 1983.Basic Data Report for Borehole Cabin Baby-1 Deepening and Hydrologic Testing, WTSD-TME-020 (Albuquerque, NM: US DOE).
56
Colton, I. D., and Morse, J. G. 1985. Water Quality Sampling Plan, WIPP-DOE-215. (Carlsbad, NM: USDOE, WIPP Project Office).
Fischer, N. T., ed. 1985. Ecological Monitoring Program Semiannual Report, January-June 1985,DOE/WIPP-85-002 (Carlsbad, NM: Waste Isolation Pilot Plant).
Grisak, G. K; Pickens, J. F.; Avis, J. D.; Belanger,D. W.; Thury, M.; and Schneider, A. 1985. "Principles of Hydrogeologic Investigations at Depth inCrystalline Rock," Proc Int Assn of Hydrogeologists Memoires 17(1):52-71 (Tucson, AZ, January7-12,1985).
INTERA Technologies and HydroGeoChem. 1985.WIPP Hydrology Program, Waste Isolation PilotPlant, Southeastern New Mexico, HydrologicData Report #2, SAND85-7263 (Albuquerque,NM: Sandia National Laboratories).
INTERA Technologies. 1986. WIPP Hydrology Program, Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, SoutheasternNew Mexico, Hydrologic Data Report #3,SAND86-7109 (Albuquerque, NM: Sandia National Laboratories).
Mercer, J. W. 1987. Compilation of Hydrologic DataFrom Drilling the Salado and Castile FormationsNear the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP)Site in Southeastern New Mexico, SAND86-0954(Albuquerque, NM: Sandia National Laboratories).
Ramey, H. J., Jr.; Agarwal, R. G.; and Martin, I. 1975."Analysis of 'Slug Test' or DST Flow PeriodData," J Can Pet Tech 14(3):37-47.
Stephens, D. B., and Neuman, S. P. 1980. Analysis ofBorehole Infiltration Tests Above the Water Table, Reports on Natural Resources Systems, No.35 (Tucson, AZ: U of Arizona), 211 pp.
US Department of Energy. 1983. Quarterly Geotechnical Field Data Report, October 1983, WIPPDOE-177 (Albuquerque, NM: WIPP Project Office).
APPENDIX A
Field Operations Plan of Sandia National Laboratories forWIPP Site Investigations of Drillhole DOE-2, Phase I
57-58
Field Operations Plan of Sandia National Laboratories
WIPP Site Investigations
DOE-2 Phase I
Exploratory Hole: DOE-2 Phase I
Purpose:
Prepared
To define the work necessary forinvestigating a depression in distinctstratigraphic markers, to gather additionalstratigraphic information, and characterizehydrogeochemically potential water-bearingzones in the Dewey Lake and RustlerFormations, including the Rustler-Saladocontact.
bY'~VIJ~ Sh.,/e+-~. M~cer, 7133 '
-,(JtJ~,Ldat'4 ZJiiii:;({W. D. Weart, 6330WIPP Project Manager
D. J. BQr s, 6331
??~.'~/84-by: L1/~ AJ ..~;_ ~hl/gLj~,6F "
.t~ f, ;j;yChief
by: ~.~~~#Jt.lH14 'I r l9+-R. D. Statler, 71 '
~'.'~
Approved
Reviewed
59
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
FIELD OPERATIONS CRITERIA
2. FIELD OPERATIONS PLAN
1
1
2.12.22.3
Organization and ResponsibilitiesSupporting DataDrilling Program
234
3. FIELD OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR QUALITY CONTROLREQUIREMENTS
3.1
3.23.33.43.53.6
Surface Location and DepthMeasurementsCoringTestingWater SamplingGeophysical LoggingCementing
141824323747
4. REPORTS
60
4.14.24.34.4
Daily ReportDaily Time LogHole HistoryMiscellaneous Records
50505051
INTRODUCTION
This document contains plans, procedures, and specifications
for the Phase I drilling and testing of an exploratory drill
hole, DOE-2. The recommended location for DOE-2 is 130' FEL,
700' FSL, Section 8, T22S, R3lE. The hole is located 700'
north of the WIPP site northern boundary.
The Phase I program for the exploratory hole will include
taking continuous core from a depth of 40 feet to a point to
include the Rustler-Salado contact at about 940 feet.
Formation tests, water sampling, and geophysical logs will be
conducted. The core will be logged, photographed, and packaged
at the well site, then retained in the WIPP core library.
FIELD OPERATIONS CRITERIA
This operations plan is based on scopes of work written by D.
J. Borns, 6331, to A. R. Lappin, 6331, on May 8, 1984, and by
D. D. Gonzalez, 6331, to W. D. Weart, 6330, on April 27, 1984.
Those scopes are reproduced in their entirety herein.
61
STATEMENT OF WORK FOR DOE-2.PHASE IICSTRATIGRAPHV AND STRUCTURE)
Sandia National Laboratorie.Albuquerque, New Mexico
62
Reviewed by.
Reviewed by.
Reviewed by.
Reviewed by.
/;\ (\~ ~~~ ~---------D.J. B .-6331
£~~-~-A. R. La~kfi-6331
~1-0/~ _o1fe~T~
date Kay 8, 1984
Sandia National LaboratoriesAlbuquerque, New MexIco 87185
to:
from:
subject:
~n-633~
D. J. Borns clt:31
statement of Work for DOE 2
References
Borns, J.D., L.J. Barrows, and D.W. Powers, 1983, Deformation of Evaporites Near the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) Site. with asection by R.P. Snyder, USGS, SAND82-1069 (Albuquerque, NM: SandiaNational Laboratories, February 1983).
Davies, P.B., 1983 (June 13), letter to L. Chaturvedi regarding the FC-92depression.
Gonzalez, D.O., 1983 (June 14), letter to A.R. Lappin regarding BellCanyon Hydro Test in the WIPP Vicinity.
Powers, D.W., S.J. Lambert, S.-E. Shaffer, L.R. Hill and W.D. Weart, ed.,1978, Geological Characterization Report, Waste Isolation Pilot Plant(WIPP) Site, Southeastern New Mexico, SAND78-1596, Vol. I and II(Albuquerque, NM: Sandia National Laboratories, 1978).
Introduction
Herein, we state the obj ectives, siting requirements, justification andmethods of study for a proposed drillhole. This document supplants twoearlier draft statements of work, July and September 1983. The purposesof this hole are to:
1. investigate a depression in distinct stratigraphic markers;
2. gather additionalFormation, Salado(DMG) .
informationFormation,
on the hydrology of the Rustlerand the Delaware Mountain Group
Hence, drilling will extend through the Castile. Also, since the proposedhole location is within the Disturbed Zone (Borns et aI, 1983), there isa possibility that a brine reservoir will be encountered in the upperCastile anhydrites. There may be an opportunity for further testing ofanother brine reservoir in addition to ERDA 6 and WIPP 12.
63
64
-2-
Objectives
o Determine the origin of the KB-139 depression as indicated by theWIPP 34 and FC-92 drillholes. Processes that may have produced thisstructure are irregular sedimentation, dissolution or gravity-driventectonics, e.g., halokinesis and gravity sliding.
o Evaluate the KB-139 depression and characterize, if present, thedeformation and flow structures in the Salado.
o Perform hydro-tests in the Rustler and Bell Canyon aquifers and produce a "whole-hole" test in which the Rustler and Bell Canyon aquifersare interconnected.
Siting Requirements
The recommended location for DOE 2 is as follows: 130'FEL; 700'FSL;Sec.8, R3lET22S (see Figure 1). Only the N-S coordinate may be varied±100' to accommodate pad siting and safety considerations. Such a decision may be made in the field. This location is in the SW corner of theintersection of the new North Access Road and the section boundary. Allconfigurations of the MB 124 depression, Powers et al (1978), Snyder (inBorns et aI, 1983) and Davies (1983), and FC-92 drillcore data are accommodated by this location (see Figure 2A-2F).
Davies (1983) has suggested that the possible presence of faults withinthe lower Castile and upper DMG in MB 124 depression area should beconsidered in hole location (see Figure 2A). Such deep structures wereoriginally inferred by Powers et al (1978) within the Bell Canyon sands,and were interpreted as being faults trending NW-SE. However, usinghigher resolution seismic lines, Barrows (in Borns et aI, 1983) does notmaintain this interpretation. Another set of faults, which trend NE-SW,in Anhydrite I are inferred from borehole data by Snyder (in Borns et aI,1983). The postulated trace of one crosses the MB 124 depression.
The trace of this "fault" and the Bell Canyon "fault" apparently intersectwithin the KB-124 depression near FC-92. However, this intersection doesnot alone justify a specific hole location. The original structureswithin Bell Canyon sands disappear in the later and more detailed seismicinterpretation. The postulated faults in Anhydrite I can only haveapproximated positions (± 100's of feet). Therefore, it would be impossible to locate a hole precisely at a projected fault intersection, evenif such existed. Conversely, if these faults are not intersected, thiscannot be taken as justification for additional drilling in the area. Thehole location is still determined basically by the shape of the MB-124depression and geophysical CSAMT constraints.
Justification of Hole
o Deformation and Deep Dissolution
Peter Davies (1983) has proposed that the MB 124 depression is evidence of deep dissolution in the WIPP vicinity. Such dissolution isassumed to occur at a rate that induces ductile flow in the halite
-3-
towards the point of dissolution/removal. Drill-core taken throu&hthe Salado will provide evidence for the presence or absence of suchflow structures. The removal of beds by dissolution can also beverified by observation of the core. Important features to observeare:
a. The presence or absence of dissolution residues (anomalouslythick clay zones) and breccias.
b. Departures from normal stratigraphic section.
c. Association of residues with fractured and water-bearing units.
o Hydrology of the Rustler Formation.
The Rustler aquifers and the Magenta and Culebra dolomites are critical units for the hydrogeologic characterization of the WIPP site.In this crucial area, a hole at the proposed location would allow usto quantify and define the potentiometric surfaces for fluid-bearingzones in the Rustler.
o Additional justifications as the hole is deepened through Castile andcompleted in the DKG.
a. Additional hydraulic characterization of the Bell Canyon in thearea is needed. The hole would be used to obtain static heads,hydrologic parameters and water quality data from the Bell Canyon,namely, its Hayes, Olds and Ramsey sands and Lamar Limestone.
b. The hole would allow a "whole-hole" test, in which the Bell Canyonand Rustler aquifers are intentionally interconnected and directions of fluid movement monitored (also see statement of work forCabin Baby recompletion, Gonzalez, 1983.)
c. The proposed site is within the disturbed zone (Borns et al,1983). Oriented core in Castile structures will permit determination of flow directions. Such data aid the ongoing study ofdeformation mechanisms, i.e., halokinesis vs. gravity sliding.
Also, there is a possibility of encountering a brine reservoir inthe castile. Brine reservoirs have been studied at WIPP 12 andERDA 6. Since this data base exists, it may be argued that further tests on a possible reservoir are not a primary purpose ofthe proposed hole. still, the level of sampling/testing of abrine reservoir that could be encountered must be defined inadvance. A brine-producing zone could be cased or packed off aswas done at WIPP 12 as drilling was completed to Anhydrite 1.Provisions, however, should be considered to allow mobilizationfor a reservoir test program, as contained in the WIPP 12 statement of work (Powers, 1981). Since a brine reservoir contingencytesting plan is being developed by J. Mercer (SNL, 7133), adetailed test plan for a brine reservoir encounter is notdeveloped in this document. Still, during the deepening ofDOE 2, provisions should be made for:
65
66
a. Drillers should be prepared for H2S and pressurized flow.
b. Comparison of DOE 2 brine reservoie to WIPP 12 and ERDA 6occurrences through determination of flow rate, downholepressure and major element chemistry, e.g., TnS.
c. Hole should be maintained in a conf iguration that permitslonger term hydraulic testing during Phase III, but someshort-term testing, e.g., may be required in the brinereservoir contingency plan at the time of encounter.
Methods
The tasks essential to this program are divided into three phases (inorder of completion):
I) Rustler Hydrology and Drilling
II) Drilling and core recovery from base of theRustler into the DMG.
III) Perform hydrology and other related tests inthe whole-hole.
This document is primarily a statement of work for Phase II. D.O. Gonzalez (6331) and J. Mercer (7133) will produce statements for Phase I andPhase III respectively. The proposed drilling for Phase II is (2-1/2" orgreater core acceptable, 4-1/2" preferred):
1. Drill continuous core across the Salado (-945-2515' below groundlevel) with oriented core at the following intervals:
o one barrel oriented core at ME 124 (-1705' below G.L.)
o one barrel oriented core across Cowden Anhydrite-Infra Cowdencontact at -2355' below G.L.
2. Drill continuous core across the Castile (-2515'-3800' belowG.L.) with oriented core from the following intervals:
o Anhydrite III-Halite II contact at -2815' below G.L.
o middle of Anhydrite II at -2880' below G.L.
2a. If a brine reservoir is encountered, some minimal time of testingwill be required, and the brine reservoir contingency plan (seeJustification section above) will be enacted before drilling iscontinued.
3. Drill continuous core from the base of the Castile into the DMG,including the Ramsey, Ford, Olds and Hayes members (-3800'-4040'below G.L.)
-5-
4. Perform geophysical logging of hole, including acoustilog, naturalgamma, temperature, resistivity, 4-arm calipher for borehole geometry, neutron (limestone-compensated) and televiewer.
5. Set production packer, on 2-3/8" tubing, above the Bell Canyon tomonitor fluid stabilization.
6. Photograph and preserve core according to WIPP standard practice.
7. Prepare hole as required for Phase III.
Responsibilities
Statements of Work:
6331)6331)7133)7133)
(SNL,(SNL,(SNL,(SNL,
ScissonScisson
Phase I-D. D. GonzalezPhase II-D. J. BornsPhase III - J. Mercer
Brine Reservoir Contingency Plan - J. MercerField Operations Plan ------------ Fenix andField Operations ----------------- Fenix andDuty Geologist ------------------- USGS
Quality Assurance
Sandia Laboratories will implement this document in accordance with itsestablished QA procedures. Operational QA will be performed by Fenix andScisson and contractors in accordance with their established proceduresto meet the objectives of the program. The QA level of this program inminor; unless a brine reservoir is encountered, then the level for portions of the testing is major.
DJB:633l:cds(037ll)
Distribution:6330 W. D. Weart6331 Personnel6332 L. D. Tyler7133 R. D. Statler7133 J. MercerUSGS R. P. Snyder
67
68
Road1x ... • • • ••
Old DOE2. site I -• • • .. . .• • ~ • •
New North
• • e • .. Access Road
.. • •
•, •
Buried Telephone Cable... , I ,
. ~• '. •• ..
?' I. /" .,......' -
. ' ~. • • .. •
Prefered DOE2 Location:...-ItJ" ,.. e, • • • •• , N
700' FSL and 130' FEL .,sec. 8 R31 ET22S ' • • .. • •
(area of possible hole
1 150m
e • • • •relocation hatchered) FC92
)( 9m.• • • • •
~ i~·
rOnd]
Section marker
FIGURE'
Civilization Effects from L. Bartell
Figure 2A. Marker Bed 124 Depression and Projected Fault Trace
69
70
U it:~I&J c(
J-
a:: ~ ::>
c
I::> •
I!>--
~ ~ ii:
11
o ~
·~ .I
::> Z
Ii
!' ia:: 0
~
c~
•..:
0
I/)
..u
'0
j.jI·'0- ~
~ ;! ..
$ e::=:::s
. Borns et al.(l983)by Snyder IIIMB 124 ContoursFigure 28.
"' ....=~ ....o ........ ~ 0c: .... ,..o c:u ....
• ••• •••• •••• •••
Q.....e: c:=-0.......b)~.
.... eI)
.... 0elL....CI)
c:o....eI)CI)~
'"2-Q
Figure 2C. MB 124 Contours From Davies (1983)
71
-Jt-.:l
"T\IS'c:;;N?>
tJJ;::>
'"...tl~
<(;'
'";:<D00~
I I4000 ft
CONTOURINTERVAL 1\.
10ft
STRUCTURE CONTOURS ON UNION ANHYDRITE
}I
+11500-ft RADIUS CIRCLE ON F-92
STRATIGRAPHICPOSITION
•
UAt..---
-CIv;l
"T1rE'e:IiI\)
!11"i...0S v\ftJpO<:0;'w
~<0002:?
I I4000 ft
CONTOURINTERVAL
10 ft
STRUCTURE CONTOURS ON 115 MARKER BED
1500-ft RADIUS CIRCLE ON F-92
STRAT1GRAPHICPOSITION
•
115.~---
-J
"'".,.,iQ'c0;N
:n"':l...03 u\fI::'~<:(ii'
'"-;;~
-=
r --- 1
4000 ft
CONTOURINTERVAL
10ft
STRUCTURE CONTOURS ON 109 MARKER BED
1500-ft RADIUS CIRCLE ON F-92
STRAT1GRAPHICPOSITION
•
109.,---
ST ATEMENT OF WORK FOR DOE-2: WIPP HYDROLOGY (RUSTLER)
Sandia National LaboratoriesAlbuquerque. NM
Prepared by:
Reviewed by:
Reviewed by:
Approved by:
Approved by:
1b~6"«!2?J/)~
/"iW. Mercer - 7135
," , 1
I ,/I X;; (._~' " I I ~ 7r ( 7"1"~ -..
;' J. T. Henderson - 6330I
~tX.~ .A. R. Lappin - 6331~
W. D. Weart - 6330
4/30/54-Date
Date
75-76
ST ATEMENT OF WORK FOR DOE-2: WIPP HYDROLOGY (RUSTLER)
This memo provides the scope of work (SOW) for hydrologic testing in the Dewey Lake andRustler Formations in hole DOE-2. Included are specifics on the core retrieval.hydro-tests and water sampling necessary to allow completion of the field operations plan(FOP) by 7130.
OBJECTIVES - The objectives of work in DOE-2 to the base of the Rustler are:
a. To take continuous core from near the land surface to the Rustler-Saladocontact.
b. To take the standard suite of geophysical logs in an open-hole condition.
c. To characterize hydrogeochemically the following potentially water-bearingzones:
Dewey Lake (3 horizons controlled by internal stratigraphic subdivisions)- Magenta Dolomite (-740-770 ft)
49'r Member (transition zone)Culebra Dolomite (-830-860 ft)Tamarisk Member (transition zone)
- Rustler-Salado Contact (-945 ft)
d. To retrieve representative samples of water and/or gas from water-yieldingzones in conjunction with aquifer/reservoir testing.
JUSTIFICATIONS
a. Core
Coring will involve the taking of nearly 950 feet of core, 2.4 to 4-inch diameter,from land surface to the Rustler-Salado contact. The method of drilling may beeither conventional or wire-line; the choice between these two methods will bemade to maximize core recovery. The core from DOE-2 will be correlated withcore previously taken from the Rustler and Salado Formations in otherdrillholes. Core observations will be used to evaluate:
- Permeabilities and porosity observations in the water-bearing zones.- Salt removal processes- Diagenetic alteration
Depositional history of the Rustler and Dewey Lake Formations- Isotopic studies
Paragenesis studies- Matrix diffusion studies
b. Geophysical Logging
Geophysical logging will include the running of a standard suite of geophysicallogs to identify stratigraphic picks to estimate basic rock properties such asdensity, porosity, permeability and saturation. Geophysical logs should include
77
78
-2-
formation density, resistivity, porosity (limestone-compensated), acoustic,natural gamma, and temperature. The intent is that these logs need only be runonce. However, minimal logging may be required to select packer locations forhydrologic testing of individual intervals.
c. Hydraulic Characterization
Hydraulic characterization will include characterization of each water-bearingzone as it is encountered, to determine hydraulic parameters essential in theevaluation of solute transport with respect to several primary breach scenarios.Hydraulic parameters of prime interest are:
Hydraulic conductivityTransmissivityStorativityPorosity/DispersivityHydraulic potential
d. Water and/or Gas Sampling
Water and gas sampling will provide support necessary to add to the expandingbase of general chemistry, isotopic studies and age dating of aquifer fluids.These samples should be taken during the course of aquifer pump tests inwater-bearing zones. The results of these analyses will be useful in helping tointerpret flow patterns, areas of recharge and discharge, and different episodesof fluid movement.
METHODS - Following are the methods and tests recommended to achieve the objectivesoutlined above. The exact details of each are not given; they will be given in detail in thefield operations plan and during actual testing.
a. Core
It is anticipated that DQ oriented core will be necessary during the drilling ofDOE-2 to the Rustler-Salado contact. Justification for oriented core wouldneed to be developed by Division 6331 and amended to the SOW and FOP. Corewill be taken using conventional or wire-line coring methods. Additional cautionand control should be used when drilling across the Culebra Dolomite, inanticipation of coring across a fractured/vuggy matrix.
b. Geophysical Logs
It is recommended that the U.S. Geological Survey provide the geophysicalsupport as required. The geophysical capability and response to need which theUSGS possess are superior to local commercial service companies.
c. Hydraulic Characterization
The testing of 9 intervals in the Dewey Lake and Rustler Formations is proposedand recommended to be accomplished as the core-drilling progresses to thebottom of each test interval. This technique would lend more credibility to thetests and would require only one packer setting to isolate each test interval.
-3-
In very low-permeability zones pressure-pulse, slug withdrawal or injection andmodified drill-stem tests are recommended. In those zones where fluid inflow isL 0.5 gpm, pump tests should be performed. Either submersible orvolume-displacement pumps can be utilized in an open-hole situation. It isanticipated that only the Culebra Dolomite and possibly the Magenta Dolomitewould be transmissive enough to conduct aquifer pump tests. This stage ofDOE-2 will be drilled and cased only to the Rustler-Salado contact. At somelater date, the hole will be completed to the Bell Canyon. The interruption indrilling will be caused by a limitation in funding.
Since this will be a two-phase drilling program, detailed testing and sampling ofthe Culebra Dolomite could be deferred until after casing is set, alleviatingexcessive rig standby time and avoiding possible complications while pumping inan open hole. By delaying the Culebra test, more time could be allotted totesting, water sampling, and the observation of natural head buildup. It would,however, be necessary to perforate the casing across the Culebra Dolomite.
The following is a proposed coring and testing schedule, with approximatedrilling and testing depth intervals and anticipated qualitative permeabilities ineach zone.
- Surface casing set to 40 ft
- Core drilling 40-250 ft1. Test Dewey Lake sandstone
- 4> at about 200 ft, TD at 250 ft (4) packer setting)- should anticipate some appreciable permeability
Core drilling 250-400 ft2. Test Dewey Lake gypsiferous zones
- 4> at about 250 ft, TD at 400 ftVery low permeability
Core drilling 400-645 ft3. Test Dewey Lake clay/gypsiferous zone, including the Dewey
Lake-Rustler contact- 4> at about 400 ft, TO at 645 ft- Very low permeability
Core drilling 645-730 ft4. Test the 49'r member
- 4> dependent on core evaluationVery low permeability
Core drilling 730-780 ft5. Test the magenta Dolomite
- 4> at about 740 ftProbably very low permeability, however, there is a chance that thisunit may be productive enough to be pumped.
Core drilling 780-800 ft6. Test the transition zone
- 4> at about 770 ftVery low permeability
79
-4-
Core drilling 800-830 ft7. Test the clay zone
- $ at about 820 ft- Very low permeability
Core drilling 830-860 ft8. Test the Culebra Dolomite
- $ at about 830 ft- Moderate permeability, pump test
Core drilling 860-950 ft9. Test the Rustler/Salado contact
- 4> at about 940 ftVery low permeability
Completion of the testing and sampling of the Culebra may follow completionand casing of the hole to the Rustler/Salado contact.
d. Water Sampling
These samples will be taken according to guidelines set by SNL. and samplingprocedures should be included in the field operations plan. Field samplingprocedures and distribution of samples must be documented and on file before thisstage of work begins. Splits to interested personnel will be made accordingly.
RESPONSIBILITIES
Principal Investigators (Statement of Work)
D. D. Gonzalez, 6331J. W. Mercer. 7133J. W. Mercer, 7133D. J. Borns, 6331
Field Operations PlanField OperationsDuty Geologist
QUALITY ASSURANCE
Dewey Lake/Rustler HydrologyBell Canyon and Whole-hole HydrologyBrine Reservoir ContingencyStratigraphic & Structural Investigation
Org. 7133/ Fenix & ScissonOrg. 7133/ Fenix & ScissonR. P. Snyder, USGS-Denver
80
Sandia Laboratories will implement this document in accordance with its established QAprocedures. Operati.onal QA will be performed by Fenix and Scisson and contractors inaccordance with their established procedures to meet the objectives of the program. TheQA level of this program in minor. Note, however, that collection of water/gas samplesshould not begin without a fully documented set of procedures and agreement concerningvariables to be analyzed in the field for purposes of determining stability with respect tofluid composition. This is especially important, given that the quality of samples andtimes allowed for sample collection are likely to be different in an open versus a casedand perforated hole.
Att.
4-12-84 (Rev. 5-2-84) (721l)
81
2. FIELD OPERATIONS PLAN
2.1 Organization and Responsibilities
2.1.1 The technical program for Phase I in this
operation is the responsibility of Earth
Sciences Division 6331. D. J. Borns is
82
2.1. 2
2.1. 3
responsible for the geological programs and
D. D. Gonzalez is responsible for hydrology
programs. Field decisions affecting the
technical objectives will be made with full
concurrence of Division 6331.
The U. S. Geological Survey (Regional
Geology and Water Resources Division) will
be responsible for core description and are
expected to provide their expertise and
recommendations throughout the geophysical
logging program.
The direction of field operations described
in this plan is the responsibility of J. W.
Mercer, Division 7133.
2.1. 4
2.1. 5
Arrangements have been made with the DOE/NVO
for services of Fenix & Scisson, a DOE/NVO
drilling engineering contractor. F&S will
plan, contract for, and administer the
drilling, coring, logging, testing, and
other associated services on a 24-hour basis
and according to the technical criteria
provided by Sandia and according to the F&S
WIPP Quality Assurance Manual.
The quality of Phase I of this program is
categorized as minor Appropriate Quality
Assurance measures on work performed by
Division 7133 will conform to the general
requirements of the "Field Engineering
Directorate Quality Plan", Issue B, dtd.
Dec., 1983.
2.2 Supporting Data
This field operations plan covers the tasks essential
to the first phase of a three-phase program:
Phase I)
Phase II)
Rustler hydrology and coring
Drilling and core recovery from
the base of the Rustler into the
Delaware Mountain Group
83
Phase III) Selected hydrology in the Bell
Canyon, Salado, and Castile
Formations as related to the
whole-hole test.
Phase II and III will be covered under a separate
field operations plan.
2.3 Drilling Program - Phase I
It should be recognized that the primary objective of
Phase I is to hydrologically characterize the
water-bearing zones encountered. If unusual hole
conditions develop, the drilling program may have to
be modified accordingly.
Construct a drill pad and access roads to
the site. The pad size and design should
84
2.3.2
follow API recommended practices for the
estimated drilling depth for Phase II, (4040
feet) and the potential for encountering
brine flows with associated H2 S gas.
Excavate cellar and construct a timber wall
to accommodate the BOP (blow-out preventor)
required for Phase II.
2.3.3 Machine auger a sufficiently large hole to
set about 40' of 13-3/8", 8-40, 48#
conductor pipe or appropriate casing for an
exploratory hole that may be drilled to
about 4040 feet. Land casing and cement to
surface. woe (wait on cement) as directed.
2.3.4
2.3.5
Excavate mud pit and reserve pits as
required for the proposed drilling depths.
Line pits with suitable material.
Implement rig on a 24-hour operation to core
by wireline using the rotary method and air
or air/foam as a circulating media to
optimize core recovery. Use of all
additives to the circulating media will be
documented. If hole conditions or core
recovery dictate changing the circulating
media from air to a mud system, the mud
system should be compatible with the
hydrologic objectives of the exploratory
hole. A brine-based polymer mud or even
brine may be acceptable. Because the
potential exists for formation water samples
to be contaminated with drilling fluid, the
drilling fluid shall be "spiked" with a
tracer to determine the concentration of
drilling fluid in the sample.
has not been selected,
As a tracer
85
86
2.3.6
2.3.8
2.3.9
the type of tracer and procedures to be used
will be added later as a supplement to the
field operation plan.
Pick up core bit with a 10' split core
barrel capable of providing a nominal 2.4"
core and proceed to take continuous core to
about 250' or to the Dewey Lake sandstone,
documenting core recovery. See Section 3.2
for core handling procedures.
Lay down core barrel and pick up 7-7/8" bit
and ream hole to total depth.
Load the hole with brine or polymer-mud
spiked with tracer of known concentration
and run USGS gamma log and caliper in
preparation for hydrologic testing.
Run hydrologic tests in the Dewey Lake
sandstone interval between a packer set at
about 200' and the bottom of the hole (Test
1). Packer assembly should include an
open-hole inflatable packer, transducers
below and above packer, a real-time surface
readout of downhole pressures, and the
capability of opening and closing the tubing
string from the zone to be tested. Time for
2.3.10
2.3.11
2.3.12
2.3.13
2.3.14
the hydrologic tests could run from 24 up to
120 hours, depending on hole conditions.
See Section 3.3 for testing procedures.
Water samples will be collected by swabbing
from the test intervals. Sample collection
should be conducted during the hydrologic.
testing and prior to any injection tests.
See Section 3.4 covering water sampling
procedures.
Upon completion of testing and sampling,
evacuate the borehole of fluids (if
applicable) and resume coring with air from
250' to about 400'.
Lay down core barrel and pick up 7-7/8" bit
and ream hole to total depth.
Load the hole with brine or polymer-mud
spiked with tracer and run USGS gamma log
and caliper in preparation for hydrologic
testing.
Run hydrologic tests in the Dewey Lake
gypsiferous zone between a packer set at
about 250' and the bottom of the hole (Test
2). Repeat procedures as described in
Section 2.3.9 and 2.3.10.
87
2.3.15
2.3.16
2.3.17
2.3.18
Upon completion of testing and sampling,
evacuate the borehole of fluids (if
applicable) and resume coring with air from
400' to about 645'.
Lay down core barrel and pick up 7-7/8" bit
and ream hole to total depth.
Load the hole with brine or polymer-mud
spiked with tracer and run USGS gamma log
and caliper in preparation for hydrologic
testing.
Run hydrologic tests in the Dewey Lake
clay/gypsiferous zone, including the Dewey
Lake-Rustler contact interval, between a
packer set at about 400' and the bottom of
the hole (Test 3). Repeat procedures as
88
2.3.19
2.3.20
described in Section 2.3.9 and 2.3.10.
Upon completion of testing and sampling,
evacuate borehole of fluids (if applicable)
and resume coring with air from 645' to
about 730'.
Lay down core barrel and pick up 7-7/8" bit
and ream hole to total depth.
2.3.21
2.3.22
Load the hole with brine or polymer-mud
spiked with tracer and run USGS gamma log
and caliper in preparation for hydrologic
testing.
Run hydrologic tests in the 49'r member.
Packer seat will depend on core evaluation.
The test will include the interval between
the packer seat and the bottom of the hole
(Test 4). Repeat procedures as described in
2.3.23
2.3.24
2.3.25
2.3.26
Section 2.3.9 and 2.3.10.
Upon completion of testing and sampling,
evacuate borehole of fluids (if applicable)
and resume coring with air from 730' to 780'.
Lay down core barrel and pick up 7-7/8" bit
and ream hole to total depth.
Load the hole with brine or polymer-mud
spiked with tracer and run USGS gamma log
and caliper in preparation for hydrologic
testing.
Run hydrologic tests in the Magenta Dolomite
Member between a packer set at about 740'
and the bottom of the hole (Test 5). Repeat
procedures as described in Section 2.3.9 and
2.3.10.
89
2.3.27
2.3.28
2.3.29
2.3.30
It is presumed at this point that the
borehole conditions will dictate using a mud
system (brine or polymer-mud) spiked with a
tracer throughout the rest of the Phase I
coring program. Upon completion of testing
and sampling, resume coring with mud from
780' to 800'.
Lay down core barrel and pick up 7-7/8" bit
and ream hole to total depth.
Run USGS gamma log and caliper in
preparation for hydrologic testing.
Run hydrologic tests in the transition zone
between a packer set at about 770' and the
bottom of the hole (Test 6). Repeat
90
2.3.31
2.3.32
procedures as described in Section 2.3.9 and
2.3.10.
Upon completion of testing and sampling,
resume coring with mud from 800' to 830'.
Lay down core barrel and pick up 7-7/8" bit
and ream hole to total depth.
2.3.33
2.3.34
Run USGS gamma log and caliper in
preparation for hydrologic testing.
Run hydrologic tests in the clay zone
between a packer set at about 820' and the
bottom of the hole (Test 7). Repeat
2.3.35
2.3.36
2.3.37
2.3.38
procedures as described in Section 2.3.9 and
2.3.10.
Upon completion of testing and sampling,
resume coring with mud from 830' and 860'.
Care should be taken during coring as this
zone may be highly fractured and vuggy.
Lay down core barrel and pick up 7-7/8" bit
and ream hole to total depth.
Run USGS gamma log and caliper in
preparation for hydrologic testing.
Run hydrologic tests in the Culebra Dolomite
Member between a packer set at about 830'
and the bottom of the hole (Test 8).
Although the zone is probably permeable
enough to use a pump during the testing,
hole conditions may not be acceptable.
Testing of this type may be better
91
2.3.39
2.3.40
2.3.41
2.3.42
accommodated after the hole is cased.
Repeat procedures as described in Section
2.3.9 and 2.3.10.
Upon completion of testing and sampling,
resume coring with mud from about 860' to
950' or until good Salado salt has been
recovered.
Lay down core barrel and pick up 7-7/8" bit
and ream hole to total depth.
Run USGS gamma log and caliper in
preparation for hydrologic testing.
Run hydrologic tests at the Rustler-Salado
contact between a packer set at about 940'
and the bottom of the hole (Test 9). Repeat
92
2.3.43
procedures as described in Section 2.3.9 and
2.3.10.
After completion of hydrologic testing, pick
up 7-7/8" bit and condition the hole and run
geophysical logs. The logging program is
required to provide information on acoustic
velocities, porosity, density, natural
2.3.44
2.3.45
2.3.46
2.3.47
radioactivity, formation resistivities and
fracture geometry (acoustic televiewer).
See Section 3.5 on geophysical logging.
After logging has been completed, pick up
12-1/4" bit and ream hole to TD (about 40 ft
into Salado salt).
Run USGS gamma log and caliper to calculate
proper amount of cement.
Inspect and set 9-5/8" (industry standard)
casing to preselected depth. Install
centralizers in optimum position, usually
60' to 90' apart.
Select a 70-30 poz mix cement slurry mixed
with salt to saturation and 2% bentonite
gel. Circulate a minimum of 50% excess
2.3.48
above volume calculated to fill annulus.
See Section 3.6 on cementing procedures.
Following cementing, rig down and
demobilize. Install a removable cap on
wellhead and temporarily abandon until Phase
II program is instituted.
93
3. FIELD OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR QUALITY CONTROL REQUIREMENTS
Portions of this field activity are considered to be of
sufficient significance that quality control measures have
been established. These activities are:
3.1 Surface Location and Depth Measurement
3.2 Coring Operations
3.3 Hydrologic Testing
3.4 Water Sampling
3.5 Geophysical Logging
3.6 Cementing
3.1 Surface Location and Depth Measurement Procedure of
Sandia National Laboratories - WIPP Site Investigations
94
3.1.1 Introduction
This procedure is prepared by the Field
Engineering Division 7133 for use in Sandia
Laboratories WIPP Program. The objective is
to establish the methods and techniques to
be used in measurement of the surface
location and well depth of exploratory well
DOE-2.
3.1. 2 Scope of Work
The surface location and depth measurements
are to be done as part of the exploratory
program of drilling DOE-2. The nature of
3.1.3
the location of DOE-2, to accommodate
structural considerations and to investigate
potential depression in stratigraphic
markers, requires unusual accuracy in
surface location and depth control.
Organization
Sandia National Laboratories is conducting
this field work under technical direction
from Earth Sciences Division 6331. The
Sandia Field Engineering Division 7133 will
manage the field operations.
Fenix & Scisson will be responsible for
maintaining depth control on the drilling
and testing operations.
95
3.1. 4 Operations
3.1.4.1 Surface Location Measurements
The general location will be
established by Division 6331 following
a review of resistivity surveys,
surface features, accessibility and
other geo-political considerations. A
preliminary land survey shall be
conducted by a Registered Land Surveyor
to establish access routes and set
stakes for drill location and pad
boundaries. Dimension of the location
will be established with nearest
section boundaries and nearest marked
section corners to provide data
necessary for obtaining land use
permits. Drawings or sketches suitable
for constructon use shall be
submitted. After pad construction is
96
complete and at the time of hole
spudding, a concrete monument with a
brass cap will be set in the immmediate
vicinity of the borehole at ground
level such that it can be used as the
datum point for all borehole vertical
3.1.4.2
measurements. Once this monument is
established, this monument and its
lateral relation to borehole axis is to
be surveyed by a Registered Land
Surveyor to establish the vertical
elevation within +1' of the nearest NGS
monument and the lateral coordinates
within ~l' with respect to nearest
section boundaries and recoverable
section corners.
Copies of all field notes utilized in
conducting the "as-built" survey, as
well as a written description of
techniques and instruments utilized in
making the survey shall be submitted
along with survey drawings carrying the
stamp of the responsible surveyor.
Depth Measurements
The nature of the drilling of exploratory
well DOE-2 requires unusual accuracy in
determining the depth of the core intervals
and the depths for hydrologic testing. The
depths shall be referenced to the concrete
monument at ground level and the measurement
procedures should be developed with a known
accuracy and following standard API
(American Petroleum Institute) procedures.
97
3.2 Coring Operations Procedure of Sandia National
Laboratories - WIPP Site Investigations
3.2.1
3.2.2
Introduction
This procedure is prepared by the Field
Engineering Division 7133 for use in Sandia
National Laboratories' WIPP Program. The
objective is to establish the methods and
techniques to be used in coring operations
in order to obtain reliable samples in a
uniform manner.
Scope of Work
This coring operation is to be done as a
part of exploratory drilling of Phase I
Rustler Hydrology. Coring operation will
consist of taking approximately 900' of 2.4"
diameter core to a TD of approximately
940' • Core is to be removed from the core
98
barrel, logged, measured, cleaned, marked,
photographed and packaged, transported and
stored according to the procedures presented
in this document.
3.2.3 Organization
Sandia National Laboratories is conducting this
field work under technical direction from Earth
Science Division 6331. The Sandia Field
3.2.4
Engineering Division 7133 will manage the field
operations.
Fenix & Scisson will prepare and administer a
drilling program from criteria provided by Sandia
that includes the taking of core. The drilling
contractor, the coring contractor and the
roustabout contractor are under contract to F&S.
USGS will provide the duty geologist for logging
and identifying the core and supervision of core
handling to the filed.
Sandia National Laboratories will provide core
photography and arrange for core storage.
Operations
3.2.4.1 Coring (F&S and their contractors)
Coring with core bit and a nominal la' split
core barrel is required.
99
Other equipment and material such as
drill-collars and stabilizers, drilling
fluid (air or mud) should be utilized
according to best judgment to match the
formation and produce optimum core recovery.
Select and use drilling weight, rotary speed
and circulation rates that will produce
optimum core recovery.
The duty geologist shall maintain a daily
record which shows date, tour and operating
personnel, sequence of core interval, depth
of core interval, drilling time of core
interval, drilling weight, rotary speed and
circulation rate, and type circulating fluid
using the Core Logging Record (sample
follows).
3.2.4.2 Removal from Barrel (F&S and their
contractors)
Core should be removed from core barrel as
gently as possible to cause minimum
alteration of the core. Light hammering or
100
jarring is permissible when using a standard
Pale __ of_
DAILY CORE LOGGING RECORD
Date _
LOG HEADI~GS:
DUTY CEOLOGIST _
COlT.;>any _
~e 11 Number ....:W::..:I:..:P...!.P-::.N~o~. _'_ _
Field _ County _ State Ne~ Mexico
Location _
Section Township Range _
Pcr=anen: Datu~ Elevations: K.B.
Drillin~ ~easured From _ D.r.
G.L.
,
ICIRClJL.
,.- r:;:-E:Rr.:,:. i EET RPM "'rIGHT PRESS. FEET FEE! PERCE~T BOX- .' ~ .; ON BIT P.S.1. CORED ttCO\'ERED RECO\'ERY Kt.~EF.
,I I II I
. I II 1 II, !
,I II I
I I !!
; I I i I !II I
I
I I I I I
I II I II !
I Ij !, I I
I I
! I I I, !-
101
core barrel, but heavy hammering or pounding
the barrel on its end is to be avoided.
Removal by pumping is permissible upon
approval of the Sandia representative
supervising the field operations. A
hand-operated, positive displacement pump
shall be used as required.
As the core is removed, it will be placed in
troughs in the order coming out of the
barrel. Troughs will be marked with red at
top end and black at bottom indicating down
direction.
3.2.4.3 Logging (USGS Duty Geologist)
If core is suitable for marking, each major
piece should be marked with a visible
waterproof ink arrow pointing in the
direction the hole is advancing. Each core
piece should be measured, identified and
logged indexing each foot with footage
expressed to the closest 1/10 of a foot.
Depths should be reconciled from
measurements of the drill pipe to the
nearest foot taken from ground-level unless
otherwise specified. Any lost recovery
102
should be logged at the bottom of each core
interval unless known to be otherwise and so
explained on the core log.
3.2.4.4 Cleaning (F&S and contractors)
Core will be wiped or brushed to remove soft
mud cake and excess mud as soon as possible
following removal from the core barrel. A
rag dampened in drilling fluid or brine will
be used to wipe the core. If core is
accidently washed with fresh water, it will
be noted in the log, stating intervals
exposed and time of occurrence.
3.2.4.5 Photograph (Sandia and Duty Geologist)
After core has been logged, labeled, and
cleaned, it will be carefully moved to the
core/photo shed and prepared for
photography. Core may be wetted with brine
to enhance photo coverage. Core should be
positioned by the duty geologist to promote
coverage of pertinent features such as
fractures, bedding plane, color, or any
other significant characteristics. Each
photo should have a titl~ block showing well
number, date, core interval and photo number.
103
3.2.4.6 Preservation (Duty Geologist, F&S
Contractor)
After core has been photographed, it
will be wiped dry and preserved for
transportation and storage in the
following method:
3.2.4.6.1 Core pieces will be separated into
lengths appropriate to fit into
the core boxes. Pieces will be
placed into plastic sleeves of
appropriate length or wrapped and
taped with plastic sheet if
applicable. When using sleeves,
use a hot iron sealing tool, seal
both ends of plastic sleeve after
squeezing all air possible from
sleeve. Place sleeved or wrapped
Whencore into box and tape shut.
core intervals are missing,
spacers marked with missing
footage figures may be inserted in
the box as necessary to preserve
sequence. Boxes should be labeled
104
in sequence with name of agency,
well number, date, core number and
depth of core pieces in the box.
3.2.4.7 Core Photos (Final Prints)
Sandia National Laboratories will
arrange for core photography as
described previously in paragraph
3.2.4.5. 8-1/2" x 11" prints will be
made and distributed as follows:
I-set USGS, Regional Geology, Denver,
Attn: R. P. Snyder
I-set USGS/WRD, ABQ, Attn:
J. Daniel
I-set Sandia Division 6331, ABQ
2-sets Sandia Division 6331, ABQ
WIPP Central File
2-sets WIPP Project Office/TSC,
Carlsbad, NM
3.3 Hydrologic Testing Procedures of Sandia National
Laboratories - WIPP Site Investigations
3.3.1 Introduction
This procedure is prepared by the Field
Engineering Division 7133 for use in
Sandia National Laboratories WIPP
Program, in particular to Phase I
testing of DOE-2. The objective is to
establish methods and techniques to be
105
3.3.2
used in hydrologic testing in order to
obtain reliable data in a uniform
manner.
Scope of Work
The hydrologic testing operation is to
be conducted to obtain hydraulic
properties of the nine selected
intervals in the exploratory well. The
prime objectives of the testing program
are to obtain data necessary to
evaluate and measure certain hydraulic
parameters. These are:
106
- hydraulic conductivity
- transmissivity
- storativity
- hydraulic potential or head
It is understood that because of the
very low anticipated permeabilities and
unknown hole conditions, all these
parameters may not be obtained from
each individual zone.
The hydrologic tests will all be
similar to a conventional drill stem
test but may include pressure pulse,
slug-withdrawal or slug-injection tests
if core or geophysical logs show they
may be more appropriate. Volume
displacement or submersible pumping
tests will be performed in zones where
water inflow exceeds 0.5 gpm and hole
conditions are acceptable.
Consideration will be given for pumping
tests to be performed after the hole is
cased. Each test is anticipated to
take a minimum of 12 hours to as much
as 120 hours. The duration of each
test will depend on the quality and
amount of data required to achieve test
objectives and overcome unknown
downhole test conditions.
107
Organization
Sandia Laboratories is conducting the
field work under the technical
direction of Earth Sciences Division
6331. The Sandia Field Engineering
Division 7133 will manage field
operations. Fenix & Scisson will
108
3.3.4
prepare and administer a drilling
program from criteria provided by
Sandia that includes hydrologic
testing, core retrieval, and final hole
completion.
Operations
3.3.4.1 The field operations plan
prepared for Phase I - DOE-2 will
identify the selected intervals to
be tested.
3.2.4.2 When the selected test interval
has been cored and identified, run
gamma log and caliper to identify
potential packer seats.
3.3.4.3 Run the drill stem test hardware
using a single inflatable packer
sized for 7-7/8" drill hole and
attached to 2-3/8" tubing. The
assembly will include a standing
valve in the tubing string above
the packer. The packer assembly
will include pressure transducer
probes capable of measuring
pressures above and within the
test interval. The pressure data
will be transmitted to a surface
data acquisition system where it
will be monitored and recorded.
The data will be used to adjust
flow schedules if necessary.
3.3.4.4 Set up and operate the test
assembly with the capability of
running a 12- to 72-hour DST
test. Prior to opening the test
interval to the tubing, the water
in the tubing shall be swabbed
out. The shortest time schedule
for flow and shut-in periods is as
follows:
109
110
Tool open - 1/4 hr (flow period til)
Tool shut-in - 1/2 hr
Tool open - 1 hr (flow period 112)
Tool shut-in - 2 hr
Tool open - 4 hr (flow period 113)
Tool shut-in - 4-1/2 hr
If after the second flow period,
there is either minimal or very
little flow, or conversely, if
there is significant flow, the
testing times may be varied
according to the judgment of the
Sandia Field Test Representative.
The flow schedule can be regulated
by a sliding sleeve integral
within the packer or by use of a
wire-line seating nipple into the
packer standing valve.
3.3.4.5 Upon completion of the DST and
depending on the permeability and
water yield of the test interval,
the tubing may be swabbed and a
water sample collected (see
section 3.4 for water sampling).
3.3.4.6 If the results of the DST are
unsatisfactory; i.e., when
reasonable estimates of
conductivity and head cannot be
achieved, then the downhole test
assembly will be reconfigured to
conduct a pressure pulse test
(very low conductivity),
slug-tests (moderate to high
conductivities), or pump tests
(high conductivity).
Pressure Pulse Test - Conductivity
is calculated from the pressure
time history of an applied
pressure-pulse. After the zone is
isolated, the tubing shall be
filled with formation or density
matched fluid and if needed,
pressure shall be applied at the
surface. After an appropriate
pressure is applied on the system,
a control valve shall be closed
(pulsed) creating an applied
pressure-pulse on the test
111
interval. Pressure decay with
time shall be recorded both at the
surface and downhole. Duration of
112
these tests will vary depending on
test interval permeabilities.
Slug-injection - Upon completion
of the DST and water sampling, the
test interval shall be shut-in and
the formation stabilized. The
tubing shall be filled with
formation or density-matched water
to a predetermined level above the
recorded static pressure. The
shut-in tool shall be opened and
the resultant pressure decline
monitored.
Slug-withdrawal - Upon completion
of the DST, the test interval
shall be shut-in and the tubing
shall be evacuated by swabbing.
After pressure in the test
interval has somewhat stabilized.
the shut-in tool will be opened
and the pressure rise with time
monitored.
During all testing, quantity and
quality of all water shall be
documented.
Pumping Test - If the
permeability is high and
the inflow rate plus or minus 0.5
gpm, then a slug-injection or
pumping test may be required. The
pumping test will require removal
of the DST testing assembly and a
reconfiguration of the test tool
to accommodate the pump. Hole
conditions may dictate that this
type of testing may be better
accomplished after the hole is
cased.
3.4 Water Sampling Procedures of Sandia National
Laboratories - WIPP Site Investigations
3.4.1 Introduction
This procedure is prepared by the Field
Engineering Division 7133 for use in the
Sandia National Laboratories WIPP Program;
113
3.4.2
in particular, to Phase I testing of
DOE-2. The objective is to provide
guidelines to estimate water chemistry
stability before sampling and to provide the
method and technique to take a
representative water sample.
Scope of Work
The water sampling program is designed to
obtain the best representative water sample
from test intervals which contain fluid in
the Dewey Lake and Rustler Formations in
exploratory well DOE-2. It is anticipated
that only the Magenta and Culebra Dolomites
and the Rustler-Salado contact can produce
enough fluid, within a reasonable time
period, for sampling. The water samples will
be analyzed for major chemical constituents,
fluid density, and possibly certain
isotopes. It is understood that in field
sampling of water under open-hole conditions
and under methods described in Section 3,
there exists the potential for
contamination. It is therefore anticipated
114
that when drilling mud or brine is used,
that drilling fluid will need to be "spiked"
3.4.3
with a tracer to help determine the
concentration of contamination in the
formation waters.
Organization
Sandia Laboratories is conducting the field
work under the technical direction of Field
Sciences Division 6331. The Sandia Field
Engineering Division 7133 will manage field
operations. Fenix & Scisson will prepare
3.4.4
and administer a drilling program from
criteria provided by Sandia that includes
water sampling.
Operations
3.4.4.1 The field operations plan prepared
for Phase I, DOE-2, will identify the
selected intervals to be tested.
3.4.4.2 After the completion of DST and
before slug withdrawal and pumping
tests and before any slug-injection or
pressure pulse tests, water samples
will be collected if the test interval
115
contains adequate permeability and water
storage to sample.
3.4.4.3 Rig up swabbing equipment and
swab fluid out of tubing and from test
interval.
3.4.4.4 If tracers are used in the drilling
mud, swab tubing until such time
that the tracer concentrations reach
acceptable levels for water sampling.
In addition, the water parameters such
as density, pH, temperature, chloride,
and specific conductance should
stabilize within + 5% or until at least
4 test-hole and tubing volumes have
been removed. Records and plots of
116
tracer concentration and water
parameters versus volume removed shall
be maintained for the purpose of
monitoring for stabilization.
3.4.4.5 After completion of paragraph
3.4.4.5, a water sample will be
collected in appropriate containers
properly processed, labeled, preserved,
and distributed as necessary to meet
the requirements of the program (water
sampling criteria, WIPP hydrology
program, WIPP site, Southeast New
Mexico, 1984)
3.4.4.6 To reduce the potential of
sample contamination with commercial
pipe dope, a teflon or equivalent type
dope shall be used on all tubing joints
and packer connections.
117
3.5 Borehole Geophysical Logging Operations Procedure of
Sandia National Laboratories - WIPP Site Investigation
3.5.1 Introduction
This procedure is prepared by the Sandia
National Laboratories Field Engineering
Division 7133 for use in Sandia's WIPP Site
Investigation. The objective is to
establish standard routines and methods for
borehole geophysical logging in order to
assure qualified data in a reliable manner.
To insure accuracy and quality of all work
done, the logging company shall provide a
description of their calibration and quality
standards prior to award of the logging
contract. For these tools requiring a
118
3.5.2
calibration standard source, it must be
traceable to the API standards or a
recognized natural physical constant.
Scope of Work
Geophysical logging of boreholes in the WIPP
Site Investigations may include a wide
variety of individual logging services.
Logging services may be provided by several
different commercial firms utilizing
different types of tools and techniques.
Services may be purchased directly by Sandia
National Laboratories or through engineering
firms such as Fenix & Scisson.
The scope of logging services may change for
specific intervals depending on the test
horizon conditions. The logging services
3.5.3
may be changed at the discretion of the
field test director.
Organization
The Sandia laboratories is conducting this
field work with technical direction from
Earth Sciences Division 6331. Field
operations are managed by Sandia Field
Engineering Division 7133.
Sandia Labs has arranged with DOE/NVOO for
their contractor, F&S, to prepare and
administer a drilling program and associated
subcontracts from criteria provided by
Sandia which include borehole logging on
DOE-2.
119
3.5.4 Operations
3.5.4.1 The logging services will consist
of all or part of the following:
120
Natural Gamma Ray Log - Measures the natural
radiation from the wall rock formations,
recorded in API Gamma Ray Units versus depth
of the hole.
4-Arm Caliper Log - Measures variations in
the borehole diameter and is recorded in
inches for diameter versus depth; used to
select packer seats as well as estimating
hole volumes.
Density Log - Measures formation density and
is compensated for borehole effects using a
gamma source and records bulk density in
grams/cc and formation porosity in percent
versus depth.
Neutron Log - Measures density of hydrogen
atoms using a neutron source and is
compensated for borehole effects, usually
referenced to limestone standard; used for
porosity and hydrogen ion concentrations.
Recorded as porosity percent versus depth.
Borehole Compensated Sonic Velocity
Measures acoustic properties of borehole
wall rock compensated for borehole diameter
changes. Recording is of interval transit
time in microseconds/foot versus depth; used
to measure porosities and detect fractures.
Acoustic Televiewer - Measures acoustic
properties of borehole wall and converts
attenuation of sonic signal to "picture" of
borehole wall; used to identify and measure
fractures and their orientation on borehole
walls.
Dual Laterolog - Measures laterally focused
resistivity at two depths of penetration
from the borehole wall. Records in
ohmmeters versus depth; used to obtain true
rock resistivities and can be used as a
qualitative measure of permeability.
Temperature Log - Measures temperature of
borehole fluid and records in degrees
fahrenheit versus depth; used to detect
possible abnormalities of temperature that
may indicate fluid or gas entry into
borehole.
121
122
3.5.4.2 Prior to selecting a logging service, a
Sandia representative will meet with Fenix &
Scisson and prepare the form "Instructions
to Logging Company" for the specific logs to
be run (sample instructions form follows).
3.5.4.3 Prior to logging, a qualified representa
tive of Sandia Labs will meet with the
logging service company's logging engineer.
He will present the "Instructions ••• " and
discuss:
a) the entire logging program and special
requirements,
b) hole conditions that may cause problems,
and
c) zones of special interest.
3.5.4.4 During the pre-log conference, the Sandia
representative will discuss and request the
following to be done:
The equipment will be "warmed up" for the
adequate amount of time and tools will be
checked to see that they are calibrated as
appropriate and functioning properly upon
arrival at the location.
FENIX t: SCI3S0N. It-:C.
rage of _
'LosginE ~:=y ~ _Loggio{: Ensinen _vttlleesed ~'j _
v.f: R,.,uHng,":
Co~rany _F~!1J~1.~__ .s_~..!-~_!S.L~...~1\'l~';~-- ~~_
Well Number WIrr Jig. - -~ --------------------Field Cuuoty Se",'t..e --O.:~-"i='_'=''"'____'_',,:-'_'''_''~-l=.:~c''''-C'_-
----------------------~-
Sect: ion TUlo<D"hlp _ _ Jt.ing" _
Leg H€a~u.ed rrQ~ _
Drilllllb r:t~eur~~ Fl~& ~ _
re~l1e\'l[ 1).,.[.UlIl!. ~1~vat1{\DF: J:.1I. _
C.L
C.t. _
--------------------------------~-~-----
Hole Statu6C:
C..dng$ Borehole
SIZE TO
Jill ~ _
nllid Lasos _~ _
ly?f: Fluid ir. :&oro;hl!le fluid ~,,€l
nc.n~it:r _
V1!!'cc=;! n
}'ull'(\"'''' a!" ToCllY.:;!.l::6 PrC'er=. Zo!1e!o o! ~~C1ll L>ter<est, CriticalJ:cMrt;:;;. E:-c:.
-----------------------------~- ----------
----- - -------------Ji~er u! Pru!.e: neld _-=.1;:0 _ 10
123
l'eu1JL (, Scl.aaon. 11lc.!n50t.T\lSt!'1l'..i. n 'LDuhll: OIapomx rase of __~_
~---------~~~
1.0& p.o.
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)
(l)
~ett1~ Depth Scal~ 2-1n~be8'lOO-feet and S-inibes/lOJ-feetRothontOJl Lor-gmg Scales -_-_"__" _L..-,teing Sp.?ed Dt:aired _In te rval t:o hI> toQued _Zo.::roes cf Sped"d Illt'ne5t _
Specla.1 1m;tructioo _
Log No.
(a)(b)((;)(4)(~)
(f)
V~rLlcA1 ~rth Sc~l~ 2-inch~~/100-!~~l~d ~~lncb~~'l~)-leetFbriznntl'il LQ~.1n~ Scalo:.t> "--" --- - --."~---:..=.~==-----wF,f,ing SpHQ ll€sired ~ _Interval to be Li~ed _7-Obl'S of SptocW lnt"rest "__~~~ _
SF::.b..1 Inilt.ructi.on~ ~ ~
WE Ro.
(a){b)(e)(<1)(e)
VerticAl ~Ftb S~l~ 2-incbea/lOO-feer"JQd S-inthc~/ICO-f~t __BN'l%UDt:al LDutnl!: Scale; _t...>U.l.ng ;;~<i ~iTEQ • _
IuteL"Vtl [0 he LoSE"d ~
Zaue. of Sp~c181 Interest ~ _
124
-----------------------(f) ~rH:1A1 lnat ruction _
--------------------~-".- -------
Rm, Rmf, and Rmc will be measured on mud
samples if electrical logs are to be run.
Estimated values are not acceptable. The
service company should run the sample
through a mud press.
All Sidewall and Compensated Neutron logs
and all density porosity curves will be run
on limestone matrix over the zones of
interest, regardless of the lithology.
Equipment will be tested while running in
hole.
Before-and-after log calibrations will be
shown for all curves.
Panel calibrations will be shown for all
density and neutron logs; integration checks
will be shown for all integrated acoustic
logs.
In addition to caliper rings, the caliper
calibration should show "tool full open" and
casing readings.
A minimum 200 feet repeat must be shown.
125
Overlap previous runs by at least 200 feet.
All headings information will be completely
filled out.
In addition, all open-hole commercial logs
shall be digitized and recorded on magnetic
tape.
3.5.4.5 The Sandia logging representative will be
present and observe the logging operation to
the extent necessary to assure objectives
have been met. He should complete a "Log
126
3.5.5
Quality Report" (sample follows) following
the operation and, along with a copy of
"Instructions to Logging Company", forward
to Sandia Field Engineering Division 7133.
Records
3.5.5.1 "Instruction to Logging Company"
F&S should prepare instsructions
following a conference with Sandia
representative, and provide ten copies
to Sandia Field Engineering Division
7133.
fEHIX I. !lCI!o!oONLOG QUALITY REPORT
Hal. Log Dot. Current Oat. _
LogRun ,, Eng'. _
Fi.lcl PrintO Final P,intO Log Anolyst _
CHECK ALL BOXES - ACCEPTABLE YESORUNACCEPTABLE NO
Sections not applicable '0 a partic",lor •• ,,,tc..,L.... Blank.
A. HEADING
l. Co".ct Heading U".ci
2. H.o,l.nll 00'0 P'op.lly umpl ••• d
3. Eqyipmen' U.ed Section Compl.teet
A. EqlJipmenf Data Sec'lon Completed
5. Scal. Chon"e, Noted on Heodln,
6. Ar. all obrlormal condi"ons .aploin.d in ,h.,.morL;. seChon
•• CALIBRATIONS AND SCALES
1. Scole. Couect lor .'eo
2. Seal.. Laboll.d
3. Seal. Chanllo. Lab.ll.d
A. Z.ro•• R.cord.a
5. B.for. Log Calibrations
6. Aft., Log Col,b'of.onl
7. Rep.o. S... ction R.u:Hd.d
•• R.pl'ot Section Acceptable
C. VALIDITY OF LOG
1. euty•• Function,n, Co".ctl.,
2. Do. Log vallJ.' fall within r.o,onabl. 'Imlta
3. C"", ..... on Oepth
A. lOIl""1I Sp••d Indlcot.d
S. Lotging Sp••d Correct
O. APPEARANCE
1. "i"'i"1 0' T,pin, Ne••
2. Prj",,", .r T,pi"l Ace",•••
,. <0••4..,4 P.n T.....
A. 5,1; ... $".;,h, ...11 CI.o"
S. FiI", C.".,.I, p,., ••••4
•• ee"e,.1 P .. ". Cw.l,t,
YES NO
REMARKS; Cod. Romarks .."h ,h. p,op.r S~",O" ,"vmbo,.Fo, E.ampl.: R.",ar'-.s concern;ng before log
calibrations would b. cDded B.S.
127
3.5.5.2 Distribution should be made as
follows:
128
1 Logging Company
1 Sandia Representative - observing log
operations
1 F&S
1 Sandia Carlsbad Hole File
2 Sandia WIPP Central Files (SCWF)
I Sandia Division 7133, ABQ
I Sandia Division 6331, ABQ
1 USGS, Regional Geology, Denver
Attn: R. P. Snyder
I USGS/WRD, ABQ, Attn: J. Daniel
3.5.5.3 Log Quality Report
Sandia representative should prepare
and distribute as follows:
3 Original and two copies to
Sandia Field Eng. Div 7133,
ABQ, who will be responsible
for forwarding to WIPP Central
Files
2 Sandia Earth Sciences Div 6331, ABQ,
Attn: D. D. Gonzalez, D. J. Borns
1 Sandia Carlsbad Hole File
I F&S, Carlsbad
3.5.5.4 Geophysical Logs (Field Prints)
F&S Carlsbad should obtain 10 copies of
log field prints and distribute as
follows:
1 Sandia Carlsbad Hole File
1 USGS, Regional Geology, Denver,
Attn: R. P. Snyder
1 USGS/WRD, ABQ, Attn: J. Daniel
2 Sandia Div 6331, ABQ, Attn:
D. J. Borns, D. D. Gonzalez
1 Sandia Div 7133, ABQ, Attn:
J. W. Mercer
3 F&S, Carlsbad (3 copies)
3.5.5.5 Geophysical Logs (Final Prints)
F&S should order 15 final copies of
logs and two copies of library magnetic
tapes of the logs and distribute as
follows:
129
130
1 Sandia Carlsbad Hole File
1 USGS, Regional Geology, Denver,
Attn: R. P. Snyder
1 USGS!WRD, ABQ, Attn: J. Daniel
3 Sandia Div 6331, ABQ, Attn:
A. R. Lappin, D. J. Borns, D D.
Gonzalez
2 Sandia WIPP Central File, ABQ,
2 copies logs & 2 copies tapes
1 F&S, Carlsbad
1 F&S, Las Vegas
1 State Engineer, Roswell, NM
1 USGS Area Geologist, Roswell, NM
1 West Texas Electric Log Service
2 WIPP Project Office!TSC, Carlsbad, NM
3.6 Cementing Operations Procedure of Sandia National
Laboratory, WIPP Site Investigations
Observe regulations issued by New Mexico
State Engineer for casing wells through
known aquifers. State Engineer's office
3.6.2
should be notified in advance of intention
to case.
Condition the hole, ream if necessary to
remove tight places. Run a caliper log as
necessary to calculate the proper amount of
cement and help in selecting the appropriate
positioning of centralizers.
Inspect the casing to be run. Sandblast if
necessary to remove severe rust flakes.
Install centralizers in optimum position,
usually 60-90' apart. Install combination
3.6.4
float collar and guide shoe.
Run the casing string and land at
preselected depth.
131
3.6.5 Select a 70-30 poz mix cement slurry mixed
with salt to saturation and 2% bentonite
gel. Weight the slurry as necessary to
3.6.6
match density of drilling fluids in the
hole.
Install an appropriate cementing head, rig
up the mixing and pumping units. Begin
pumping to displace the drilling fluids with
a suitable mud flush followed by a suitable
spacer and an appropriate volume of cement
slurry to equal at least 150% of the
calculated annulus volume of the hole.
Continue pumping at about 2-1/2 bpm until
acceptable returns have been observed at the
surface. Displace top plug with water and
132
then bump plug with about 500 psi (maximum
3.6.7
of 1000 psi) over displacing pressure.
Check float and if it is holding, close in
cementing head and W.O.C. for 48 hours.
Maintain tension in the casing string while
cement is setting.
Run a casing pressure test before drilling
out the plug. Apply a pressure of about 600
psi and hold for 30 minutes and observe. If
a pressure drop of 100 psi or more is
observed, take corrective measures and
repeat the test. If pressure drop is less,
cementing job is considered complete. Pick
up the appropriate size bit and proceed to
drill out the plug and continue with the
program as directed.
133
4.0 REPORTS
4.1 Daily Report
F&S, Carlsbad office, will provide to Sandia,
Carlsbad, a copy of the daily report. Sandia,
Carlsbad, will telefax the daily report on weekdays to
Division 6331 and Division 7133 in Albuquerque. A
copy of the daily report will be kept on file in the
Sandia Carlsbad office.
4.2 Daily Time Log
A Daily Time Log will be maintained by the F&S
drilling specialist. Two copies will be provided to
the Sandia, Carlsbad office. Sandia, Carlsbad office
134
will maintain a file of the log.
4.3 Hole History
A Hole History of the drilling activities will be
prepared by F&S from their daily time logs and other
pertinent records. A reproducible copy of this
history is to be sent to R. D. Statler, Division 7133,
ABQ, following completion of field activities for
subsequent distribution.
4.4 Miscellaneous Records
A variety of records are kept by F&S that will be
useful in historical preparation. These are to be
kept on file in Carlsbad while the program is active
and on completion, a copy forwarded to R. D. Statler,
Division 7133, for placement in the WIPP central
file. They include:
Driller Logs, Bit Records, Drilling Fluid
Recaps, Equipment Certification, Drilling
History Chart, and Cost Records.
135-136
APPENDIX B
Field Operations Plan of Sandia National Laboratoriesfor WIPP Site Investigations of Drillhole DOE-2,
Phases II and III
137-138
Field Operations Plan of Sandia National Laboratories
WIPP Site Investigations
DOE-2 Phase II & II I
2/20/85
Exploratory Hole: DOE-2 Phase II & III
Purpose: To define the work necessary for investigating a
depression in distinct stratigraphic markers, to
gather additional stratigraphic information.
Prepa red by :-->;e~~~
Reviewed
R. L. Beauheim, 6331
Approved by: Af:::x(~1. ~/z.o/$S:A. R. Lappin, 6331
W. D. Weart, 6330
WIPP Project Manager
139
140
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
1. FIELD OPERATIONS CRITERIA
2. FIELD OPERATIONS PLAN
2.1 Organization and Responsibilities
2.2 Supporting Data
2.3 Drilling Program
3. FIELD OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR QUALITY CONTROL
REQUIREMENTS
3.1 Surface Location and Depth Measurements
3.2 Coring
3.3 Testing
3.4 Geophysical Logging
3.5 Cementing
3.6 Water Sampling
4. REPORTS
4.1 Daily Report
4.2 Daily Time Log
4.3 Hole History
4.4 Miscellaneous Records
Page 1
INTRODUCTION
This document contains plans. procedures. and specifications
for the Phase II drilling and testing of an exploratory drill
gole. DOE-2. The recommended location for DOE-2 is 130' FEL,
700' FSL. Section 8. T22S. R3lE. The hole is located 700'
north of the WIPP site northern boundary.
The Phase II program for the exploratory hole will involve
taking continuous core and some oriented core from a depth of
981 feet into the Bell Canyon Formation through the Ramsey.
Ford, Olds. and into the Hays member to a TD of approximately
4040 feet below surface. Formation tests. water sampling, and
geophysical logging will be conducted. The core will be
logged. photographed. and packaged at the well site. then
retained in the WIPP core library. There is an attached
addendum covering hydrologic testing in the Salado Formation
prior to penetration by drilling of the Castile Formation.
1. FIELD OPERATIONS CRITERIA
This operations plan is based on a Scope of Work written by D.
J. Borns. 6331. to A. R. Lappin. 6331. on May 8. 1984.
reproduced in its entirety herein.
Page 2
It is
141
date Hay 8, 1984
Sandia National LaboratoriesAlbuquerque. New MeXIco 87185
to:
from:
subject:
~n-m~
D. J. a.rns ~;31statement of Work for DOE 2
References
Borns, J.D., L.J. Barrows, and D.W. Powers, 1983, Deformation of Evaporites Rear the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) Site. With asection by R.P. Snyder, USCS, SAND82-1069 (Albuquerque, IJM: Sanc!i.aRational Laboratories, February 1983).
Davies, P.B., 1983 (June 13), letter to L. Chaturvedi regarding the FC-92depression.
Gonzalez, D.D., 1983 (June 14), letter to A.R. Lappin regarding BellCanyon Hydro Test in the WIPP Vicinity.
Powers, D.W., S.J. Lambert, S.-E. Shaffer, L.R. Hill and W.O. Weart, ed.,1978,-Geological Characterization Report, Waste Isolation Pilot Plant(WIPPi Site, Southeastern Hew Mexico, SAND78-1596, Vol. I anc! II(Albuquerque, IJM: Sandia Rational Laboratories, 1978).
Introduction
Herein, we state the objectives, siting requirements, justification andmethods of study for a proposed drillhole. This document supplants twoearlier draft statements of work, July and September 1983. The purposesof this hole are to:
1. investigate a depression in distinct stratigraphic markers;
2. gather additional informationFormation, Salado Formation,(DIlG).
on the hydrology of the Rustlerand the Delaware Mountain Group
142
Hence, drilling will extend through the Castile. Also, since the proposedhole location is within the Disturbed Zone (Borns et al, 1983), there isa possibility that a brine reservoir will be encountered in the upperCastile anhydrites. There may be an opportunity for further testing ofanother bri~e reservoir in addition to ERDA 6 and WIPP 12.
-2-
Objectives
o Detet"Tlline the ongln of the KB-139 depression as indicated by theWIPP 34 and FC-92 drillholes. Processes that may have produced thisstr-ucture are irl:egular sedimentation, dissolution 01: gravity-driventectonics, e.g., halokinesis and gravity sliding.
o Evaluate the KB-139 depression and characterize, if pl:esent, thedeformation and flow str-uctures in the Salado.
o Perform hydro-tests in the Rustler and Bell Canyon aquifers and produce a "whole-hole" test in which the Rustler and Bell Canyon aquifersare interconnected.
Sitin& Requirements
The recommended location for DOE 2 is as follows: 130'FEL; 700'FSL;Sec.B, R31ET22S (see Figure 1). Only the N-S coordinate may be variedtlOO' to accommodate pad siting and safety considerations. Such a decision may be made in the field. This location is in the SW conler of theintersection of the new North Access Road and the section boundary. Allconfigurations of the KB 124 depression, Powers et al (1978), Snyder (inBorns et al, 19B3) and Davies (19B3), and FC-92 drillcore data are accommodated by this location (see Figure 2A-2F).
Davies (19B3) has suggested that the possible presence of faults withinthe lower Castile and upper DHG in KB 124 depression area should beconsidered in hole location (see Figure 2A). Such deep str-uctures wereoriginally inferred by Powers et al (1978) within the Bell Canyon sands,and were interpreted as being faults trending NW-SE. However, usinghigher resolution seismic lines, Barrows (in Borns et aI, 19B3) does notmaintain this interpretation. Another set of faults, which trend NE-SW,in Anhydrite I are inferred from borehole data by Snyder (in Borns et aI,19B3). The postulated trace of one crosses the KB 124 depression.
The trace of this "fault" and the Bell Canyon "fault" apparently intersectwithin the KB-124 depression near FC-92. However, this intersection doesnot alone justify a specific hole location. The original str-uctureswithin Bell Canyon sands disappear in the later and more detailed seismicinterpretation. The postulated faults in Anhydrite I can only haveapproximated positions (± 100's of feet). Therefore, it would be impossible to locate a hole pl:ecisely at a projected fault intersection, evenif such existed. Conversely, if these faults are not intersected, thiscannot be taken as justification fOI: additional drilling in the area. Thehole location is still determined basically by the shape of the HB-l24depression and geophysical CSAKT constraints.
Justification of Hole
o Deformation and Deep Dissolution
Peter Davies (19B3) has proposed that the KB 124 depression is evidence of deep dissolution in the WIPP vicinity. Such dissolution isassumed to occur at a rate that induces ductile flow in the halite
143
144
-3-
towards the point. of dissolution/removal. Drill-core t.aken t.hrou&hthe Salado will provide evidence for the presence or absence of suchflow st.ruct.ures. '!'be removal of beds by dissolution can also beverified by observation of the core. Important. feat.ures to observeare:
a. '!'be presence or absence of dissolut.ion residues (anomalouslythick clay zones) and breccias.
b. Departures from normal st.rat.igraphic sect.ion.
c. Associat.ion of residues wit.h fract.ured and wat.er-bearing unit.s.
o Hydrology of the Rust.ler Format.ion.
The Rust.ler aquifers and t.he Ma&enta and Culebra dolomites are critical units for the hydro&eologic characterization of the WIPP site.In this crucial area, a hole at the proposed location would allow usto quantify and define the potentiometric surfaces for fluid-bearingzones in the Rustler.
o Additional justifications as the hole is deepened through Castile andcompleted in the DHG.
a. Additional hydraulic characterization of the Bell Canyon in thearea is needed. '!'be hole would be used to obtain stQtic heads,bydrologic parameters and water quality data from tbe Bell Canyon,namely, its Hayes, Olds and Ramsey sands and Lamar Limestone.
b. The bole would allow a "whole-bole" test, in which the Bell Canyonand Rustler aquifers are intentionally interconnected and cHrections of fluid movement monit.ored (also see statement of work forCabin Baby recompletion, Gonzalez, 1983.)
c. The proposed site is within tbe disturbed zone (Borns et. aI,1983). Orient.ed core in Cast.ile structures will permit. det.ermination of flow directions. Such dat.a aid the ongoing st.udy ofdeformation mechanisms. i.e •• balokinesis vs. gravit.y slidint.
Also, tbere is a possibility of encountering a brine reservoir inthe Castile. Brine reservoirs bave been studied at WIPP 12 andERDA 6. Since this dat.a base exists, it may be argued that furtber test.s on a possible reservoir are not a primary purpose ofthe proposed hole. Still, the level of sampling/t.esting of abrine reservoir that could be encountered must be def ined inadvance. A brine-producing zone could be cased or packed off aswas done at WIPP 12 as drilling was completed to Anhydrite I.Provisions, however. should be considered to allow mobilizationfor a reservoir test program, as contained in the WIPP 12 statement of work (Powers, 1981). Since a brine reservoir contingencytesting plan is bein& developed by J. Mercer (SNL, 7133), adetailed test plan for a brine reservoir encounter is notdeveloped in this document.. Still. during the deepening ofDOE 2. provisions should be made for:
a. Driller. should be prepared for H2S and pressurized flow.
b. Comparison of DOE 2 brine reservoie to WIPP 12 and ERDA 6occurrence. throu&h determination of flow rate. downholepressure and major element chemistry, •. ,., TDS.
c. Hole ahould be maintained in a confi!uration that peI"ll\its10n&er term bydraulic testin& durin& Phase III, but someshort-term testin&. e.&., may be required in the brinereservoir contin&ency plan at the t~e of encounter.
Methods
The tasks essential to tbis pro&ram are divided into three phases (inorder of completion):
I) Rustler Hydrolo&y and Drillin&
II) Drillin& and core recovery from base of theRustler into the DKG.
III) Perform hydrolo&y and other related tests inthe whole-hole.
This ~ocument is primarily a statement of work for Phase 11. D. D. Gonzalez (6331) and J. Mercer (7133) will produce statements for Phase 1 andPhase III respectively. The proposed drillin& for Phase 11 i.s (2-112" orsreater co!e acceptable • • -1/2" preferred):..
1. Drill continuous core across the Salado (-945-2515' below &roundlevel) with oriented core at the followin& intervals:
o one barrel oriented core at MB 124 (-1705' below G.L.)
o one barrel oriented core across Cowden Anhydrite-Infra Cowdencontact at -2355' below G.L.
2. Drill continuous eore across the Castile (-2515'-3800' belowG.L.) with oriented eore from tbe followin& intervals:
o Anhydrite III-Halite II contact at -2815' below G.L.
o middle of Anhydrite II at -2880' below G.L.
2a. If a brine reservoir is encountered, aome minimal time of teatin&will be req,uired. and the brine reservoir contin&encyplan (seeJustification aection above) will be enacted before drillin& iscontinued.
3. Drill continuous core from the base of the Castile into the DKG.includin& the Ramsey, Ford. Olds and Hayes members (-3800'-4040'below G.L.)
145
-5-
~. Perform geophysical log&ing of hole, includin& acoustilo&. natural,amma, temperature, resistivity, ~-arm calipher for borehole geometry, neutron (limestone-compensated) and televiewer.
5. Set production packer, on 2-3/8" tubing. above the Sell Canyon tomonitor fluid stabilization.
6. Photograph and preserve core according to WIPP standard practice.
7. Prepare hole as required for Phase III.
Responsibilities
Statements of Work:
6331) *6331)7133}7133)
(SNI.,(sm.,(SNI.,(SNI.,
ScissonScisson
Phase I-D. D. GonzalezPhase II-D. J. BornsPhase III - J. Mercer
Brine Reservoir Contin&ency Plan - J. MercerField Operations Plan ------------ Fenix andField Operations ----------------- Fenix andDuty Geolo&ist ------------------- uses
Quality Assurance
Sandia Laboratories will implp.ment this document in accordance with itsestablished QA pr,cedures. Operational QA will be performed by Fenix andScisson and contractors in accordance with their established proceduresto meet Mle objectives of the pro&ram. The QA level of this program iR..£..-~minori unless a brine reservoir is encountered, then the level for portions of the testin& is major.
DJB:633l:cds(037ll)
Distribution:6330 W. D. Weart6331 Personnel6332 L. D. Tyler7133 R. D. Statler7133 J. Merceruses R. P. Snyder
*Phase I Principal investigator change from D. D. Gonzalez toR. L. Beauheim
146
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1 150m
~ • i50~·Section marker
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Old DOE2. site I .• ... . .• • •
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700' FSL and 130' FEL
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6
Buried Telephone Cable
. F:IGURE I
Civilization Effects from l. Bartell
147
148
Figure 2A. Marker Bed 124 Depression and Projected Fault Trace From Powers et aI.(l978)
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I ~lI(
J• i ;:)~I ! •J .. .....- • g~, ..: I X... D:: Z
I !iu
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. 1 •jj
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Figure 28. MB 124 Contours by Snyder in Borns et al.(l983)
149
....e:s...u:s.....
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• •......=~ ...o ...... C) 0C:... 'to c:u ....
150
Figure 2C. MB 124 Contours From Davies (1983)
,....01,....
."ce'eCDN
?:>~CO...
<..AItj~<:,,'00
-;:;<r:>00~
I I4000 ft
CONTOURINTERVAL
10 ft
STRUCTURE CO-HTOURS ON UNION ANHYDRITE
STRUCTURAL DEPRESSION
1500-ft RADIUS CIRCLE ON F-12
STRATIGRAPHICPOSITION
•
I-'01
'".".c'ciiit-)
rn":I....0
:3
u\ft:I~<:(;'uo
;::;<D002;
I I4000 ft
CONTOURINTERVAL
10 ft
STRUCTURE CONTOURS ON 115 MARKER BED
STRUCTURAL DEPRESSION
1500-ft RADIUS CIRCLE ON F-92
STRATIGRAPHICPOSITION
•
109.'---
.01(..;>
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I I4000 ft
CONTOURINTERVAL
10 ft
STRUCTURE CONTOURS ON 109 MARKER BED. " ", ..
STRUCTURAL DEPRESSION
1aoo-ft RADIUS CIRCLE ON F-02
STRATIGRAPHICPOSITION
•
2. FIELD OPERATIONS PLAN
2.1 Organization and Responsibilities
154
2.1.1
2.1. 2
2.1. 3
The technical program for Phase II in this
operation is the responsibility of Earth
Sciences Division 6331. D. J. Borns is
responsible for the geological programs.
Field decisions affecting the technical
objectives will be made with full
concurrence of Division 6331.
The U. S. Geological Survey (Regional
Geology and Water Resources Division) will
be responsible for core description and are
expected to provide their expertise and
recommendations throughout the geophysical
logging program.
The direction of field operations describec
in this plan is the responsibility of J. W.
Mercer, Division 7133.
Page 3
2.1.4 Arrangements are being made through the
Drilling AlE (Fenix & Scisson) to plan
contract for and administer the drilling,
coring, logging, testing, and other
associated services on a 24-hour basis and
according to the technical criteria provided
by Sandia. All work and subcontracts will
2.1. 5
be performed in conformance with Sandia Org
7133 Quality Manual and the Drilling AlE QA
Plan.
The quality level of this program is
categorized as "minor". Appropriate Quality
Assurance measures on work performed by
Division 7133 will conform to the general
requirements of the uField Engineering
Directorate Quality Plan", Issue B, dtd
December 1983.
2.2 Supporting Data
This Field Operations Plan covers the tasks essential
to the Phase II of DOE-2. While being treated as a
separate program, it follows the same format as used
for Phase I of DOE-2 which characterized the water
bearing zones in the Dewey Lake and Rustler Formations.
Plans call for occupying the same location and
reentering the DOE-2 drill hole to rework as necessary
to achieve the objectives of Phase II.
155
2.3 Drilling and Testing Program - Phase II
It should be recognized that the stratigraphy and/or
hydrologic conditions may be unusual; therefore, the
drilling and testing program may have to be adjusted
to provide for abnormalities.
2.3.1
2. 3.2
Rehabilitate mud pits and drill site,
install BOP (blow-out preventor) and
appropriate wellhead safety equipment.
Implement a heavy-duty drilling rig on a
24-hour operation to rotary drill ar.d core
using the rotary method and brine or
brine-polymer mud as a circulating agent.
The maximum depth of drilling is estimated
to be 4040 feet. The drilling operation
156
2.3.3
2.3.4
should be prepared for the potential of
encountering H2 S and pressurized brine
flows and the use of appropriate safety
equipment and detectors (H 2S).
Rig up and run-in-hole with a 12-1/4" bit
and ream 7-7/8" hole to TD (about 981 feet).
Run USGS gam~a log and caliper to calculate
proper amount of cement.
Page 5
Inspect and set 9-5/8" (industry standard)
casing to preselected depth. Install
centralizers in optimum position, usually
60-ft. to 90-ft. apart (avoid setting
centralizers in the Culebra dolomite).
Select a 70-30 poz mix cement slurry mixed
with salt to saturation and 2% bentonite
gel. Circulate a minimum of 50% excess
2. 3.8
2. 3.9
above volume calculated to fill annulus.
See Section 3.5 on Cementing Procedures.
Wait on cement for 24 hours.
Rig up and run-in-hole (RIB) with 7-7/8"
rock bit; condition the drilling mud and
drill out cement, float, and guide shoe.
Pick up a 7-13/16" OD x 4-1/4" diamond core
bit, conventional core barrel, and
appropriate coring equipment to produce a
nominal 4-1/4" OD core. RIB and proceed to
take continuous core to about 1685 feet
below ground level (GL) or until about 20
Page 6
157
feet above MB-124 (about 1705 feet below GL)
in the Salado Formation. All core to be
2.3.10
logged, marked, and handled according too
procedures outlined in Section 3.2.
Change over from conventional to oriented
coring equipment to produce a nominal 4-1/4"
OD oriented core for one barrel (about 60
feet) across MB-124. One barrel of core
158
2.3.12
will be acceptable if the MB-124 interval is
cored.
Change over from oriented to conventional
coring equipment and resume continuous
coring to about 2335 feet (GL) or until
about 20 feet above the Cowden
Anhydrite-Infra Cowden contact (about 2355
feet below ground level) in the Salado
Formation.
Change over from conventional to oriented
coring equipment and take one barrel (about
60 feet) of oriented core across the
Cowden-Infra Cowden contact.
Page 7
Note: See addendum for change in hydrologic testing of the
Salado Formation. Coring will be delayed at the Salado and
Castile Formational contact near 2615 ft. (GL).
2.3.13
Note:
2.3.14
Rig up and run-in hole with conventional
coring equipment and resume continuous
coring to about 2705 feet (GL) or until
about 80 feet above the Anhydrite III-Halite
II contact (about 2815 feet below GL) in the
Castile Formation.
It is in this interval that the pressurized
brine with associated H2 S was encountered
in WIPP-12. The mud circulation should be
monitored very closely during the coring of
Anhydrite III and at the slightest
indication of brine and/or gas, switch to
oriented core and immediately enact the
brine reservoir contingency plan (Appendix
A) •
Change over from conventional to oriented
coring equipment and take two barrels (about
120 feet) of oriented core across the
Anhydrite III and Halite II contact.
Pag e 8
159
160
2.3.15
2.3.16
2.3.17
2.3.18
2.3.19
Change over from oriented to conventional
coring equipment and resume continuous
coring to about 2885 feet (GL) or until
about in the middle of Anhydrite II of the
Castile Formation.
Change over from conventional to oriented
coring equipment and take one barrel (about
60 feet) of oriented core from the middle of
Anhydrite II.
Change over from oriented to conventional
coring equipment and resume continuous
coring into the Bell Canyon Formation
through the Ramsey, Ford, and Olds members,
and into the Hays member (approximately 3800
to 4040 feet, GL).
After reaching total depth, condition hole
and make ready for geophysical logging by
commercial service and U. S. Geological
Survey.
Geophysical logs to be run are to provide
information on acoustic velocities,
formation resistivities, formation density,
porosity, natural radioactivity, hole
Page 9
2.3.20
deviation, 4-aTm calipeT fOT bOTehoie
geometTy, temperature, and fracture
identification (acoustic televiewer). See
Section 3.4 on Geophysical Logging.
Upon completion of geophysical logging, RIH
with 7-7/8" bit and condition hole for
hydrologic testing of the permeable zones in
the Bell Canyon Formation. Run multiple
drill-stem tests based on evaluation of core
and geophysical logs. Tests will proceed
up-hole from the bottom interval using
either a single or straddle packer test
assembly. Tests planned are as follows:
(a) Hays sandstone member (single packer)
(b) Olds sandstone (straddle packer)
(c) Ramsey sandstone (straddle packer)
Each DST could run from 24 to 72 hours
depending on data analyses. See Section 3.3
2.3.21
for Hydrologic Testing Procedures.
Swab to produce test interval and collect
water samples. See Section 3.6 on Water
Sampling Procedures.
Page 10
161
2.3.22 Evaluate geophysical logs, drilling history,
and coring information from the Castile
Formation to see if permeable zones and/or
gases and fluids are present. Suspected
zones will be investigated by performing
DSTs or modified DSTs by using inflatable
packers and test assembly to isolate the
test interval. Swab to collect water
samples if sufficient permeability exists.
If no permeable zones are identified in the
Castile, a "whole interval" test may be
requested in which the Castile Formation
will be isolated and a DST or pressure
buildup test conducted.
Upon completion of hydrologic testing run a
production-injection packer (PIP) on 2-3/8"
tubing to a packer seat near the base of
Anhydrite I of the Castile Formation. Swab
162
2.3.24
to produce the Bell Canyon Formation and
evacuate drilling fluid.
Demobilize rig and monitor the Bell Canyon
pressure head until it stabilizes.
Page 11
Appendix A
Brine Reservoir Contingency Plan
if significant flows of brine and/or associated H2 S gas are
encountered in the Castile Formation during drilling of Phase
II, the following plan should be implemented:
1. Once the flows have been identified, proceed to take
appropriate safety precautions and assure the well is
under control.
2. Shut in the well and allow the pressures and
temperatures to equilibrate and then determine bottom
hole and surface static pressures through the use of
packers and downhole and surface instrumentation.
3. Change over from conventional to oriented coring
equipment and take oriented core to the base of the
producing member; keep flow to a minimum using
properly weighted mud.
4. Identify the producing zone/zones as necessary through
the use of geophysical logs; i.e., high resolution
temperature, bulk density, caliper, and acoustic
televiewer.
Page 12
163
5. Through the use of inflatable packers, pack off the
identified producing interval as necessary and install
downhole instrumentation to observe changes in
downhole pressure and t~mperature.
6. Following downhole equilibration, run a short-term DST
(Drill Stem Test) including period of flow and
bcildup. The duration of the test may require as much
as 24 hours.
7. Open the well to a short-term flow test. The duration
of the test will be determined by the initial flow
rates.
hours.
The flow duration could be as long as 12
During the flow period, fluid parameters such
164
as temperature, specific conductance, pH, and density
should be monitored, and all necessary samples for
general bulk chemistry and density should be collected
when these parameters have stabilized. Flow depletion
as well as reservoir derived gases should be
continuously monitored.
8. Shut in the well for pressure buildup test, monitoring
constantly the pressure and temperature changes. The
duration of the test will depend on previous test
analyses and well behavior.
Page 13
9. Terminate the brine reservoir testing and prepare hole
for further exploration to complete the objectives as
outlined for Phase II. Completion of the hole may
require the setting of temporary casing and/or
terminating drilling at Anhydrite I without
penetrating the Delaware Mountain Group.
Page 14
165
3. FIELD OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR QUALITY CONTROL REQUIREMENTS
Portions of this field activity are considered to be of
sufficient significance that quality control measures have
been established. These activities are:
3.1 Surface Location and Depth Measurement
3.2 Coring Operations
3.3 Hydrologic Testing
3.4 Geophysical Logging
3.5 Cementing
3.6 Water Sampling
3.1 Surface Location and Depth Measurement Procedure of
Sandia National Laboratories - WIPP Site Investigations
166
3.1.1 Introduction
This procedure is prepared by the
Engineering Projects Division 7133 for use
in Sandia Laboratories WIPP Program. The
objective is to establish the methods and
techniques to be used in measurement of the
surface location and well depth of
exploratory well DOE-2.
Page 15
3.1. 2
3.1. 3
Scope of Work
The surface location and depth measurements
are to be done as part of the exploratory
program of drilling DOE-2. The nature of
the location of DOE-2, to accommodate
structural considerations and to investigate
potential depression in stratigraphic
markers, requires unusual accuracy in
surface location and depth control.
Organization
Sandia National Laboratories is conducting
this field work under technical direction
from Earth Sciences Division 6331. The
Sandia Engineering Projects Division 7133
will manage the field operations.
The drilling AlE will be responsible for
maintaining depth control on the drilling
and testing operations.
Page 16
167
3.1. 4 Operations
3.1.4.1 Surface Location Measurements
(Done under Phase I)
The general location will be
established by Division 6331 following
a review of resistivity surveys,
surface features, accessibility and
other geo-political considerations. A
preliminary land survey shall be
conducted by a Registered Land Surveyor
to establish access routes and set
stakes for drill location and pad
boundaries. Dimension of the location
will be established with nearest
section boundaries and nearest marked
section corners to provide data
necessary for obtaining land use
permits. Drawings or sketches suitable
for constructon use shall be
submitted. After pad construction is
168
complete, a concrete monument with a
brass cap will be set in the immmediate
vicinity of the borehole at ground
level such that it can be used as the
datum point for all borehole vertical
Page 17
measurements. Once this monument is
established, this monument and its
lateral relation to borehole axis is to
be surveyed by a Registered Land
Surveyor to e~tablish the vertical
elevation within +1' of the nearest NGS
monument and the lateral coordinates
within ~l' with respect to nearest
section boundaries and recoverable
section corners.
Copies of all field notes utilized in
conducting the "as-built" survey, as
well as a written description of
techniques and instruments utilized in
making the survey shall be submitted
along with survey drawings carrying the
stamp of the responsible surveyor.
Depth Measurements
The nature of the drilling of exploratory
well DOE-2 requires unusual accuracy in
determining the depth of the core intervals
and the depths for hydrologic testing. The
depths shall be referenced to the concrete
monument at ground level and the measurement
procedures should be developed with a known
accuracy and following standard API
(American Petroleum Institute) procedures.
Page 18
169
3.2 Coring Operations Procedure of Sandia National
Laboratories - WIPP Site Investigations
3.2.1 Introduction
This procedure is prepared by the
Engineering Projects Division 7133 for use
in Sandia National Laboratories' WIPP
Program. The objective is to establish the
170
3.2.2
methods and techniques to be used in coring
operations in order to obtain reliable
samples in a uniform manner.
Scope of Work
This coring operation is to be done as a
part of exploratory drilling of Phase II.
Coring operation will consist of taking
approximately 3060' of 4.25" diameter core
to a TD of approximately 4040'. Core is to
be removed from the core barrel, logged,
measured, cleaned, marked, photographed and
packaged, transported and stored according
to the procedures presented in this
document.
Page 19
3.2.3 Organization
Sandia National Laboratories is conducting this
field work under technical direction from Earth
Science Division 6331. The Sandia Field
Engineering Division 7133 will manage the field
operations.
The Drilling AlE will prepare and administer a
drilling program from criteria provided by Sandia
that includes the taking of core. The drilling
3.2.4
contractor, the coring contractor and the
roustabout contractor are under contract to the
AlE. USGS will provide the duty geologist for
logging and identifying the core and supervision
of core handling in the field. TSC will provide
geologists to assist in core identification and
logging of core.
Sandia National Laboratories will provide core
photography and arrange for core storage.
Operations
3.2.4.1 Coring (AlE and their contractors)
Convention2l and oriented coring with a
nominal 50' core barrel is required.
Page 20
171
Other equipment and material such as
drill-collars and stabilizers, drilling
fluid (air or mud) should be utilized
according to best judgment to match the
formation and produce optimum core recovery.
Select and use drilling weight, rotary speed
and circulation rates that will produce
optimum core recovery.
The duty geologist shall maintain a daily
record which shows date, tour and operating
personnel, sequeL:e of core interval, depth
of core interval, drilling time of core
interval, drilling weight, rotary speed and
circulation rate, and type circulating fluid
using the Core Logging Record (sample
follows).
3.2.4.2 Removal from Barrel (AlE and their
contractors)
Core should be removed from core barrel as
gently as possible to cause minimum
alteration of the core. Light hammering or
172
jarring is permissible when using a standard
Page 21
Date
LOG HEADINGS:
Company
Well Number
Page of ____
DAILY CORE LOGGING RECORD
DUTY GEOLOGIST
WIPP No • _
Field
Location
County State New Mexico
Section
Permanent Datum
Township Range
Elevations: K.B.
D.F.
G.L.
WEIGHT CIRCUL. FEET FEET : ERCE::T EOXO. INTERVAL FEET RPH ON BIT PRESS.CORED RECOVERED R:SC 0\" i:?:- '":'- l • ~ , :::.
P .S.I. ..." ....... '.-
.
-t- ---"---
173
core barrel, but heavy hammering or pounding
the barrel on its end is to be avoided.
Removal by pumping is permissible upon
approval of the Sandia representative
supervising the field operations. A
hand-operated, positive displacement pump
shall be used as required.
As the core is removed, it will be placed in
troughs in the order coming out of the
barrel. Troughs will be marked with red at
top end and black at bottom indicating down
direction.
3.2.4.3 Logging (USGS Duty and TSC Geologist)
If core is suitable for marking, each major
piece should be marked with a visible
waterproof ink arrow pointing in the
direction the hole is advancing. Each core
piece should be measured, identified and
logged indexing each foot with footage
expressed to the closest 1/10 of a foot.
Depths should be reconciled from
measurements of the drill pipe to the
nearest foot taken from ground-level unless
otherwise specified. Any lost recovery
174
should be logged at the bottom of each core
interval unless known ., ~c otherwise and so
explained on the core log.
Page 22
3.2.4.4 Cleaning (A/E and contractors)
Core will be wiped or brushed to remove soft
mud cake and excess mud as soon as possible
following removal from the core barrel. A
rag dampened in drilling fluid or brine will
be used to wipe the core. If core is
accidently washed with fresh water, it will
be noted in the log, stating intervals
exposed and time of occurrence.
3.2.4.5 Photograph (Sandia and Duty Geologist)
After core has been logged, labeled, and
cleaned, it will be carefully moved to the
core/photo shed and prepared for
photography. Core may be wetted with brine
to enhance photo coverage. Core should be
positioned by the duty geologist to promote
coverage of pertinent features such as
fractures, bedding plane, color, or any
other significant characteristics. Oriented
core should be positioned so scribe marks
are visible for photos. Each photo should
have a title block showing well number,
date, core interval and photo number.
Page 23
175
3.2.4.6 Preservation (Duty Geologist & AlE
Contractor)
After core has been photographed, it
will be wiped dry and preserved for
transportation and storage in the
following method:
3.2.4.6.1 Core pieces will be separated into
lengths appropriate to fit into
the core boxes. Pieces will be
placed into plastic sleeves of
appropriate length or wrapped and
taped with plastic sheet if
applicable. When using sleeves,
use a hot iron sealing tool, seal
both ends of plastic sleeve after
squeezing all air possible from
sleeve. Place sleeved or wrapped
core into box and tape shut.
core intervals are missing,
spacers marked with missing
footage figures may be inserted in
the box as necessary to preserve
sequence. Boxes should be labeled
176
in sequence with name of agency,
well number, date, core number and
depth of core pieces in the box.
Page 24
3.2.4.7 Core Photos (Final Prints)
Sandia National Laboratories will
arrange for core photography as
described previously in paragraph
3.2.4.5. 8-1/2" x 11" prints will be
made and distributed as follows:
I-set USGS, Regional Geology, Denver,
Attn: R. P. Snyder
I-set Sandia Division 6331, ABQ
I-set Sandia Division 6331, ABQ
WIPP Central File
2-sets WIPP Project Office/TSC,
Carlsbad, NM
I-set Sandia Division 7133, Attn: J.
W. Mercer
3.3 Hydrologic Testing Procedures of Sandia National
Laboratories - WIPP Site Investigations
Introduction
This procedure is prepared by the
Engineering Projects Division 7133 for
use in Sandia National Laboratories
WIPP Program, in particular to Phase II
testing of DOE-2. The objective is to
establish methods and techniques to be
Page 25
177
178
used in hydrologic testing in order to
obtain reliable data in a uniform
manner.
Scope of Work
The hydrologic testing operation is to
be conducted to obtain hydraulic
properties of selected intervals, in
particular, the permeable zones in the
Bell Canyon Formation. The prime
objectives of the testing program are
to obtain data necessary to evaluate
and measure certain hydraulic
parameters. These are:
- hydraulic conductivity
- transmissivity
- hydraulic potential or head
It is understood that because of the
very low anticipated permeabilities and
unknown hole conditions, all these
parameters may not be obtained from
each individual zone.
Page 26
The hydrologic tests will all be
similar to a conventional drill stem
test but may include pressure pulse,
slug-withdrawal or slug-injection tests
if core or geophysical logs show they
may be more appropriate.
Each test is anticipated to take a
minimum of 12 hours to as much as 120
hours. The duration of each test will
depend on the quality and amount of
data required to achieve test
objectives and overcome unknown
downhole test conditions.
Page 27
179
180
3.3.4
Organization
Sandia Laboratories is conducting the
field work under the technical
direction of Earth Sciences Division
6331. The Sandia Field Engineering
Division 7133 will manage field
operations. The AlE will prepare and
administer a program from criteria
provided by Sandia that includes
hydrologic testing.
Operations
3.3.4.1 The results of the logging and
coring program for Phase II DOE-2 will
identify the selected intervals to be
tested.
3.2.4.2 When the selected test interval
has been cored and identified, run
gamma log and caliper to identify
potential packer seats.
Page 28
3.3.4.3 Run the drill-stem test hardware
using either a single or straddle
inflatable packer sized for 7-7/8"
drill hole and attached to 2-3/8"
tubing. The assembly will include
a standing valve in the tubing
string above the packer. The
packer assembly will include
transducer probes capable of
measuring pressures and
temperatures below, above and
within the test interval. The
pressure data will be transmitte~
to a surface data acquisition
system where it will be monitored
and recorded. The data will be
used to adjust flow schedules if
necessary.
3.3.4.4 Set up and operate the test
assembly with the capability of
running a 12- to 72-hour DST
test. Prior to opening the test
interval to the tubing, the water
in the tubing shall be swabbed
out. The shortest time schedule
for flow and shut-in periods
Page 29
181
182
will be determined by the Sandia
field Test director based on the
real-time evaluation of the
reservoir's performance •• A
minimum of two flow and buildup
periods will be required.
If after the second flow period,
there is either minimal or very
little flow, or conversely, if
there is significant flow, the
testing times may be varied
according to the judgment of the
Sandia Field Test Director. The
flow schedule can be regulated by
a sliding sleeve integral within
the packer or by use of a
wire-line seating nipple into the
packer standing valve.
3.3.4.5 Upon completion of the DST and
depending on the permeability and
water yield of the test interval,
the tubing may be swabbed and a
Page 30
water sample collected (see section 3.4
for water sampling).
3.3.4.6 If the results of the DST are
unsatisfactory; i.e., when
reasonable estimates of
conductivity and head cannot be
achieved, then a pressure pulse
test (very low conductivity), or a
slug-withdrawal (rising head)
(moderate to high conductivities)
will be conducted.
Pressure Pulse Test - Conductivity
is calculated from the pressure
time history of an applied
pressure-pulse. After the zone is
isolated, the tubing shall be
swabbed as nearly dryas
practicable. The shut-in valve
shall be opened to depressurize
the test interval and then closed
immediately, creating an applied
pressure-pulse on the test
Page 31
183
interval. Pressure increase with
184
time shall be recorded downhole.
Duration of these tests will vary
depending on test interval
permeabilities.
Slug-withdrawal (rising head)
Upon completion of the DST, the
test interval shall be shut-in and
the tubing shall be evacuated by
swabbing. After pressure in the
test interval has stabilized,
the s Jut-in tool will be opened
and the pressure rise with time
monitored.
During all testing, quantity and
quality of all water removed shall
be documented.
Page 32
3.4 Borehole Geophysical Logging Operations Procedure of
Sandia National Laboratories - WIPP Site Investigation
Introduction
This procedure is prepared by the Sandia
National Laboratories Engineering Projects
Division 7133 for use in Sandia's WIPP Site
Investigation. The objective is to
establish standard routines and methods for
borehole geophysical logging in order to
assure qualified data in a reliable manner.
To insure accuracy and quality of all work
done, the logging company shall provide a
description of their calibration and quality
standards prior to award of the logging
contract. For these tools requiring a
3.4.2
calibration standard source, it must be
traceable to the API standards or a
recognized natural physical constant.
Scope of Work
Geophysical logging of boreholes in the WIPP
Site Inves~ gat ions may include a wide
variety of individual logging services.
Page 33
185
Logging services may be provided by several
different commercial firms utilizing
different types of tools and techniques.
Services may be purchased directly by Sandia
National Laboratories or through the
Drilling Engineering firms.
The scope of logging services may change for
specific intervals depending on the test
horizon conditions. The logging services
3.4.3
may be changed at the discretion of the
field operations director.
Organization
The Sandia laboratories is conducting this
field work with technical direction from
Earth Sciences Division 6331. Field
186
operations are managed by Sandia
Engineering Projects Division 7133.
Page 34
3.4.4 Operations
3.4.4.1 The logging services will consist
of all or part of the following:
Natural Gamma Ray Log - Measures the natural
radiation from the wall rock formations,
recorded in API Gamma Ray Units versus depth
of the hole.
4-Arm Caliper Log - Measures variations in
the borehole diameter and is recorded in
inches for diameter versus depth; used to
select packer seats as well as estimating
hole volumes.
Density Log - Measures formation density and
is compensated for borehole effects using a
gamma source and records bulk density in
grams/cc and formation porosity in percent
versus depth.
Neutron Log - Measures density of hydrogen
atoms using a neutron source and is
compensated for borehole effects, usually
referenced to limestone standard; used for
porosity and hydrogen ion concentrations.
Recorded as porosity percent versus depth.
Page 35
187
Borehole Compensated Sonic Velocity
Measures acoustic properties of borehole
wall rock compensated for borehole diameter
changes. Recording is of interval transit
time in microseconds/foot versus depth; used
to measure porosities and detect fractures.
Acoustic Televiewer - Measures acoustic
properties of borehole wall and converts
attenuation of sonic signal to "picture" of
borehole wall; used to identify and measure
fractures and their orientation on borehole
walls.
Dual Laterolog - Measures laterally focused
resistivity at two depths of penetration
from the borehole wall. Records in
188
ohmmeters versus depth; used to obtain true
rock resistivities and can be used as a
qualitative measure of permeability.
Temperature Log - Measures temperature of
borehole fluid and records in degrees
fahrenheit versus depth; used to detect
possible abnormalities of temperature that
may indicate fluid or gas entry into
borehole.
Page 36
Directional/Deviation - Uses a compass and
photographic accessories to determine
deviation of the boreholes from vertical and
the direction of the deviation.
3.4.4.2 Prior to selecting a logging service, a
Sandia representative will meet with
Drilling A/E and prepare the form
"Instructions to Logging Company" for the
specific logs to be run (sample instructions
form follows).
3.4.4.3 Prior to logging, a qualified representa
tive of Sandia Labs will meet with the
logging service company's logging enginee".
He will present the "Instructions ••• " and
discuss:
a) the entire logging program and special
requirements,
b) hole conditions that may cause problems,
and
c) zones of special interest.
3.4.4.4 During the pre-log conference, the Sandia
representative will discuss and request the
following to be done:
Page 37
189
Date
LOG HCl'ldi1l0s:
Compiiny
Field
Location
Section
INSTRUCTIons TO LOGGING COMPANY
Logging COl:1pany
LOCGinC Engiueer
Witnessed Ey
,,"'JPP No.
County
Township Ranee
State New Mexico
Permanent Datum
Log Measured From
Dril11n~ Measured From
Elevations: K.B.
D.F.
C.L.
Hole Status~. SIZE ~ TO
Casings Borehole
grr FROM TO
Type Fluid in Borehole
Density
Viscos::'ty
Fluid Level
pH
Flu i d Lo s s - _
Purpo£e of Logr,ir.g Program, Zones of Special Interest, Critical PooleConditions, Rc~nrks. Etc.
----------------------------------------
190
~umbcr of Prints: Field Finnl
LoS. No.
(a) Vertical Depth Scales 2-inches/lOO-feet and 5-inchc~/I00-feet(b) Horizontal Logging Scales(e) LOSBinG Specd Desired(d) Interval to be LoCged(e) Zones of Special Interest
(f) ~~ecial Instruction
• • « « • • • « « « • « « « • « « « • « « « • • « « « « « « ~ « « « « « ~
LOG. No.
(a) Vertical Depth Scales 2-inches/JOO-feet and 5-inches/lOO-feet(b) Horizontal Logging Scales(c) LOGSinS Speed Desired(d) Interval to be Logged(e) Zones of Special Interest
(f) Special Instruction
« • « « « « • « • « « • « « « « « • « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « ..
LoS. No.
(a) Vertical Depth Scales 2-inches/lOO-feet and 5-inchcs/lOO-fe~t
(b) Horizontal LOSGing Scales(c) LOGging Spced Desired(d) Interval to be LogGcd(e) Zones of Special Interest
(r) Special Inctruction
191
192
The equipment will be "warmed up" for the
adequate amount of time and tools will be
checked to see that they are calibrated as
appropriate and functioning properly upon
arrival at the location.
Rm, Rmf, and Rmc will be measured on mud
samples if electrical logs are to be run.
Estimated values are not acceptable. The
service company should run the sample
through a mud press.
All Sidewall and Compensated Neutron logs
and all density porosity curves will be run
on limestone matrix over the zones of
interest, regardless of the lithology.
Equipment will be tested while running in
hole.
Before-and-after log calibrations will be
shown for all curves.
Panel calibrations will be shown for all
density and neutron logs; integration checks
will be shown for all integrated acoustic
logs.
Page 38
3.4.5
In addition to caliper rings, the caliper
calibration should show "tool full open" and
casing readings.
A minimum 2eO feet repeat must be shown.
Overlap previous runs by at least 200 feet.
All headings information will be completely
filled out.
In addition, all open-hole commercial logs
shall be digitized and recorded on magnetic
tape.
3.4.4.5 The Sandia logging representative will be
present and observe the logging operation to
the extent necessary to assure objectives
have been met. He should complete a "Log
Quality Report" (sample follows) following
the operation and, along with a copy of
"Instructions to Logging Company", forward
to Sandia Engineering Projects Division 7133.
Records
3.4.5.1 "Instruction to Logging Company"
Page 39
193
LOG QUALITY P~PORT
Hole log Do'e Current Dote _
lo~- Run i: Engr. _
Field PrintU Finol PrintU log Anolys' _
194
CHECK ALL BOXES - ACCEPT "fiLE YES ORUNACCEPT ABLE NO
Scttion, "0' opplicoble: to 0 particulor service.leove Blonk.
A. HEADINC;
J. Co"re' Hroa,n" Una
2. Heod,n" Data rroperly Compleled
A. ['luipmrnl 0010 Sec lion Con,plrled
5. Scale Chor."e~ Noteel on Heod'n"
6. A'e all abnormal cond,'io.,. explained in thereftlo,ks lec,io",
B. CALIIlRATIONS AND SC"LES
1. Scale. COllrcl 'or Area
2. Scoles Labrlled
3. Scale Chon~e. Lobellti!
A. Z.roe 0 Recorded
S. Be'orr La" Colib.olion.
6. A"e, La" Col.b'o.iono
7. Repeal Seclion Rrcoreled
2. R.prol Seclion Acceploble
C. VALltllTY or LOC;
1. Cu,vel Functic:'\ing Correctly
2. Do LOI ..olueo 'all ... ilhin ,eooonable limit.
3. C", .... on Drplh
A. lo...n" Speed Inel;colrel
5. lo.. in" Speed Co".c'
D. APPEARANCE
1. P,in'ing .' Typing Neat
2. P,infirt9 .' T rpin; At CU'D1.
3. C,icl.nd ren T,oc.,.
A. 5,!I'.' 51, •• "h••nd Cl••"
S. Fit", C."."lr Proc ..... et
6. c..ne••' f'"nl 0 ..0101,
YES NO
REMARKS: Code Remarh .. il" '''c p.oper Sec lion Nun," •••For Example: Remark, conc~rnin9 ~cfO't lo~
c.lil.ra'ian. ,",auld br caeled B·S.
-------------------_._-
AlE should prepare instsructions
following a conference with Sandia
representative, and provide ten copies
to Sandia Field Engineering Division
7133.
3.4.5.2 Distribution should be made as
follows:
I Logging Company
1 Sandia Representative - observing log
operations
I AlE
2 TSC Records Center, Carlsbad
1 Sandia WIPP Central Files (SCWF)
1 Sandia Division 7133, ABQ
1 Sandia Division 6331, ABQ
1 USGS, Regional Geology, Denver
Attn: R. P. Snyder
1 USGS/WRD, ABQ, Attn: J. Hudson
3.4.5.3 Log Quality Report
Sandia representative should prepare
and distribute as follows:
Page 40
195
196
3 Original and two copies to
Sandia Eng. Projects Div 7133,
ABQ, who will be responsible
for forwarding to WIPP Central
Files
2 Sandia Earth Sciences Div 6331, ABQ,
Attn: D. J. Borns
1 Sandia Carlsbad Hole File
1 AlE
3.4.5.4 Geophysical Logs (Field Prints)
AlE should obtain 10 copies of log
field prints and distribute as follows:
1 Sandia Carlsbad Hole File
1 USGS, Regional Geology, Denver,
Attn: R. P. Snyder
1 USGS/WRD, ABQ, Attn: J. Daniel
2 Sandia Div 6331, ABQ, Attn:
D. J. Borns, R. L. Beauheim
1 Sandia Div 7133, ABQ, Attn:
J. W. Mercer
3 AlE (3 copies)
Page 41
3.4.5.5 Geophysical Logs (Final Prints)
AlE should order 15 final copies of
logs and two copies of library magnetic
tapes of the logs and distribute as
follows:
2 TSC Records Center, Carlsbad
1 USGS, Regional Geology, Denver,
Attn: R. P. Snyder
1 USGS/WRD, ABQ, A~tn: J. Hudson
3 Sandia Div 6331, ABQ, Attn:
A. R. Lappin, D. J. Borns, R. L.
Beauheim
2 Sandia Div 7133, Abq, Attn: J. W.
Mercer
2 Sandia WIPP Central File, ABQ,
2 copies log s & 2 copies tapes
1 AlE
1 State Engineer, Roswell, NN
1 USGS Area Geologist, Roswell, NH
1 West Texas Electric Log Service
Page 42
197
3.5 Cementing Operations Procedure of Sandia National
Laboratory, WIPP Site Investigations
3.5.1
3.5.2
Observe regulations issued by New Mexico
State Engineer for casing wells through
known aquifers. State Engineer's office
should be notified in advance of intention
to case.
Condition the hole, ream if necessary to
remove tight places. Run a caliper log as
necessary to calculate the proper amount of
cement and help in selecting the appropriate
positioning of centralizers.
3.5.3 Inspect the casing to be run. Sandblast if
necessary to remove severe rust flakes.
Install centralizers in optimum position,
usually 60-90' apart. Install cocbination
198
3.5.4
float collar and guide shoe.
Run the casing string and land at
preselected depth.
Page 43
3.5.5
3.5.6
Select a 70-30 poz mix cement slurry mixed
with salt to saturation and 2% bentonite
gel. Weight the slurry as necessary to
match density of drilling fluids in the
hole.
Install an appropriate cementing head, rig
up the mixing and pumping units. Begin
pumping to displace the drilling fluids with
a suitable mud flush followed by a suitable
spacer and an appropriate volume of cement
slurry to equal at least 150% of the
calculated annulus volume of the hole.
Continue pumping at about 2-1/2 bpm until
acceptable returns have been observed at the
surface. Displace top plug with water and
then bump plug with about 500 psi (maximum
Page 44
199
200
3.5.7
of 1000 psi) over displacing pressure.
Check float and if it is holding. close in
cementing head and W.O.C. for 24 to 48
hours. Maintain tension in the casing
string while cement is setting.
Run a casing pressure test before drilling
out the plug. Apply a pressure of about 600
psi and hold for 30 minutes and observe. If
a pressure drop of 100 psi or more is
observed. take corrective measures and
repeat the test. If pressure drop is less,
cementing job is considered complete. Pick
up the appropriate size bit and proceed to
drill out the plug and continue with the
program as directed.
Page 45
3.6 Water Sampling Procedures of Sandia National
Laboratories - WIPP Site Investigations
3.6.2
Introduction
This procedure is prepared by the
Engineering Projects Division 7133 for use
in the Sandia National Laboratories WIPP
Program; in particular, to Phase II testing
of DOE-2. The objective is to provide
guidelines to obtain the best representative
water sample from fluid-bearing zones in
DOE-2.
Scope of Work
The water sampling program of Phase II is
designed to obtain the best representative
water sample from intervals which contain
fluid in exploratory well DOE-2. It is
anticipated that only the Bell Canyon
Formation can produce enough fluid, within a
reasonable time period, for sampling. The
water samples will be analyzed for major
chemical constituents, fluid density, and
Page 46
201
possibly certain isotopes. It is understood
3.6.3
that whenever water samples are taken under
open-hole conditions and under methods
described in Section 3. there exists the
potential for contamination.
Organization
Sandia Laboratories is conducting the field
work under the technical direction of Field
Sciences Division 6331. The Sandia
Engineering Projects Division 7133 will
manage field operations. The AlE will
202
prepare and administer a drilling program
from criteria provided by Sandia that
includes water sampling.
Operations
3.6.4.1 A review of the geophysical logs and
DTSs of Phase II. DOE-2. will identify
the selected intervals to be sampled.
Page 47
3.6.4.2 After the completion of all
hydrologic tests, water samples will be
collected if the test interval contains
adequate permeability and water storage to
sample.
3.6.4.3 Rig up swabbing equipment and
swab fluid out of tubing and from test
interval.
3.6.4.4 Swab tubing until such time that
the water parameters such as density,
pH, temperature, chloride, and specific
conductance stabilize within + or - 5%
or if parameters do not stabilize, then
swabbing will continue for a specified
time interval to be determined by the
Sandia Field Test Director. Records
and plots of water parameters versus
volume removed shall be maintained for
the purpose of monitoring for
stabilization.
Page 48
203
204
3.6.4.5 After eo.pletion of paragraph
3.6.4.4, a water .a.ple will be
eolleeted in app~opriate
container. properly proee ••ed,
labeled and preaerved aceord1ng to
procedure. described 1n Lambert
and Robin80n (SAND83-1122, 1984).
3.6.4.6 70 reduce tbe potential of
contamination witb commercial pipe
dope. a teflon or equivalent type
dope sball be used on all tubing
joints and packer connections.
P.,e .,
4.0 alrOIT.
4.1 Dally aepo~t
'/1. Carl.bad office. viII provide to Sandia.
~arlaba4. a copy of the daily report. Sandia.
Carlabad. will te1efaz the daily report on veekdays to
Divia10a 6331 aad Divisioa 7133 in Albuquerque. A
copy of tbe daily report viII be kept on file in the
Saadia Carlsbad office.
4.2 Daily riae ~Ol
A Daily rlae LOI viII be maintained by the AlE
drillia& apecialist. Tvo copies viII be provided to
the Saadia. Carlsbad office. Sandia. Carlsbad office
viII aaintain • file of the log.
A Bole Blatory of the drilling activities viII be
prepared by All froa their daily tiae loga and other
pertinent reeorda. A reproducible copy of tbis
blatory ta ~o .e ••nt to J. V. Xereer. Division 7133.
AIQ.fo110winl coapletion of fleld activitie. for
aubaequent dlatrlbutlon.
'ale SO
205
206
4.4 Xiacellaneoua aecorda
A .arlety of recorda are kept by AlE that viII be
••eful In hlatorical preparatloD. ~beae are to be
kept OD file 1. Carlabad vhlle the prograa 1. active
and on coaplation. a copy forwarded ~o J. V. Xercer.
Dlvlaioa 7133. for placeaent In the WIPP central
flle. ~hey include:
Drlller Loga. lit Recorda. Drilling Fluid
Recapa. Equipaent CertIfication. DrillIng
Hiatory Chart. and Coat Recorda.
Addendu. to Pield Operations Plan DOE-2 Phase II
Pebruary 20, 1985
.ec.uae of concern o.er encountering a brine-reservoir In the
Caati1e Pora.tion, the Pield Operations Plan Is changed to
Incorporate ~ydrolol1c testinl of the Salado Poraation
f ••edl.taly after tbe Salado-Caatile contact baa been
penetrated and prior to further coring of the Castile Formation.
2.'.12.1 Cbange o.er fro. oriented to conventional coring
equip.ent and resume continuous coring to about 2165
feet (CL) or until the Salado and Castile Formation
contaet' ha. been identified.
2.'.12.3 Ceophysical logs to be run include formation density,
Datural radioactl.ity, porosity, and borehole geometry
(caliper).
2.3.12.4 Upon eo.pletion of logging, run .ultiple drill-stem
tests based on e.aluation of core and geophysical
loaa. Te.ta 9ill proceed up-bole fro. the bottom
later.al •• inl either. aingle or atraddle test
•••••bly •
•• '.12.i Yeat Inter.als to be tn.e.tiaated include any
auspected aODes of peraeability and/or fluid entry.
Becauae of the fntereat tn the facility horizon.
207
208
Includinl Karker aeda 138 aad 139. teltia, Ihould be
coaducted .cr•• 1 tbi. later.al.
~.'.12.' .fter -lnter.al- teltia! 1. eoapleted. a -whole
1ora.tLon- teat ••7 ~e requelted 1a vhicb a packer
.111 ~e •• t a.ar tbe top ~f tb. Salado loraatlon
(i.olatlng tbe Salado) aad a .erle. of bydrologic
te.tl wIll be conducted. Teat tiael vIII be
deterained by bole conditions and Interval
pera.abillty_
APPENDIX C
Abridged Hole History of Drillhole DOE-2:Phases I, II, and III
209-210
c. 1 Data From Sandia NationalLaboratoriesNote: Depths reported will be from ground level (GL)
unless otherwise noted.
8-13-84 Began constructing a compacted calichepad at DOE-2 drill site. Removed vegetation and leveled area.
8-14-84 Completed construction of drill site; nominal100X100-ft pad.
8-15-84 Moved in Abbott Bros. auger rig. Augerednominal 20-in.-dia hole (using air) from 0to 40.1 ft. Set and aligned 13-3/8-in.-OD,48-lb, H-40 surface casing to 39.9 ft. Cemented annulus to surface with 81 fe ofready-mix.
8-20-84 Moved in SNL B-15 van-trailer, USGStrailer, and generators.
8-24-84 Buried steel mud-pits in preparation fordrilling contractor. Moved in PennsylvaniaDrilling Co. Failing 2000 drill rig. Completed mobilization of Failing 2000 rig andancillary equipment.
8-26-84 No activity.
8-27-84 Picked up 4-3/4-in. rock bit and tripped inhole to drill from 40 ft to 45 ft using air ascirculating medium. Rigged up casing headfor coring.
Note: See attached core record for intervals, times, and recovery.
8-28-84 Repaired injection pump and rigged upflow line. Picked up 10-ft split-core barrelwith 3-7/8-in.-OD diamond core head tocut 2-1/4-in.-dia core. Tripped in hole withcore barrel to 45 ft. Cut cores Nos. 1through 6 from 45 ft to 98.8 ft.
8-29-84 Cut cores Nos. 7 through 13 from 98.8 ft to161 ft.
8-30-84 Cut cores Nos. 14 through 22 from 161 ft to240 ft.
8-31-84 Cut cores Nos. 23 through 32 from 240 ft to339 ft.
9-01-84 Cut cores Nos. 33 through 36 from 339 ft to371.5 ft.
9-02-84 Cut cores Nos. 37 through 38 from 371.5 ftto 382.5 ft.
9-03-84 No activity.
9-04-84 Cut cores Nos. 39 through 46 from 382.5 ftto 460.9 ft.
9-05-84 Cut cores Nos. 47 through 48 from 460.9 ftto 477 ft. Stuck core barrel at 477 ft.Backed off pipe one stand down from surface. Star Tool on site; made up fishingtools; working to recover stuck pipe.
9-06-84 Jarring on fish; unable to move core barrel.Decided to shoot off drill pipe and reamhole down to core barrel and wash oversame. Rotary Wireline on site to shoot offdrill pipe just above core barrel. Pipe shotoff; recovered drill pipe. Picked up 4-3/4in. bit, tripped in, and began reaming holeusing brine as circulating medium.
9-07 -84 Reaming at 190 ft; clutch problems. Repaired clutch and reamed down to 444 ft.
9-08-84 Tripped drill pipe and picked up washoverpipe to top of fish at 445 ft. Fish consists of20 ft of drill pipe and 12 ft of core barrel.Began washover operation. Tripped outwith washover pipe to inspect wash-pipeshoe. Tripped back in hole; continuedwashing over. Made only 5 ft; so trippedout of hole and tripped in with 4-3/4-in. bit;tagged fish at 445 ft. Tripped out of holewith bit, replaced with new shoe, trippedback in hole to 450 ft, and continuedwashover operation. Not making hole.Tripped washover pipe, breaking joints;found pipe blocked. Cleaned out pipe;tripped back in hole and continuedwashover. Finally making hole.
9-09-84 Continued washover operation to 477ft.Tripped pipe and ran in 3-1/2-in. overshot;no fish. Tripped in with 3-7/16-in. overshotand recovered core barrel. Broke down fishing equipment. Secured operations at 1000hr.
9-10-84 Repair work on rotary table and swivel.Picked up core barrel and tripped in to cutcores Nos. 49 through 51 from 478 ft to 501ft using 10 lb/gal brine as circulating medium. Hole taking quite a large volume ofbrine.
9-11-84 Cut cores Nos. 52 through 58 from 501 ft to561 ft. Constructors Inc. on site to extenddrill pad.
211
9-12-84
9-13-84
9-14-84
9-15-84
9-16-84
9-17-84
9-18-84
10-08-84
10-10-84
212
Cut cores Nos. 59 through 64 from 561 ft to621 ft.
Cut cores Nos. 65 through 66 from 621 ft to641 ft. Suspended coring operation to conduct hydrologic tests. Hole evacuated ofbrine using air. Made up hydrologic testtool, checked out instrumentation, andstarted tripping in hole.
Set packer at 530 ft with 500 psi. Triedinjection test; extremely low permeability;switched to constant head. Formation tootight; terminated test and tripped out withhydrologic test tool. Picked up core barreland tripped in to cut cores Nos. 67 through74 from 641 ft to 721 ft. Hole continuing totake brine.
Cut cores Nos. 75 through 85 from 721 ft to831 ft.
Cut cores Nos. 86 through 89 from 831 ft to858.5 ft. Hole continuing to take brine.Secured rig for Sunday at 0800 hr.
Resumed coring operations at 0800 hr and,while cutting core No. 90, had to trip corebarrel to repair sand line. Core No. 90 ranfrom 858.5 ft to 861 ft. Cut core Nos. 91through 96 from 861 ft to 921.4 ft.
Cut cores Nos. 97 through 102 from 921.4 ftto a total depth of 981 ft. Hole completed,tripped out laying down pipe. Secured drillpad until 10-8-84.
Resumed operations. Fluid level in drillhole at 355.24 ft below top of casing. Pickedup 4-3/4-in. bit and tripped in to reamdrillhole. While reaming hole, hit tight spotat 560 ft. Added 12.51b of NASCN tracer to250 bbl of brine. Collected sample for analysis. Added brine with NASCN tracer todrilling fluid while reaming at 650 ft. Continued reaming to 690 ft. Tripped out pipewith bit. Secured pad at 1600 hr.
USGS on site at 0010 hr to run geophysicallogs. Geophysical logs run included gammaray, caliper, gamma-gamma density, neutron porosity, and acoustic televiewer.Completed logging operations at 0900 hr.Made up hydrologic test tool, ran calibrations, and checked instrumentation.
10-11-84 Picked up hydrologic test tool and trippedin hole, running test tool on 2-3/8-in. tubing. Straddle packers set isolating theRustler/Salado contact zone from 945 ft to967 ft. Bailed fluid from tubing and placedwell on test. No flow from test interval; wellput on slug test at 2000 hr.
10-12-84 Well on test; no flow from interval. Terminated test at 0910 hr; deflated packers andmoved up hole. Inflated straddle packers at1015 hr, isolating the Culebra dolomitefrom 823 ft to 846 ft. Bailed tubing andcollected water sample for density measurement. Conducted series of flow, buildup, and slug tests. Tests indicate rapidresponse of interval to tests. Terminatedhydrologic tests at 1650 hr; deflated packers and moved up hole. Inflated straddlepackers, isolating the Tamarisk intervalfrom 795 ft to 818 ft. Test interval shut inat 1725 hr. Bailed tubing and began hydrologic tests at 2208 hr. Well on test.
10-13-84 Continued tests on Tamarisk interval. Terminated test at 1235 hr; deflated packersand moved up hole. Inflated straddle packers at 1342 hr, isolating Magenta dolomitefrom 700 ft to 722 ft. Bailed tubing andcollected sample for density determination.Began flow test on Magenta at 1647 hr.Produced very little fluid. Shut in well at1722 hr. Well on test.
10-14-84 Terminated shut-in test and began slugtest at 0916 hr. Well on test.
10-15-84 Terminated test on Magenta dolomite at0830 hr; deflated packers and moved uphole. Inflated straddle packers at 0917 hr,isolating Forty-niner test interval from 664ft to 686 ft. Test interval shut-in at 0935 hr.Bailed tubing. First flow period at 1035 hr,with shut-in at 1138 hr. Produced verylittle fluid. Slug test initiated at 2109 hr.Well on test.
10-16-84 Terminated test on Forty-niner interval at0820 hr. Deflated packers and tripped outwith hydrologic test tool; demobilized tool.Picked up Lynes inflatable-bridge-plugpacker to set just below Culebra dolomite.Set bridge plug, but when tried to unlatchfrom plug, unable to do so. Released bridgeplug and tripped out of hole.
Borehole Record
Total depth: 4325 ft below elevation
See attached coring record for intervals, times, andrecovery. For geophysical logs, see attached index.
C.2 Data From Fenix & Scisson,Inc., Tulsa, OK
To(ft)
3910094325
o39
1009
From(ft)
Size(in.)
Casing Record
Size OD Wt/Ft From To(in.) (lb) Grade CPL'G (ft) (ft)
13-3/8 48 H-40 0 0 399-5/8 36 J-55 LT&C 0 1009
This work conducted under Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) Contract 21-6788. Fenix & Scisson, Inc.Project #486.
Remarks:This report is for Phase II of the subject hole operations, continuous coring from 1011 to 4325 ft.
C.2.1 History Data for Phase IIWell Name: WIPP DOE-2 (Figure C-1 and C-2)Location: Sec.8, T.22S, R.31ECounty: Eddy, NM Area: Los MedaiiosSurface coordinates: Brass Monument;
697.71 ft FSL 121.83 ft FELElevation: Brass Monument; 3418.35 ftStart date: 4/27/85 Completion: 6/14/85Circulating media: Saturated brine water;
no additivesRig & Subcontractor: IDECO H-40,
Verna Corporation Rig No. 26
17-1/212-1/4
7-7/8
10-17-84 Called Lynes to bring new bridge plug.Picked up new inflatable-bridge-plug andran in hole to just below Culebra dolomite;set packer unlatched and tripped out withtubing. Picked up pumping assembly consisting of Red Jacket pump below Baskipacker. Set packer and tested pump.Started pump test at 0941 hr at rate of 2.25gal/min. Monitored discharge, temperature, and back pressure. Collected sampleof fluid at 2300 hr. Well on test.
10-18-84 Pumping Culebra dolomite.
10-19-84 Pumping Culebra dolomite. Water qualitysamples collected at 0300 hr and shut offpump at 0322 hr; monitored water levelrecovery. Deflated packer at 0335 hr andtripped out with packer and pump assembly. Picked up 2-3/8 in. with "J" latch-ontool to retrieve bridge-plug packer. "J"'donto packer, but unable to completely release packer. Finally dragged bridge packerout of hole. Picked up drill pipe and 7-7/8in. bit to ream hole. Reaming 4-3/4-in. holeto 7-7/8 in. using 10 lb/gal brine spikedwith NASCN tracer.
10-20-84 Reaming hole to 7-7/8 in.
10-21-84 Reaming hole to 7-7/8 in.
10-22-84 Reaming hole to 7-7/8 in.
10-23-84 Reaming hole to 7-7/8 in. Tripped pipe toreplace bit.
10-24-84 Completed reaming hole to 981 ft, butwhen tripping out, got stuck at -840 ft.Added 5 bbl diesel fuel. Couldn't move upor down or rotate. Called out Star Tool tobring jars to try and get bit free. Rigged upStar equipment and knocked bit loose;tripped out of hole at 2315 hr.
10-25-84 Dresser-Atlas on site at 0130 hr to rungeophysical logs. Logs run include gamma,caliper, density, acoustic-velocity, neutronporosity, and dual laterolog. Completedlogs at 1120 hr. Rigged down and demobilized rig. Completed DOE-2 Phase Ioperations.
Prepared forSandia National LaboratoriesAlbuquerque, New Mexico
213
GROUND SURFACE~~~, r"
",
"..," ... '','
"'. ~
"."'.
.'. .'".':.
LARKIN WELLHEAD TYPE F-929 5/8"0.D. 2000# W.P.
WOOD LINED CELLAR 6'X6'X5'WITH CEMENT FLOOR
17 1/2" HOLE
CONDUCTOR CASING 13 3/8"0.D o ,
48#/FT., H-40SET AT 39'
'.
','
~,
"",
-::'J---l2 1/4" HOLE
3URFACE CASING 9 5/8"0.0.,36#/FT., J-55, LT & CSET AT 1009 1
NOTES:
1, NOT TO SCALE
2. DEPTHS MEASURED FROM BRASSMONUMENT AT GROUND SURFACE.
3. BRASS MONUMENT ELEVATION3418.35' FROM DAN R.REDDY SURVEY.MONUMENT AS-BUILT SUMMER 1985
4. COORDINATES OF BRASS SURVEYMONUMENT 697.71' FSL121.83' FELSECTION 8, T22S, R31E,EDDY COUNTY, NEW MEXICO
1+---- 7 7/8" HOLE DRILLED BY CORINGOPEN BORE HOLETOTAL DRILLED DEPTH 4325'
PREPARED FORSANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES
ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO
T<D. 4325'_,-_-..JFENIX & SCISSON, INC.
TULSA, OKLAHO~'A
214
___________________________ Fen,. & SCissor inc
Figure C·" DriIIhole DOE-2 As-Built Conditions After Hydrologic Tests, July 1985
Su vD.O.E.ILSecfion-lL, Township 22$ .Range~NMPM. Eddy County. New MexicoELEVATION OF BRASS MONUMENT 31/8.35
697.71' FSL qnd /2/.83' FEL
- - - 8-
BRASSMONIMENT
'SffOETA~
697.7r
I" = /,000'
N89 °52'W (GLO)
Figure C-2. As-Built Survey Monument of Drillhole DOE-2
215
6. The borehole was filled with ± 10 lblgal brinewater.
4. A 7-718-in.-dia open borehole was drilled to a depthof ± 981 ft below ground surface.
3. A 13-3/8-in.-OD steel casing was set and cementedto the depth of 39 ft below ground surface.
5. A Lynes inflatable test packer was free in theborehole with fill on top of packer at unknowndepth below 800 ft.
4-26-85 Continued mobilization and rig-up.
4-27-85 Mobilization and rig-up complete at 1100hr. Ran in hole with 7-718-in. bit and one6-1/4-in. drill collar to top of fill at 855 ft.Washed from 855 ft to 878 ft, top of fish Lynes packer. Trip out, with drilling assembly. Trip in with over-shot and latchedonto packer at 878 ft. Retrieved and laiddown packer at 0030 hr, 4-28-85.
4-28-85 Trip in hole with 7-718-in. bit. Washed andreamed from 878 ft to 981 ft, original totaldepth. No junk encountered. Drilled additional new 7-718-in. hole from 981 ft to 1000ft. Trip out drilling assembly. Ran magnetic multishot directional survey on 25-ftstations to total depth. Rigged down surveyequipment. Picked-up grant 12-1/4-in.-diahole opener with 7-7/8-in.-dia pilot bit. Using brine water, commenced reaming 7-7/8in. hole to 12-1/4 in. from 39 ft to 115 ft.Repairs to swivel. Reamed 7-718 in. to12-1/4 in. from 115 ft to 302 ft. Hole takingfluid. Added 450 bbl of brine water to pits.Repairs to rotary table.
4-29-85 Replaced swivel and rotary table. Reamed7-718-in. to 12-1/4-in. diameter from 302 ftto 440 ft.
4-30-85 Reamed 7-718-in. to 12-1/4-in.-dia from440 ft to 957 ft. Hole taking fluid. Addedtotal of 750 bbl brine water to pits this date.
5-01-85 Reamed 7-7/8-in. to 12-1/4-in. from 957 ftto 1000 ft. Drilled additional new 12-1/4-in.diameter from 1000 ft to 1010 ft totaldepth. Circulated and conditioned hole forcaliper log. While tripping out, quickrelease valve did not release; tong handlestruck floor man on right shoulder andchest; first aid was applied and injuredperson was transported to Carlsbad hospital in WIPP ambulance. Rigged up USGSlogging unit and ran borehole caliber from1010 ft to ground level. Rigged up casingcrew and ran 26 joints, 1034.28 ft, of 9-5/8in. casing, 36# LT&C; set at 1009 ft belowground level; float collar 40.27 ft aboveshoe. Ran centralizers on top of joints 2, 3,9, 15, and 24. Made up Dowell circulatinghead and circulated. Commenced cementing with 20 bbl of CW-7 (chemical wash),then 27 bbl of RFC-Class A (Thixotropic),followed by 72 bbl of 70-30 Pozmix. Slurry
Drilling contractor, Verna Corporation,drilled rat-and-mouse holes using air. Commenced moving in drilling equipment.
No activity.
Verna on location with Rig No. 26 andstarted off-loading.
Mobilization and rig-up.
Continued mobilization and rig-up. USGSran borehole caliper log to 866 ft; rangamma-ray log from ground level to 859 ft;oily fluid on wire line and logging tools.About 3 ft of soft fill at 866 ft.
4-23/24
4-25-85
4-21-85
4-22-85
4-16-85to
4-19-85
4-20-85
2. Two ±8X30X5-ft deep holes. One hole ±20 ftnorth of the center of the wellbore. One hole onwest edge of the pad. A ±8X30-ft trailer van waslocated in the west hole.
C.2.3 Abridged Hole History for Phase II4-15-85 Commence site preparation to extend ex
isting ± 100X 100-ft drill pad to 300X300ft and fill and compact with caliche twoexisting ± 8 X 30 X 5-ft deep holes. Removed vegetation and leveled ground. SNLB-15 trailer van on site in west hole.
Removed trailer van from hole. Continuedconstruction of drilling pad, a 6X6x5-ftdeep wood-lined cellar and a ± 35 X 75 X 4ft-deep earth reserve pit. Completed build-ing location. Surface ready for drillingcontractor.
C.2.2 Conditions Existing Before Fenlx &Scisson, Inc. Occupation April 15, 1985, forPhase II1. ± 100x 100-ft compacted caliche pad centered
around the borehole.
216
mixed at 14.6 to 14.9 lb/galj pumped at 2.5bbl/min. Released plug and displaced with76 bbl of brine waterj cement back to surface. Total volume cement slurry used 98.7bbl - 555 ft3. Cement in place at 2000 hr.Wait on cement to harden.
5-02-85 Cement dropped back to ± 160 ft belowsurface. Pumped 5 yd3of ready-mix 5 sacksand/cement between 13-3/8-in. casing and9-5/8-in. casing filling 9-5/8-in. annulus tosurface.
5-03-85 Cut off 13-3/8-in. casing below ground leveland cut off 9-5/8 in. at ground level. Installed 3000-psi rated Larkin casing head.Installed blowout preventor and hydrill.Nippled up.
Note: See attached core record for intervals,times, and recovery.
Note: Core barrel is 6-7/8-in. OD X 60 ft longwith 7-27/32-in.-OD diamond core head tocut 4-1/4-in.-dia core.
5-04-85 Using Yellow Jacket test unit, tested allBOP equipment to 2000 psi. Installed rotating drilling head and completed nippleup. Pressure-tested 9-5/8-in. casing to 600psi for 30 min; 50-psi pressure drop. Using7-7/8-in. bit, drilled out plug, float collar,cement, and shoe to 1011.6 ft below groundlevel. Circulated clean and tripped out topick-up core barrel. Trip in hole with corebarrel and commenced coring at 1011.6 ftat 2015 hr. Trip out with core No. 1 to1042.9 ft and laid down 31.7 ft of core at2400 hr. Note: ± 10 Ib/gal brine water usedas circulating media throughout all drillingand coring operations; no additives wereused.
5-05-85 Coring operations; cut cores Nos. 2, 3, 4from 1042.9 ft to 1222.2 ft.
5-06-85 Cut cores Nos. 5, 6, 7, 8 from 1222.2 ft to1427 ft.
5-07-85 Cut cores Nos. 9, 10, 11, 12 from 1427 ft to1667 ft.
5-08-85 Cut core No. 13 from 1667 ft to 1700 ft.Changed to oriented barrel. Cut core No. 14from 1700 ft to 1760.9 ft. Orientation surveys on 2-ft intervals. Change to conventional barrel and cut core No. 15 from 1761ft to 1821 ft.
5-09-85 Cut cores Nos. 16, 17, 18 from 1821 ft to2001 ft. Made "wiper" trip with 7-718-in. bitto 2001 ft.
5-10-85 Cut cores Nos. 19, 20, 21 from 2001 ft to2181 ft.
5-11-85 Cut cores Nos. 22, 23, 24, 25 from 2181 ft to2414.5 ft.
5-12-85 Cut cores Nos. 26, 27, 28 from 2414.5 ft to2595 ft.
5-13-85 Cut cores Nos. 29, 30. Core No. 29 was 60 ftof oriented core from 2595 ft to 2656 ft.Orientation surveys on 2-ft intervals. CoreNo. 30 was from 2656 ft to 2686 ft orientedand 2686 ft to 2716 ft of conventional core.
5-14-85 Cut cores Nos. 31, 32, 33 from 2716 ft to2884 ft.
5-15-85 Cut cores Nos. 34, 35, 36 from 2884 ft to3064 ft.
5-16-85 Cut core No. 37 from 3064 ft to 3095 ft.Tripped in hole with 7-7/8-in. bit andwashed to bottom; circulated and conditioned hole to run logs. Commenced running geophysical logs to 3095 ft.
5-17-85 Ran gamma-ray, neutron, formationdensity, and borehole caliper logs from3095 ft to ± 950 ft inside 9-5/8-in.-OD casing. Rigged up tubing equipment to run 23/8-in. tubing for Lynes Hydrological TestTool Systems. Trip in hole with 7-7/8-in.bit to 3095 ft. Circulated and conditionedborehole. Trip out of hole.
5-18-85 Picked up Lynes hydrological test tool with100-ft straddle and connected PEC conductor line to SNL computer unit. Trip inhole with 2-3/8-in. tubing and set inflatablepackers. Bottom packer at 2320 ft. Toppacker at 2210 ft. Operations as directed bySNL Test Director.
5-19-85 Well on test. Operations as directed bySNL Test Director.
5-20-85 Well on test until 1015 hr. Trip out withstraddle test system. Picked up Lynes single packer test system. Trip in hole with 6each 4-in.-OD drill collars and 2-3/8-in.tubing. Set inflatable packer at 1036 ft.Operations as directed by SNL TestDirector.
217
Phase II operations complete.
Demobilizing and moving out drilling andrelated equipment.
Dresser-Atlas ran borehole geophysicallogs as programmed. (See Geophysical LogIndex Sheet.)
6-10-85to
6-12-85
6-13-85and
6-14-85
6-09-85
6-02-85 Completed core No. 49 from 3725 ft to 3785ft and started core No. 50.
6-03-85 Completed core No. 50 from 3785 ft to3845 ft. Changed to oriented barrel.Started core No. 51. Orientation surveys on2-ft intervals.
6-04-85 Completed cutting No. 51 from 3845 ft to3905 ft. Changed to conventional barrel.Cut core No. 52 from 3905 ft to 3965 ft.
6-05-85 Cut core No. 53 from 3965 ft to 4025 ft.Started core No. 54.
6-06-85 Completed cutting core No. 54 from 4025 ftto 4085 ft. Started core No. 55.
6-07-85 Completed cutting core No. 55 from 4085 ftto 4145 ft. Cut core No. 56 from 4145 ft to4205 ft.
6-08-85 Cut core No. 57 from 4205 ft to 4265 ft. Cutcore No. 58 from 4265 ft to 4325 ft. Coringoperations complete. Total depth of thewell is 4325 ft, ground level measurements.Trip in with 7-7/8-in. bit. Circulate andcondition borehole.
Trip out laying down drill pipe and assembly. Commence rigging down. Verna Corporation drill rig No. 26 released for demobilization at 1400 hr.
5-21-85 Well on test. Operations as directed bySNL Test Director.
5-22-85 Well on test until 1400 hr. Released packerand laid down tubing, collars, and Lynestools. Trip in hole with 7-in.-OD magnetand junk basket.
5-23-85 Completed trip in hole with magnet andjunk basket to 3095 ft; no fill. Circulatedand conditioned hole; tripped out. No junkrecovered. Picked up core barrel andtripped in hole for core No. 38.
5-24-85 Completed cutting core No. 38 from 3095 ftto 3155 ft. Started coring No. 39.
5-25-85 Completed cutting core No. 39 from 3155 ftto 3215 ft. Started core No. 40.
5-26-85 Completed cutting core No. 40 from 3215 ftto 3275 ft. Cut core No. 41 from 3275 ft to3335 ft.
5-27-85 Changed to 30-ft-long oriented core barrel.Cut core No. 42 from 3335 ft to 3365 ft.Orientation surveys on 2-ft intervals.Changed to 60-ft oriented core barrel.
5-28-85 Cut core No. 43 from 3365 ft to 3425 ft.Orientation surveys on 2-ft intervals.
5-29-85 Cut core No. 44 from 3425 ft to 3485 ft.Orientation surveys on 2-ft intervals.Changed to conventional core barrel.Started coring No. 45.
5-30-85 Completed cutting No. 45 from 3485 ft to3545 ft and started No. 46.
5-31-85 Completed cutting core No. 46 from 3545 ftto 3605 ft and cut core No. 47 from 3605 ftto 3665 ft.
6-01-85 Cut core No. 48 from 3665 ft to 3725 ft andstarted coring No. 49.
218
C.2.4 Coring Record for Phase II
Core From To Feet of Core Date Time TypeNo. (ft) (ft) Cut Recovered 1985 (min) Core
1. 1011.6 1042.9 31.3 31.7 5-04 80 C2. 1042.9 1102.9 60.0 58.1 -05 2053. 1102.9 1162.6 59.7 61.4 -05 1884. 1162.6 1222.2 59.7 61.0 -05 1605. 1222.3 1281.3 59.0 59.0 -06 1476. 1281.3 1342.0 60.7 60.0 -06 1607. 1342.0 1402.0 60.0 60.0 -06 1618. 1402.0 1427.0 25.0 25.9 -06 1249. 1427.0 1487.0 60.0 60.0 -07 116
10. 1487.0 1547.0 60.0 59.5 -07 14911. 1547.0 1607.0 60.0 60.0 -07 22212. 1607.0 1667.0 60.0 60.0 -07 24513. 1667.0 1700.0 33.0 32.6 -08 94
14. 1700.0 1760.9 60.9 60.9 -08 402 015. 1761.0 1821.0 60.0 60.0 -08 155 C16. 1821.0 1881.0 60.0 60.0 -09 15917. 1881.0 1941.0 60.0 60.0 -09 16718. 1941.0 2001.0 60.0 60.0 -09 21619. 2001.0 2061.0 60.0 59.0 -10 17820. 2061.0 2121.0 60.0 60.0 -10 20821. 2121.0 2181.0 60.0 60.0 -10 29822. 2181.0 2241.0 60.0 60.0 -11 18723. 2241.0 2301.0 60.0 52.9 -11 15524. 2301.0 2354.5 53.5 59.8 -11 16725. 2354.5 2414.5 60.0 60.8 -11 24226. 2414.5 2475.0 60.5 60.5 -12 16827. 2475.0 2535.0 60.0 60.0 -12 27428. 2535.0 2595.0 60.0 60.9 -12 276
29. 2595.9 2656.0 60.1 59.5 -13 356 030. 2656.0 2716.0 60.0 59.8 -13 367 031. 2716.0 2776.0 60.0 47.4 -14 176 C32. 2776.0 2824.0 48.0 60.0 -14 24433. 2824.0 2884.0 60.0 60.2 -14 46934. 2884.0 2944.0 60.0 60.2 -15 16635. 2944.0 3004.0 60.0 60.2 -15 31036. 3004.0 3064.0 60.0 60.3 -15 25037. 3064.0 3095.0 31.0 31.7 -16 44238. 2095.0 3155.0 60.0 60.3 -23 130639. 3155.0 3215.0 60.0 60.0 -24 127340. 3215.0 3275.0 60.0 59.5 -25 81041. 3275.0 3335.0 60.0 60.2 -26 635
42. 3335.0 3365.0 30.0 30.0 -27 520 043. 3365.0 3425.0 60.0 60.0 -28 1125 044. 3425.0 3485.0 60.0 60.0 -29 924 045. 3485.0 3545.0 60.0 59.6 -30 752 C46. 3545.0 3605.0 60.0 60.0 -30 796
147. 3605.0 3665.0 60.0 60.0 -31 67648. 3665.0 3725.0 60.0 60.0 6-01 75549. 3725.0 3785.0 60.0 59.6 -02 836
219
Core From To Feet of Core Date Time TypeNo. (ft) (ft) Cut Recovered 1985 (min) Core
50. 3785.0 3845.0 60.0 59.8 6-02 843 C51. 3845.0 3905.0 60.0 60.0 -03 866 052. 3905.0 3965.0 60.0 59.5 -04 834 C53. 3965.0 4025.0 60.0 59.7 -05 90754. 4025.0 4085.0 60.0 59.6 -06 83355. 4085.0 4145.0 60.0 61.1 -07 91856. 4145.0 4205.0 60.0 59.4 -07 40357. 4205.0 4265.0 60.0 60.6 -08 18158. 4265.0 4325.0 60.0 60.0 -08 197
Total core cut: 3313.4 ftTotal core recovered: 3310.3 ftPercent recovery: 99.9SOTotal coring time: 407 hr. 53 minAverage coring rate: 7.39 min/ft
~C = Conventionalo = Oriented
C.2.5 Geophysical Log Index Sheet for Phase II
Depth Depth Logged
Run Driller Logger From To
Type of Log Date No. (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft)
Dresser-At/as Logs
Temperature 6-13-85 1 4325 4248 0 4247
Neutron - gamma ray 6-13-85 1 4325 4246 4245 0
Gamma ray - simul. 6-13-85 1 4325 4245 4245 900
BHC Acoustilog -gamma ray 6-13-85 1 4325 4245 4245 1010
Dual laterolog -gamma ray 6-13-85 1 4325 4245 4245 1010
Compensated densilog -gamma ray 6-13-85 1 4325 4245 4243 1008
Directional survey 6-14-85 1 4325 4246 4243 1000
220
C.2.7 Abridged Hole History for Phase III
Note: All test operations as directed by SNL TestDirector
C.2.6 History Data for Phase III
Well Name: WIPP DOE-2Location: Sec.8, T.22S, R.31ECounty: Eddy, NM Area: Los MedafiosSurface coordinates: Brass Monument;
697.71 ft FSL 121.83 ft FELElevation: Brass Monument; 3418.35 ftStart date: 7/9/85 Completion: 7/31/85Circulating media: Saturated brine waterRig & Subcontractor: Well Service Unit,
Pool Well Service
Borehole Record
Size From To(in.) (ft) (ft)
17-1/2 0 3912-1/4 39 10097-7/8 1009 4325
Casing Record
Size OD Wt/Ft From To(in.) (lb) Grade CPL'G (ft) (ft)
13-3/8 48 H-40 0 0 399-5/8 36 J-55 LT&C 0 1009
Total depth: 4325 ft below elevation
Remarks:
This report is for Phase III of the subject hole operations, a series of hydrologic tests as directed andreported by the Sandia Test Director. This reportdoes not include the results of those tests.
This work conducted under Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) Contract 21-6788. Fenix & Scisson, Inc.Project #486.
Prepared forSandia National LaboratoriesAlbuquerque, New Mexico
7-09-85
7-10-850600 hr
7-11-850700 hr
Moved in Pool Well Service Co. doubledrum/double derrick well service unit. Setunit over borehole and rigged up equipment.
Made up 6-1/8-in.-dia rock bit on 2-3/8-in.OD tubing. Trip in hole to check for bridgesand/or fill. Encountered bridge at ± 4228ft. Worked through bridge down to ± 4235ft. Encountered fill. Trip out with bit assembly. Picked up Lynes hydrological testtool with 50-ft straddle between 6-5/8-in.OD inflatable packers. Connected 1/4-in.OD steel PEC (Polyethylene Encased Conductor) wire to SNL computer unit. Trip inhole with test assembly on 2-3/8-in.-ODtubing; strapping PEC wire to tubing asprogressing downhole. Test equipmentdragging at 1370 ft. Worked through to1700 ft. Checked instrumentation; notworking. Pulled up hole three tubingstands; equipment dragging. Ran five tubing stands back in hole; checked instrumentation. Check OK. Secured operationsat 2030 hr.
Resume trip in hole to 2350 ft. Checkedinstrumentation; not working. Pulled uphole four tubing stands; checked instrumentation. Check OK. Resume trip in to2413 ft. Check instrumentation; OK. Tripin to 2602 ft. Checked instrumentation;OK. Trip in to 2792 ft. Checked instrumentation; not working. Pulled up hole to 2509ft. Filled tubing with 10 Ib/gal brine waterand set packers. Swabbed fluid from tubingdown to 2000 ft. System check from 1200 hrto 1600 hr.
Deflated packers. Resumed trip in hole to4222 ft; tagged fill in borehole. Pulled uphole 32 ft. Filled tubing with brine water.Attempted to set packers; no set. Swabbedfluid from tubing to 2000 ft; attempted toset tool; no set. Filled tubing with brine
221
7-12-850700 hr
7-13-85and
7-14-85
7-15-850700 hr
7-16-850700 hr
7-17-850700 hr
222
water. Swabbed fluid from tubing. Hitbridge inside tubing at 2250 ft. Ran sinkerbar and knocked out bridge. Swabbed fluidfrom tubing to 3500 ft. Moved test tooldownhole to 4221 ft. Worked "J" latchmechanism in test tool. Moved test tool uphole; bottom packer at 4177.51 ft, toppacker at 4130.73 ft. Filled tubing withbrine water; set packers and closed tool totest zone. Swabbed fluid from tubing to4060 ft. Secured operations at 1930 hr.Allowed system to stabilize.
SNL instrumentation recordings indicateddestabilization at 0630 hr. Conducted series of open, close, shut-in, swabbing, and"slug" tests as directed by SNL Test Director. Secured operations at 1915 hr. SNLcomputer unit monitoring downholeinstrumentation.
SNL computer unit monitoring downholeinstrumentation. Packers set straddlingthe zone from 4177.51 to 4130.73 ft. No rigcrew on site.
Deflated packers and tripped out of holewith test assembly. Observations on tripout; some questionable connections atsplices and three crushed areas in 1/4-in.OD steel PEC wire; bottom packer elementpartially inflated.
Rigged-up circulating unit and associatedequipment to clean out fill from borehole.Tripped in hole with 7-7/8-in. bit, two4-3/4-in.-OD drill collars on 2-3/8-in.-ODtubing to 3918 ft. Secured operations at1730 hr.
Resumed trip in hole and cleaned out fillfrom 4227 ft to 4325 ft total depth. Circulated and conditioned hole. Pulled up hole10 stands. Wait 3 hr. Tripped back to bottom, tagged fill at 4323.5 ft. Pulled up hole10 stands. Secured operations at 1645 hr.
Tripped back to bottom, tagged fill at 4321ft. Tripped out of hole and laid down drilling assembly. Picked up Lynes hydrological test tool with single 6-5/8-in.-OD inflatable packer. Connected 1/4-in.-OD steelPEC wire. Trip in hole strapping PEC to2-3/8-in.-OD tubing. Stopped and checkedinstrumentation every 10 stands. Made repair splices in PEC wire at 882 ft and 2583ft. Instrumentation check at 2583 ft; PEC
7-18-850700 hr
7-19-850700 hr
7-20-850700 hr
7-21-85
7-22-850700 hr
7-23-850700 hr
7-24-850700 hr
wire shorted out. Started trip out of holechecking 1/4-in.-OD steel PEC wire forleaks. Secured operations at 1800 hr.
Resume trip out hole. Splice kit just abovetest assembly shorted out. Replaced splicekit. Trip back in hole with same system.Instrumentation checks every 10 stands.Filled tubing with brine water, inflated andset bottom of packer element at 4220 ft.Conducted series of shut-in, flow, andswabbing 2-3/8-in. tubing as directed bySNL Test Director. Secured operations at1830 hr. SNL computer unit monitoredinflow from 4220 ft to total depth of hole.
Testing the zone from 4220 ft to total depthof hole. Conducted series of shut-in, flow,and swabbing operations as directed bySNL Test Director. Secured operations at1800 hr.
Conducted series of swabbing runs in2-3/8-in.-OD tubing. SNL Test Directorcollected fluid samples and monitored inflow pressures. Secured operations at 1900hr.
SNL computer unit monitoring downholeinstrumentation. Testing zone from 4220 ftto total depth of hole. No rig crew on site.
Conducted series of swabbing runs in2-3/8-in.-OD tubing. SNL Test Directorcollected fluid samples and monitored inflow pressures. Secured operations at 1830hr.
Conducted series of swabbing runs in2-3/8-in.-OD tubing. SNL Test Directorcollected fluid samples and monitored inflow pressures. Sampling complete at 1140hr. Rigged down swabbing equipment andprepared to trip out test equipment. Difficulty releasing packer; pulled to 30000 lbto unseat. Tripped out of hole, wet tubingstring, packer dragging and swabbing borehole and 9-5/8-in.-OD casing. When retrieved, packer element still inflated. Laiddown test assembly. Secured operations at1800 hr.
Rigged up circulating unit and associatedequipment. Tripped in hole with 7-7/8-in.bit, two 4-3/4-in.-OD drill collars on 2-3/8in.-OD tubing. Tagged fill in borehole at4247 ft. Cleaned out fill from 4247 ft to
7-25-850700 hr
7-26-850700 hr
7-27-85
7-28-85
4309 ft. Circulated and conditioned borehole. Pulled up hole seven stands. Wait1-1/2 hr. Tripped back to 4309 ft; no fill.Tripped out and laid down drilling assembly. Secured operations at 1700 hr.
Picked up Lynes hydrological test tool with50-ft straddle between 6-5/8-in.-OD inflatable packers. Connected 1/4-in.-OD steelPEC wire. Trip in hole strapping PEC to2-3/8-in.-OD tubing. Stopped and checkedinstrumentation every 10 stands. Filledtubing with brine water; inflated and setpackers. Bottom element at 4220 ft, topelement at 4175 ft. Swabbed fluid from2-3/8-in.-OD tubing down to 2470 ft. Conduct series of flow and shut-in operationsas directed by SNL Test Director. Swabbedfluid from 2-3/8-in.-OD tubing down toseating nipple at 4146 ft. Shut-in and secured operations at 1700 hr.
Conducted series of flow and shut-in operations as directed by SNL Test Director. At1300 hr shut-in the test tool and secured rigoperations. SNL computer unit monitoreddownhole instrumentation. Testing zonefrom 4175 ft to 4220 ft.
SNL computer unit monitored downholeinstrumentation. Shut-in test continueduntil 0848 hr. Opened to test zone at 0848hr. No rig crew this date.
Flow test continued. SNL computer unitmonitored. No rig crew this date.
7-29-850700 hr
7-30-850700 hr
7-31-850700 hr
Discontinued test. Deflated and releasedpackers. Tripped out of hole with test assembly. Pulling wet string after 27 stands(± 1620 ft) out. Upon entering 9-5/8-in.OD casing at 1009 ft, test assembly draggedand swabbed casing. Upon retrieval, toppacker damaged at bottom; bottom element partially inflated. Laid down test assembly. Picked up Lynes Production Injection Packer (PIP) with 6-5/8-in.-ODelement. Tripped in hole packer in hole on2-3/8-in.-OD tubing. Filled tubing withbrine water, inflated and set packer withtop of element at 4051.60 ft. Packer setwith 4000 lb tension over string weight.Swabbed fluid from 2-3/8-in.-OD tubingdown to seating nipple. Secured operationsat 1800 hr.
Conducted series of swabbing runs through2-3/8-in.-OD tubing. SNL Testing Directormetered fluid recovered and collected samples from Bell Canyon Formation. Securedoperations at 1700 hr.
Resumed swabbing and sampling operations until 0815 hr. Test complete as directed by SNL. Set in Larkin WellheadPack-Off Assembly and set slips with 3000lb tension on tubing string. Released PoolService Unit and demobilized at 1000 hr.
Phase III complete.
223-224
APPENDIX D
Permits and Miscellaneous Documents
225-226
United States Department of the InteriorGEOLOGICAL Sl 'R \'EY
BOX 250~6 M.S._9",-,1..,3<--_DENVER FEDERAL CE:'\TERDEN\'ER, COLORADO HO:!:!~)
"H.II'J.\ iHHK IC)
May 23, 1984
Jerry MercerDivision 7133, Box 5800Sandia National LaboratoriesAlbuquerque, New Mexico 87115
Dear Jerry:
The following list is the latest I have for depth estimates for DOE-2. Thenumbers are based on siting the drill hole in section 8, 710 feet FSL, 130feet FEL at an estimated surface elevation of 3,415 feet. Tens of feet oneway or another for the horizontal numbers will make no difference.
Santa RosaDewey LakeRustler
MagnetaCulebra
SaladoVaca TristeBase 124 MB
lOt feet115 feet635 feet700 feet820 feet960 feet
1,440 feet1,732 feet
Any depths to units below the 124 ME are really estimates at this time. Ifthere are no signs of dissolution in the lower Salado, we may be able topredict depths to Castile and Delaware Mountain units.
Sincerely yours,
" .
j)Jc IeRichard P. Snyder, GeologistBranch of Central Regional Geology
Figure 0-1. DOE-2 Depth Estimates
'227
Sandia LaboratoriesAlbuQuerQue, New Mc"cu 87115
June 12, 1984
State of New MexicoState Engineer's OfficeP. O. Box 1717Roswell, New Mexico 88201
Attn:
Subject:
Mr. Jim Wright, Field Engineer
Notice of Intention to Drill Exploratory Hole
Dear Mr. Wright:
Enclosed in triplicate is the subject Notice. Sincethis drilling program consists of three separate phases, Iam also enclosing a copy of our Field Operations Plan whichprimarily covers Phase I, but does discuss the plans and requirements for Phase II and III.
As you are aware, this hole is part of the investigationsthat Sandia National Laboratories is conducting for the U. S.Department of Energy in conjunction with the WIPP Program.
If you have any questions, please feel free to contactme at 505-844-5042.
Yours truly,
... 'l'.~ LJ)'
It. O. S·!,T1.lR
R. D. Statler, SupervisorEngineering Projects Div., 713Sandia National Laboratories
PDS: 7135: jrh
228
Copy to:7133 J.7135 P.7133 R.
(Blind)W. MercerD. SewardD. Statler
S.E REYNOLDS
STATE ENGINEER
STATE OF NEW MEXICO
STATE ENGINEER OFFICEROSWELL
June 15, 1984
FILE: 0-08-1467
sandia Uational La1:x:>ratoriesPO Eox 5200Albuquerque, New :·Eci.co 87185
Gentlanen:
Enclosed is your cop'-'! of the above numbered !btice of Inte.'1tionto Drill Exploratory P.ole in the S!%HE\SE%, Section 8, 'l'o\'l:'lShip22 SOuth, RanJe 31 East.
JllVtrgEnclosurecc Santa Fe
OISTFlICT 2
909 EAST 2ND ST
POBOX 1717
ROSWEll. NEW MEXICO 88201
Figure 0-2. Notice of Intention to Drill from the State Engineer's Office, State of New Mexico
229
230
J. Drilling of hole shall be subject to compliance with the New Mexico Statutes. anel aU rules and regulations of theState Engineer. . .
2. Casing shall not be installed or cemented without prior notification of the Sta$eEngineer office.
3. Hole shall not be plugged without prior notification of the State Engineer office.
4. Log of hole and plugging record shall be filed with the State Engineer office as soon as hole is completed.
LOCATE HOLE AS ACCURATELY AS POSSIBLE ON FOLLOWING PLAT:
Section(s) __..-::8:..-- . Township __2~2~S~---_.Range __:!.3=.1-=E'--........_-'- N.M.P.M.3422Elevation _
II
I I I I I I I---~---~---~---~---~---~---~---
I I I I I I II I I I I I II I I I I I I---r---r---r---r---r---r---r---I I I I I I II I I I I I I___ L L L L L L L _I I I I I I II I I I I I II I I I I I I
---~---~---~---~---~---~---~---I I I I I I II I I I I I II I I I I I I---r---r---r---r---r---r---r---I I I II I II I I I I I I
---~---~---~---~---~---~---~---I I I I I I II I I I I I I
---~---~---~---~---~---~---~-~- ~I I I I I I I ~
L_..J:L_.l~__.LI__L.1_....JI'--_.J.I__..L.I_~...L
1'(;-/301
INSTRUCTIONS
This form shall be executed, preferably typewrillen, in triplicate.
Each of the triplicate copies must be properly signed.
A separate notice must be filed for each hole drilled.
Sections 1-4 - Fill out all blanks fully and accurately.
Section 7 - Estimate time reasonably required to commence drilling. Drilling shall not commence until the Engineer
is notified.
Forms should be filed with the Field Engineer, Box 1717. Roswell. New Mexico 88201
NOTICE OF INTENTION TO DRILL EXPLORATORY HOLE
Eddy
County
Date Received J'une 1_4-:'O--1_9_8_4 File No. _--'=O-O:.-::~8:...-~1~4~6.!...7 _
1. Name Sandia National Laboratories
Mailing Address _~P"--'..~O"'_'_.----"B"-'o~x~5!.-8~O~O!__ _
City and Sta te _--,A:L!c1"",b",u,-,g~u",e",-",r-"gwu",e"-L' -!:N"•...,M,,-,-._-'8!.-7~1-"8'-=5'---_LAut'_'t"'nu....: _--,O.Lr~g...!._7Ll,L,<3~3,-- _
2. Hole is to be drilled under contract for _.......!.UL.L-..;;SL,.L.._J.!D'.\,O!..lE"-- _(self or company)
and is to be known as the -l,DlJO..l,l;,Ee-J#L2"-- _
3. The hole is to located _-.L.7-",Oc.>.O,--_ feet from the~ Line and __IL3=O~_ feet from the _.J:E,--_ Line
of Section __--'8L-__ Township __~2,,-2,;..;;;S,-- Range __~3uJL....EI:...-__ N.M.P.M., on land owned
by _--'-IJL..'--.,Sc....c......!G=ol.'VUe~r.LnUmwe=n.J.t~ _ of _
4. Drilling will commence on or about __--",IJ-'uu...J.J..}¥'--.LJ~5L,.L.._..l.J..;;9~8:L4~ _
5. Description of Hole: Depth to be drilled 4.040 . It is our intention to:
a. D complete this hole as follows without cementing casing and to plug this hole immediately after completionof drillIng in accordance with the rules and regulations of all appropriate regulatory agencies.
b. IX] cement casing and retain hole completed as foIlows:
Diameter Casing Mud or Cement
of hole Size New/Used API Grade Wt/FootInterval
From ToType Sacks
To18 13-1 8 New H-40 48# 0 40 I Batch curf.
Salt to12 k 9-5/ New J-55 36# 0 985 Resistant Surf
7-7/8 ope Hole 985 ~040
6. Location of hole is confidential ; not confidential ---.X- .
7. Logs of hole are confidential ; not confidential --X.- .
8. Additional statements or explanations: This drilling program will consist of threephases, i.e., Phase I Rustler drilling and hydro studies; Phase IIdeepening from base of Rustler to Bell Canyon; Phase III hydro andother related tests in whole-hole. Reference attached Field Opera-tions plan for details.
I, R. D. St a tIer , depose and say that I have carefuIlyread the foregoing statement and each and all of the items contained therein, and that the same are true to the best of
my knowledge and belief.
• D. Statler, SupervisorEngineering Projects Division, 7133Sandia National Laboratories
The above proposed casmg, cementmg, and plugging program has been reviewed by me, in my capacity as a dulyappointed representative of the New Mexico State Engineer, and to the best of my knowledge and belief will beadequate to insure that waters and other minerals will be permanently confined to the zones in which they areencountered. (See reverse side of form for specific State Eng;';'er regulati regardjng the d;il 'ng of this hole),
~ :t ' -(, James I. Wr ht
Field Er¥3ineer tDate June 15, 1984
231
232
::;~'if)H 'Jf4, ~ _"~~k LAt:CiRATDRIESA1to u.que r q uEo. r'l -=- '_' ~1 Eo x I caE: 7 .! f;:l
date: June 10. 1984
to: Arlen ~unt - nOEiWPO
A2f?from: Al LapPin - 6331
s ub J e c t: Tran:. rrll t tal 0 + F' J e l(J [i ~lera! I ':' n ':, F< a 1"1 ',) r ~' ha :. "=' I n f HoI eDOE-2.
Attached please find a copy of:
1. Field Operations Plan of Sandia National La8oratorles. ~IPP
Site Investigations. DOE-2 Phase I - J. W. Mercer.
ThiS document describe:. the detailed field operations to be usedIn corrlPletlng and teshng Ule flr-=.t portion Ot' DOE-2: t.E'., tothe base of the Rustler Formation. It also reproduces the finalform of two other docwITIents:
a. Statenlent of Work for DOE-2: Phas,e II (':dratlgraphy andStructure> - D. J. Borns.
D. Statement of WC'rK for i.lOl-2: wlPP hy.jrolclgy <Ru-=.tler> - D. V.Gonzalez.
Please adVIse concernlnQ the dlstrlbu.tlon you would like us touse for thiS document. -
::OLf docu.r.tents. remalTl to tIe prepared for DLi~-.:'. all relatlng toworl to be carried out In the second, deeper.portlon of the hole.These docW'lents InclUde:
1. Scope of work for the orll11ng and genera~ testing of thedeeper portion of the whole. InclUding contingency planning Inthe event of a brine encounter In the Castile.
2. Detailed field operations plan for drilling and generalhydrologiC testing of the deeper portion of the hole.
3. Scope of work for "whole-hole" tests and related studies InDOE-2.
4. 0eta11 ed f lE' I d o~,era t Ions P1an for the " til n0 j e - hoI e " t estsandrelated studies In 00E-2.
These documpnts Will be preparea In a Tlnely rlanner, consistentWith the beginning of operat.lons for Phase I or DOE-2 gettInghighest priority.
ARL:E.331 :arl
6330 - ~. D. Weart (w/o encl.>7133 - J. ~. Hercer (wlo encl.>
Figure 0-3. Transmittal of Field Operations Plan for Phase I of Drillhole DOE-2
Sandia National Laboratoriesdate: JUN 13 1984
to: w. R. Cooper, DOE/ALO/WPO
OrIgInal 91ened ByWENow. Do WfAIf
from: W. D. Weart, 6330
Albuquerque. New Mexico 87185
subject: Request for Access Approval for Drilling and TestingExploratory Borehole DOE-2
The above borehole will be located in the Southeast cornerof Section 8, Township 22S, Range 31E, which is Federalland administered by the BLM.
The drill pad itself will be 300' x 300' stabilized with a6" cali~he base. The attached Survey Plat (Encl. #1) depicts the orientation and dimensioning. Access to thislocation is possible by using existing roads that will require only minimal rehabilitation, thus precluding furthersurface disturbance. Enclosure #2 details this access route.
An archaeological survey has been performed to assure thatthe area is clear of any cultural artifacts. A copy of thissurvey is enclosed (Encl. #3).
The details of the drilling and testing program for DOE-2 arecontained in the Field Operations plan dated June 10, 1984,and should be sufficient with the above information to obtainBLM approval for this investigation.
Your assistance will be appreciated.
PDS: 7135: 1rh
Copy to:All w/Encls. 1, 2 & 36331 - A. R. Lappin7133 - R ~ D. St~tler
7133 - J. W. Mercer7135 - P. D. Seward6330 - W. D. Weart
Figure 0·4. Request to DOE for Access Approval
233
PLAT OF SURVEY
Proposed drill hole site: DOE 2700' From South line130' " East "Section 8Township 22 SouthRange 31 EastUnit PEddy County, New Mexico
SCALE:,"=200'
s 9 (GLO Brass Cap)South line Sec.S - --."N......S-9-o52'W (GLOj 17 16
CERTIFICATION:This is to certify that the foregoing plat was made fro~ field notes of .a bonafide survey made by me and is true and correct to the best of myknowledge and belief.
, ,.; il II f n 'I
./J':-:. ;:~~~)I\:r /o(-~."..~--.......(~ I \
~ ( (5~1~) ~ :
234
PROPOS EO ACCESSODE - 2.
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21 1 22 23 24.....- -~f- .....- I
'vI/P,. ~ £1\011-'.0
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25 30 29 i 28 27 I 26 25PO"T-t
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T23S
...................... NATURAL GAS 1I NE
235
ReconnaissanceExcavationAnalysisExplanationCuration
NMASNew Mexico Archaeological Services, Inc.
P. o. Box 1341
Carlsbad, New Mexico 88220(505) 887-7646
7 June 1984
Mr. P.D. SewardDivision 7135SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIESP.O. Box 5800Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185
Dear Mr. Seward:
Enclosed please find NMA5' Archaeological Clearance Reportfor SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES' proposed drill hole site:DOE 2 in Sections 8 and 9, T225, R31E, NMPM, Eddy County,New Mexico. No cultural resources were recorded. duringthis reconnaissance; therefore, NMAS is suggesting clearance for this project.
If you have any questions pertaining to this report, pleasecall my office. Thank you for asking NMAS to do this reconnaissance.
Yours sincerely,
h~o~ellpI- Principal Investigator
Enclosure
cc: Ms. Linda Brett, BLM, CarlsbadMr. Curtis Schaafsma, Laboratory of Anthropology,
Santa FeMr. Thomas W. Merlan, SHPO, Santa Fe
as
Figure 0-5. Archaeological Clearance Report
236
Figure 0-5.
Archaeological Clearance Report
for
SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES
Proposed Drill Hole Site: DOE 2Sections 8 and 9, T22S, R31E,
NMPM, Eddy County, NM
Prepared
By
Dr. J. Loring Haskell
Submitted
By
Dr. J. Loring HaskellPrincipal Investigator
New Mexico Archaeological Services, Inc.Carlsbad, New Mexico
7 June 1984
Permit No. 82-NM-376
237
238
ABSTRACT
New Mexico Archaeological Services, Inc., representing SANDIA
NATIONAL LABORATORIES, Albuquerque, undertook an archaeological recon
naissance of Bureau of Land Management lands scheduled to be impacted
by the construction of a drill hole site. The proposed work will
be situated in Sections 8 and 9, T22S, R31E, NMPM, Eddy County, New
Mexico. No cultural resources were recorded during this reconnaissance;
therefore, NMAS is suggesting clearance for SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES'
proposed work.
Figure 0-5.
Introduction
On 6 June 1984, New Mexico Archaeological Services, Inc., (NMAS) ,
Carlsbad, undertook for SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES, Albuquerque,
an archaeological reconnaissance of federal lands administered by
the Bureau of Land Management in Eddy County, New Mexico. The recon
noitered area will be impacted by a drill hole site. This project
was advanced by Mr. P.D. Seward, SANDIA NATIONAL I~BORATORIES and
administered by Dr. J. Loring Haskell, Principal Investigator, NMAS,
Inc. This reconnaissance was undertaken by Dr. Haskell.
Survey Technique
For this investigation, SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES' proposed
drill hole site was reconnoitered for evidence of man's past activities
by walking it in a series of 25 ft wide, close interval (150 or less),
zigzag transects. In addition, an added zone extending 20 ft on
each side of the staked 300 X 300 ft pad, and lying outside the bounds
of the proposed work area, was reconnoitered by a similar means.
Methodologically, this procedure served to promote opitmal conditions
for the visual examination of areas to be impacted by construction
related activities.
Proposed Drill Hole Site: DOE 2
Location
The proposed drill hole site will measure 300 X 300 ft (Actual
Area Surveyed 2.35 Acres) on federal lands and will be situated 700 ft
from the south line and 130 ft from the east line:
Section 8, T22S, R3lE, NMPM, Eddy County, NM
Thus it will be situated in the:
SE~SE~, Section 8, T22S, R31E, NMPM, Eddy County, NMSW~SW~, Section 9, T22S, R31E, NMPM, Eddy County, NM
1
239
240
This drill hole site is situated next to an existing road.
Map Reference: USGS NASH DRAW QUADRANGLE, 15 Minute Series, 1939.
Terrain
SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES' proposed drill hole site will
be situated on a rolling landform located due east of Nash Draw.
Overlain by material, the coeval surface is distinguished by minor,
coppice-type duens and related, closed deflation basins. Overall,
dune development is minor in the general vicinity. Soils uniformly
are dOTIlinated by the sand separate and commonly harbor gravel-sized,
cherty inclusions. Soil individuals are assignable to the Typic
Torripsamment taxon. Drainage is to the southwest.
Floristics
Plants composing the floral community's overs tory are Quercus
havardii, ~rtemisia juliflora, Yucca glauca and occasionally Prosopis
juliflora and very diminutive Sapindus drummondii. Associated forbs
include: Gutierrezia sarothrae, Monarda punctata, Euphorbia sp.,
Hedyotis humifusa, Asclepias sp., Phylanthus sp., Hoffmanseggia sp.,
Phacelia integrifolia and Croton sp. The Gramineae is represented
by Aristida sp. and Andropogon spp.
Cultural Resources
No cultural properties were recorded during the course of this
reconnaissance. Locally, land usage was brief and transitory and
focused on hunting and gathering concerns. Actual utilization by
man probably dates back to Paleoindian times; however most usage
probably occurred during Late Archaic (A.D. 750-950) and Eastern
Jornada Mogolloon (A.D. 950-1350) times. Contributary to the dearth
of cultural properties are the bona fide lack of siliceous lithic
2
material, shelter and potable water.
Recommendations
NMAS recommends clearance for SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES'
proposed drill hole site, DOE 2, and suggests that work-related
activities proceed in accordance with company plans. Clearance,
of course, is granted by the Bureau of Land Management. If cultural
resources are encountered during construction, the BLM and NMAS should
be notified immediately. Duned settings are notorious for covering
and uncovering cultural properties.
3
241
242
rf::
REPLY TOATTN OF:
AUG - 11984
WIPP:JLM 84-0604
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYALBUQUERQUE OPERATIONS OFFICE
memorandumSUBJECT: BLM Stipulation Regarding Drilling of DOE-2
TO W.D. Weart. SNLA.R. Lappin. SNLR. Statler. SNL
We have received concurrence from the BLM for the siting of DOE-2 as requested
in our letter dated July 5. 1984. However. they have made several stipulations
regarding development and abandonment of the drill pad and borehole which
should be observed. A copy of these stipulations is attached. Please advise me
if you foresee any difficulty in meeting these stipulations. If we can be of
any assistance with respect to coordinating fulfillment of the stipulated
activities with the BLM. please let
Attachment
ccw/attachmentP.A. Miskimin.TSC
Figure 0-6. BLM Stipulations Regarding Drilling of DOE-2
me know. / /
/ I-I/._ J-~lLA.c-- ~~I
Arlen E. Hunt~ Chief .R&D Programs BranchWIPP Project Office
243
244
STIPULATIONS FOR DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYEXPLORATORY DRILL HOLE D.0.E.-2
located in 700 FSL 130 FELSection 8, T22S. R31E
1. If. during operations, any archeological or historical sites, or anyobject of antiquity subject to the applicable Antiquities Acts arediscovered. all operations which would affect such sites are to besuspended and the discovery reported promptly to the appropriate officesof the Minerals Management Service. When it is impossible to avoididentified cultural resource sites. the excavation. collection. analysisand interpretation by an approved cultural resources contractor may berequired before resumption of operations.
2. Prior approval of the District Supervisor is required for variance fromthe approved Surface Use plan or drilling program. Similar approval isalso required for addition to or alteration of facilities and beforecommencing plugging operations. plugback work. casing repair work.corrective cementing operations. or suspending drilling operationsindefinitely. Emergency approval may be obtained orally. but suchapproval does not waive the written report requirements.
3. Well areas will be maintained in a workmanlike manner with due regard tosafety. conservation. and appearance. All waste associated with thedrilling operations will be contained and will be buried in place (in aseparate trash pit) or removed and deposited in an approved sanitarylandfill. All garbage (metal containers will be crushed) and debris lefton site will be buried at least two feet deep. All trash and c1bris willbe buried or removed from the site after removal of the drilling rigand/or completion rig. and the wellsite will be kept clean and in anaesthetically satisfactory condition for the life of the well.
4. Roads will be constructed to adequately accomodate servicing allvehicular traffic associated with drilling and production of oil and gaswells. and will be maintained to control runoff and soil erosion.
5. No payment or other consideration will be made to other users. licenses.permittees. or lessees for any damage to or loss of natural vegetation.wildlife. mineral material. or for soil or livestock disturbancesoccurring on pUblic lands. which result from operation. development. orconstruction activities carried out under the authority of an approvedpermit to drill.
6. Caliche. gravel. or other related minerals from new or existing pits onFederal mineral estate will not be taken without prior approval from theappropriate surface managing agency.
7. Unless otherwise approved. and/or maintained. all access roadsconstructed in conjunction with the drilling permit (APD) will be limitedto a 15 foot wide surface. excluding turn-arounds. Surface disturbanceassociated with construction and/or use of the road will be limited to 20feet in width. All roads will be adequately drained to control runoffand soil erosion. Drainage facilities may include ditches. water bars.culverts and/or any other measures deemed necessary by the authorized
officer of the surface managmeent agency. The following is a general guidefor the spacing of water bars:
%Slope
less than 2% •2% to 4% •••4% to 5% ••more than 5% •
• 200 feet• • • • • • • • • • • 100 feet
• • • • 75 feet• • • • 50 feet
8. Vegetative materials removed during construction must be disposed of insuch manner that it does not detract from the aesthetics of the area anddoes not accelerate erosion. Vegetation removed during clearingoperations should be placed in drainages. washes. gullies. etc., and"wa1ked down" by crawl er type tractor. If there are no drai nages in theillll1ediate area. the vegetation should be "walked down" in place. Alltrash resulting from construction activities will be disposed of. Anylarge rocks resulting from construction activities will not be piled orleft in rows but will be left so they do not detract from the naturalappearance of the area. Any available topsoil encountered duringconstruction should be stockpiled for use in restoring the pit area afterthe pits are covered.
9. Drilling Pits:
a. Mud pits will be constructed so as not to leak. break. or allowdischarge of liquids. Pits are not to be located in naturaldrainage. If plastic material is used to line pits. it must beremoved to below ground level before pits are covered.
b. All unguarded pits containing liquids will be fenced and anyunguarded pit containing oil and/or toxic liquids will be coveredwith a fine mesh netting if necessary to protect wildlife.
c. Liquids in pits will be allowed to evaporate, or be properlydisposed of otherwise. before pits are broken. Under nocircumstances will pits be allowed to be cut to be drained.
10. Any additional construction. re-construction. or alterations offacilities. including roads. which will result in the disturbance of newground, will require the filing of a suitable plan and prior approval bythe BLM.
11. If the well is dry and is ~o be plugged. approval of the proposedplugging program may be oDtained orally. However. oral approval must beconfirmed in writing by immediately filing seven (7) copies of the Noticeof Intention to Abandon on Form 9-331 with the District Supervisor. The report should show the total depth reached. the reason for plugging. andthe proposed intervals. by depths. where cement plugs are to be placed.type of plugging mud. etc.
12. Plugging Procedures:
a. Plugging equipment used shall have separate mixing and displacementpumps and a calibrated tank to assure proper displacement of plugs.
245
246
b. A proper tank or pit will be used to contain all fluids pumped fromthe well during plugging operations.
c. All cement plugs are to be placed through tubing (or dri"pipe) andshall be a minimum of 25 sacks or 100 feet in lengths, whichever isgreater. The minimum length of plugs for deeper wells is 150 feetin length for depths (4,000' - 10,000') and 200 feet in length fordepths below 10,000'.
d. Any cement plug placed when well is not full of fluid, or when wellmay be taking fluid, will be touched after cement has set to verifyproper location.
e. Mud must be placed between plugs. Minimum consistency of pluggingmud must be that obtained by mixing at the rate of 25 sacks of gelper 100 barrels of water.
13. Upon abandonment of well on Federal surface rehabilitation will berequired. Rehabilitation may include ripping, leveling, contouring,water-barring, barricading and reseeding. Specific measures will beprovided under special stipulations.
14. Within 15 days after plugging the well, six copies of a Subsequent Reportof Abandonment is to be filed on form 9-331 showing the manner in whichthe well was plugged, including depths where casing was cut and pulledfrom, intervals (by depths) where cement plugs were placed, and the dateplugging was completed.
15. Seeding Procedures:
a. Time:
Normally. the best time for seeding is between June 15 and September15. However, the grantee may seed immediately after construction.In any event, if seed does not germinate after one growing season,reseeding may be required.
Seeding Operation:
Seeding \li11 be done with a disc-type drill with blO boxes forvarious seed sizes. The drill rows will be eight to ten inchesapart. The seed will be planted not less than one-half inch deep ormore than one inch deep. The seeder will be followed with a drag,packer, or roller tc ~nsure uniform coverage of the seed, andadequate compaction. Drilling will be done on the contour wherepossible, not up and down the slope. Where slopes are too steep forcontour drilling. a "cyclone" hand seeder or similar broadcastseeder will be used. Seed will then be covered to the depthdescribed above by whatever means is practical.
c. Species To Be Planted In Pounds of Pure-live-Seed Per Acre:
If seed is broadcast. double the seeding rate. Percent purity xpercent germination = Percent pure-live-seed.
The Seed mixture(s) listed below, to be employed in rehabilitation,will be speclfied in the speclal stlpulations.
(l) SEED r~IXTURE 1 (Loamy sites)
LEHI4ANNS LOVEGRASS (Eragrostis lehmanniana) .25
SIDE OATS GRN4A (Bouteloua curtipendula) .25
SAND DROPSEED (Sporobolus cryptandrus) .25
(2) SEED MIXTURE 2 (Sandy Sites)
SAND DROPSEED (Sporobolus cryptandrus)
SAND LOVEGRASS (Eragrostis trichodes)
Little Bluestem (Andropogon scoparius)
(3) SEED MIXTURE 3 (Shallow Sites)
.25
.50
.25
SIDEOATS GRA~~ (Bouteloua Curtipendual) 7.00
LEHMANN'S LOVEGRASS (Eragrostis lehmanniana) .50or BOER LOVEGRASS (E. chloromelas)
(4) SEED MIXTURE 4 ("Gyp" Sites)
ALKALI SACATION (Sporobolus airoides)
FOUR-WING SALTBUSH (atriplex canescens)
.50
9.00
It may be necessary to mix small seeds with rice hulls or sandto obtain uniform coverage. Rice hulls are generally availablefrom seed dealers for this purpose.
247
248
United States Depar~entof the InteriorBUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT
Rosw~1I District Office
SPECIAL APPROVAL STIPULATIONS
THE FOLLOWING DATA IS REQUIRED ON THE WELL SIGN
The special stipulations check marked below are applicable to the above described well and approval 'ofthis application to drill is conditioned upon compliance with such stipuiations in addition to thegeneral requirements. E1CB Pf&"!I.T.rEE BAS 7HE RIGHX a AI:MINIS1RAIIVE~ 10 mESE S!IFfJU.TIalSPf.JP.S:J1J>'r ~..wu: 4.3 gR- 3155.3 AND 3165.4.
( ) A. The Bureau of Land Management office is to be nottfied at:
~505~ 624-1790 Roswell505 887-6544 Carlsbad505 393-2885 Hobbs
in sufficient time for a representative to witness:
SpuddingCement casing
inch-----______ inch
( ] 3. """'~,_:_:=-- inchtltli' tests
rXl"" B. At least one working day prior to constructing the well pad, access roads and/or related( 'facilities, the operator or dirt contnctor shall notify the authorized officer of the surface
management agency. The surface management agency may be contacted at:
~ BLM phone (505) 887-6544 Carlsbad, New Mexico c.oJ..b..J,-1YVt (itT! rel,-.: eLM et*"0 K.')t J BLM phone (50S) 624-1790 Roswell, New Mexico
He shall also notify the surface management agency within two working days after completion ofearth-moving activities.
~C. Roads in the area of operation of this authorization will require surfacing.
( ) O. suf"f4.Ge casing should be set in the Rustler Anhydrite formation andcement Clrculated to tne surface. If surface casing is set at a lesser depth, thecasing must be cemented from the casing shoe to the surface or cemented to the su~r~f~a~ce~t~h~r~ou~g~h~astaae tool set at least 50 feet below the top of the Rustler after cementing around the :!Boe withsufticient cement to fill to the base of the salt section.
[ J E. Before drilling below the Closing, the blowout preventer assembly w111 consistof a minimum of one annular type ana two ram type preventers.
[ ] F. Minimum required fill of cement behind the casing is to _
[ ] G. After setting the casing string and before drilling into theformat i on, the blowout preventers and re 1ated contro 1 equ i pment sha 11 be pressure -:t,...e....,s~t.,-ea.,......,·,..... o:--r-a..,.t-e..,.aworking pressures by an independent service company. Any equipment failing to test satisfactorilyshall be repaired or replaced. This office should be notified in sufficient .time for arepresentative to witness the tests and shall be furnished a copy of the pressure test report.
249
[ J H. Mud system IDOnitoring equipment, with derrick noor indicators and vhual and audio alams.shall be installed and operating before drilling into theformation and used until production casing is run 'and cem~en:::':t:-:e::::'Q-.--':Rr;:,o=n':":n~o==r~l~ng=-=e~q""'u""'lpme=""nt=-=s"'h~a"'i""""c""o""n""'sl""'s"'"tof the following:
[ ) 2'.. A recording pit level indicator to determine pit volume oains and losses.[ ) A mud volume measuring device for accurately determinlng mud volume necessary to
fill the hol~ on trips.[ J 3. A flow sensor on the flow-line to warn of any abnormal .ud returns from the well.
[ J 1. A kelly cock will be installed and maintained in operable condition.
[ J J. A COlllllUnitization Agreement covering the acruge dedicated to the well IIlISt be filed forapproval with the Bureau of Land Management, P.O. Box 1379, Roswell. H!'ll Mexico Be201. The
, effective date of the agreement .ust be prior to any sales.
[ ) K. Above ground structures, not subject to applicable safety requirements shall be painted. Thepaint color is to simulate:
~ ~ Sandstone Brown, Fed. Std. 595-20318 or 30318t j Sagebrush Gray, Fed. Std. 595-26357 or 36357
1. Upon the conclusion of drilling and completion operations when mud pits are dry theywill be leveled, plastic will be removed and area reseeded with mixture No. _shown on last page of General Requirements.
~ 2. Following t.he down-hole plugging and abandonment of all operation:
~a. The drill pad and miles of actUS road shall be ripped to aminimum of 12" in depth. Rlpplng shall be on the contour with rips beingapproximately 3 feet or less apart.
[ ) l.. A bIllA•. Ray-Compensated Neutron log is required from the base of the salt section to thesurface with cable speed not to exceed 30 feet per minute.
~ K. ~'b::"::::: 3..,'i.. d.,. .,i., ,. ,.....".. ." of ,be f." ..'" ,.hob"'t.,'ooactivities, the operator shall notify t.he appropriate surface managing agency. shown inpart 5.
pq
~b. The drill site and JIItles of iCCt'SS road will be reseeded withmixture No. Shown on the last page of the General Requirements.
c. All ripped surfaces are to be protected from v~hicular travel by constructing adead-end ditch and earthen barricade at the r"t"anct' to these ripped areas. Thebarricade is to be constructed using spoil materials from the ditch ana should be ofsufficient ~agnitude to discourage vehicle entry.
[ J d. Private Surface: Abandonment stipulations to coincide with operator-landowneragreement. (Where no agreement exists, BLM will be requested to provide abandonmentstipulat ions.)
~ e. The surface location is to be cleaned and leveled.
[\J..; 3. ~odificatio"S in the rehabilitation stipulations made necessary by unforeseen.~ circumstances or improvements in rehabilitation methods may be made when the Notice of
Intention to Abandon is filed.
[ J N. Other:
250
APPENDIX E
Geophysical Logs of Drillhole DOE-2
251-252
The following logs are incorporated into this appendix by reference:
Run Depth Depth Logged IntervalType of Log Date No. Driller Logger Top Bottom
Phase I (Dresser-Atlas Logs)
Neutron-gamma ray 10-25-84 1 986 960 0 958Compensated densilog-gamma
ray 10-25-84 1 986 959 0 956BHC acoustilog-gamma ray 10-25-84 1 986 957 0 950Duallaterolog-gamma ray 10-25-84 1 986 955 0 954
Phase II (Dresser-Atlas Log)
4-arm caliper-gamma ray 6-13-85 1 4325 4242 900 4242Temperature 6-13-85 1 4325 4248 0 4247Neutron-gamma ray 6-13-85 1 4325 4246 0 4245Gamma ray-simul 6-13-85 1 4325 4245 900 4245BHC acoustilog-gamma ray 6-13-85 1 4325 4245 1010 4245Duallaterolog-gamma ray 6-13-85 1 4325 4245 1010 4245Compensated densilog-gamma
ray 6-13-85 1 4325 4245 1008 4243Directional survey 6-14-85 1 4325 4246 1000 4243
NOTE: Original data are retained in Sandia WIPP Central File, Dept. 6330, Sandia National Laboratories,Albuquerque, NM, 87185.
253-254
APPENDIX F
USGS Lithologic Log for Drillhole DOE-2
255-256
USGS Lithologic Log for Drlllhole DOE-2
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948l;"no recovery" designates where core was lost during coring operations]
Lithologic description Depth interval
Feet
70.4 71.1\
71.6 72.7
72.7 73.?
73.2 7R.7
78.7 79.0
79.0 RR.R
Pad fill, caliche, and sand, moderate-reddish-orange (10R-5/6l, fine grained,
rounded quartz, unconsolidated
Caliche, very light gray (H8l
Sandstone, moderate-reddish-brown (lOR-3/4), very fine to fine grained quartz,subrounded, moderately to well indurated, calcium sulfate cememt; rock bit
40 to 48.1 ft
Siltstone and claystone, dark-reddish-brown (lOR-3/4l; siltstone very thincross-bedding, horizontal, well indurated, calcium sulfate cement; claystonelaminated; disseminated grayish-green (5G-5/2) alteration streaks and blebs
disseminated throughout core; pale-yellowish-brown (lOYR-6/2) fine-grainedsandstone from 52.6 to 52.7 ft
No recovery
Siltstone and claystone, similar to unit at 48.1 to 58.1 ft
Sandstone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4), fine-grained, well indurated; dusky
yellowish-green (5GY-5/2) reduction zones along horizontal bedding planes;
slightly clayey at 61.6 and 62.3 ft
Sandstone, light-olive-gray (5Y-5/2), fine- to medium-grained, very well indurated
Sandstone, dark-reddish-brown (lOR-3/4l, fine-grained, bedding dips horizontal to5°; lenses of lighter colored sandstone disseminated throughout core; minor
claystone clasts as large as 2 em disseminated throughout core; crossbedded at67.6 to 68.1 ft; drilling soap comes out of rock along bedding planes helow 65 ft
Sandstone, light-olive-gray (SY-5/2l, fine- to medium-grained; bands and blebs ofgrayiSh-green (lOGY-5/2l reduction zones; dark-reddish-brown (lOR-3/4l claystoneflakes along bedding planes, especially in upper 0.1 ft and at 70.6 to 70.7 ftwhere bedding dips 5°
Siltstone, dark-reddish-brown (lOR-3/4), sandy
Sandstone, similar to unit at 63.2 to 63.6 ft; contains thin stringers of grayish
green (10GY-S/2) claystone along bedding planes and as isolated blebs
Sandy siltstone, dark-reddish-brown (lOR-3/4), wavy bedding; rounded blebs of
grayiSh-green (lOGY-5/2) alteration zones
No recovery (0.2 ft of core recovered in next core run)
Siltstone, dark-reddish-brown (lOR-3/4), wavy, very thin bedding; blebs and bandsof grayiSh-green (lOGY-5/2) alteration zones disseminated throughout core
Sandstone, pale-olive (lOY-6/2), fine- to medium-grained; grayiSh-green (5G-5/2)clay streaks throughout core, O.2-ft-thick beds near top and bottom of unit,thin clay seam at top of unit
o
R
13
4R.l
58.1
59.0
1\1.0
fi3.2
63.1\
88.8
Fl
13
4R.l
58.1
1\1.0
1\3.?
70.4
qn.l
257
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery" designates where core was lost during coring operations]
lithologic description Depth interval
Feet
258
Sandy siltstone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4), minor streaks and blebs of pale-olive
(10Y-6/2) reduction zones
Sandstone, pale-olive (10Y-6/2), similar to unit at 88.8 to 90.1 ft
Sandstone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4), fine- to medium-grained, well indurated,minor disseminated beds of claystone and siltstone; light-olive-gray (5Y-5/2)
layers at 93.9 to 94.1 and 95.6 to 95.7 ft, lower layer has thin clay seam at top;bedding dips 5 to 10·
Sandstone, greenish-gray (5GY-6/1), medium-grained, well indurated
Claystone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4); minor grayish-green (5G-5/2) alterationstreaks
Sandstone, similar to unit at 103.8 to 104.0 ft
Claystone, similar to unit at 104.0 to 104.9 ft
Sandstone, grayish-red (10R-4/2), medium to coarse grained, well indurated;
dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) siltstone at 107.2, 107.3 to 107.6 and109.7 to 109.9 ft; very thin clay partings at top and bottom of siltstone
Sandstone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4), fine- to medium-grained, well indurated;zones containing clay galls at 111.3, 111.9 to 112.4 and 115.2 ft
Sandstone, grayish-red (10R-4/2) and dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4); zonescontaining clay galls throughout core; bedding dips 5·
Sandstone, pale-yellowish-brown (10YR-6/2) and pale-olive (10Y-6/2), fine- to
medium-grained; minor clay galls and alteration streaks
Claystone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4)
Sandstone, dark-yellowish-brown (10YR-4/2) grading to dark-reddish-brown
(10R-3/4) at 121.3 ft and to light-olive-gray (5Y-6/1) and dark-yellowish
brown (10YR-4/2) at 124.9 ft, fine- to medium-grained, laminated to thinbedded; vein dipping 60· between 122 and 123 ft healed with calcium sulfate
Siltstone. pale-yellowish-brown (10YR-6/2). appears to be silicified
Siltstone and claystone, alternating beds; pale-brown (5YR-5/2) and darkreddish-brown (10R-3/4); siltstone slightly sandy. contains clay galls;claystone slightly deformed laminae; white (N9) sandstone from 128.0 to128.2 ft contains fragments of overlying claystone
Sandstone. dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) and grayish-red (10R-4/2). fine- tomedium-grained. laminated to very thin bedded; some beds crossbedded;disseminated clay galls; most bedding horizontal
No recovery
90.1
91.1
91.fi
103.R
104.0
104.9
105.2
105.4
110.0
116.0
l1R.5
120.7
126.R
127.0
128.4
130.8
91.1
91.6
104.0
105.2
105.4
110.0
116.0
118.5
119.3
120.7
12fi.R
127.0
128.4
130.8
131.0
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others. 1948);"no recovery· designates where core was lost during coring operations]
Lithologic description Oepth interval
Feet
Sandstone. similar to unit at 128.4 to 130.8 ft; dark-reddish-brown (10YR-3/4).
clay seam. 4 mm thick. at base
Siltstone. dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4). clay galls in thin beds at base and
disseminated throughout core
Sandstone. grayish-red (10R-4/2) alternating with pale-yellowish-brown (10YR-6/2);
grayish-green (10GY-5/2) clay galls in lighter colored beds
Siltstone. dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4). wavy bedding
Sandstone. similar to unit at 131.6 to 132.0 ft; basal 3 mm is pale-green
(10G-7/2) clay
Siltstone and claystone. dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4). alternating laminae and
very thin beds. many laminae wavy and slightly contorted. some very thin beds
of lenticular flattened claystone in siltstone matrix; grayish-green (10GY-5/2)
and pale-yellowish-brown (10YR-6/2) alteration bands at 137.6. 137.7 to 137.9.
and 139.6 ft; numerous 1 to 3 mm diameter grayish-green (10GY-5/2) alteration spots
No recovery
Siltstone and sandstone. dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) laminated to thin bedded;
claystone chips in fine-grained sandstone; grayish-green (10GY-5/2) alteration
spots and large vuggy blebs of white (N9) mineral at 142.2 to 142.3 ft
Sandstone. 9rayish-red (10R-4/2). 9rading to light-olive-gray (5Y-6/1). fine
grained; very thin parting of gray (N6) claystone at base
131.0
131.2
131.6
132.0
132.2
133.3
140.5
141.0
144.1
131.2
131.6
132.0
133.3
14'1.5
141.'1
144.1
144.4
Siltstone and fine-grained sandstone with laminae of claystone. dark-reddish
brown (10R-3/4); small grayish-green (10GY-5/2) reduction blebs; irregular band
band of white (N9) gypsum at 147.0 ft
Siltstone. dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4). thin bedded
No recovery (no recovery zone put inside core run. not at base; core badly
broken starting at 148.3 ft)
Siltstone. similar to unit at 147.9 to 148.3 ft
Sandstone. pale-olive (10Y-6/2). fine-grained; greenish-gray (5G-6/1)
claystone. 0.1 ft thick at base
Siltstone. dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4). thin bedded
Siltstone. greeniSh-gray (5G-6/1) to pale-olive (10Y-6/2); very thin finegrained sandstone beds
Siltstone. dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4). thin bedded
144.4 147.CJ
147.9 148.3
14R.3 149.'1
149.0 150.1
150.1 1"'1.5
150.5 151.4
151.4 151.6
151.6 153.1
259
167.2 167.5
167.5 l1i7.9
l1i7.9 11i9.1
169.1 169.4
169.4 169.5
16Cl.5 170.3
170.3 176.6
176.6 176.7
nepth interv~l
Feet
153.1 153.2
153.2 153.7
153.7 154.1i
154.6 154.8
154.8 156.4
156.4 161.9
161.9 161i.9
166.9 lIi7.?
260
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
(Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others. 1948);
"no recovery" designates where core was lost during coring operations]
Lithologic description
Sandstone. pale-olive (10Y-6/2). fine-grained
Siltstone. dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4). disrupted or slumped thin beds; largeblebs of vuggy gypsum
Siltstone. dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4). massive; basal 0.1 ft is dark-reddish-
brown (10R-3/4) claystone chips and gypsum in fine-grained sandstone
Sandstone. grayish-red (10R-4/2). fine-grained. cross bedded
Siltstone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4). thin bedded
Sandstone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4). fine-grained. massive to thinly
crossbedded
Sandstone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4). fine-grained. massive
Siltstone and very fine grained sandstone (10R-3/4). thin bedded
Sandstone. siltstone. and claystone. light-olive-gray (5Y-6/1). dark-reddish
Drown (10R-3/4) and greenish-gray (5GY-6/1); clay seam at base has wavy
contact with unit below
Sandstone. dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4). very fine grained. massive
Sandstone and siltstone. dark-reddish-brown (lOR-3/4); very fine grained
sandstone; thin bedded
Siltstone and mudstone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4). thin bedded
Sandstone. light-olive-gray (SY-6/1). very fine grained; thin gray (N6)
parting at base
Siltstone. mudstone. and very fine grained sandstone. dark-reddish-brown
(10R-3/4). thin bedded
No recovery (a ctua1 measure 7.1 ft. but 0.8 ft recovered in next core
Sandstone. light-olive-gray (5Y-6/1). very fine grained; disseminated chips of
dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) mudstone
Claystone and siltstone. dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) and grayish-red (10R-4/2).
laminated to thin bedded. some wavy beds. most beds and laminae horizontal.
occasional clay galls in silty matrix; yellowish-gray (5Y-8/1). fine-grained
sandstone at 177.4 to 177.5 ft contains rounded, oblong claystone fragments;selenite veins along bedding planes as thick as 2 cm show antitaxial crystalgrowth. most crystals normal to bedding. but few show slight curvature atcontact with wall rock; occasional reduction zones parallel to bedding; 1 to4 mm diameter reduction spots disseminated through core. First major selenite
occurrence at 177.7 ft 176.7 190.5
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others. 1948);"no recovery" designates where core was lost during coring operations]
Lithologic description Depth interval
Feet
Sandstone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4). very fine to fine grained, laminated,
soft sediment deposition laminae; numerous 1 to 2 mm diameter reduction spots;some crossbedding at base of unit
Siltstone and sandstone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4), laminated; two thinreduction zone streaks
Sandstone, similar to unit at 190.5 to 191.1 ft
Siltstone and claystone, similar to unit at 191.1 to 191.9 ft; soft sediment
deformation in bed at 192.8 ft
Sandstone, grading from light-olive-gray (5Y-6/1) and greenish-gray (5GY-6/1)
to grayish-red (10R-4/2) to dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4). thin bedded;selenite vein at 194.4 ft 5 mm thick; soft sediment deformation in bedding at
194.3 and 194.7 ft
Siltstone and claystone, similar to unit at 191.1 to 191.9 ft
Sandstone, grayish-red (10R-4/2) and dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4). grades
downward from laminated to thin bedded, cross bedded in thicker beds;
15-mm-thick selenite vein at 197.6 ft, cross bedding from 197.6 to 198.7 ftoutlined with dark streaks (dark minerals?); clay and selenite seam at 199.1
to 199.2 ft; contains grayish-green (5GY-6/1) sandstone from 199.6 to 199.8 ft
Siltstone and claystone, similar to unit at 191.1 to 191.9 ft
Siltstone, grayish-olive (10Y-4/2), 3-mm-thick selenite vein at base
Siltstone and very fine 9rained sandstone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4),laminated to very thin bedded, I-mm-thick selenite vein cuttin9 beddingat 50 at 200.5 ft
selenite, translucent, zone in middle of vein parallel to bedding containspaper-thin median suture
Siltstone and sandstone, similar to unit at 200.3 to 201.5 ft, siltstone
laminated, sandstone massive; 4-mm-thick selenite at 204.4 ft and 3-mm
selenite at 204.5ft parallel to beddin9, 2-mm-thick selenite vein at 204.7 ftcuts bedding at 100; grayish-green (5G-5/2) clay seam at 202.6 ft directlyover O.l-ft-thick light-olive-gray (5Y-6/1) sandstone; greenish-gray(5GY-6/1), very fine grained sandstone at 204.9 to 205.0 ft
Siltstone and claystone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4), siltstone very thinbedded, claystone laminated and shows evidence of dessication crackingand rehealing with siltstone matrix
No recovery
lIlO.5
191.1
191.9
192.1
193.2
194.8
195.4
199.9
200.2
200.3
201.5
201.7
205.5
2011.0
1111.1
193.?
194.R
195.4
200.2
200.3
:'01.5
201.7
205.5
2011.0
210.0
261
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[COlor designations are from the Rock COlor Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery" designates where core was lost durin9 coring operations]
Lithologic description Depth intervalFeet
216.4 217.7
at217.7 220.0
ft,
220.0 229.2
229.2 230.0
230.0 232.1
232.1 233.4
262
Siltstone and claystone, similar to unit at 205.5 to 208.0 ft
Sandstone and siltstone, grayish-red (10R-4/2) anddark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4);sandstone, fine-grained, some massive beds, some crossbeds; evidence of
mudcrack fillings in siltstones; yellowish-gray (5Y-7/2), fine-grained
sandstone from 210.8 to 211.1 ft; 4-mm-thick claystone seam at 211.4 ft
Siltstone and mudstone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) and grayish-red (10R-4/2),
laminated to thin bedded; some claystone shows mudcrack fillings anddessication galls recemented by siltstone; minor crossbedding in places; some
claystone laminae deposited on truncated, slightly dipping siltstone; open
fracture dipping 45° at 214.9 ft
Sandstone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) from 215.2 to 216.0 ft, yellowish-gray
(5Y-8/1 and 5Y-7/2) above 215.2 ft and below 216.0 ft; unit indistinctly
crossbedded; lower 0.2 ft displays clay wash-outs in two thin seams parallel
to beddi ng
Claystone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4), two yellowish-gray (5Y-7/2) reduction
streaks in lower half. Core shattered in part, possibly caused by over-full
core barrel
Sandstone, grayish-red (10R-4/2) and dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4), massive;
U.l-ft-thick crossbedded layer at 218.5 ft; yellowish-gray (5Y.7/2) layer
217.7 to 217.9 ft; clay seam at 219.4 ft
Sandstone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4), fine- to medium-grained above 227.0
medium-grained below, thin bedded; O.l-ft-thick yellowish-gray (5Y-8/1)
sandstone at 222.9 ft; beds dip 5 to 10° from 227.0 to 228.0 ft
No recovery
Sandstone, similar to unit at 220.0 to 229.2 ft
Sandstone, yellowish-gray (5Y-8/1), medium-grained, thin bedded
Siltstone and sandstone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4), thin bedded; small,
light-olive-gray (5Y-6/1) reduction spots and bands at 235.5, 236.1,
237.5, 238.8, and 239.4 ft, last two are 0.1 and 0.2 ft thick, respectively
No recovery
Siltstone and sandstone, similar to unit at 233.4 to 239.3 ft; selenite filled
fractures at 241.0, 241.7, 242.9, 243.7, 244.5, 244.8 and 245.0 ft; open,near-vertical fracture from 243.2 to 247.9 ft has 15 mm displacement
No recovery
210.0
210.1
212.3
215.0
233.4
239.3
240.0
249.5
210.1
212.3
215.0
216.4
249.5
251.9
USGS Lithologic log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery" designates where core was lost during coring operations]
Lithologic description Depth interval
Feet
Siltstone and fine-grained sandstone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4). laminated
to thinly bedded; numerous selenite veins parallel to bedding; small reduction
blebs, light-olive-gray (5Y-6/1) throughout core and concentrated from
254.7 to 257.0 ft
Selenite. translucent vein filling
Siltstone and very fine grained sandstone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4). thin
bedded; selenite bands at 270.4. 270.6 to 270.67, 271.2. 271.65, 272.25.272.35. and 272.95 to 273.05 ft; light-olive-gray (5Y-6/1) reduction bands at271.85 and 272.4 to 272.45 ft
Sandstone. grayish-red (10R-4/2), grading downward from fine grained to medium
grained; salt-and-pepper appearance from 278.0 to 279.9 ft; selenite seams
at 275.8, 276.1, 276.8. 277.5, 277.7 and 278.0 ft; below 278.0 ft numerous thincrosscutting selenite veins; large clay clasts incorporated from 275.5 to
276.0 and in lower foot
Sandy siltstone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4). becomes more sandy in lower half;
laminated to massive, some thin cross bedded units; selenite vein at 280.7 ftand 4 veins between 281.3 to 281.8 ft; vein at 280.7 ft has clast elevated
above host rock; pale-olive (10Y-6/2) alteration spots 1 to 5 mm in diameter
Sandstone, mottled dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) and light-olive-gray (5Y-5/2),
medium-grained; very thin selenite veins throughout
Sandy siltstone, similar to unit at 279.9 to 282.0 ft; horizontal selenite vein
at 282.6 and one at 282.9 ft dips 15· to bedding
Sandstone, light-olive-gray (5Y-6/1). medium-grained, very thin bedded, beds dip
as much as 15·; base of unit cut into unit below (channel?)
Sandy siltstone. similar to unit at 279.9 to 282.0 ft; laminated to very thin
bedded. few minor cross-beds; selenite veins at 284.5 and 285.0 ft
Siltstone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) and grayiSh-red (10R-4/2). laminated to
very thin bedded. minor crossbeds; sandy layer from 286.6 to 286.9 ft; claystoneclasts in some beds; tnin claystone at 288.8 ft; thin selenite veins at 286.1 to
286.8 and 288.8 ft; disseminated pale-olive (10Y-6/2) reduction spots 1 to 5 mmin diameter in upper foot
Siltstone. pale-yellowish-brown (10YR-6/2), grayiSh-green massive; (5G-5/2).thin bed at base
Claystone. dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4), laminated to very thin bedded; minor
cross bedded silty layers; four thin selenite veins in upper half. 1-cm-thickvei n at base
251.9
270.0
270.2
273.3
282.0
282.2
283.0
284.1
285.0
289.3
289.9
270.0
270.~
273.3
279.9
282.0
21\2.2
21\3.0
2114.1
285.0
2119.3
290.7
263
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
LColor designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);
"no recovery" designates where core was lost during corin9 operations]
Lithologic description Depth interval
Feet
264
Siltstone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) and grayish-red (10R-4/2), interbedded
with thin claystones, laminated to thin bedded, some wavy and contorted bedding;
numerous very thin selenite veins, most parallel to bedding, some crosscutting
bedding by as much as 20°, one selenite vein from 296.8 to 297.6 ft dips 76°;evidence ofchannel cut-and-fill; mud-crack filling at 298.0ft; several thick
selenite veins ranging from 1 to 4 em thick, mostly with claystone on either
side, some median sutures in selenite attest to antitaxial nature of vein
fillings, all veins show no curvature of selenite crystals; crossbedding
becomes major below 299.3 ft; pale-yellowish-brown (10YR-4/2) fine-grained
sandstone 1.S-em-thick at 300.4 ft overlies 1.S-cm-thick grayish-green (10G-5/2)
claystone; thin selenite veins at 303.7, 303.9, 309.0 and 309.5 ft; 1.S-cm-thick
selenite veins at 308.4. 308.5, and 309.4 ft, thin selenite vein at 306.5 ftfills en echelon bedding plane fractures; grayish-green (10GY-5/2) reduction
spots throughout core and very concentrated at 300.1 to 300.4 ft; mud-crack
filling at 309.0 to 309.3 ft; selenite-filled fracture dipping 45° below 310.2 ft;
5-mm-thick selenite vein at base partially cuts bedding
Claystone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4), and siltstone, pale-yellowish-brown
(10YR-6/2) and grayish-green (SG-S/2); healed selenite-filled fracture 3 mm thick
dips 30° at 311.5 ft; very thin selenite vein at base
Sandy siltstone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) and very thin laminae of very dusky
red (10R-2/2), laminated to thin bedded, some crossbedding and severely contorted
bedding and laminae; disseminated minor blebs and streaks of grayish-green
(SG-~/2) reduction zones; selenite vein 2 cm thick at 314.9 ft shows 2 medial
sutures and a fragment of host rock rafted upward into vein, selenite vein 5 cmthick at 317.2 ft has 3 medial sutures and small rafted fragments of host rock in
vein; at 319.2 to 319.6 ft are 2 selenite-filled fractures dipping 60°; rock very
well indurated, breaks sometimes occur at places other than vein-rock contact
Sandstone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) to grayiSh-red (10R-4/2), fine-grained;
scattered light-olive-gray (5Y-6/l) reduction spots especially common at 321.0,
321.~ and 326.0 ft; selenite vein fillings parallel to bedding at 321.25, 321.3,
321.4. 321.85, 322.15, 322.55, 322.65, 322.7, 324.83 to 324.9 and 326.9 to 327.0 ft
Siltstone and claystone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) to grayish-red (10R-4/2).
laminated to thin bedded; grayiSh-green (5G-S/2) reduction zone at 328.9 ft.
numerous 1 to 5 mm diameter reduction spots. wavy bedding below 330.0 ft;claystone content increases below 332.0 ft and forms most of unit from 335.2 to
336.7 ft; thin selenite-filled fracture at 330.2 ft dips 45°. and one at 336.6 ftdips 60° thin selenite vein at 336.6 ft parallel to bedding and I-em-thick vein
cuts bedding 20° at 338.1 ft
No recovery (recovered in next core run)
290.7
311.2
311.7
320.0
327.3
331\.4
311.2
311. 7
320.0
327 .3
33R.4
33Q.0
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery" des i gnates where core was lost duri ng cori ng operations]
Lithologic description Depth interval
Feet
Siltstone and claystone, similar to unit from 330.0 to 338.4 ft
Sanoy siltstone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4), very thin to massive bedded; thinselenite-filled fracture oipping 70° at 342.7 ft; pale-yellowish-brown (10YR-6/2)sandstone and grayish-green (56-5/2) claystone 1 em thick at base
Siltstone and claystone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) and grayish-red (10R-4/2),
laminated to very thin bedded; disseminated concentrations of grayish-green
(56-5/2) reduction spots; selenite 2.5 em thick with 3 median sutures at 346.7 ft,
1 em thick at 347.5 ft, 2 em thick at 349.2 ft, 0.5 cm thick at 350.2 ft, lowertwo have angled healed fracture joining them; splintered fractures parallel tobeddiny healed by selenite at 352.3 to 352.4 ft, two very thin fractures dipping
7Uo, top of one at 352.7 ft, top of other at 353.2 ft; pale-yellowish-brown
(lUYR-6/2) band overlying grayish-green (56-5/2) band between 355.5 and 355.6 ft;8-mm selenite vein filling at 355.9 ft contains fragments of underlying claystone
as does 1-em-thick selenite at 357.4 ft; mud-crack fillings and soft sedimentdeformed bedding in portions of core
Sandstone and siltstone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4); sandstone, fine-grained;tninly laminated to 360.2 ft, cross bedded and soft sediment slump features;below 360.2 ft grain size increases to medium and rock is massive; selenite
filled veins at 358.7, 359.7, and 359.8 ft; reduction spots common; basal 0.1 ft,
fine-grained, grayish-green (56-5/2) sand-stone; basal contact irregular
Siltstone and fine-grained to very fine grained sandstone, dark-reddish-brown
(lUR-3/4), laminated to thin bedded, small scale crossbedding and soft sediment
deformation structures common; selenite-filled O.l-ft-thick fracture dipping8Uo at 366.y ft, selenite-filled veins at 363.2, 369.4, 369.6, 376.2 and 380.5 ft
show median suture; reduction bands at 363.7, 367.5, 372.5, 374.6, and 376.2 ft,common reduction spots, grayish-green (56-5/2) medium-grained sandstone from
377.0 to 377.3 ft
Sandstone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) very fine grained to fine-grained, smallscale crossbedding and soft sediment deformation structures common; seleniteveins at 384.1, 385.9 and 389.6 ft range in thickness from 1.2 to 2.4 em;
selenite-filled fractures dipping 82° at 384.8 ft, and 60° at 388.0 ft, both1 em thick; reduction bands at 378.9 and 379.8 ft; base of unit is clay fragmentsboth rounded and flat
Sandy siltstone and claystone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4), siltstone in upperU.4 ft, thin bedded and contains clay galls at base; lower 0.2 ft is seams ofclaystone and selenite; claystone fragments "rafted" up into selenite; noevidence of crystal bending in selenite
339.0
339.5
343.7
357.5
360.0
377 .3
393.9
339.5
343.7
357.5
360.0
377 .3
393.9
394.5
'y
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others. 1948);"no recovery" des i gnates where core was lost duri ng cori ng operat ions1
Lithologic description Oepth interval
Feet
266
Sandstone. dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4). similar to unit at 382.5 to 393.9 ft.
laminated to thin bedded. very fine grained in upper 0.8 ft. fine-grained inlower 0.2 ft
Siltstone and very fine grained sandstone. dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4). laminated
to thin bedded; 5-mm-thick selenite vein at top of unit; 3-cm-thick selenite at396.0 ft; claystone layers near top of unit have laminae incorporated in selenite.
claystone layers above selenite at 396.0 ft; minor crossbedding in sandstone layers
Sandstone. similar to unit at 382.5 to 393.9 ft. massive
Siltstone and very fine grained sandstone. dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4). very thin to
massive bedded. some crossbedded sandstones; selenite vein 13 mm thick dipping 10·
at 398.3 ft. I-em-thick selenite at 400.8 ft; minor clay galls and soft sediment
deformation in lower half of unit; pale-yellowish-brown (10YR-6/2). fine-grainedsandstone in lower 0.1 ft of unit
Claystone. grayish-green (5G-5/2) in upper 1.5 em. dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4)
in lower part. laminated
Sandstone. dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4). fine-grained. crossbedded;
3-mm-thick selenite at base
Siltstone. dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4). laminated to very thin bedded
Sandstone. dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4). laminated to thick bedded. very fine
grained to fine-grained. evidence of soft sediment deformation features;claystone clasts at 407.2 and 408.2 ft. slightly coarser grained from 407.9 to
408.5 ft; 0.1 ft thick grayish-green (5G-5/2) sandstone 408.5 to 408.6 ft;
2-mm-thick selenite at 402.6 ft. 8-mm-thick at 404.4 ft. 3-mm-thick at 405.9 ft.1.5 em-thick at 408.6 and 408.8 ft; healed hairline fractures dipping 40·
at 404.1 and 404.3 ft; grayish-green (5G-5/2) reduction spots 1 to 10 mm in
diameter disseminated throughout core. concentrated from 404.5 to 405.0 ft
Sandstone. grayish-red (10R-4/2) and light-gray (N7). fine-grained to medium
grained. very thin to thin bedded; selenite vein 2 mm thick at 410.3 ft
Sandstone. siltstone. and minor claystone. dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) and
grayish-red (10R-4/2); sandstone very thin bedded to thin bedded. some layersof soft sediment deformation; some siltstones fractured and rehealed with
sandstone. siltstones very thin bedded; claystones laminated; selenite veinsvery numerous. most parallel to bedding. others dip 15 to 60·; all but one veinshow median sutures and no curved crystals. one vein dipping 50· at 420.0 ftshows crystals curving toward each other at the median suture; numerous 1 to10 mm diameter grayish-green (5G-5/2) reduction spots throughout core
No recovery
394.5
395.5
396.4
401.A
402.0
402.5
409.A
411.3
420.8
395.5
39fi.4
397.4
401.1
401.R
402.0
402.5
409.A
411.1
420.f\
421.0
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery" des i gnates where core was lost duri ng cori ng operat ions]
lithologic description Depth i nterva 1
Feet
Sandstone, siltstone, and claystone, similar to unit from 411.3 to 420.8 ft
Siltstone and sandy siltstone, minor claystone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4),
laminated to thin bedded, crinkly laminae 425.6 to 426.1 and 422.7 to 422.8ft,
some crossbedded sandy siltstones; grayish-green (5G-5/2) siltstone 426.3 to
426.6 ft, pale-yellowish-brown (10YR-6/2), fine-grained sandstone 426.6 to
426.7 ft; numerous selenite veins dipping 30 to 40°, 421.4 to 424.3 ft;numerous veins parallel to bedding 423.2 to 430.6 ft; grayish-green (5G-5/2)reduction spots in lower 3 ft
No recovery
Siltstone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) slightly sandy, thin bedded to massive;unit contains 54 selenite veins parallel to bedding ranging from 5 mm to 6 em
thick and numerous 0.5 to 1 mm thick veins also parallel to bedding, nearlyall tnicker veins show antitaxial crystal growth and median sutures; selenite
filled fractures dip 25° at 443.35 ft, 80° at 445.7 ft, 75° at 447.35 ft, 50°
at 449.35 ft, 70° at 461.5 ft, 20° at 468.1 and 468.2 ft, 70° at 470.6 ft,
20° at 472.5 ft, 45° at 473.7 and 474.0 ft, and 80° at 475.0 ft; reduction
bands grayish-green (5G-5/2) at 442.75 to 442.85 ft, 438.3 to 438.4 ft, 451.3to 451.35 ft, and 463.75 ft; reduction spots common throughout unit
Clay and claystone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4), poorly consolidated
No recovery
(Note: Bit stuck at 478 ft, fished core barrel out and continued coring,usiny brine)
Clayey siltstone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4), numerous 0.5- to 1-mm-thick
selenite veins parallelto bedding; 8-mm-thick vein at 480.6 ft; unit verytnin to thin bedded, competent
Sandy siltstone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) grading downward to siltstone,
laminated to tnin bedded, very competent; numerous 0.5- to 1-mm-thick selenite
veins parallel and SUb-parallel to bedding; slightly "spongy" textured 1.5-cmselenite vein at 482.2 ft, clayey "spongy" textured 5-mm-thick vein at 482.3 ft;
selenite vein dipping 50° at 486.2 ft displaces two subhorizontal veins, but not
two others; sandy siltstone near base; 1 to 2 cm diameter reduction spots in
lower 3 ft
Siltstone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4), laminated to thin bedded, very competent;
numerous very thin selenite veins parallel to bedding; 1-em-thick vein at 500.4 ft
contains indistinct crystals, at leastone median suture, and flakes of wall rock;
grayish-green (5G-5/2) layers at 492.5, 496.4, 497.0 and 499.0 to 499.2 ft;claystone seams throughout unit
421.0
421.2
430.6
431.0
475.8
476.8
478.0
481.1
491.0
421.2
430 J;
431.0
475.8
47fi.8
478.0
481.1
491.0
50fl.Q
267
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
(Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);
"no recovery" designates where core was lost during coring operations]
Lithologic description Oepth i nterva 1
Feet
268
No recovery
Siltstone, similar to unit at 491.0 to 500.9 ft
Sandy siltstone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4), very thin to thin bedded; numerous
very thin to 2-mm-thick selenite veins parallel to bedding; very thin claystone
beds at 503.9 and 505.4 to 505.6 ft
Sandstone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) and grayiSh-red (10R-4/2), fine-grained,
thin bedded, four 3-to 8-mm-thick selenite veins; numerous 1 em diameter
grayiSh-green (5G-5/2) reduction spots from 506.0 to 507.1 ft
Siltstone and claystone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) very thin to thick bedded;
selenite veins, 2 mm to 1 em thick. parallel and sub-parallel to bedding;
numerous very thin veins
No recovery (recovered 0.4 ft in next core run)
Siltstone and claystone. similar to unit at 507.4 to 510.5 ft; sandy siltstone
513.4 to 513.6 ft; I-em-thick selenite at 513.1 ft; selenite vein 1.5 em thick
dipping 20· at 513.6 ft contains good median suture
Siltstone. dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4). laminated to thin bedded, very competent;
few disseminated small reduction spots. large blobs and streaks 518.0 to 518.5
and 519.8 to 520.3 ft; 4-mm-thick. horizontal selenite vein displaced 2 mm by 80·
dipping vein at 517.1 ft; few selenite veins 2 to 4 mm thick
Siltstone. dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4). grading downward to slightly clayey
siltstone; clay seam at 524.2 ft; numerous very thin selenite veins parallel to
bedding and crisscrossing beds; 7-mm-thick vein at 530.8 ft; disseminated 1 to
2 em diameter reduction spots
No recovery
Clayey siltstone. dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) grading downward to silty claystone,laminated to very thin bedded; from 532 ft to base of unit 14 selenite veins 2 to
7 mm thick parallel to bedding; at 540.5 ft, 3-mm-thick vein dipping 70· with
what appear to be slickensides (vertical) but may be elongated selenite crystals;
disseminated 3-to 10-mm diameter reduction spots
No recovery
Silty claystone. similar to unit at 531.0 to 540.8 ft; half of unit is selenite vein
Siltstone. dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4). laminated to thin bedded; grayish-green(5G-~/2) streakS from 549.2 to 549.7 ft; disseminated 1- to 5-mm diameter
reduction spots; 3-.to 8-mm-thick selenite veins parallel to bedding spaced aboutU.5 ft avart from 542.0 to 546.5 ft; vein at 546.1 ft dipping 80°; nearly vertical
vein 4 to 15 mm thick from 549.0 to 550.8 ft (base of core); median sutures andelongated crystals more noticeable than in overlying 30 ft
500.9
501.0
503.2
505.9
507.4
510.5
511.0
516.5
521.0
530.9
531.0
540.8
541.0
541.1
501.0
503.2
505.9
507.4
511.0
516.5
521.0
530.C!
531.0
540.8
541.0
541.1
550.8
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery" designates where core was lost during coring operations]
Lithologic description Depth i nterva1
Feet
561.6 565.0
565.0 570.5
570.5 571.0
571.0 5A5.4
585.4 590.5
590.5 591.0
No recovery
Siltstone, similar to unit at 541.1 to 550.8 ft; near vertical vein continues to~~5.2 ft, displacement across vein is 3-4 mm; vein dipping 50° at 557.3 ft;scattered, very thin veins parallel to and at various angles to bedding
Sandstone, dark-reddish-brown (lOR-3/4), very fine grained to fine-grained, very
thin to thin oedded; disseminated selenite veins mostly parallel to bedding;unit grades to silty sandstone in lower 0.6 ft
Siltstone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4), laminated to thin-bedded; numerous thinselenite veins parallel to bedding; disseminated 1 to 3 mm diameter reduction
sllots
Claystone, dark-reddish-brown (lOR-3/4), laminated, parts easily along laminae;
very thin selenite veins in boxy network; disseminated reduction spots
No recovery
Claystone, similar to unit at 565.0 to 570.5 ft; numerous very thin to 2-mm-thickselenite veins at various angles to bedding; silty in part
Siltstone, dark-reddish-brown (lOR-3/4), well indurated
No recovery
Siltstone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4), slightly clayey, laminated to thin
bedded, competent; numerous very thin to 3-mm-thick selenite veins parallelto bedding, several high angle veins; cavities less than 1 mm disseminatedthroughout core
No recovery
Siltstone, similar to unit at 591.0 to 600.9 ft; tiny cavities have square,
rhomboidal, or oblong shape, concentrated in upper foot but disseminatedthroughout core and may have held gypsum crystals; numerous very thin to
2-mm-thick selenite veins parallel to bedding; numerous 1 mm to 1 em
diameter reduction spots
Claystone, dark-reddish-brown (lOR-3/4), laminated to very thin bedded,comlletent; selenite veins 2 to 4 mm thick, about 3 per ft; few very thin veins,
both types parallel to bedding; disseminated cavities as in unit above; 3 to10 mm diameter reduction spots concentrated from 609.0 to 610.0 ft
No recovery
Claystone, similar to unit from 607.4 to 610.6 ft
No recovery
550.8
551.0
557.5
591.0
600.9
601.0
607.4
610.6
611.0
620.9
551.0
557.5
561.6
600.9
601.0
607.4
610.6
611.0
620.9
621.0
269
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery· designates where core was lost during coring operations]
Lithologic description Depth i nterva1
Feet
270
Claystone, similar to unit from 607.4 to 610.6 ft; selenite veins very numerous
and no thicker than 2 mm; brick-like network of veins in portions of core;
numerous 1 to 5 mm diameter reduction spots; numerous 0.5 to 1 mm cavities
increasing in size to 1 to 2 mm in lower 8.1 ft; grayish-green (5G-5/2)
claystone 0.1 ft thick at base of unit cuts into underlying unit
Anhydrite; medium-gray (N5) and light-gray (N7), massive, dense; upper foot
contains clots and vein fillings of gypsum crystals 2 to 3 mm long; lower half
foot contains vertical fractures filled with gypsum
No recovery
Anhydrite, medium-dark-gray (N4), microcrystalline, laminated, some wavy; upper
foot fractured and rehealed with gypsum; irregular high angle fractures;
~ to 10-mm-thick gypsum-healed fractures dipping 65° at 643.0 and 643.5 ft(opposing dips), gypsum-healed fracture dipping 70° at 655.3 ft, and gypsum
healed fracture dipping 60° at 6~7.4 ft; pale-yellowish-brown (10YR-6/2)
laminae every 4 to 10 mm; gypsiferous from 644 to 646 and 650 to 652 ft
bypsum, medium-dark-gray (N4), laminated and spotted with pale-yellowish-brown
(10YK-6/2); numerous clear gypsum crystals; pale-yellowish-brown (10YR-6/2)
clay laminae
Gypsum, medium-dark-gray (N4) laminated with pale-red (10R-6/2) and grayish-red
(1OK-4/2); unit has blotchy appearance caused by gypsum crystals and silt;clear transparent gypsum from 666.0 to 666.1 ft directly underlying 1 cm thick
siltstone; 1- to 5-mm-thick veins of clear gypsum parallel to bedding
disseminated throughout core
Siltstone, grayish-green (5G-5/2), well indurated, laminated, grades downward
to grayiSh-red (10R-4/2)claystone at 670.2 ft
No recovery
Claystone, grayiSh-red (10R-4/2), poorly indurated, very thinly bedded; very thin
siltstone wedges and pods in upper foot; thin grayiSh-green (5G-5/2) siltstonelayers between 673 and 674 ft; disseminated reduction spots from 673 to 677.3 ft;
core highly Shattered from 675 to 676.2 ft; core partially washed away from
673 to 676.2 ft; gypsum bands (secondary) throughout core
Claystone, alternating grayish-red (10R-4/2) and grayiSh-green (5G-5/2), wavy
laminae and very thinly bedded; rounded siltstone fragments recemented by silt
and cl ay
Claystone and siltstone, grayish-green (5G-5/2); alternating very thin beds, wavy
bedding and scour and fill structures; competent
No recovery
621.0
639.1
640.6
641.0
659.0
665.2
670.0
670.5
671.0
677.3
678.0
679.0
639.1
640.6
641.0
1i59.0
66S.2
670.0
670.5
671.0
677.3
678,0
679.0
6flO.9
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery" desi9nates where core was lost durin9 coring operations]
Lithol09ic description Depth interval
Feet
Gypsum, medium-dark-9ray (N7) laminated with light-gray (N7), wavy bedding surfaces;
"chicken-wire" structure
Anhydrite, medium-dark-gray (N7), very thinly bedded; healed fracture dipping 80·
at 685.8 ft extends into unit below
Gypsiferous anhydrite, medium-dark-gray (N7) laminated with pale-yellowish-brown(lOYR-612) cl ay; "chi cken-wi reM structure: large (1. 5 em) gypsum crystalaggregates disseminated throughout core
Gypsum, medium-dark-gray (N7), and pale-yellowish-brown (10YR-6/2), laminated tovery thinly bedded
Gypsum and dolomite, gypsum medium-dark-gray (N7), microcrystalline; dolomite
dark-yellowish-brown (10YR-4/2): thin vein of gypsum crystals at base of unit
UOlomite, pale-yellowish-brown (10YR-6/2) and dark-yellowish-brown (10YR-4/2),laminated to thinly bedded, competent: zone of dark-gray (N3) wavy laminae and
gypsum crystals 0.1 ft thick at 700.8 ft
Dolomite, light-olive-gray (5Y-6/1 and 5Y-5/2), laminated to thickly bedded:unit is mostly gypsum crystals from 701.7 to 702.0 ft: unit contains minor
olive-gray (5Y-3/2) and yellowish-gray (5Y-7/2) clayey laminae and very thinbeds: laminae are slightly wavy, some cross bedded
No recovery
UOlomite, light-olive-gray (5Y-6/1 and 5Y-5/2), laminated to very thinly bedded;
selenite-healed fracture dipping 60·, 7 mm thick at 712.9 ft: from 718.5 to720.2 ft are about 20 selenite veins 2 to 6 mm thick parallel to bedding planes;
minor cross bedded and lensing beds; lower foot contains wavy bedding:very thin clay seam at 714.9 ft
Dolomite, olive-gray (5Y-3/2) and light-olive-gray (5Y-5/2), laminated to very
thinly bedded, lenses and wavy laminae
Gypsum, dark-gray (N3) and brownish-gray (5YR-4/1), contorted, microcrystalline
laminae and thin beds some nodular structure: gypsum vein fillings parallellaminae and beds
Anhydrite, dark-gray (N3) and brownish-gray (5YR-4/1), very thinly bedded,slightly contorted bedding; some nodular structure
680.9
683.0
686.0
694.0
697.5
698.6
701.0
710.1
710.9
721.0
722.4
727.0
683.0
686.0
694.0
698.6
701.0
710.1
710.Q
n1.0
722.4
727.0
731.0
271
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 194B);"no recovery" designates where core was lost during coring operations]
Lithologic description Depth interval
Feet
272
uy~siferous anhydrite, dark-gray (N3) and brownish-gray (SYR-4/1) grading downward
to medium-dark-gray (N4) and light-gray (N7), laminated to very thinly bedded;
yy~sum crystals laminated with grayish-black (N2) clay from 741.2 to 742.2 and
744.2 to 74~.0 ft; "chicken wire" structure especially prominent from 739.7 to74U.6, 745.U to 746.6 and 747.1 to 750.3 ft; swallow-tail gypsum crystals from
736.2 to 739.2 and 751.0 to 760.0 ft; gypsum-healed fractures dipping 70· crosseach other between 745.6 and 746.7 ft; three gypsum-healed fractures dipping 70·
between 747.4 and 750.3 ft and one at 7S6.4 ft; unit medium-dark-gray (N4) inlower foot
No recovery
Gy~sum, medium-dark-9ray (N4) and li9ht-gray (N7), laminated, crinkly laminae,
microcrystalline to very finely crystalline
Gy~sum, brownish-yray (SYR-4/1), medium-dark-gray (N4), and light-olive-gray
(~Y-6/1), laminated to thinly bedded, very finely crystalline to crystals as
large as 1 cm; some wavy laminae; secondary fracture fillings of gypsum at
7b5.~, 766.2 and 76~.4 ft; some nodular gypsum laminae
uy~sum, similar to unit above; laminae of yellowish-gray (SY-B/1) at 773.7 and
77~.4 ft; most laminae nearly horizontal but at 773.7 to 773.B ft dips of 3S·
may be caused by deformation in conversion of anhydrite to gypsum; clear gypsum
vein 3 mm thick at 773.7 ft; unit mostly microcrystalline, some very finely
crystalline, some nodular gypsum; O.l-ft clayey zone at base
uypsum, light-olive-gray (5Y-6/1) and light-gray (N7), alternating zones of
microcrystalline gypsum and gypsum crystals; some "chicken-wire" structure;
crystals range from very fine to coarse «1 cm); crystal zones have glassy
luster; lower U.4 ft shows evidence of soft sediment deformation
Gypsum and claystone; gypsum, medium-light-gray (N6) and transparent crystals;
claystone, light-brownish-gray (SYR-6/1) and brownish-gray (SYR-4/1),
laminated to very thinly bedded; soft sediment deformation has contortedbedding; gypsum in vein fillings
Gnsum, medium-dark-gray (N4) and light-brownish-gray (SYR-6/1), massive except
from 797.9 to 7Y8.2 ft where 1 to 6 mm gypsum crystals are outlined by clay
Clay, light-bluish-gray (S8-6/1), poorly consolidated
Clay, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4), poorly consolidated, contains platey crystals(~robably selenite/gypsum); contact with underlying siltstone irregular and
stee~ly dipping
Siltstone, pale-yellowish-brown (10YR-6/2) and olive-gray (5Y-4/1), interbedded
with dark-reddish-brown (10YR-3/4) clay; unit appears to be brecciated and is
poorly cemented with clay
731.0
760.S
761.0
76S.1
771.0
7Fl2.4
796.0
797.1
79B.3
79B.7
BOO.3
760.5
761.0
765.1
771.0
7R2.4
7ll6.0
797.1
79B.3
79B.7
BOO.3
B01.2
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others. 1948);
·no recovery· designates where core was lost during coring operations)
Lithologic description Depth i nterva'Feet
Clay and gypsum crystals. dark-reddish-brown (10YR-3/4). clay poorly consolidated.
gy~sum in blades. rosettes. and pods; gypsum fragments 3 and <6 cm at 803.4 andijU4.3 ft; grayiSh-green (5G-5/2) clay and gypsum seam at base
Gy~sum, yrayish-red (10R-4/2) in upper 0.4 ft mostly crystals and clay; dark-gray(N3) to medium-liyht-gray (N6) gypsum crystals in lower 0.9 ft; dark-gray (N4)
clay seam at 80~.3 ft
Gypsiferous anhydrite, light-brownish-gray (SYR-6/1) and light-gray (N7); gypsum
crystals as large as 1 cm in zones and singly; minor amount of ·chicken wire"structure, some swallow-tail gypsum crystals
Clayey gypsum and clay, medium-dark-gray (N4), clay laminated and shows signs ofsoft sediment deformation; gypsum crystals in clay-filled horizontal fracture
Anhydrite, pale-yellowish-brown (10YR-6/2) and very light-gray (N8), laminated
to thin bedded, gypsiferous in upper 2 ft; numerous clayey seams in upper2 ft; O.l-ft-thick seam of gypsum crystals at 814.8 ft
Annydrite, grayiSh-black (N3) and light-gray (N8), microcrystalline, laminatedclay seams between thinly bedded anhydrite, slightly coarser crystals from~19.0 to ij19.3 ft
~y~siferous anhydrite, light-gray (N6) and dark-yellowish brown (10YR-4/2),laminated to very thinly bedded; nodular gypsum in lower 0.6 ft, clayey streaks
in lower 2 ft
Silty dolomite, moderate-yellowish-brown (10YR-5/4), very thinly bedded,
~artly well indurated
Uolomite, light-olive-gray (5Y-6/1), very thin to thinly bedded, slightly
fractured; moderate-yellowish-brown (10YR-5/4) silty dolomite 825.4 to 825.8and ~25.9 to ~26.0 ft; partially open fracture dipping 700 at 824.8 ft;vertical gypsum-healed fracture 826.0 to 827.2 ft; anhydrite and siltstone
horizontal band 0.1 ft thick at 828.6 ft, vertical gypsum-healed fracture from~2ij.7 to 829.2 ft; vugs as large as 5 mm disseminated throughout core; zones ofnumerous vugs 0.5 to 1 mm in diameter at 1-ft intervals; core breaks in lengths0.3 to 1.2 ft long
NO recovery
Uolomite, similar to unit at 824.2 to 829.6 ft; gypsum-filled fracture 5 mmthick dips ijOo at ij31.7 ft; silty dolomite from 834.2 to 835.0 ft; core from
~33.0 to 841.4 ft shattered (open fractures and numerous large vugs), few corelengtns to 0.6 ft, most <0.1 ft; rare gypsum-filled vugs; moderate-yellowish
brown (10Y~-5/4) dolomite 842.3 to 843.6 ft; unit very clayey in lower foot
801.2
804.9
806.2
811.3
811.9
815.0
821.0
823.7
824.2
829.6
831.0
804.9
806.2
Rll.3
815.0
821.0
823.7
824.2
829.6
831.0
846.0
273
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Char~ (Goddard and others, 1948);
"no recovery" designates where core was lost during coring operations]
Lithologic description Ilepth interval
Feet
274 i
Clay, black (Nl), soft, plastic
NO recovery
Clay, black (Nl), soft, plastic, small fragments of rounded gypsum and bladed
gyllsum crystals
Clay, dark-reddish-brown (lOR-3/4), poorly consolidated, partially held together
by large interlocking gypsum blades; gypsum nodules 1 mm to larger than core
diameter (b.l em) concentrated in zones and disseminated throughout core
NO recovery
Clay, similar to unit at 849.8 to 850.8 ft, zones of gypsum blades and nodules
from 8~1.0 to 852.0, 853.2 to 853.6 and 854.0 to 855.0 ft; basal 0.1 ft
intermixed with anhydrite of unit below
Gypsiferous anhydrite, pa1e-ye110wish-brown (10YR-6/2) and light-gray (N7),very finely crystalline, very thin to thinly bedded; occasional clay seams;competent; zones of silt and gypsum from 856.0 to 856.4, 856.8 to 857.0, and
~57.2 to ij57.ij ft
Anhydrite, pale-yellowish-brown (10YR-6/2) and very light gray (N7), very fine
crystalline, very thin to thinly bedded; gypsum crystals 859.0 to 859.1 ft;
2 mm to 1 cm diameter vugs disseminated throughout core
Anhydrite, 1ight-brownish-9ray (5YR-6/1) and light~olive-gray (5Y-6/1), laminated
to thinly bedded; brownish-gray (5YR-4/1) claystone 15 mm thick at 863.3 ft;
dark-reddish-brown (lOR-3/4) clay seams 863.3 to 863.6 ft, pseudomorphic halite
after gypsum 863.4 to 863.6 ft
Claystone, medium-dark-gray (N4) in upper 0.5 ft, dark-reddish-brown (lOR-3/4)
in lower 0.3 ft; translucent halite crystals in lower portion of unit; nodular
gypsum layer 1 cm thick at 638.9 ft
Halitic argillite, dark-reddish-brown (lOR-3/4), translucent halite; 0.2-cm
thick dark-reddish-brown (lOR-3/4) siltstone bed at 865.0 ft; unit grades
downward to argillaceous halite at 865.4 ft; clay seams as thick as 3 cm
disseminated throughout lower 5.6 ft
No recovery
Argillaceous halite, similar to lower part of unit from 864.4 to 870.8 ft;
O.l-ft-thick siltstone at 871.1 ft draped over 20° dipping surface
Alternating halitic argillite and argillaceous halite, dark-reddish-brown(1~-3/4), translucent halite; large silty fragments disseminated throughout
unit; many euhedra1, disp1acive halite crystals as large as 1 cm
846.0
847.6
849.0
849.8
850.8
851.0
855.8
858.5
861.0
863.6
864.4
870.8
871.0
871.4
847.6
849.0
849.8
851).8
851.0
855.8
858.5
861.0
863.6
864.4
870.8
871.0
871.4
874.5
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery· designates where core was lost during coring operations]
lithologic description Depth interval
Feet
Halite, moderate-reddiSh-orange (lOR-6/6). translucent halite crystals as large
as ~ mm; polyhalitic; grayish-green (5G-5/2) clay seam at 874.9 ft; dark-reddish
brown (lUR-3/4) clay seam at 875.2 ft; siltstone fragment, IS mm long, at
ij7~.1 ft; basal 0.2 ft contains dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) rounded siltstone
fragments
by~sum, medium-light-gray (N6); wavy contact at base, upper contact, rugose
Halite, transparent in upper 0.2 ft, argillaceous in lower 0.1 ft
Gypsum, medium-light-gray (N6) and pale-yellowish-brown (10VR-6/2), very thin
bedded; very thin beds of halite and halite pseudomorphs after gypsum
Halite, translucent, moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6) and dark-reddish-brown;
halite crystals as large as 1 cm; siltstone bed at top of unit; siltstone bed
at ij79.U ft drapes over slightly eroded halite bed; lower 1.5 ft contains thinlight-gray (N3) anhydrite seams and patches
Halite. similar to unit above. becomes more polyhalitic from 882.0 to 882.2 ft;
yrayish-green (~G-~/l) clay and anhydrite stringers in lower 0.1 ft
Halitic aryillite. dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4); most halite crystals as large
as 4 mm; three anhydrite stringers at 887.0 ft
No recovery
Halitic aryillite, similar to unit at 882.3 to 890.8 ft; halite decreases
downward to nearly zero; displacive halite crystals 3 to 4 mm in size
Siltstone, dark-reddish-brown (lOR-3/4), laminated to very thin bedded; very
minor amount of halite in upper foot; competent; some dusky-yellow-green
(SGY-S/2) and thinly laminated black (N1) siltstone from 899.0 to 903.3 ft;fault at 901.3 ft dips 70·, fault at 901.6 ft dips 20·, beds above, between,
and below contorted; 1- to 3-mm gypsum blebs between 905.0 and 907.3 ft;
£-cm bleo at 903.7 ft; 2-cm long halite sliver parallel to bedding at 905.3 ft
Siltstone, dark-reddish-brown (lOR-3/4) and greeniSh-gray (5Y-6/1), laminated
to thinly bedded; ~-mm-thick halite-filled near-vertical fracture 911.3 to
913.2 ft; 1 to 2 mm thick near-vertical halite-filled fracture 914.3 to 915.4 ft
Siltstone and claystone, greenish-gray (5GY-6/1), laminated to very thinly bedded;
1 mm thick halite-filled fracture dipping 80· 916.0 to 917.2 ft; 2-mm-thickcurving, near-vertical halite-filled fracture 910.3 to 918.8 ft
874.5
875.9
876.0
1\76.3
877 .1
881.0
882.3
890.8
1\91.0
897.8
911.2
915.6
875.9
876.0
1\76.3
877 .1
881.0
882.3
890.8
891.0
fl97.A
III 1. 2
915.6
923.7
275
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery" designates where core was lost during coring operations)
Lithologic description Depth intervalFeet
276
Claystone, grayish-olive-green (5GY-3/2), laminated, rock parts easily along somelaminae; ~inor fractures healed with halite; small blebs of light-gray (N7)gypsum disseminated throughout core from 926.5 to 927.6 ft; below 931.0 ft arepatches and streaks of silty halite, often in fractures; clay-healed fracturedipping 60· at 933.0 ft; partially halite-filled fracture dipping 75· at 939.7 ft;
halite transparent and bladed, contains minor clay; slightly silty from 941.0 to949.9 ft; 1- to 2-mm-thick halite veins 945.4 to 947.8 and 947.7 to 948.5 ft;2-mm-thick halite-filled fracture dipping 60· at 955.1 ft, and another dippin930· at 958.4 ft; clay-filled fracture dipping 45· at 957.1 ft
Claystone, dark-reddish-brown (lOR-3/4), laminated to thinly bedded; highlyfractured (possibly caused by coring operation
Anhydrite(?), dark-reddiSh-brown (IOR-3/4) and pale-red (IOR-6/2), very finecrystalline; black (Nl) clay seam near base
Siltstone, dark-reddish-brown (lOR.3/4), well-indurated, 1- to 2-mm halitecrystals; grayiSh-green (5G-5/1) reduction spots as large as 2 em in lower 0.3 ft
Argillaceous halite, dark-reddish-brown (IvR-3/4); clear to translucent halite
crystals 3 to 6 mm
Halite, grayiSh-red (IOR-4/2), slightly argillaceous, medium crystalline,splotches of moderate-red (5R-4/6) polyhalite; dark-reddish-brown (IOR-3/4)and grayish-green (5G-5/2) clay seam at 964.9 ft
Halite, moderate-reddish-brown (IOR-3/4) and moderate-red (5R-4/6); medium tocoarsely crystalline; polyhalitic with polyhalite bands at 967.3 to 967.4 ft
Siltstone, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4); cut by vertical halite-filled fractures
Argillaceous halite, dark-reddish-brown (lOR-3/4), fine to medium crystalline
Polyha1itic halite, grayish-red (5R-4/6) and moderate-reddish-brown (10R-3/4),
medium to coarsely crystalline; argillaceous from 960.0 to 960.1 and 969.8 to
970.0 ft
Anhydritic halite, pale-brown (5YR-5/2) and transparent, finely to medium
crystalline
Halite, dark-reddish-brown (IOR-3/4), grayish-red (5R-4/6) and transparent;argillaceous and po1yhalitic; finely crystalline grading downward to coarsely
crysta11 i ne
Halite, translucent, medium crystalline; anhydrite stringers in lower half ofunit; sucrosic texture in lower 0.1 ft
Polyhalite, moderate-reddish-orange (IOR-3/4) and moderate-red (5R-5/4),
halitic, granular
923.7
958.7
960.1
960.9
961.9
963.5
965.6
967.5
967.6
967.8
970.0
970.1
973.0
976.8
951\.7
960.1
960.9
961.9
963.5
965.6
967.5
967.6
967.8
970.0
970.1
973.0
976.8
977 .0
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery" designates where core was lost during coring operations)
Lithologic description Depth i nterve IFeet
Clay, moderate-reddish-brown (lOR-3/4)
Halite, similar to unit at 973.0 to 976.8 ft; polyhalitic in moderate-reddishorange (lOR-6/6) bands, medium crystalline
Rock bit, no description
Halite, transparent, medium crystalline, flecks of light-gray (N7) anhydrite;dark-greenish-gray (5GY-4/1) clay 9-mm-ft thick at base
Halite, dark-reddish-brown (lOR-3/4), very argillaceous, medium to coarselycrystalline; lower 0.6 ft 9rades downward to underlying unit
Halite, translucent, medium to coarsely crystalline; stringers of dark-reddishbrown (lOR-3/4) clay and light-gray (N7) anhydrite blebs spaced from 0.1 to0.5 ft apart throughout unit; intercrystalline clay 9ives dark-reddish-brown(10R-3/4) tint to unit
Halite, transparent, medium crystalline; lower contact sharp, slightly undulatoryand hori zonta I
Halite, dark-reddish-brown (lOR-3/4), very argillaceous in upper 6.5 ft gradingdownward to argillaceous in lower 2.8 ft, medium to very coarsely crystalline;clay in blebs and intercrystalline; minor light-gray (N7) blebs and stringersof anhydrite; basal contact fairly sharp
Halite, transparent, medium to very coarsely crystalline; streaks and blebs ofdark-reddish-brown (lOR-3/4) and greeniSh-gray (5G-6/1) clay; minor blebs ofmoderate-reddish-brown (lOR-4/6) polyhalite
Halite, transparent, very coarsely crystalline; stringers and blebs of moderatereddish-brown (lOR-4/6) polyhalite and light-gray (N7) anhydrite
Halite, transparent to translucent, medium to coarsely cyrstalline; stringersof light-gray (N7) anhydrite in lower half of unit; lower 0.2 ft polyhaliticand argillaceous; basal contact sharp and slightly undulatory, horizontal
Halite, same as unit from 1011.6 to 1014.7 ft; clay bed from 1047.3 to1047.5 ft; basal contact gradational
Halite, dark-reddish-brown (lOR-3/4) and transparent medium to coarselycrystalline; light-gray (N7) anhydrite stringers in lower two feet; basalcontact fairly sharp
Halite, transparent, coarsely crystalline; diffuse polyhalite tints most ofunit mOderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6); basal contact sharp
977.0
977 .1
981.0
1011.2
1011.6
1014.7
1021.8
1025.5
1034.8
1040.1
1041.0
1042.5
1051.0
1055.3
977.1
981.0
1011.2
1011.6
1014.7
1021.8
1025.5
1034.8
1040.1
1041.0
1042.5
1051.0
1055.3
1056.9
277
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others. 194B);"no recovery" designates where core was lost during coring operations]
Lithologic description Depth intervalFeet
278
Halite. dark-reddish-brown (lOR-3/4). very argillaceous in part; nearly clayfree zone from 1068.0 to 1069.6 ft; light-gray (N7) anhydrite stringers and
dark-reddish-brown (lOR-3/4) clay blebs throughout core; basal contact sharpand slightly undulatory
Sandstone. dark- to moderate-reddish-brown (10R-3/4-1OR-4/6). fine to veryfine grained; basal contact slightly diffuse
Halitic sandstone. dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4). very fine grained sandstone.medium crystalline halite; minor blebs of very light gray (N8) anhydrite;basal contact fairly sharp
Halite. transparent to moderate-reddish-brown (lOR-4/6). medium to coarselycrystalline; blebs of light-gray (N7) anhydrite in lower 0.6 ft; basal contact
slightly diffuse
Polyhalite. pale-reddish-brown (lOR-5/4). microcrystalline; basal contact nearlyhorizontal and sharp
Halite. moderate-reddish-brown (lOR-4/6) and transparent. medium to coarselycrystalline; polyhalite stringers and bands throughout unit
Polyhalite. same as unit from 10BO.3 to 10B2.2 ft; basal contact sharp
Halite. dark-reddish-brown (lOR-3/4) and transparent. coarsely crystalline; unitcontains 5 polyhalite bands; basal 0.2 ft is polyhalite; basal contact sharp
Halite. grayish-red (lOR-4/2) alternating with moderate-reddish-brown (lOR-4/6)and transparent. medium to very coarsely crystalline; blebs of pale-yellowishbrown (10YR-6/2) clay as large as 0.4 ft; stringers and blebs of light-gray (N7)anhydrite from 1092.3 to 1099.1 ft; clay content decreases downward; trace of
polyhalite blebs; from 1106.3 to 1107.3 ft. blebs as large as 1.0 to 0.3 ft;
basal contact diffuse. marked by abrupt decrease in clay content
Halite. transparent to moderate-reddish-orange (lOR-6/6). medium to coarselycrystalline; locally polyhalitic as blebs; polyhalite absent from 1110.4 to1112.3 ft; randomly oriented and sub-horizontal stringers of medium-light-gray
(N6) anhydrite; 0.2- to 0.8-ft-thick microcrystalline anhydrite bands at 1114.8.1115.1. 1115.5. 1116.0 and 1116.4 ft; basal contact sharp
Polyhalite. moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6) grading to moderate-red (5R-4/6);light-gray (N7) anhydrite at base. microcrystalline; locally contains interbeds
and blebs of transparent halite; basal contact sharp
1056.9
1071.0
1075.0
1077.7
1080.3
10B2.2
1083.0
1084.2
1085.7
1109.3
1116.6
1071.0
1075.0
1077.7
1080.3
1082.2
1083.0
10R4.2
1085.7
1109.3
1116.6
1117.7
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery· designates where core was lost during coring operations]
Lithologic description Depth intervalFeet
Halite, transparent to moderate-reddish-orange (lOR-6/6), coarsely crystalline,
trace of thin anhydrite stringers decreasing downward; trace of disseminatedpolyhalite blebs; minor intercrystalline clay from 1118.0 to 1118.8 ft; basalcontact gradational marked by increase in anhydrite and decrease in polyhalite
Halite, transparent to medium-gray (N5), coarsely crystalline; abundant stringersand blebs of anhydrite decrease with depth to 1130.0 ft where anhydrite increasesabruptl,. trace of polyhalite and intercrystalline clay; basal contact sharp and
slightly undulatory
Anhydrite, medium-gray (N5) to medium-dark-gray (N4), microcrystalline, locallymicro- to thinly laminated; locally horizontal bands of halite pseudomorphsafter gypsum (swallow-tail twinning) as long as 0.1 ft, mostly subvertical, a
few are crushed; disseminated zones of individual fine halite crystals; locally
interbedded with pale-yellowish-brown (10YR-6/2) laminated anhydrite increasingaoruptly from 1140.2 ft; from 1140.2 to 1142.0 ft unit is pale-yellowish-brown(lUYR-6/2), contains no halite, laminated, laminae occasionally pinCh-out;laminated 1142.0 ft and locally nodular; basal contact sharp
Claystone, medium-dark-gray (N4) grading to moderate-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) atbase; slightly silty; structureless; basal contact irregular and undulatory
Halite, transparent to brownish-gray (5YR-4/1), medium to coarsely crystalline,slightly argillaceous; clay content decreases downward, occurs as moderate-brown(~YI<.4/4) stringers, and intercrystalline material; locally traces of polyhaliteolebs and anhydrite stringers; basal contact diffuse over 0.2 ft
Halite, transparent to moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6), coarsely crystalline;trace disseminated polyhalite blebs; intercrystalline clay near top of unit;rare stringers and blebs of light-gray (N7) anhydrite, 6- to 18-mm-thickanhydrite band at 1154.6 ft dips 20·; basal contact sharp and dips 20· ondissolution surface of underlying unit
Anhydrite, pale-yellowish-brown (104R-6/2) and medium-light-gray (N6),microcrystalline; trace of halite near base; basal contact sharp
Halite, transparent to mOderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6) to grayish-red
(lUI<-4/2), coarsely crystalline; trace disseminated polyhalite blebS decreasedownward; trace randomly oriented stringers and blebs (0.1 to 0.2 ft) of
anhydrite decreasing downward; locally traces of intercrystalline clay; basalcontact sharp
Halite, transparent to tinted moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6), medium tocoarsely crystalline; disseminated blebs of light-gray (N7) anhydrite from1164.U to 1165.U; trace of disseminated polyhalite blebS; slightly argillaceousdecreasing downward; clay content increases abruptly at 1169.3 ft thendecreases; basal contact sharp
1117.7
1121.7
1130.4
1143.5
1144.3
1151.5
1154.7
1155.1
1164.0
1121.7
1130.4
1143.5
1144.3
1151.5
1154.7
1155.1
111i4.0
1170.8
279
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
LColor oesigna.ions are from the KoCk ~olor ~nart (Goddard ana otners. ~94di;
"no recovery" designates where core was lost during coring operations]
Lithologic description Depth intervalFeet
280
Polyhalite, moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6), microcrystalline; halitic, largeirregularly shaped zones of clear halite; basal contact sharp
Halite. transparent and moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6) to 1173.5 ft. mostlytransparent below 1173.5 ft, medium to coarsely crystalline; disseminated
discontinuous randomly oriented stringers of light-gray (N7) anhydrite; rareblebs of polyhalite; undulating bed of polyhalitic anhydrite light-gray (N7)
and moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6). 15 to 30 mm thick. at 1170.8 ft;polyhalite content increases near base; basal contact sharp and marked bytwo 0.1 ft thick irregular polyhalite beds separated by O.l-ft-thickclear polyhalitic halite
Halite, transparent to tinted moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6), medium crystallinegrading downward to coarsely crystalline; moderately argillaceous at top of
unit, clay content decreases downward and abruptly at 1191.1 ft; trace ofdisseminated polyhalite blebS and stringers of light-gray (N7) anhydrite;
3- to 18-mm-thick discontinuous anhydritic polyhalite bed at 1194.2 ft; basal
contact sharp
Polyhalite, moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6), microcrystalline; basal contact sharp
Halite, transparent to moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6), medium to coarselycrystalline; moderately argillaceous content decreases downward to randomly
oriented stringers and blebs; trace of disseminated moderate-reddish-brown(10R-4/6) polyhalite blebs; and light-gray (N7) anhydrite stringers and blebs;
basal contact gradational over 0.1 ft
Argillaceous halite grading downward to halitic claystone, moderate-reddish-brown
(10R-4/6); halite occurs as clear isolated crystals and aggregates of finelycrystalline halite; basal contact gradational over 0.1 ft
Halite. transparent to moderate-reddish-brown (10R-3/4). medium to coarselycrystalline; trace of moderate-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) clay in disseminated
stringers, blebs, and intercrystalline material; trace of blebs and stringers ofpolyhalite light-gray (N7) anhydrite; disseminated moderate-reddish-brown
(10R-4/6) blebs; basal contact sharp
Halite, transparent to tinted moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6); trace ofmoderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6) polyhalite blebs; trace light-gray (N7)
anhydrite stringers; basal contact sharp
Halite. same as unit from 1207.3 to 1212.5 ft. basal contact sharp
Halite. moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6) and transparent, medium tocoarsely crystalline, polyhalitic; polyhalite disseminated throughout coreincreasing downward; basal contact very sharp and horizontal
1170.8
1171.8
1189.5
1194.3
1194.6
1206.5
1207.3
1212.5
1216.3
1225.9
1171.8
1189.5
1194.3
1194.6
1206.5
1207.3
1212.5
1216.3
1225.9
1228.0
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
·[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery" designates where core was lost during coring operations]
Lithologic description Depth intervalFeet
~olyhalite, mOderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6), very finely crystalline;
lower 0.1 ft is light-olive-gray (5Y-6/1); basal contact sharp
Halite, same as unit from 1225.9 to 1228.0 ft; greenish-gray (5GY-6/1) clayseam at 1230.2 ft sharp and wavy, disseminated clay as blebs and stringersfrom 1230.2 to 1231.3 ft; very little polyhalite from 1232.5 to 1236.1 ft;very polyhalitic in lower foot; basal contact sharp and wavy
Polynalite, moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6), microcrystalline; greenish-gray
(5u-b/1) clay seam in lower 0.1 ft; basal contact gradational over 15 mm with
underlying unit
Halite, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) and transparent, medium to very coarselycrystalline; argillaceous and polyhalitic; disseminated blebs and stringers of
moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6) polyhalite; occasional dark-reddish-brown
(10R-3/4) clay seams; probable clay seam at base of unit
Halite, transparent, polyhalitic; medium to coarsely crystalline; basal contact
very sharp
Halite, same as unit from 1238.1 to 1247.8 ft; basal contact gradational
Halite, same as unit from 1247.8 to 1250.2 ft; very polyhalitic in lower 1.4 ft;
basal contact sharp
Halite, same as unit from 1238.1 to 1247.8 ft; very argillaceous from 1257.6 toll5~.4 ft; lower 0.6 ft contains alternating very thin beds of anhydrite and
halite; basal contact gradational
Anhydrite, medium-light-gray (N6), laminated with transparent halite
pseudomorphs after gypsum; laminae wavy, amplitudes as much as 0.1 ft;
some halite is polyhalitic; massive from 1264.3 to 1264.4 ft; moderate
reddiSh-brown (IOR-4/6) clay seam at 1263.4 ft; polyhalitic from 1264.4 to1264.7 ft; clay and polyhalite from 1264.7 to 1265.0 ft; basal contact sharp
Halite, transparent, dark-reddish-brown (lOR-3/4), and moderate-reddish-brown
(10R-4/6), medium to coarsely crystalline; argillaceous in upper 2 ft,polyhalitic in lower 5 ft; stringers of polyhalite in lower 1.5 ft; basalcontact sharp and wavy
Anhydrite, light-gray (N7), massive, lens of halite at 1273.0 ft; verylight gray (N8) stringers disseminated throughout core; basal contactfairly sharp
Halite, transparent, medium crystalline, very slightly polyhalitic; basal
contact gradational
1228.0
1228.4
1237.5
1238.1
1247.8
1250.2
1252.2
1256.0
1260.0
1265.0
1272.2
1273.4
1228.4
1237.5
1238.1
1247.R
1250.2
1252.2
1256.0
1260.0
1265.0
1272.2
1273.4
1275.7
281
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others. 1948);"no recovery" designates where core was lost during coring operations]
Lithologic description Depth intervalFeet
282
Anhydrite. same as unit from 1272.2 to 1273.4 ft; basal contact sharp
Halite. same as unit from 1273.4 to 1275.7 ft; basal contact sharp
Anhydrite. light-gray (N7) and 1ight-brownish-gray (5YR-6/1). massive tolaminated; pseudomorphs of halite after gypsum inter1aminated withanhydrite; nodular anhydrite interspersed with halite from 1278.0 to1278.2 ft; basal contact very sharp
Halite, transparent and dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4), grading downward tomoderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6). finely to medium crystalline;
argillaceous near top grading to po1yha1itic and anhydritic at base; basal
contact sharp
Anhydrite. 1ight-brownish-gray (5YR-5/1). massive. microcrystalline; halitepseudomorphs after gypsum at 1283.1. 1283.2. and 1283.4 ft; halite lens at
1283.4 ft; basal contact sharp
Halite. translucent and pale-red (5R-6/2), medium to coarsely crystalline;argillaceous; flakes of light-gray (N7) anhydrite as large as 15 mm from1283.5 to 1285.1 ft; blebs of polyha1ite from 1285.2 to 1286.2 ft; basalcontact gradational
Halite. translucent and pale-reddish-brown (10R-5/4). medium crystalline;polyha1itic and slightly argillaceous; blebs and stringers of moderate
reddish-orange (10R-6/6) polyhalite disseminated throughout unit;0.5-ft-thick polyhalite band at 1289.2 ft; basal contact at very thin dark
greenish-gray (5GY-4/1) clay seam; contact sharp
Argillaceous halite, translucent. moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6) and grayish
red (10R-4/2). medium crystalline; basal contact gradational
Halite. alternating bands of translucent, grayish-red (10R-4/2). and moderatereddish-orange (10R-6/6). medium and coarsely crystalline; grayish-red bandSare argillaceous, reddish-orange bands are po1yha1itic. bands range in
thickness from 1.0 to 3.5 ft; very argillaceous from 1293.6 to 1294.7 ft; clayseams at 1294.7, 1296.4. and 1314.7 ft; basal contact at clay seam is sharp
Argillaceous halite. grayish-red (10R-4/2). pale-reddish-brown (10R-5/4). andtranslucent. medium to coarsely crystalline; stringers and blebs of very lightgray (N8) and moderate-reddish-brown (lOR-4/6) polyhalite; basal contact
gradational
1275.7
1275.9
1277.9
1279.3
1281.0
1283.5
1286.2
1290.7
1291.6
1315.4
1275.9
1277.9
1279.3
1281.0
1283.5
1286.2
1290.7
1291.6
1315.4
1321.2
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery" designates where core was lost during coring operations]
Lithologic description Depth intervalFeet
Halite and polyhalite; halite dark-reddish-brown (10R-5/4), very coarselycrystalline; polyhalite moderate-reddish-brown (lOR-4/6); light gray (N7) verythin clay seam at base
Halite, translucent and pale-red (10R-5/4) at top of unit grading downward totranslucent and moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6), coarsely crystalline;moderate-reddish-orange (lOR-6/6) polyhalite band 0.2 ft thick at 1330.8 ft,
base horizontal, top dips 15°; dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) clay containinghalite crystals from 1334.1 to 1334.4 ft; basal contact sharp and irregular
Argillaceous halite, moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6) and translucent, finely to
coarsely crystalline; moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6) clay zones from 1336.6 to1336.9 ft; very light gray (N8) clay seams at 1339.1 and 1339.5 ft, basalcontact gradational over 0.2 ft
Halite, transparent to moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6) and medium-gray (N5),
argillaceous and polyhalitic; thin randomly oriented polyhalite stringers andblebs; trace of light-gray (N7) anhydrite; medium- to light-gray (N5 to N7)intercrystalline clay; polyhalite content increases downward; basal contactgradational over 0.1 ft and highly irregular
Polyhalite and halite; polyhalite is microcrystalline and moderate-reddish-brown(10R-6/6); halite is clear and medium to coarsely crystalline; halite occurs as
irregularly shaped clots surrounded by polyhalite; two greenish-gray (56-6/1)claystone beds separated by thin polyhalitic halite bed mark base of unit; basal
contact sharp
Halite, transparent to moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6) to light-gray (N7), medium
to coarsely crystalline; polyhalitic, polyhalite as blebs and stringers;intercrystalline clay-rich zones from 1350.1 to 1350.5, 1351.9 to 1353.6, 1354.5
to 1355.4 and 1355.8 to 1357.6 ft; from 1360.6 to 1362.7 ft moderate-reddishbrown (10R-4/6) and light-gray (N7) clay occurs as matrix supporting halitecrystals and aggregates; basal contact undulatory and sharp
Polyhalite, moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6), microcrystalline; clay seam atbase, basal contact sharp
Halite, same as unit from 1349.2 to 1365.5 ft; moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6)
clay zone from 1367.7 to 1369.6 ft; 9 to 18 mm thick polyhalite bed at 1371.1 ft
Polyhalite, moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6), microcrystalline; basal contactmarked by clay seam, sharp
1321.2
1322.3
1335.3
1342.8
1347.0
1349.2
1365.5
1365.8
1372.4
1322.3
1335.3
1342.8
1347.0
1349.2
1365.5
1365.8
1372.4
1372.9
283
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery" designates where core was lost during coring operations]
Lithologic description Depth intervalFeet
284
Halite, transparent to locally light-gray (N71, occasionally tinted moderate
reddish-orange (10R-6/6), medium to coarsely crystalline; slightly polyhaliticas disseminated bl~bs and randomly oriented stringers; rare blebs and stringersof anhydrite; locally argillaceous from 1374.2 to 1374.9 and 1385.3 to1385.8 ft; very argillaceous from 1386.9 to 1389.1 ft; clay occurs as matrixand as intercrystalline material; discontinuous moderate-reddish-orange
(10R-6/61 polyhalite at 1386.9 ft; basal contact sharp
Polyhalite, moderate-reddish-orange (IOR-6/6) to moderate-reddish-brown (IOR-4/61,
microcrystalline; thin clay seam at base, basal contact sharp
Halite, same as unit from 1372.9 to 1394.3 ft; basal contact sharp and irregular
Polyhalite, moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/61, microcrystalline; irregularly
shaped halite crystalS, basal contact sharp and irregular
Halite, same as unit from 1372.9 to 1394.3 ft; moderately argillaceous from
1398.1 to 1399.0 ft; polyhalite decreases, clay and anhydrite not presentbelow 1402.0 ft
Polyhalitic halite, moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/61 to transparent, medium to
coarsely crystalline; polyhalite occurs as blebs and stringers; basal contact
irregular, undulatory, and sharp
Polyhalite, moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6), microcrystalline; irregular shapedzones filled with medium crystalline halite; basal contact irregular and sharp
Polyhalitic halite, same as unit from 1402.8 to 1404.3 ft
Argillaceous halite, transparent to medium-light-gray (N61, finely to coarsely
crystalline; clay occurs intercrystalline and in randomly oriented stringers;
basal contact gradational over 6-mm interval
Polyhalitic halite, same as unit at 1402.8 to 1404.3 ft, polyhalite content
decreases downward; zone of abundant polyhalite from 1409.0 to 1409.2 ft;medium-gray (N5) argillaceous zone from 1411.3 to 1411.5 ft; basal contact
gradational over 0.1 ft
Argillaceous halite, transparent to dark-reddish-brown (IOR-3/41 to light-gray
(N7), finely to coarsely crystalline; clay occurs as intercrystalline in lessargillaceous zones and as matrix in more argillaceous zones and as randomly
oriented stringers; locally moderately abundant stringers and blebs ofpolyhal1te; irregular zone of polyhalite at 1418.0 ft; clay content decreases
abruptly below 1419.9 ft; basal contact gradational over 0.1 ft
Polyhalitic halite, same as unit from 1402.8 to 1404.3 ft
1372.9
1394.3
1394.8
1395.5
1395.7
1402.8
1404.3
1404.6
1405.7
1406.3
1412.3
1424.6
1386.9
1394.8
1395.5
1395.7
1402.8
1404.3
1404.6
1405.7
1406.3
1412.3
1424.6
1427.7
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery" designates where core was lost during coring operations]
Lithologic description Depth intervalFeet
Polyhalite, moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6), microcrystalline, from 1427.7 to1428.9 ft rock is mixture of polyhalite, light-gray (N7) anhydrite, andtransparent halite; irregularly shaped zones of halite throughout unit; basalcontact marked by light-gray (N7) claystone bed, contact sharp, undulatesvertically as ~ch as 0.1 ft
Halite, transparent to tinted moderate-reddish-orange (lOR-6/6), medium tocoarsely crystalline; trace of polyhalite below 1431.8 ft; basal contactsharp and undulatory
Polyhalite, moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6), microcrystalline; basal contact sharp
Halite, transparent to moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6), dusky-red (5R-3/4) inupper part; moderately polyhalitic, polyhalite as disseminated blebs andstringers decreases downward; slightly argillaceous to 1433.7 ft, no clay belowthis; basal contact marked by undulatory irregular 6 to 12-mm-thick bed oflight-gray (N7) anhydrite
Halite, transparent to moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6), medium to coarselycrystalline; trace of polyhalite as disseminated blebs and randomly orientedstringers; 6 mm thick polyhalite at 1438.5 ft
Polyhalite, moderate-reddish-brown (lOR-4/6) and light-gray (N7),microcrystalline; anhydritic in upper part decreasing downward; locallycontains halite in irregularly shaped zones and as 3 to 6 mm long pseudomorphsafter gypsum swallow-tail crystals, some slightly crushed; thin light-gray (N7)claystone bed at base; basal contact sharp
Halite, transparent and brownish-gray (5YR-4/1) at top grading to moderate
reddish-brown (10R-4/6) at base, medium to coarsely crystalline; moderatelyargillaceous to 1442.9 ft; polyhalite as disseminated blebs and randomlyoriented stringers; basal contact gradational over 12 mm
Argillaceous halite, transparent and moderately-reddish-brown (10R-4/6) andminor light-gray (N7), medium crystalline; clay occurs as intercrystalline
material; basal contact gradational over 5 mm
Argillaceous siltstone, dark-reddish-brown (lOR-3/4), slightly sandy; faint thinlaminations locally; halitic in zones of aggregates and finely crystallineindividual crystalS, more halitic near top and bottom; increased clay content0.1 ft thick at 1454.8 ft; dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) polyhalitic halitecontaining polyhalite stringers from 1454.9 to 1456.1 ft; grades intounderlyi ng unit
1427.7
1430.6
1432.1
1432.2
1437.0
1439.3
1441.4
1447.5
1448.7
1430.6
1432.1
1432.2
1437.0
1439.3
1441.4
1447.5
1448.7
1456.1
285
USGS lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery" designates where core was lost during coring operations]
Lithologic description Depth intervalFeet
286
Halite, moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6), moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6),
and grayish-red (1OR-4/2); polyhalitic and argillaceous bands range from 0.2 to2.0 ft thick; polyhalite stringers in 0.3-ft-thick band at 1458.6 ft
Halite, moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6), translucent, and dark-reddish-brown
(10R-3/4), finely to medium crystalline; alternating bands of polyhalitic andargillaceous halite vary in thickness, generally less than 1 ft, contactsgradational; polyhalite bands from 1480.2 to 1480.4, 1484.3 to 1484.5, and1485.0 to 1485.1 ft contain halite blebs; basal contact undulatory and sharp
Argillaceous halite and interbedded siltstone, moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6)
and grayish-red (10R-4/2), fine to medium crystalline halite; upper 15 to 30 mmis medium-light-gray (N6) clay; clay matrix soft and not well cemented;basal 0.4 ft very argillaceous halite containing moderate-reddish-brown(10R-4/6) polyhalite stringers
Halite, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) medium to coarsely crystalline; moderate
reddish-brown (10R-4/6) polyhalite stringers and blebs; light-gray (N7) verysoft clay seam 0.2 to 0.4 ft thick at 1490.5 ft
Halite, alternating translucent halite, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4)argillaceous halite, and moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6) polyhalitic halite,
coarsely crystalline; bands range from 0.1 to 0.3 ft thick; moderate-reddishorange (10R-6/6) polyhalite stringers occur mostly in argillaceous halite;basal 1.0 ft contains cavities that probably contained potash minerals
(dissolved out during coring)
Halite, pale-reddish-brown (10R-5/4), medium crystalline, at top of unit, crystal
size decreases downward; upper ft contains cavities as in unit above; upper
and lower portions contain light-gray (N7) clay zones; remnant boxworkstructures in upper part are dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4)
Halite, translucent, moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6), and dark-reddish-brown
(10R-3/4); polyhalitic and argillaceous; stringers of polyhalite increase inthickness downward, blebs of polyhalite 6 mm to 6 cm in size near base; basalcontact gradational halite and polyhalite alternating bands; basal contact
dips 20°
Polyhalite and anhydrite, moderate-reddish-brown (lOR-4/6) and light-gray
Halite, translucent, pale-reddish-brown (10R-5/4), and dark-reddish-brown(10R-3/4), finely to coarsely crystalline; polyhalitic and argillaceous;argillaceous halite dominates in lower 12 ft; basal 7 ft contains increasing
quantities of light-gray (N7) clay
1456.1
1477.9
1487.9
1489.7
1491.0
1499.8
1503.4
1510.0
1511.9
1477 .9
1487.9
1489.7
1491.0
1499.8
1503.4
1510.0
1511.9
1533.6
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery" designates where core was lost during coring operations]
lithologic description Depth i nterva1
Feet
Po1yhalite, moderate-reddish-brown (lDR-4/6); sharp upper contact, basalcontact below 6-mm-thick light-gray (N7) clay seam
Halite, pa1e-reddish-brown (10R-5/4), coarsely crystalline; polyha1itic; fewbands of grayish-red (10R-4/2) argillaceous halite; pale-red (10R-6/2)polyhalite 0.1 ft thick at 1538.6 ft and 0.7 ft thick at 1540.1 to 1540.8 ftcontaining stringers of halite
Halite, grayish-red (10R-4/2), finely crystalline; pa1e-reddish-brown (10R-5/4)clay at 1544.4 and 1545.7 ft; dark-reddish-brown (lOR-3/4) clay at 1545.2 ft;clay content increases downward; basal contact nearly horizontal, wavy and sharp
Halite, translucent and moderate-red (5R-4/6), coarsely crystalline; disseminated
cavities ranging from less than 3 mm to 3 mm in size, probably areas of
sylvite; basal contact fairly sharp and horizontal
Halite, transparent, grayish-red (10R-4/2), and moderate-reddish-brown
(10R-4/6), medium to coarsely crystalline; disseminated stringers andblebs of clay and po1yha1ite and cavities (probable sylvite sites); basalcontact sharp, horizontal and slightly wavy
Po1yha1ite, moderate-red (5R-4/6) and moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6), granulartexture; leached-out vertical cavities appear to have contained sylvite
pseudomorphs after gypsum; basal contact not seen (rock shattered in lower
half of unit)
Halite, alternating bands 0.2 to 0.8 ft thick of translucent, grayish-red
10R-4/2) and moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6), translucent and reddishorange bands coarsely crystalline, grayish-red bands finely to mediumcrystalline; disseminated blebs and stringers of light-gray (N7)
anhydrite in lower 0.5 ft; basal contact slightly diffuse
Halite, moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6), medium crystalline; stringers ofanhydrite at 1564.6 and 1564.9 ft; basal contact diffuse
Halite, grayish-red (10R-4/2), finely to coarsely crystalline; cavities
(probable sylvite sites) as large as 0.1 ft; basal contact diffuse
Halite, pale-red (10R-6/2) and moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6), medium tocoarsely crystalline; cavities (probable sylvite sites); basal contact sharp
and hori zonta1
Argillaceous halite, greenish-gray (5G-6/1) and pa1e-reddish-brown (10R-5/4),
finely to medium crystalline; very dark red (5R-216) sylvite crystals; IlUch ofunit originally contained sylvite now dissolved and core recovered infragments; 2 ft of core loss assigned to this interval; basal contact diffuse
1533.6
1534.7
1543.9
1549.5
1551.8
1556.8
1557.9
1563.4
1565.8
1567.0
1568.7
1534.7
1543.9
1549.5
1551.8
1556.8
1557.9
1563.4
1565.8
1567.0
1568.7
1573.8
287
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery" desi gnates where core was lost during cori ng operat ions]
Lithologic description Depth interval
Feet
288
Halite, translucent, grayish-red (10R-4/2), and moderate-reddish-orange
(10R-6/6); numerous cavities 3 mm to 24 cm in size (probable sylvite sites);light-gray (N7) anhydrite s:ringers in lower 4 ft; possible light-gray (N7)
and pale-red (10R-6/2) 0.3-ft-thick langbeinite bed at 1580.0 ft; basalcontact sharp, jagged and probably contained sylvite
Polyhalite, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4), microcrystalline; dark-greenish-gray
(5G-4/1) clay seam at base; basal contact sharp and wavy (depth interval takenfrom density and gamma logs because of core loss caused by dissolution ofsylvite during coring)
Halite, transparent and moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6), medium to coarsely
crystalline; slightly polyhalitic; cavities as large as 0.1 ft (probablesylvite sites); basal contact diffuse
Argillaceous halite, grayish-red (10R-4/2), medium to coarsely crystalline;
numerous cavities (probable sylvite sites); basal contact sharp; 1 ft ofcore loss assigned to this interval caused by sylvite dissolution
Halite, grayish-red (10R-4/2) grading downward to moderate-reddish-brown(10R-4/6) and translucent; few disseminated cavities 3 mm in size
Halite, transparent and moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6), medium to coarsely
crystalline; polyhalitic content increases downward; basal 0.1 ft containspolyhalite stringers; basal contact sharp and jagged
Polyhalite, moderate-reddish-brown (10R-3/6) microcrystalline; minor halite andsylvite; light-bluish-gray (58-7/1) clay seam at base; basal contact sharp and
hori zontal
Halite, transparent and moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6), finely to coarsely
crystalline; slightly argillaceous in upper 2 ft; disseminated cavities as
large as O.I-ft; basal contact in broken core
Polyhalite, moderate-red (5R-4/6) to moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6),
microcrystalline, dense; stringers of cavities near top of unit
Halite, transparent to moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6) and very light gray (N8),
finely to medium crystalline; moderately polyhalitic and ar9illaceous, contentsvary locally; O.l-ft-thick transparent bands of halite spaced 0.3 to 0.4 ft
apart below 1609.8 ft
No recovery
Halite, transparent to locally tinted moderate-reddish-orange (lOR-6/6), finelyto coarsely crystalline; evidence of removal of sylvite by dissolution during
coring; basal contact gradational over 0.1 ft
1573.8
1581.4
1581.8
1585.2
1588.7
1594.0
1598.5
1599.8
1606.6
1607.5
1611.1
1613.1
1581.4
1581.8
1585.2
1588.7
1594.0
1598.5
1599.8
1606.6
1607.5
1611.1
1613.1
1613.9
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery· designates where core was lost during coring operations]
Lithologic description Depth i nterva1Feet
Argillaceous halite, transparent to medium-gray (N5) to locally moderate-red
(5R-4/6): slightly polyhalitic: clay occurs locally as matrix: evidence ofremoval of sylvite by dissolution during coring: basal contact diffuse
Halite, transparent and moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6), medium to coarsely
crystalline: trace amounts of sylvite. removed at core surface during coring;
basal contact gradational over 3 mm
Argillaceous halite, transparent. dusky-red (5R-3/4). and medium-light-gray (N6).
finely to coarsely crystalline: clay occurs intercrystalline, as matrix and as
blebs. clay varies from dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) to medium-light-gray (N6):trace of moderate-reddish-orange (IOR-6/6) polyhalite blebs: clay contentdecreases downward below 1622.6 ft: undulatory slightly silty halitic claystoneat 1621.3 ft may contain sylvite; trace amount of sylvite leached from rock;basal contact not observed
Polyhalite. moderate-reddish-brown (lOR-4/6). microcrystalline: halitic.
concentrated in upper part: anhydritic from 1632.1 to 1633.1 ft: large volumes
of halite or sylvite leached from rock during coring: basal contact sharp
Anhydrite, medium-gray (N5). microcrystalline: locally halitic as irregularly
shaped zones; locally sylvite leached from surface of rock: upper 15 mm faintly
microlaminated alternating medium-gray (N5) and medium-dark-gray (N4): thinclaystone bed at base; basal contact sharp
Halite. transparent and moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6). medium to coarselycrystalline: trace polyhalite blebs; trace light-gray (N7) clay as stringers,
blebs. and locally intercrystalline; trace amounts of sylvite leached fromrock; slightly argillaceous zones from 1648.9 to 1650.0, 1650.8 to 1651.2.
1651.5 to 1651.8. and 1653.4 to 1654.0 ft; basal contact sharp
Argillaceous halite, transparent, moderate-reddish-orange (IOR-6/6), andmoderately reddish-brown (10R-4/6). finely to medium crystalline, locally
coarsely crystalline: irregular patches of polyhalitic halite and disseminatedpolyhalite blebs; irregular patches of dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) halitic
argillaceous siltstone; light-gray (N7) and dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4)occur together locally: clay occurs as intercrystalline and disseminated blebs:thin dark-reddish-brown (1OR-3/4) halitic claystone bed at 1656.5 ft
Halite, transparent and moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6). medium to coarselycrystalline: disseminated polyhalite blebs: trace light-gray (N7) clay stringersand blebs at top of unit. trace of clay as intercrystalline from 1666.8 to
1667.0 ft: minor disseminated sylvite from 1670 to 1673 ft
1613.9
1614.8
1619.3
1630.1
1633.1
1637.9
1654.9
1663.4
1614.8
1619.3
1630.1
1633.1
1637.9
1654.9
1663.4
1676.0
289
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others. 1948);"no recovery" designates where core was lost during coring operations]
lithologic description Depth intervalFeet
290
Argillaceous halite. dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4). finely crystalline increasing
to medium downward. abundant moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6) polyhalitestringers; undulating dark-gray (N3) clay layer 3 mm thick at 1676.0 ft; tracesof colorless crystalline blebs of potash mineral (langbeinite?)
Halite. moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6) and moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6)
from 1685.0 to 1697.4 ft. medium to coarsely crystalline; abundant blebs andstringers of moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6) polyhalite; finely to medium
crystalline. clear to pinkish-gray (5YR-8/1) langbeinite(?). most abundantfrom 1679.0 to 1685.0 ft; liberally disseminated sylvite
Halite. dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) and translucent. finely to coarselycrystalline; very argillaceous at top grading downward to slightly
argillaceous; basal contact very gradational; disseminated zones contain cavities(sylvite sites)
Halite. translucent. medium to coarsely crystalline; disseminated blebs and
stringers of very light gray (N8) anhydrite increasing downward; basal foot ishalf anhydrite; basal contact sharp and jagged
Anhydrite. light-brownish-gray (5YR-6/1). microcrystalline; disseminated blebs ofwhite (N9) anhydrite; disseminated zones of halite. some pseudomorphic after
gypsum; fairly sharp basal contact
Halite. translucent. medium crystalline; anhydrite zone from 1723.5 to 1723.9 ft;thin anhydrite stringers in lower half of unit; basal foot slightly polyhalitic;
basal contact diffuse
Halite. moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6). finely to coarsely crystalline; very
polyhalitic; 0.1 ft very light gray (N8) anhydrite seams contain halite; basal
contact sharp. wavy. and nearly horizontal
Anhydrite. medium-gray (N5) to medium-light-gray (N7). microcrystalline; upper
1.5 ft contain numerous halite pseudomorphs after gypsum; clay seam at
1733.0 ft; massive in upper part of unit. laminated in lower 3 ft;basal contact sharp and horizontal
Clay. medium-dark-gray (N4)
Polyhalite. moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6). microcrystalline; greenish-gray(5GY-5/1) clay abundant in upper 0.2 ft and lower 0.1 ft and disseminated
thro~ghout core; basal contact at clay seam. contact sharp
Halite. transparent and moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6). finely to mediumcrystalline; argillaceous zone from 1744.8 to 1745.3 ft; dark-greenish-gray(5GY-4/1) clay seam at top of argillaceous zone; possible langbeinite from
1746.0 to 1748.5 ft; basal contact diffuse
1676.0
1679.0
1702.1
1704.1
1716.5
1721.9
1727.3
1728.8
1736.1
1737.3
1738.4
1679.0
1702.1
1704.1
1716.5
1721. 9
1727.3
1728.8
1736.1
1737.3
1738.4
1748.5
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others. 1948);"no recovery" designates where core was lost during coring operations)
Lithologic description Depth interval
Feet
Halite. dark-reddish-brown (lOR-3/4) and transparent; medium and coarsely
crystalline; two 0.3-ft-thick polyhalitic halite beds at 1750.3 and 1751.2 ft;few disseminated cavities (probable sylvite sites); basal contact fairly sharp
Halite. transparent and moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6). medium to coarselycrystalline; basal 0.1 ft very polyhalitic; basal contact slightly diffuse
Halite. dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) alternating with transparent and moderatereddish-orange (10R-6/6). bands range from 0.1 to 1.6 ft thick. medium tocoarsely crystalline. very argillaceous in upper 0.4 ft; minor amount of smallcubic cavities in dark-reddish-brown portion; trace of disseminated polyhalite
blebs increasing downward; olive-gray (5Y-4/1) bands replace dark-reddish-brownones below 1764.2 ft; thin dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) claystone beds at 1761.5and 1761.7 ft; basal contact sharp
Argillaceous halite. transparent and olive-gray (5Y-4/1) to 1780.5 ft.transparent and dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) below 1780.5 ft. medium tocoarsely crystalline; thin dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) claystone bed at1780.5 ft; trace of polyhalite blebs; irregular cavities in core caused by
solution of sylvite; basal contact sharp
Halite. transparent and moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6). medium to coarsely
crystalline; trace of disseminated polyhalite blebs and stringers; locallytrace of medium-light-gray (N6) clay; local zones free of polyhalite; basal
contact sharp
Halite. transparent. moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6). and medium-light-gray(N6). finely to coarsely crystalline; moderately argillaceous; upper 0.4 ftmoderately-reddish-brown (10R-4/6). slightly silty. halitic claystone. trace
disseminated moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6) polyhalite blebs and stringers;clay as intercrystalline material; clay content decreases locally in 0.1-to 1.5-ft-thick bands; locally irregular cavities from solution of sylvite
No recovery
Polyhalite. moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6); interbedded with finely to very
coarsely crystalline halite. and dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) clay; basalcontact at medium-light-gray (N6) clay. basal contact sharp
Halite. transparent and pale-reddish-brown (10R-5/4). coarsely to very coarselycrystalline; discontinuous stringers and blebs of moderate-reddish-brown(lOR-4/6) polyhalite; basal contact sharp and irregular
Halite. translucent. medium to coarsely crystalline; discontinuous moderate
reddish-brown (10R-4/6) polyhalite blebs. argillaceous from 1827.9 to 1828.8 ftgrading downward to slightly argillaceous; basal contact sharp and irregular
1748.5
1752.5
1756.2
1778.6
1781. 2
1793.1
1820.5
1821. 0
1821.3
1827.4
1752.5
1756.2
1778.6
1782.1
1793.1
1820.5
1821.0
1821. 3
1827.4
1833.3
291
USGS lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery" desi9nates where core was lost duri ng cori ng operations]
Lithologic description Depth i nterva1Feet
292
Halite, translucent alternating with moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6), finely
to coarsely crystalline; discontinuous polyhalite stringers and blebs; moderatebrown (5YR-4/4) clay seams; basal contact diffuse
Halite, translucent, medium to coarsely crystalline; discontinuous moderate-reddish
orange (10R-6/6) polyhalite stringers and blebs; basal contact gradational
Halite, translucent to transparent, medium to coarsely crystalline; moderate-reddish
orange (10R-6/6) polyhalite stringers and blebs; intercrystalline light-brown
(5YR-5/6) clay; basal contact slightly gradational, dips about 45'
Polyhalite, moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6) and medium-light-gray (N5)anhydrite stringers, polyhalite fine to medium crystalline, anhydrite
microcrystalline; thin (6 mm) transparent halite band at 1853.2 ft; basal
contact sharp
Halite, translucent, medium to coarsely crystalline; discontinuous stringers ofmoderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6) polyhalite; basal contact diffuse
Argillaceous halite, transparent, medium crystalline; discontinuous moderate-reddish
orange (10R-6/6) microcrystalline to finely crystalline polyhalite; medium-darkgray (N4) clay 15 mm thick, at 1855.3 ft; basal contact diffuse
Halite, translucent, medium to very coarsely crystalline; discontinuous moderatereddish-brown (10R-4/6) polyhalite stringers and blebs; lower 1.2 ft increasingly
anhydritic, very light gray (N8) and polyhalitic, moderate-reddish-orange(10R-4/6) microcrystalline; basal contact diffuse and irregular
Polyhalite and anhydrite, alternating beds of fine to medium crystalline, moderate
reddish-orange (10R-6/6), and microcrystalline, medium-gray (N5) anhydrite; basal
contact at dark-gray (N4) clay seam, sharp and irregular
Halite, translucent to transparent, medium crystalline; moderate-reddish-orange(10R-6/6) polyhalite stringers; moderate-brown (5YR-3/4) clay stringer at1866.4 ft; alternating banding of argillaceous halite and polyhalitic halite in
lower 4 ft; basal contact diffuse
Argillaceous halite, medium-dark-gray (N4) and moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6),
medium to coarsely crystalline; moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6) clay seams at1874.5, 1877.9, 1879.1, 1880.3, 1881.2, 1883.3. and 1883.8 ft, varying inthickness from 24 mm to 12 cm; clay content decreases downward; finely
crystalline interval from 1882.4 to 1883.4 ft
Halite, translucent and moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6) as alternating bands0.4 to 1.4 ft thick; finely to medium crystalline; blebs and stringers ofpolyhalite band at 1889.5 ft; basal contact diffuse
1833.3
1847.9
1852.3
1852.7
1853.8
1854.7
1856.8
1864.5
1865.5
1873.1
1885.0
1847.9
1852.3
1852.7
1853.8
1854.7
1856.R
1864.5
1865.5
1873.1
1885.0
1889.9
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery" designates where core was lost during coring operations]
lithologic description Depth intervalFeet
Polyhalite, moderate-reddish-orange (IOR-6/6) and dusky-red (5R-3/4),microcrystalline to very finely crystalline; dark-greenish-gray (5GY-4/1)clay seam at base of unit; basal contact sharp and nearly horizontal
Argillaceous halite, grayish-red (lOR-4/2), translucent, and moderate-reddishorange (10R-6/6), finely to medium crystalline in colored portions, mediumto coarsely crystalline in translucent portions; dark-reddish-brown (IOR-3/4)clay seams at 1894.3, 1894.7, 1894.8, 1895.3, and 1895.9 ft; basal contactsl i ght ly diffuse
Halite, translucent and moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6), medium to coarselycrystalline; alternating bands range in thickness from 0.1 to 1.4 ft; slightlyargillaceous from 1901.0 to 1901.4 ft; basal contact slightly diffuse
Polyhalite, dark-reddish-brown (lOR-3/4), microcrystalline; basal contactincludes seam of dark-greenish-gray (5G-4/1) clay, contact is sharp andjagged
Argillaceous halite, moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6), alternating withtranslucent, finely to medium crystalline; dark-reddish-brown (lOR-3/4) clayseams at 1903.7 and 1905.2 ft; polyhalite stringer at 1906.4 ft; basalcontact diffuse
Halite, translucent and moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6), medium to coarselycrystalline, polyhalitic throughout most of unit; basal contact slightly diffuse
Halite, alternating bands 0.2 to 0.4 ft thick of translucent, grayish-red(10R-4/2) and moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6), translucent portion coarselycrystalline, rest is finely to medium crystalline
Halite, translucent bands alternating with moderate-reddish-orange (lOR-6/6),coarsely to very coarsely crystalline; basal 0.1 ft very polyhalitic; basalcontact sharp and jagged
Argillaceous halite, grayiSh-red (10R-4/2), finely to coarsely crystalline;argillaceous material decreases downward; dark-reddish-brown (lOR-3/4)clay seam at 1914.4 ft; numerous blebs and stringers of polyhalite in lower2 ft; basal contact very diffuse
Halite, translucent, very coarsely crystalline; basal contact sharp to diffuseand angul ar
Halite, grayiSh-red (10R-4/2) grading downward to translucent, medium tocoarsely crystalline; very argillaceous from 1924.0 to 1926.4 ft; basalcontact very diffuse
1889.9
1891.8
1896.6
1901.8
1902.0
1906.7
1908.8
1910.9
1913.5
1917.6
1923.4
1891.8
1896.6
1901. 8
1902.0
1906.7
1908.8
1910.9
1913.5
1917.6
1923.4
1928.0
293
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery· designates where core was lost during coring operations]
Lithologic description Depth interval
Feet
294
Halite, translucent grading downward to mOderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6) andthen to translucent, medium to coarsely crystalline; polyhalitic from 1928.9 tobase of unit; basal contact diffuse
Halite, grayish-red (10R-4/2) and translucent, finely to coarsely crystalline;
very argillaceous from 1933.6 to 1934.3 and 1934.6 to 1935.0 ft; moderatereddish-orange (10R-6/6) polyhalitic argillite stringers and blebs in basal
3.7 ft; dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) clay seam at top of unit; basalcontact di ffuse
Halite, translucent, medium to coarsely crystalline; few disseminatedpolyhalite blebs
Halite, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4), medium to coarsely crystalline; very
argillaceous in upper 1.7 ft grading downward to slightly argillaceous; basalcontact diffuse
Halite, translucent and moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6), medium to verycoarsely crystalline; slightly argillaceous in middle of unit; dark-greenishgray (5GY-4/1) clay seams and blebs 1944.8 to 1945.3 ft; polyhalite blebs andstringers 1944.5 to 1947.0 ft; basal contact diffuse
Halite, translucent and moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6), medium crystalline;polyhalite blebs and stringers throughout unit; basal contact sharp and jagged
Polyhalite, moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6), microcrystalline; portions contain
halite; basal contact sharp
Halite, same as unit from 1947.0 to 1951.9 ft
Halite, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) and grayish-red (10R-4/2), finely tocoarsely crystalline; very argillaceous from 1952.9 to 1954.7 ft; polyhalitic
and slightly argillaceous from 1954.7 to 1957.2 ft; numerous dark-reddish-brown
(10R-3/4) clay seams in upper 2 ft; lower contact very diffuse
Halite, translucent and moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6), medium to coarsely
crystalline; polyhalitic; basal contact sharp
Halite, same as unit from 1952.9 to 1957.2 ft; very argillaceous in upper 0.3 ft
and from 1958.9 to 1959.2 ft; clay seam at 1958.9 ft
Halite, translucent and moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6), medium to coarsely
crystalline; finely crystalline from 1961.8 to 1962.1 ft; alternating bands of
clear and polyhalitic halite range from 0.2 to 0.8 ft thick; anhydrite bands<0.1 ft thick at 1965.6, 1966.3, 1966.9, and 1969.7 ft; basal 0.4 ft verypolyhalitic and contains a 12 mm thick polyhalite band; basal contact sharp
and jagged
1928.0
1933.6
1938.3
1940.8
1943.6
1947.0
1951.9
1952.5
1952.9
1957.2
1958.1
1959.9
1933.6
1938.3
1940.8
1943.6
1947.0
1951.9
1952.5
1952.9
1957.2
1958.1
1959.9
1971.2
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery" desi gnates where core was lost duri ng cori ng operati ons1
Lithologic description Depth intervalFeet
Polyhalite, moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6), microcrystalline; basal 0.1 ft is
brownish-gray (5YR-4/1) silty claystone; contact between is sharp as is basal
contact
Argillaceous halite, brownish-gray (5YR-4/1), finely to medium crystalline,locally clay occurs as matrix; basal contact gradational over 15 mm
Argillaceous halite, transparent, medium-dark-gray (N4), and moderate-reddish
brown (10R-416), finely to coarsely crystalline; clay occurs intercrystallineand as stringers; trace moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6) polyhalite blebs;locally halite very clear; basal contact gradational over 0.1 ft
Halite, transparent, minor mOderate-reddish-orange (lOR-6/6). medium to coarsely
crystalline; bands of alternating colors 0.1 to 0.3 ft thick; trace amounts ofpolyhalite blebs; halitic polyhalite bed from 1978.7 to 1978.8 ft; basal contact
sharp
Halite, same as unit from 1971.9 to 1975.6 ft
Halite, same as unit from 1975.6 to 1980.7 ft
Halite, same as unit from 1971.9 to 1975.6 ft; thin claystone beds at 1988.6 and1989.8 ft; clay content decreases rapidly from 1991.2 to 1993.7 ft; basal
contact gradational over 0.1 ft
Halite, same as unit from 1975.6 to 1980.7 ft; trace clay from 1995.5 to
1996.4 ft; lower 0.4 ft very polyhalitic; basal contact very irregular,undulatory, and sharp
Polyhalite, moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6), microcrystalline; trace medium
light-gray (N6) clay at 2001.0 ft
Halite, moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6) and transparent; medium crystalline;
upper 0.3 and lower 0.4 ft polyhalitic. rest of unit clear; polyhalite stringersin lower 0.4 ft; basal contact gradational
Argillaceous halite, dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4), mOderate-reddish-orange(10R-6/6) and medium-dark-gray (N4), finely crystalline; banded; abundantmedium-dark-gray (N4) clay stringers, moderate amount of dark-reddish-brown(10R-3/4) clay stringers and disseminated polyhalite throughout unit; basal
contact diffuse
Halite, transparent. fine to medium crystalline; upper 1.0 ft slightly
argillaceous and polyhalitic; slight bands of moderate-reddish-orange(10R-6/6); anhydrite beds, 6 to 24 mm thick ranging from 0.3 to 2.0 ft apartwith depth; basal contact diffuse
1971.2
1971. 7
1971.9
1975.6
1980.7
1982.9
1986.1
1993.7
2000.0
2001.2
2002.3
2005.0
1971.7
1971. 9
1975.6
1980.7
1982.9
1986.1
1993.7
2000.0
2001.2
2002.3
2005.0
2016.0
295
USGS Lithologic log (continued)
(Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery" designates where core was lost during coring operations]
lithologic description Depth i nterva1Feet
296
Halite, transparent and mOderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6), fine to medium
crystalline; thin (6 mm to 3.6 mm thick) bands of finely crystallinepolyhalite and anhydrite 0.4 to 0.5 ft apart; basal contact sharp and wavy
Anhydrite, medium-light-gray (N5); moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6) po1yha1itebands 6 mm to 6 cm thick; bed of finely to medium crystalline moderate-reddishorange (10R-6/6) halite from 2019.8 to 2020.4 ft; medium-dark-gray (N4) claycontent increases in lower 0.4 ft; basal contact gradational
Polyha1itic and argillaceous halite, finely crystalline; po1yha1itic halite is
translucent. moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6), and moderate-reddish-brown(10R-4/6), argillaceous halite is translucent and medium-light-gray (N6) tomedium-gray (N5); stringers of very light gray (N8) anhydrite and moderate
reddish-orange (10R-6/6) polyhalite sparsely disseminated throughout unit;basal contact diffuse
Argillaceous halite. translucent and medium-gray (N5), finely to medium
crystalline; basal contact fairly sharp
Polyhalitic halite. translucent to moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6). medium to
coarsely crystalline; basal contact fairly sharp
Argillaceous halite. same as unit at 2025.7 to 2030.0 ft; basal contact diffuse
Polyhalitic and argillaceous halite. same as unit from 2021.7 to 2025.7 ft; less
anhydrite
Polyhalitic halite; moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6j6) and translucent; stringers
of pinkish-gray (5YR-8/1) disseminated throughout unit increasing downward;minor amount of translucent and medium-gray (N5) argillaceous halite; polyhalite
bandS as thick as 0.4 ft at 2050.0 and at base of unit; basal contact sharp
and irregular
Anhydritic halite, transparent and medium-light-gray (N5); halite pseUdomorphs
after gypsum; basal 5 rom medium-gray (N5) anhydrite; basal contact diffuse
Argillaceous halite, pale-reddish-brown (10R-5/4) and translucent, finely
crystalline; medium-light-gray (N7) clay as blebs and stringers; basal contact
at clay seam. sharp and irregular
Halite. translucent and moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4j6). finely crystalline attop of unit becoming medium to coarsely crystalline downward; numerous pale
reddish-brown (10R-5/4) polyhalite stringers; medium-light-gray (N6) claystringers decrease downward; clay seam at base of unit
2016.0
2018.8
2021.7
2025.7
2030.0
2033.6
2040.6
2045.0
2050.9
2051.8
2052.6
2018.8
2021.7
2025.7
2030.0
2033.6
2040.6
2045.0
2050.9
2051.8
2052.6
2059.0
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery" designates where core was lost during coring operations]
lithologic description Depth intervalFeet
Argillaceous halite, light-gray (N7) to medium-gray (N6) and translucent; minor
moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6) polyhalite blebs; blebs of clay 6 mm to 4 cmthroughout unit; clay seam at 2060.0 ft; translucent halite at 2062.4 to2062.6 ft; basal contact diffuse
Halite, moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6) and translucent, medium to coarsely
crystalline;polyhalite as blebs and stringers and finely disseminatedthroughout unit; medium-gray (N6) clay seam at 2067.7 ft, argillaceous from2067.7 to 2068.1 ft; anhydrite and halite from 2068.1 to 2068.4 ft; basalcontact sharp and nearly horizontal
Halite, moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6), medium crystalline, very polyhalitic;3- to 9-mm-thick anhydrite bands; basal contact fairly sharp
Anhydrite, light- to medium-gray (N7-N6), microcrystalline, massive;pseudomorphs of halite after gypsum show swallow-tail twinning; pseudomorphs aslong as 0.1 ft, very abundant; medium-dark-gray (N4) clay at base, basalcontact sha rp
Halite, medium-gray (N5) and translucent, medium crystalline, moderatelyargillaceous; light-gray (N7) anhydrite stringers in lower ft; O.l-ftthick dark-gray (N4) clay bleb at 2082.4 ft; basal contact slightly diffuse
Halite, similar to unit above, but less argillaceous; clay bleb 0.2 ft thick at2097.1 ft; lower ft contains abundant anhydrite stringers; basal contactsharp and may dip 20°
Anhydrite, medium-dark-gray (N4), microcrystalline, massive; basal contact sharp,di ps 20°
Halite, pale-red (lOR-6/2), grayish-red (10R-4/2), and translucent, medium tocoarsely crystalline, moderately argillaceous; grayiSh-green (5G-5/2) clay seamat 2104.9 ft; dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4) clay seam at 2106.1 ft; basalcontact sharp, horizontal
Halite, similar to unit above, contains blebs and stringers of moderatereddish-orange (10R-6/6) polyhalite; basal contact dark-reddish-brown(lOR-3/4) clay seam dipping about 10°
Halite, translucent and moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6), medium to coarselycrystalline; slightly argillaceous from 2120.4 to 2120.6; basal contactgradational over 0.1 ft
2059.0
2063.6
2068.4
2069.3
2081.0
2086.0
2099.8
2100.5
2110.9
2118.7
2063.6
2068.4
2069.3
2081.0
2086.0
2099.8
2100.5
2110.9
2118.7
2120.9
297
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery" designates where core was lost during coring operations]
lithologic description Depth intervalFeet
298
Halite, brownish-gray (5YR-4/1), grayish-red (10R-4/2), and transparent, finely
to coarsely crystalline, moderately argillaceous grading downward to slightlyargillaceous at base; trace disseminated polyhalite blebs: clay as
intercrystalline material and as stringers and blebs: locally contains clayfree zones; basal contact gradational over 0.1 ft
Halite, same as unit from 2118.7 to 2120.9 ft
Argillaceous halite, grayish-red (10R-4/2), brownish-gray (5YR-4/1) andtransparent, finely to coarsely crystalline: clay occurs as matrix, blebs andstringers, and intercrystalline decreasing downward: below 2139.9 ft unitbecomes increasingly polyhalitic; local zones of clear halite; irregularpolyhalitic beds at 2143.9 and 2144.1 ft; basal contact sharp
Polyhalite and anhydrite; moderate-reddish-brown (10R-4/6) polyhalite from
2144.9 to 2145.4 and 2150.5 to 2156.7 ft; medium-gray (N5) anhydrite from
2145.4 to 2150.5 ft; halite in irregular zones and as pseudomorphs after
gypsum, crystals 0.1 ft in length to 2152.0 ft; basal contact sharp
Claystone grading to argillaceous halite, medium-dark-gray (N4); basal contact
gradational over 9 mm
Halite, transparent and light-brownish-gray (5YR-6/1), medium to coarselycrystalline; trace mOderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6) polyhalite and clay;
.12-mm-thick anhydrite bed at 2157.7 ft; medium-gray (N5) argillaceousanhydrite bed 0.16 ft thick at 2159.9 ft; locally banded argillaceous zones0.1 to 1.0 ft thick; basal contact gradational over 0.1 ft
Polyhalitic halite, mOderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6) and transparent, medium to
coarsely crystalline: polyhalite disseminated as stringers and blebs; basal
contact gradational over 0.1 ft
Halite, transparent, medium-dark-gray (N4), and moderate-reddish-orange(10R-6/6), medium to coarsely crystalline; moderately argillaceous grading
downward to slightly argillaceous and at 2170.4 ft not argillaceous; slightlypolyhalitic from 2170.4 to 2175.0 ft; clean halite below 2175.0 ft except forfew O.l-ft-thick polyhalitic halite bands: 12-mm-thick anhydrite at 2177.7 ft;large blebs of polyhalite at 2177.4 ft; basal contact gradational over 0.01 ft
Halite, transparent, grayish-red (10R-4/4), and locally moderate-reddish-brown
(10R-4/6): medium to coarsely crystalline: slightly argillaceous: tracedisseminated polyhalite blebs increasing downward from 2186.3 to 2187.8 ft;moderate-brown (5YR-4/4) 6-mm-thick clay seams dipping 300 at 2193.6 and
2194.1 ft: basal contact gradational over 0.16 ft
2120.9
2127.5
2129.6
2144.9
2156.7
2157.3
2164.1
2167.2
2179.6
2127.5
2129.6
2144.9
2156.7
2157.3
2164.1
2167.2
2179.6
2199.8
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery" des i gnates where core was lost duri ng cori ng operat ions]
Lithologic description Depth interval
Feet
Halite, translucent and moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6), medium to coarsely
crystalline; moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6) polyhalite blebs and stringers;
microcrystalline polyhalite bed 0.15 ft thick at 2203.1 ft; basal contactdiffuse over 24 mm, dips 30°
Argillaceous halite, medium-dark-gray (N4) and transparent, medium to coarselycrystalline; stringers and intercrystalline material of moderate-brown (5YR-4/4)
and light-bluish-gray (58-7/1) clay; mOderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6)polyhalite blebs and stringers increasing downward; 18-mm-thick irregularanhydrite stringers at 2205.4 and from 2208.8 to 2209.2 ft; basal contact
sharp, irregular and mostly horizontal
Argillaceous halite, light-brown (5YR-6/4) and translucent; finely to medium
crystalline; argillaceous content decreases downward; basal contact sharp and
i rregul ar
Argillaceous halite, medium-gray (N6) and translucent, medium to coarsely
crystalline, clay occurs as stringers and intercrystalline; moderate-reddishbrown (lOR-4/6) clay seam from 2218.8 to 2218.9 ft; unit grades downward into
unit below
Polyhalitic halite, moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6), medium to coarselycrystalline; slightly argillaceous in upper 0.16 ft; basal contact sharp and
i rregul ar
Halite, moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6), medium-light-gray (N6), and
translucent, medium to very coarsely crystalline; upper 1.0 ft is transparent,contains few polyhalite blebs; argillaceous content increases downward and
grades into polyhalitic halite at 2276.2 ft; lower 1.0 ft contains moderatereddish-orange (10R-6/6) polyhalite stringers; basal contact sharp, dips 30°
Anhydrite, medium-light-gray (N5); translucent halite as blebs and pseudomorphicafter gypsum (swallow-tail twins); basal contact sharp, dips 20°
Argillaceous halite, medium-light-gray (N6) and translucent, finely to coarsely
crystalline; O.l-ft-thick light-bluish-gray (58-7/1) clay seam at 2234.6 ft;upper foot contains discontinuous stringers and blebs of clay; moderate-reddishbrown (10R-4/6) clay seam at 2236.6 ft; crystal size increases downward; basalcontact diffuse
Halite, translucent, medium to coarsely crystalline; very minor amount of
moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6) polyhalite blebs in lower foot; basal
contact slightly diffuse
2199.8
2203.7
2215.2
2216.1
2221.8
2225.1
2233.8
2234.6
2241.2
2203.7
2215.2
2216.1
2221.8
2225.1
2233.8
2234.6
2241.2
2242.9
299
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery" designates where core was lost duri ng cori ng operations]
Lithologic description Depth interval
Feet
300
Halite, transparent grading downward to medium-dark-gray (N4), argillaceous
content increases downward, zones of finely crystalline halite 0.1 to 0.2 ftthick in upper 2 ft; majority of unit medium to coarsely crystalline;polyhalitic in upper 1.2 and lower 1.3 ft; medium-gray (N5) clay seams at2244.8 and 2245.4 ft; blebs and stringers of clay disseminated throughout unit;basal contact fairly sharp
Halite, translucent and moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6), medium crystalline;
alternating bands of clear and polyhalitic halite 0.1 to 0.4 ft thick; few
stringers and blebs of light-gray (N7) anhydrite; medium-gray (N5) clay seam.05 ft thick at base dips 15°, basal contact sharp
Halite, translucent, medium-gray (NS) to dark-reddish-brown (10R-3/4), and
moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6), finely to coarsely crystalline;argillaceous content increases and polyhalitic content decreases downward;
basal contact diffuse
Halite, moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6) and transparent, medium crystalline; very
polyhalitic; disseminated blebs and stringers of light-gray (N7) anhydrite; basal contactsharp, jagged, and irregular
Anhydrite, light-gray (N7) and transparent, coarsely crystalline halite, basal
contact diffuse and irregular
Halite, moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6) and translucent, finely to medium
crystalline; basal contact sharp and jagged
Anhydrite, very light gray (N8), microcrystalline; inclusions of coarsely
crystalline transparent halite; basal contact medium-gray (N5) clay seam,
sharp and nearly horizontal
Halite, medium-gray (NS) to medium-light-gray (N4', medium crystalline,
argillaceous; basal contact diffuse
Halite, translucent, foot grading to mOderate-reddish-orange (lOR-6/6),
finely to medium crystalline; light-gray (N7) anhydrite stringers disseminatedthroughout unit; polyhalitic in basal foot; basal contact sharp and slightly
i rregul ar
Anhydrite, pale-yellowish-brown (10YR-6/2), microcrystalline, basal contact sharp
and extremely irregular; unit varies from 0.1 to 0.2 ft thick
Halite, same as unit from 2258.3 to 2262.2 ft; basal contact fairly sharp and
irregular, matches contact at top of unit
Halite, same as unit from 2242.9 to 2247.0 ft; very argillaceous in upper foot,
decreasing downward; basal contact diffuse
2242.9
2247.0
2251.3
2258.3
2262.2
2262.3
2263.9
2264.2
2266.0
2271. 7
2271.9
2272.7
2247.0
2251.3
2258.3
2262.2
2262.3
2263.9
2264.2
2266.0
2271. 7
2271.9
2272.7
2277.2
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery" designates where core was lost during coring operations]
Lithologic description Depth intervalFeet
Halite, same as unit from 2266.0 to 2271.7 ft; basal contact diffuse
Halite, same as unit from 2264.2 to 2266.0 ft; very argillaceous from 2283.4 to2284.0 ft; clay seam at 2284.9 ft; lower 2.5 ft slightly po1yha1itic; basalcontact diffuse
Halite, same as unit from 2247.0 to 2251.3 ft; basal contact fairly sharp todi ffuse
Halite, same as unit from 2264.2 to 2266.0 ft; very coarsely crystalline from2293.2 to 2293.7 ft; diffuse po1yha1ite lones, basal contact diffuse
Halite, translucent to mOderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6), medium to verycoarsely crystalline; unit becomes very po1yha1itic toward base, po1yha1iteas blebs and stringers; basal contact sharp, jagged and dips about 5°
Anhydrite, light-gray (N7) and po1yha1ite, moderate-reddish-brown (lOR-4/6);upper 15 mm is dense po1yha1ite; below this to 2304.7 ft is dense anhydritecontaining abundant pseudomorphs of halite after gypsum; from 2304.6 to2304.8 ft po1yha1ite; 2304.8 to 2305.5 ft anhydrite and po1yha1ite pseudomorphsafter gypsum; 2305.5 to 2305.9 ft dense po1yha1ite; 2305.9 to 2306.3 ftanhydrite; medium-gray (N5) clay seam at base of unit dips 5°
Halite, pa1e-ye11owish-brown (10YR-6/2), finely to medium crystalline; basalcontact fai r1y sharp
Halite, moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6), medium to coarsely crystalline;becomes less po1yha1itic downward; basal contact diffuse
Halite, alternating diffuse bands 0.1 to 0.6 ft thick, translucent, moderatereddish-brown (10R-3/4), and grayish-red (10R-4/2), finely to coarselycrystalline, finely crystalline portions more argillaceous than rest; basalcontact sharp and irregular, medium-gray (N5) clay seam 0.3 mm thick
Halite, moderate-reddish-orange (lOR-6/6), medium to coarsely crystalline;numerous blebs and stringers of po1yha1ite; basal 0.2 ft contains largepo1yha1ite bleb in which are numerous finely crystalline halite stringers;basal contact dips 20°, is fairly sharp and is marked by 0.6-mm-thick 1ightgray (N7) clay seam
Halite, translucent and medium-gray (N5), very coarsely crystalline in upper
0.4 ft, medium to coarsely crystalline in lower 0.9 ft; slightlyargillaceous and po1yha1itic; basal contact slightly diffuse
Halite, moderate-reddish-orange (lOR-6/6) and pale-red (5R-6/2), medium to very
coarsely crystalline; slightly argillaceous; very argillaceous from 2319.3 to2320.0 ft; increasingly po1yha1itic downward; basal contact sharp, dips about 20°
2277.2
2282.2
2287.6
2289.7
2296.4
2303.3
2306.3
2306.6
2307.8
2313.8
2317 .0
2318.3
2282.2
2287.6
2289.7
2296.4
2303.3
2306.3
2306.6
2307.8
2313.8
2317.0
2318.3
2326.6
301
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery" designates where core was lost during coring operations]
Lithologic description Depth Interval
Feet
302
Halite, translucent and medium-gray (N5), finely to coarsely crystalline; darkreddish-brown (10R-3/4) clay stringers at 2327.2 ft and indistinct clay zonesfrom 2327.2 to 2328.7 ft; base of unit grades into underlying unit
Halite, moderate-reddish-orange (lOR-6/6) and translucent, medium to coarsely
crystalline; finely disseminated polyhalite and blebs and stringers throughoutunit; basal contact sharp, dips about 5°
Anhydrite, medium-gray (N5), dense; basal contact sharp, dips 5°
Halite, translucent and medium-gray (N5), medium crystalline; slightly
argillaceous from 2336~8 to 2339.1, 2339.4 to 2342.5, 2343.4 to 2344.5,2346.0 to 2352.0, and 2352.8 to 2353.7 ft; basal contact gradational over 0.1 ft
Halite, transparent to medium-gray (N5), medium to coarsely crystalline; trace
of Intercrystalline clay, also as stringers; trace anhydrite stringers andblebs in lower portion of unit; 0.1- to 0.25 ft-thick beds of microcrystalline
anhydrite at 2370.4 ft, continuous stringers at 2370.7, 2371.2, and 2371.7 ft;
basal contact sharp
Anhydrite, medlum-dark-gray (N4), microcrystalline; upper 0.9 ft containsabundant horizontal to subhorizontal bands of halite pseudomorphs after gypsum
swallow-tail crystals as long as 0.32 ft; upper contact marked by pseudomorphs;halite-rich zone at 2381.0 ft; lower portion laminated to nodular toenterolithic; thin claystone bed at 2384.9 ft; argillaceous anhydrite from2385.0 to 2386.0 ft emits petroliferous (H2S) odor; unit grades to claystone
at 2386.0 ft; basal contact sharp
Silty claystone, medium-light-gray (N6); H2S odor; basal contact sharp, undulatory
Halite, transparent to medium-gray (N5), medium to coarsely crystalline; trace
clay as intercrystalline and blebs and rare stringers; clay-free bands 0.1 to1.2 ft thick; medium-gray (N5) silty claystone from 2392.1 to 2392.2 ft; rarestringers of anhydrite; anhydrite bed 0.16 to 0.25 ft thick containing halite at2410.8 ft; broken rock from 2399.4 to 2401.6 ft and 2413.5 to 2414.5 ft; 6- to12 mm-thlck medium-light-gray (N6) clay at 2435.9 ft; basal contact gradational
over 0.2 ft
Halite, transparent to medium-light-gray (N6), medium to coarsely crystalline;
moderate-reddish-orange (lDR-6/6) polyhalite as blebs and stringers from2436.7 to 2438.8 ft; polyhallte decreases downward to 2442.6 ft, clay contentincreases downward; alternating bands of translucent, argillaceous, andpolyhalitlc halite from 2442.6 to 2450.1 ft; basal contact gradational over
0.1 ft
2326.6
2331.5
2336.6
2336.8
2354.6
2372.1
2387.8
2388.0
2436.7
2331.5
2336.6
2336.8
2354.6
2372.1
2387.8
2388.0
2436.7
2450.1
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery" designates where core was lost during coring operations]
Lithologic description Depth i nterva 1
Feet
Polyhalite, moderate reddish-orange (10R-5/5), finely crystalline; stringers andblebs of medium-light-gray (N6) anhydrite as thick as 0.25 ft; transparenthalite pseudomorphs after gypsum swallow-tail crystals; halite-rich zone at2451.7 ft contains coarsely crystalline moderate-blue (58-5/6) halite;0.35-ft-thick medium gray (N5) claystone bed at base of unit underlying15-mm-thick very light gray (N8) anhydrite seam; claystone cut by verticalfracture filled by acicular halite crystals, crystals nearly horizontal andnormal to fracture walls, filling about 15 mm thick; basal contact sharp, dips
about 5°
Halite, mOderate-reddish-orange (lOR-6/6) and translucent, medium to coarsely
crystalline; polyhalitic as blebs and discontinuous stringers; basal contactdiffuse over 0.1 ft
Argillaceous halite, light-olive-gray (SY-6/1), translucent to transparent,medium to coarsely crystalline; stringers of clay as thick as 6 mm and
intercrystalline clay; zones of moderate-reddish-orange (10R-6/6) polyhalitichalite; clear halite, and argillaceous halite range from 0.1 to 1.4 ft thick;
basal contact slightly diffuse, dips 30°
Halite, medium-gray (N5) and translucent; finely to medium crystalline;alternating zones of halite and slightly argillaceous halite range from 0.1to 1.7 ft thick; O.l-ft-thick anhydrite stringer at 2503.2 ft, jagged upper
and lower contacts, transparent coarsely crystalline halite above anhydrite;basal contact sharp, jagged, and irregular
Anhydrite, light-brownish-gray (5YR-6/1), microcrystalline; abundant zones of
halite pseudomorphs after gypsum swallow-tail crystals;basal contact jaggedand i rregul ar
Halite, translucent, medium crystalline; anhydrite stringers in upper 0.1 ft;
basal contact at .6 mm-thick light-gray (N7) clay seam sharp and dips 5°
Anhydrite, medium-light-gray (N6), microcrystalline; thinly bedded to laminated,
dips range from 0 to 45°; abundant halite pseudomorphs after gypsum swallow-tail
crystals throughout unit; light-brown (5YR-6/1) laminae from 2510.4 to
2511.5 ft; translucent, medium crystalline halite seams at 2514.0, 2514.5, and
2515.3 ft; clayey anhydrite laminae from 2516.8 to 2517.0 ft dip 20°; dense,well-cemented brownish-gray (5YR-4/1) clay bed in basal 0.6 ft dips 20°; basal
contact sharp
Halite, medium-gray (N5) and translucent, finely to very coarsely crystalline;slightly argillaceous; very light gray (N8) anhydrite stringers and blebsdisseminated throughout unit from 2517.9 to 2527.0 and 2532.0 to 2556.3 ft;irregular thick anhydrite stringer at 2555.5 ft; basal contact sharp
2450.1
2454.5
2455.4
2487.6
2503.6
2506.0
2506.8
2517.9
2454.5
2455.4
2487.6
2503.6
2506.0
2506.8
2517.9
2556.3
303
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery" des i gnates where core was lost during cori ng operat ions]
lithologic description Depth intervalFeet
2590.3 2603.6
2603.6 2604.5
2604.5 2607.0
2607.0 2607.2
2607.2 2610.1
2610.1 2611.1
2611.1 2615.3
2615.3 2615.7
2615.7 2644.5
2644.5 2655.4
304
Anhydrite, medium-gray (N5', microcrystalline; irregular halite zones near top
and base; basal contact sharp and undulatory; 0.1-ft-thick dark-medium-gray(N4) silty claystone at base; basal contact sharp to gradational
Halite, same as unit at 2517.9 to 2556.2 ft; no anhydrite; basal contactgradational over 0.1 ft
Halite, transparent, medium to coarsely crystalline; stringers and blebs ofmedium-light-gray (N6) anhydrite below 2564.3 ft; basal contact gradational
over 12 to 36 mm
Anhydrite, pale-yellowish-brown (10YR-6/2) and light-gray (N7), microcrystalline;
laminated to massive; upper 0.3 ft very ha1itic, locally irregularly shaped
zones; argillaceous in lower 0.2 ft; basal contact sharp
Halite, transparent to medium-gray (N7), medium to coarsely crystalline; slightly
argillaceous, blebs, stringers and intercrystalline clay decrease below
2585.8 ft; trace of disseminated anhydrite stringers and blebs below 2588.2 ft;
6- to 12 mm-thic~ anhydrite at 2588.4 ft, 6 mm thick anhydrite at 2589.6 ft;
basal contact sharp
Anhydrite, medium-light-gray (N6), microcrystalline; bands of halite pseudomorphs
after gypsum swallow-tail crystals as large as 6 mm basal contact marked by
thin claystone bed, sharp
Halite, same as interval from 2571.6 to 2589.8 ft; contains no anhydrite above
2602.0 ft; clay-free zones as thick as 2 ft; anhydrite stringers disseminated
throughout unit from 2602.0 ft to base of unit; basal contact.sharp and jagged
Anhydrite, light-gray (N7), dense, microcrystalline; halite stringer at 2604.2 ft;
basal 0.1 ft clayey; basal contact sharp dipping about 5°
"Halite, same as unit from 2571.6 to 2589.8 ft; basal contact fairly sharp
Halitic anhydrite, light-gray (N7); basal contact Sharp, dips less than 5°
Halite, same as unit from 2571.6 to 2589.8 ft; basal contact fairly sharp and
jagged
Anhydrite, light-gray (N7); upper 0.2 ft halitic; basal 0.5 ft clayey;
basal contact sharp, dips less than 5°
Halite, same as unit from 2571.6 to 2589.8 ft; basal contact sharp and irregular
Halitic anhydrite, light-gray (N7), dense; basal contact sharp, slightly wavy
Halite, same as unit from 2571.6 to 2589.8 ft; basal 0.6 ft very coarsely
crystalline and transparent; basal contact sharp and jagged
Anhydrite, yellowish-olive-gray (5Y-6/2), dense; disseminated halite crystals
from 2648.2 to 2651.6 ft
2556.3
2557.4
2561.0
2566.4
2571.6
2589.8
2557.4
2561.0
2566.4
2571.6
2589.8
2590.3
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from tne Rock Color Cnart (Goddard and otners, 1948);"no recovery" designates wnere core was lost during coring operations)
Litnologic description Deptn i nterva1Feet
No recovery
Annydrite, same as unit from 2644.5 to 2655.4 ft; disseminated nalite crystalsfrom 2656.0 to 2661.4 ft; faint H2S odor from 2662.0 to 2668.4 ft; 18 mm tnickolive-gray (5Y-4/1) annydrite at 2668.4 ft; basal contact snarpand undulatory, dipping about 10°
Halite, translucent to medium-lignt-gray (N6), finely to medium crystalline;transparent coarsely crystalline nalite 0.1 to 0.8 ft tnick; stringers of olivegray {5YR-3/2} annydrite at 2700.9 ft; basal contact snarp, wavy, dipping 30°
Annydrite, lignt-brownis~-gray (5YR-6/1), dense; disseminated nalite crystalsmostly in upper nalf of unit; nalite bandS as tnick as 0.1 ft; basal contactsnarp and jagged
Halite, transparent, tranSlucent, lignt-gray (N7) to medium-gray (N5), finely tomedium crystalline; slignt to moderate amounts of medium-lignt-gray (N6)intercrystalline clay; bottom foot of unit badly broken
No recovery
Halite, medium-lignt-gray (N6) to medium-gray (N5) and translucent, mostly finelyto coarsely crystalline, coarsely crystalline in disseminated zones; minoramount of interr.rystalline clay; alternating indistinct bands 0.1 to 2 ft tnickof clear and sligntly argillaceous nalite; basal contact sharp, slightly jagged,and nearly horizontal
Anhydrite, light-brownish-gray (5YR-6/1), dense microcrystalline; 15-mm-thickband of halite crystals at 2720.0 ft; discontinuous halite seam at 2720.9 ft;basal contact contains minor amount of medium-gray (N5) clay; basal contactsharp and horizontal
Halite, same as unit at 2716.0 to 2719.6 ft; most of halite is coarselycrystalline; slightly argillaceous zones are often very irregularly outlined(not bedding planes); anhydrite stringers abundant in lower foot; light-gray(N7) anhydrite bed from 2806.3 to 2806.7 ft has irregular upper contact, sharplower contact dipping 5°; basal contact sharp, undulatory, dipping 30°
Anhydrite, light-gray (N7), dense, microcrystalline; abundant halite in lowerhalf; clayey zone 15 mm thick at base has H2S odor; basal contact sharp,dipping 15°
Halite, same as unit from 2716.0 to 2719.6 ft; few anhydrite stringers in lower
2 ft; basal contact diffuse over 0.3 ft
Halite, transparent to white (N9), coarsely crystalline; basal contact sharp andjagged, dipping 45°
2655.4
2656.0
2669.5
2701.2
2703.5
2715.8
2716.0
2719.6
2721.0
2809.6
2810.2
2826.1
2656.0
2669.5
2701.2
2703.5
2715.8
2716.0
2719.6
2721.0
2809.6
2810.2
2826.1
2828.1
305
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948):"no recovery· designates where core was lost during coring operations)
lithologic description Depth intervalFeet
2858.4 2859.5
2859.5 2862.6
2862.6 2863.0
2863.0 2867.8
2867.8 2869.9
2869.9 2873.8
2873.8 2874.1
306
Anhydrite, medium-light-gray (N6) to medium-gray (N5), microcrystalline; abundant
translucent, coarsely crystalline seams and blebs of halite; basal contact sharp,wavy, dipping at 40"
Halite, translucent to light-brownish-gray (5YR-6/1), medium crystalline; basalcontact sharp, wavy, dipping 30"
Anhydrite, medium-light-gray (N6) to medium-gray (N5), dense, microcrystalline;
disseminated halite crystals from 2831.3 to 2831.8 ft; discontinuous haliteseam at 2832.5 ft; basal contact sharp, dipping IS"
Halite, medium-light-gray (N6) to medium-gray (N5) and translucent, medium tocoarsely crystalline: medium-dark-gray (N4) clay stringers; basal contactgradational over 0.2 ft
Halite, transparent to white (N9) and translucent, medium to coarsely crystalline:
light-gray (N6) stringers of anhydrite as thick as 12 mm at 2853.3 and 28.56.6 ft;stringers more numerous in lower 0.5 ft; basal contact sharp and horizontal
Anhydrite, medium-light-gray (N6), microcrystalline, interbedded with 6 to 18-rom
thick discontinuous translucent bands of halite pseudomorphs after gypsumswallow-tail crystals; basal contact sharp and wavy
Halite, same as unit from 2850.5 to 2858.4 ft; basal contact sharp and horizontal
Anhydrite, same as unit from 2858.4 to 2859.5 ft
Halite, same as unit from 2850.5 to 2858.4 ft; medium-light-gray (N6) anhydritestringers at 2867.0 and 2867.3 ft; basal contact sharp and nearly horizontal
Anhydrite, same as unit from 2858.4 to 2859.5 ft
Halite, same as unit from 2850.5 to 2858.4 ft
Anhydrite, same as unit from 2858.4 to 2859.5 ft; basal contact sharp, wavy,
nearly horizontal
Halite, translucent and light-gray (N7) to medium-gray (N5), finely to mediumcrystalline; medium-dark-gray (N4) clay as stringers and intercrystalline:zones of very coarsely crystalline halite; dips between translucent and grayzones range from 0 to 30"; convoluted and pull-apart structures in anhydrite
stringers in lower 2.5 ft; basal contact sharp and irregular
Anhydrite, light-gray (N7) to medium-light-gray (N6), dense, microcrystalline;
halite crystal masses in upper and lower 0.2 ft, lower halite masses exhibitbOUdinage structure, anhydrites between halite masses "neck-down" as if drawnout; basal 0.3 ft clayey and has H2S odor; basal contact sharp, slightly
undulatory, dipping 65"
2828.1
2829.7
2831.1
2832.7
2850.5
2874.1
2940.7
2829.7
2831.1
2832.7
2850.5
2858.4
2940.7
2941.3
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery" designates where core was lost during coring operations]
lithologic description Depth intervalFeet
Halite, similar to unit at 2874.1 to 2884.2 ft; from 2944.2 to 2945.4 ft unit is
about 20 percent irregularly shaped anhydrite; few disseminated st~ingers ofanhydrite throughout unit, concentrated from 2972.7 to 2973.1, 2979.7 to 2981.8,and 299~.5 to 2996.0 ft; zones of halite crystals surrounded by anhydrite,
crystal boundaries exhibiting evidence of apparent solution; numerous 0.1-to 1.0-ft intervals from 2965.4 to base of unit, especially abundant zonesfrom 2999.0 to 3003.5 ft; anhydrite stringer from 3042.7 to 3043.5 ft isrecumbent fold; alternating thin bands of anhydritic halite and halite from3044.9 to 3050.3 ft; basal contact sharp, slightly undulatory, dipping 10°
Anhydrite, medium-light-gray (N4), laminated, halite crystals in wavy bed exhibits"pull-apart" structure; basal contact sharp, undulatory, di ppi ng 10°
2941.3
3050.3
3050.3
3050.6
Halite, similar to unit at 2874.1 to 2884.2 ft; upper 6.3 ft has alternating
clear and anhydritic halite beds dipping 30·, contacts between beds sharp todiffuse; lower 8 ft numerous stringers and beds of halitic anhydrite dipping60°; lower 0.5 ft contains discontinuous argillite bands dipping 45°
Anhydrite, light-gray (N7); interlayered with halite bands dipping 45°
Halite, medium-light-gray (N6); discontinuous argillite bands dipping 45°
Anhydrite, light-gray (N7); interlayered with halite,dipping 45°
Halite, same as unit from 3066.1 to 3067.0 ft; 0.3-ft-thick anhydrite bandsdi ppi ng 45°
Anhydrite, medium-dark-gray (N6), laminated; basal contact dipping 3D·
Halite, light-gray (N7), interlayered with anhydrite dipping opposite sense ofunit from 3070.9 to 3072.0 ft
Anhydrite, same as unit from 3070.9 to 3072.0 ft
Halite, very light gray (N8), convolute anhydrite stringers penetrated by foldof underlying anhydrite
Anhydrite, similar to unit at 3070.9 to 3072.0 ft; laminations near vertical;halite interlaminations dipping from 0 to 45°
Halite and laminated anhydrite mixed in marbled zone; laminations at various angles
3050.6 3065.5
3065.5 3066.1
3066.1 3067.0
3067.0 3067.9
3067.9 3070.9
3070.9 3072.0
3072.0 3072.7
3072.7 3073.7
3073.7 3075.7
3075.7 3081.5
3081.5 3082.8
Anhydrite, medium-gray (N5) to medium-light-gray (N6), very finely crystalline;laminations nearly horizontal in upper part of unit, horizontal to about 15° inlower part of unit; organic material in some laminae; basal contact diffuse
Anhydrite, medium-light-gray (N6) to medium-dark-gray (N4); laminated with
hydrocarbon-containing bands; petroleum odor very pronounced; basal contactdiffuse and gradational
3082.8
3111.4
3111.4
3112.3
307
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948):"no recovery" designates where core was lost during coring operations]
lithologic description Depth intervalFeet
308
Anhydrite, medium-gray (N5), laminated with organic material similar to two unitsabove; laminae become less numerous downward, except for concentration from 3125.4
to 3129.0 ft: basal contact arbitrary as laminae become less abundant andindistinct
Anhydrite, medium-gray (N5) to medium-light-gray (N6), very finely crystalline tomicrocrystalline; faint horizontal laminations in lower 4.4 ft; glauberite
sparsely dispersed in lower 4.4 ft
Anhydrite, similar to unit above; contains spots and marly laminations of olivegray (5Y-4/1) to olive-black (5Y-2/1) organics: locally nodular, especially from3168.0 to 3170.2 ft; lower 1.8 ft contains nodules outlined with olive-black
(5Y-2/1) material
Anhydrite. medium-gray (N6) to clive-gray (5Y-4/1). horizontal laminae wavy andspotty; bands of halite pseudomorphs after gypsum swallow-tail crystals:glauberite crystals and clots increasing in size downward to 0.18 ft across:possible white (N9) magnesite(?) sparsely disseminated throughout unit
Anhydrite, medium-gray (N5). few to no laminations; 0.12- to 0.18-ft-thick
glauberite crystals concentrated from 3202.0 to 3205.0 ft; possible sparse
magnes ite(?)
Anhydrite, medium-light-gray (N6) and opaque; numerous flakes and swirly
discontinuous laminae of olive-gray (5Y-4/1) mineral slightly soluble inconcentrated brine drilling fluid give rock a turbid texture: medium-gray (N5)
band at 3225.5 to 3225.8 ft: glauberite band 0.18 ft thick at 3227.9 ft, sparseglauberite disseminated throughout unit; irregular laminae dipping about 20°:
very nodular structure in lower 1.7 ft
Anhydrite. medium-dark-gray (N4), wavy olive-gray (5Y-4/1) laminations dip about60°; glauberite(?) zones irregularly shaped, 0.2 to 0.5 ft across; basal contact
contains faint drusy crystals
Anhydrite. same as unit from 3217.0 to 32~3.2 ft, very finely crystalline,laminations very indistinct downward; large glauberite crystal at 3267.4 ft
Anhydrite. dark-gray (N3) grading downward to li9ht-brownish-gray (5YR-6/1),dark-yellowish-brown (10YR-4/2). and medium-gray (N5), microcrystalline, dense.
massive: clots of brownish-gray (5YR-4/1) glauberite slightly soluble in
saturated brine drilling fluid disseminated throughout unit, zones containinglaths, needles, and cubes of glauberite from 3285.0 to 3285.1 and 3302.5 to3305.0 ft: horizontal stylolite at 3302.5 ft: pale-ye1lowish-brown (10YR-6/2)faint laminae and blebs from 3303.6 to 3305.0 ft; basal contact sharp
3112.3
3148.0
3160.3
3170.2
3183.0
3217.0
3233.2
3234.0
3275.4
3148.0
3160.3
3170.2
3183.0
3217.0
3233.2
3234.0
3275.4
3374.4
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery" designates where core was lost during coring operations]
Lithologic description Depth intervalFeet
Anhydrite, brownish-gray (5YR-4/1), microcrystalline, massive to laminated,
lami nae pale-brown (5YR-5/2), 3 "'" to 30 cm apart; stri ke of lami nae notconsistent; dips range from 25 to 35°; at 3386.6 ft laminae rollover as ifat axis of overturned beds, laminae above roll-over dip in opposite sense oflaminae below; indistinct Widely spaced laminae from 3417.0 to 3419.1 ft; basal
contact at lowest lamination
Anhydrite, similar to unit from 3275.4 to 3374.4 ft; pale-brown (5YR-5/2) wavy,nearly horizontal laminae from 3426.7 to 3427.4 ft
Anhydrite, medium-dark-gray (N4) to dark-gray (N3), dense, microcrystalline;
pale-brown (5YR-5/2) laminae generally 12"", apart dipping 15°; few disseminated
clots of glauberite as large as 9 "'"
Anhydrite, medium-dark-gray (N4), dense, massive, microcrystalline; few
disseminated clots of glauberite as large as 12 mm; basal contact slightlydiffuse
Anhydrite, pa1e-yellowish-brown (10YR-6/2) and medium-gray (N5), finely to
coarsely crystalline, massive, dense; clots of cubic mineral as large as
0.1 ft, mostly 3 to 12 mm; basal contact fairly sharp
Anhydrite, medium-gray (N5) to dark-gray (N3), microcrystalline; two verticalfractures healed by recrystallized anhydrite at 3475.9 ft (not visible on
outside of core); few laminae pale-brown (5YR-5/2) dipping 25° disseminatedfrom 3468.5 to 3475.4 ft; faint discontinuous mottled appearance from 3476.5 to3485.5 ft; clots of glauberite increase in lower 9.1 ft; unit becomes finelycrystalline, pale-brown (10YR-6/2) along with grays in lower 8.6 ft; basal
contact diffuse
Anhydrite, pale-brown (10YR-6/2), microcrystalline, basal contact diffuse
Anhydrite. medium-gray (N5) to dark-gray (N3), finely crystalline; numerous pale
brown laminae mostly wavy, horizontal, 15 mm to 30 cm apart; 6-mm-thickdolomitic and anhydrite band dipping 15°, anhydrite nodules 6"", in lengthalong band; basal contact diffuse
Anhydrite, medium-gray (N5) to dark-gray (N3) and pale-brown (10YR-6/2),
microcrystalline; few pale-brown (10YR-6/2) laminations; clots of glauberitedisseminated throughout unit; 8 laminae from 3550.0 to 3552.0 ft range in dip
from 0 to 35°; lamination at 3576.7 dipping 35°; streaky, horizontal laminaefrom 3577.2 to 3577.4 ft; 2 laminae from 3580.1 to 3580.3 dipping 20°; nearly
horizontal laminae at 3583.7; from 3601.2 to 3604.0 ft core broken duringremoval from barrel, not known if pieces right-side-up
3374.4
3419.1
3429.6
3431.6
3451.2
3467.8
3504.1
3514.5
3525.9
3419.1
3429.6
3431.6
3451.2
3467.8
3504.1
3514.5
3525.9
3605.0
309
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery" designates where core was lost during coring operations)
Lithologic description Depth i nterva 1
Feet
310
Anhydrite, medium-gray (N5) to dark-gray (N3), olive-gray (5Y-4/1) and minor amountof brownish-gray (5YR-4/1), massive to possibly nodular, dense; trace amountsof clear tabular mineral 1.5 to 12 mm disseminated throughout unit, locallyrhombic habit; below 3665.0 ft few pale-brown (lDYR.6/2) wavy laminae dippingfrom 5 to 60°; contorted laminae from 3690.4 to 3691.0 ft; horizontal to 60°dipping laminae from 3695.0 to 3696.0 ft; 0.1-ft-thick bandof grayish-brown(10YR.3/2) dolomitic material at 3693.7 ft; 3 to 9 mm thick wavy, nearlyhorizontal laminae from 3721.2 to 3724.0 ft
Anhydrite, medium-gray (N5) to medium-dark-gray (N4), olive-gray (5Y-4/1),locally medium-light-gray (N6), microcrystalline, massive to laminated to
thinly laminated; nodular and enterolithic structures commonly associated withlaminated portions; locally interbedded dusky-yellowish-brown (10YR-2/2) and
light-olive-gray (5Y·5/2) often contorted carbonate laminae; from 3725.7 to3725.9 ft laminae dipping 20 to 30°, contain 6 mm thick anhydrite nodules;carbonate laminae from 3726.5 to 3726.8 ft associated with incipient nodular
anhydrite; from 3729.1 to 3733.5 ft anhydrite interbedded with abundantcarbonate laminae commonly dip from 5 to 40°, dip direction rotates downward,laminae in microlaminar groups occasionally exhibit clastic appearance; from
3738.1 to 3765.3 ft, often contorted carbonate laminae dipping 5 to 40° occur as
isolated thin laminae and groups of microlaminae spaced at 0.1- to 0.32-ftintervals, laminae locally terminated; below 3765.3 ft, laminae locallyabundant, often occur in groups 12 mm to 12 cm thick interbedded with anhydrite,
often crenulated and contorted, locally associated with enterolithic anhydrite,internal structure resembles soft sediment dewatering structures at 3776.9 to
3777.1, 3781.5 to 3781.7, and 3782.1 to 3782.3 ft; dips range from 10 to 75°;horizontal to sub-horizontal healed fractures at 3746.9, 3750.2, 3758.6, 3759.4,
3768.5, and 3780.4 ft; high-angle healed fractures at 3747.9 to 3748.5 dipping80°, 3750.0 to 3750.5 dipping 85°, 3758.5 to 3758.6 dipping 50°, 3758.6 to3759.4 dipping 65° to 90°, 3761.8 to 3762.3 dipping 70°, 3764.0 to 3764.5dipping 85°, 3768.4 to 3768.9 dipping 70°, and 3776.3 to 3776.6 dipping 65°;
trace thin bladed clear mineral disseminated throughout unit; unit gradesdownward at base to pale-yellowish-brown (10YR-6/Z) microcrystalline massive
anhydrite, basal contact at very wavy lamination
3605.0
3725.0
3725.0
37R5.2
USGS lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery" designates where core was lost during coring operations]
lithologic description Depth intervalFeet
Anhydrite, medium-gray (NS) to medium-dark-gray (N4) and dark-yellowish-brown
(lDYR-4/2), and pale-yellowish-brown (IDYR-6/2) carbonaceous laminae; verycontorted, thrust-broken laminations from 3785.2 to 3786.3 ft; wavy, contorted,very numerous laminations from 3786.3 to 3790.5 ft, dipping 60"; gassy odor andprobable oil stain at 3790.7 ft; laminations from 3790.5 to 3797.8 ft less
numerous and nearly horizontal; very numerous laminations from 3797.8 to3799.2 ft dipping IS"; laminations from 3799.2 to 3800.0 ft highly contorted
and broken; laminations from 3800.0 to 3801.1 fairly numerous, regular, anddipping 45"; basal contact sharp, contains recrystallized halite on slightlyirregular surface, dipping 45"
Halite, translucent, very coarsely crystalline; faint banding caused by less
translucent zones dipping IS"; basal contact dipping 20", very sharp; bottom ofbasal halite contains minor amount of anhydrite
Anhydrite, dark-yellowish-brown (10YR-4/2) grading downward to include medium-gray
(NS), microcrystalline; dark-yellowish-brown (10YR-4/2) carbonate laminae,dipping 0 to 15", disseminated throughout unit; some laminae 3 to 6 mm thickand wavy; basal contact where laminations constitute more than half of rock,dipping IS"
Anhydrite, interlaminated medium-dark-gray (N4) and dusky-yellowish-brown
(10YR-2/2); laminations very thin and numerous; very regular, dipping 10 to IS"to 3830.8 ft; laminations from 3830.8 to 3840.2 ft occasionally wavy carbonateenclosed by nodular anhydrite; laminations from 3830.8 to 3844.3 very regular,straight, and dip 5 to 10"
No recovery
3785.2
3801.1
3809.2
3824.6
3844.3
3801.1
3809.2
3824.6
3844.3
3845.0
311
---
USGS Lithologic Log (continued)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others, 1948);"no recovery" des i gnates where core was lost during cori ng ope rat ions]
Lithologic description Depth interval
Feet
312
Anhydrite, dusky-yellowish-brown (10YR-2/2) bedded and laminated with dark-gray(N3), microcrystalline; dusky-yellowish-brown beds generally about 1/6 to 1/10as thick as dark-gray beds; cyclic deposition, numerous very thin laminationsfollowed by bed of dusky-yellowish-brown dolomitic anhydrite and then by darkgray anhydrite, pattern holds throughout unit; most laminations straight,dipping 5 to 10°; occasional wavy laminae in thicker dark-gray anhydrite beds;cycles range in thickness from less than 0.5 ft to more than 2 ft; zones ofdark-gray anhydrite from 3879.3 to 3883.3 and 3895.3 to 3897.3 ft contain
contorted and wavy laminae of dolomitic anhydrite, lower zone containsbifurcating laminae; dips steepen to as much as 11° from 3958.4 to 3964.6 ft;
disrupted wavy laminae from 3924.0 to 3924.7, 3936.4 to 3938.0, 3955.5 to3958.3, and 3962.3 to 3964.6 ft; small monoclinal fold at 3918.6 ft;
carbonaceous band 0.1 ft thick at 3945.7 ft; below 3964.6 ft dip decreases tonearly constant 5°, not always same direction; zones of anhydrite nodules that
compress adjacent carbonate laminations from 3976.7, 3977.2, 3977.9, 3981.4 to3981.7, 3982.2, 3992.8, 3997.5 to 3998.5, 3999.7, 4005.1 to 4005.8, 4009.8 to4010.0, 4010.3, and 4012.7 to 4012.9 ft, at 4009.4 ft two 0.2-ft diameter (oval)nodules squeezed laminations together; from 4013.4 to 4022.3 ft rock is mostly
dolomitic laminae; oil-stained laminae 0.2 ft thick at 3965.8 ft; below4024.3 ft dip of laminations ranges from 3 to 6°; anhydrite nodules compress
carbonate laminae from 4039.8 to 4043.5 ft; from 4044.4 to 4045.2 ft rock mostlycarbonaceous and carbonate laminations; from 4045.2 to 4045.3 ft rock is mostly
carbonaceous; laminations near base kinked and folded; basal contact very wavy
and sharp
Anhydrite, medium-dark-gray (N4), microcrystalline; nodular structure breaks and
disrupts most dusky-yell ow-brown (10YR-2/2) laminations; few 3-mm-thick laminae,wavy; basal contact sharp, slightly irregular, and horizontal
Dolomite and anhydrite, dusky-yellowish-brown (10YR-2/2) and dark-gray (N3),
horizontal laminae; oil bleeding from vertical nearly-healed fracture; basal
contact sharp and horizontal
Shale, grayish-black (N2) to dark-gray (N3), calcareous, basal contact sharp
Limestone, grayish-black (N2), bedded with dark-gray (N3); pelecypod shells aslong as 6 mm and corals(?); basal 5.5 ft alternating 0.1- to 1.0-ft-thick beds
of brownish-gray (5YR-4/1) and grayish-black (N2) shale, brownish-gray portionscalcareous; dipping nearly horizontal, basal contact gradational
3845.0
4045.3
4069.7
4071,4
4073.8
4045.3
4069.7
4071.4
4073.8
4103.4
USGS Lithologic Log (concluded)
[Color designations are from the Rock Color Chart (Goddard and others. 1948);"no recovery" designates where core was lost during coring operations]
Lithologic description Depth intervalFeet
Sandstone. light-olive-gray (5Y-5/2) to olive-gray (5Y-3/2). fine to medium
grained. porous. calcareous cement; upper 5 ft and from 4114.6 to 4122.1 ftlighter shades and contains wavy. very thin beds of olive-gray (5Y-3/2)siltstone; core broken during recovery at 4 intervals; measurements are as iffull recovery (60.0 ft) plus 1.1 ft of preceding core; basal contact gradational
Shale. dusky-yellowish-brown (10YR-2/2), calcareous, porous; pelecypod shells3 mm and smaller disseminated throughout unit; fairly horizontal bedding; basalcontact gradational
Sandstone, grayish-black (N2) and olive-gray (5Y-4/1), fine to medium grained,
non-calcareous cement, very poorly cemented from about 4188 to 4204 ft (thisportion of core crumbled upon removal from barrel); discontinuous claystone invery thin beds; basal contact gradational
Shaley sandstone; olive-gray (5Y-4/1) and medium-dark-gray (N4); unit not readily
apparent (drilling time increase)
Sandstone, same as unit from 4182.8 to 4218.2 ft; dark-gray (N3) clay seams,
3 mm thick at 4243.2 and 4244.9 ft; interval from 4244.9 to 4260.1 ft slightly
coarser grained and poorly cemented; two very thin «0.1 ft thick) dark-gray(N3) clay seams 6 mm thick at 4260.1 ft; from about 4264.4 to 4264.8 ft afragmented mass of dark-gray (N3) clayey material was recovered; dark-gray (N3)clay seam 6 mm thick at 4264.4 ft
Sandstone, mostly grayish-black (N2) as in unit above, grades to dusky-yellowishbrown (5YR-4/1) from 4277.0 to 4288.0 and 4303.8 to 4325.0 ft; black (Nl) shale0.1 ft thick at 4265.8, 3 mm thick at 4270, 4275.3, 4300.9, and 4301.9. 6 mm
thick at 4300.9. and 9 mm thick at 4302.7 ft; shaley sandstone from 4270.2 to4270.8; coarse to medium grained sandstone from 4275.3 to 4288.0 ft; softsediment deformation structures at 4268.3 and 4288.9 ft; shale-sandstone
contacts sharp and horizontal
4103.4
4174.0
4182.8
4218.2
4219.0
4265.0
4174.0
4182.8
4218.2
4219.0
4265.0
4325.0
313
DISTRIBUTION:
US Department of Energy (5)Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste ManagementOffice of Geologic RepositoriesAttn: Associate Director
W. J. Purcell, RW-20Director, Repository Coordination Div.
T. H. Isaacs, RW-22Director, Engineering & Licensing
R. Stein, RW-23Director, Geosciences & Technology
R. Stein, Actg., RW-24Director, Siting Division
E. Burton, RW-25Forrestal BuildingWashington, DC 20585
US Department of Energy (3)Albuquerque OperationsAttn: R. G. Romatowski
D. L. KrenzD. G. Jackson, Director, Public Affairs Division
PO Box 5400Albuquerque, NM 87185
US Department of Energy (6)Attn: J. Tillman
WIPP Project Office (Carlsbad) (2)G. Pappas, WPO (Carlsbad)A. Hunt, WPO (Carlsbad)R. Eastmond, WPO (Carlsbad) (2)
PO Box 3090Carlsbad, NM 88221
US Department of Energy, SRPO (4)Office of Nuclear Waste IsolationAttn: J. O. Neff
R. WunderlichG. AppelJ. Sherwin
505 King AvenueColumbus, OH 43201
US Department of Energy (2)Idaho Operations OfficeNuclear Fuel Cycle DivisionAttn: R. M. Nelson
J. Whitsett550 Second StreetIdaho Falls, ID 83401
314
US Department of Energy (2)Savannah River Operations OfficeWaste Management Project OfficeAttn: S. Cowan
W. J. BrumleyPO Box AAiken, SC 29801
US Department of Energy (3)Office of Defense Waste and
Transportation ManagementAttn: J. E. Dieckhoner, DP-122
L. H. Harmon, DP-121A. Follett, DP-121
Washington, DC 20545
US Department of EnergyResearch & Technical Support DivisionAttn: D. E. LargePO Box EOak Ridge, TN 37830
US Department of the InteriorAttn: E. Roedder959 National CenterGeological SurveyReston, VA 22092
US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (2)Division of Waste ManagementAttn: M. Bell
H. MillerMail Stop 623SSWashington, DC 20555
US Geological Survey (2)Special ProjectsAttn: R. Snyder
G. M. FairerMS913, Box 25046Denver Federal CenterDenver, CO 80225
US Geological SurveyConservation DivisionAttn: W. MeltonPO Box 1857Roswell, NM 88201
DISTRIBUTION (continued):
US Geological SurveyWater Resources DivisionAttn: J. D. BredehoeftWestern Region Hydrologist345 Middlefield RoadMenlo Park, CA 94025
US Geological Survey (2)Water Resources DivisionAttn: H. L. Case
P. DaviesWestern Bank Bldg.505 Marquette NW, #720Albuquerque, NM 87102
State of New Mexico (3)Environmental Evaluation GroupAttn: R. H. Neill, Director320 Marcy StreetPO Box 968Santa Fe, NM 87503
NM Department of Energy & MineralsAttn: K. LaPlante, LibrarianPO Box 2770Santa Fe, NM 87501
New Mexico Bureau of Mines and MineralResources (2)
Attn: F. E. Kottolowski, DirectorJ. Hawley
Socorro, NM 87801
Battelle Pacific Northwest LaboratoriesAttn: D. J. BradleyBattelle BoulevardRichland, WA 99352
Battelle Memorial Institute (13)Project Management DivisionAttn: W. Carbiener, General Manager (3)
J. TreadwellT. NaymikJ. KirchnerV. AdamsO. SwansonA. RazemS. GuptaW. NewcombA. LaSalaONWI Library
505 King AvenueColumbus, OH 43201
Bechtel Inc. (2)Attn: E. Weber
M. BethardPO Box 396545-11-B34San Francisco, CA 94119
IT Corporation (2)Attn: W. E. Coons
J. E. Zurkoff2340 Alamo, SESuite 306Albuquerque, NM 87106
IT Corporation (5)Attn: W. Patrick
R. McKinneyD. DealD. WinstanleyD. W. Uhland
PO Box 2078Carlsbad, NM 88221
INTERA Technologies, Inc. (5)Attn: G. E. Grisak
G. J. SaulnierG. E. FreezeINTERA Library
6850 Austin Center Blvd., #300Austin, TX 78731
INTERA Technologies, Inc.Attn: W. StensrudPO Box 2123Carlsbad, NM 88221
Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc.Oak Ridge National LaboratoryAttn: J. A. CarterBox YOak Ridge, TN 37830
Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc.Oak Ridge National LaboratoryEnvironmental ScienceAttn: E. BondiettiXI0 Area, Bldg. 1505, Rm. 322Oak Ridge, TN 37831
RE/SPEC Inc.Attn: P. GnirkPO 725Rapid City, SD 57701
315
DISTRIBUTION (continued):
RE/SPEC Inc.Attn: S. W. KeyPO Box 14984Albuquerque, NM 87191
Rockwell InternationalAtomics International DivisionRockwell Hanford OperationsAttn: W. W. SchultzPO Box 800Richland, WA 99352
Serata GeomechanicsAttn: S. Serata4124 Lakeside DriveRichmond, CA 94806-1941
G. O. BachmanStar Route Box 1028Corrales, NM 87048
Leonard Minerals Co.Attn: B. Donegan3202 Candelaria NEAlbuquerque, NM 87107
Peters Technology TransferAttn: L. LantzPO Box 216Swarthmore, PA 19081
Stanford UniversityDepartment of GeologyAttn: K. B. KrauskopfStanford, CA 94305
Vanderbilt UniversityDepartment of Environmental and
Water Resources EngineeringAttn: F. L. ParkerNashville, TN 37235
Oak Ridge National LaboratoryAttn: J. O. BlomekePO Box XOak Ridge, TN 37830
K. P. Cohen928 N. California AvenuePalo Alto, CA 94303
316
F. M. Ernsberger1325 NW 10th AvenueGainesville, FL 32601
Johns Hopkins UniversityDepartment of Earth SciencesAttn: H. P. EugsterBaltimore, MD 21218
University of New Mexico (3)Department of GeologyAttn: R. C. Ewing
D. G. BrookinsLibrary
Albuquerque, NM 87131
University of MinnesotaDepartment of Geological SciencesAttn: C. FairhurstMinneapolis, MN 55455
University of Texas at AustinDepartment of Geological SciencesAttn: W. R. MuehlbergerAustin, TX 78712
D. A. Shock233 VirginiaPonca City, OK 74601
National Academy of SciencesCommittee on Radioactive Waste ManagementAttn: P. Meyers2101 Constitution Avenue, NWWashington, DC 20418
New Mexico Junior CollegePannell LibraryAttn: R. HillLovington HighwayHobbs, NM 88240
New Mexico TechMartin Speere Memorial LibraryCampus StreetSocorro, NM 87810
New Mexico State LibraryAttn: I. VollenhoferPO Box 1629Santa Fe, NM 87503
DISTRIBUTION (continued):
University of New MexicoZimmerman LibraryAttn: Z. VivianAlbuquerque, NM 87131
Princeton UniversityDepartment of Civil EngineeringAttn: G. PinderPrinceton, NJ 08504
Netherlands Energy Research Foundation ECN (2)Attn: T. Deboer, Mgr.
L. H. Vons3 WesterduinwegPO Box 11755 ZG PettenTHE NETHERLANDS
Atomic MuseumWIPP Public Reading RoomAttn: G. SchreinerKirtland East AFBAlbuquerque, NM 87185
Carlsbad Municipal LibraryWIPP Public Reading RoomAttn: L. Hubbard, Head Librarian101 S. Hallagueno St.Carlsbad, NM 88220
Thomas Brannigan LibraryAttn: D. Dresp, Head Librarian106 W. Hadley St.Las Cruces, NM, 88001
Roswell Public LibraryAttn: N. Langston301 N. Pennsylvania AvenueRoswell, NM 88201
University of MinnesotaDept. of Energy and Materials ScienceAttn: R. Oriani151 Amundson Hall421 Washington Ave SEMinneapolis, MN 55455
Texas A&M UniversityCenter of TectonophysicsAttn: J. HandinCollege Station, TX 77840
University of Arizona (2)Department of Nuclear EngineeringAttn: J. G. McCray
J. J. K. DaemenTucson, AZ 85721
University of Texas at EI PasoDepartment of Geological SciencesAttn: D. W. PowersEI Paso, TX 79968
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W. C. LuthD. L. HartleyR W. LynchT. O. HunterL. W. ScullyF. W. BinghamJ. R. TillersonW. D. WeartSandia WIPP Central Files (700H IND) (2)A. R. LappinR. L. Beauheim (2)D. J. BornsM. M. GonzalesA. L. JensenS. J. LambertK. L. RobinsonC. L. SteinD. TomaskoL. D. TylerF. G. YostD. R. AndersonK. BrinsterR. L. HunterL. R. ShipersC. D. UpdegraffC. D. BroylesM. J. NavratilR. L. RutterJ. D. KennedyR. D. StatlerJ. W. Mercer (2)P. D. SewardP. W. DeanS. A. Landenberger (5)W. L. Garner (3)C. H. Dalin (28)For DOE/OSTI (Unlimited Release)
317