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Where Did CountriesCome From?

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Getting to Today

European System

1648: Origin of countries

1789: Origin of citizenshipGlobalization of European System

1945: Globalization of state/citizen

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1618-1648: Thirty Years War

Variety of political units

Holy Roman Empire

Catholic Church

States (Catholic/Protestant/Secular)

Free cities

Merchant guilds

Mercenary armies

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1618-1648: Thirty Years War

Fault lines of the

conflict

Catholic vs

Protestant/secularstates

German states vs Holy

Roman Empire

France vs Spain Mercenaries

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1648: Treaty of Westphalia

States as sole political actors

State sovereignty and equality

Professionalization of war

International law between states

Secularization of international politics

Modernized international politics, but not

domestic politics - citizenship did not exist

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Domestic Politics in Europe:

Feudalism

Inherited monarchies

Aristocracy

Occupational castes

Religious codes

Serfdom/slavery

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1789: French Revolution

Triggers

Commoners denied political power

Aristocratic privilege without responsibility

Modern philosophy widely discussed

Outcome

Democracy

Citizenship

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Declaration of the Rights of Man

1.Men are born and remain free and equalin rights. Social distinctions may befounded only upon the general good.

2.The aim of all political association is thepreservation of the natural rights of man.These rights are liberty, property, security,and resistance to oppression.

3.The principle of all sovereignty residesessentially in the nation. No body norindividual may exercise any authoritywhich does not proceed directly from the

nation.

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The World until WWII

States in Europe, the Americas, and

Japan; but Empire elsewhere

Some democracies with citizenship; but

feudalism or tribalism in most places

25 democracies in 1919

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End of WWII

United Nations Charter

Globalized the Treaty of Westphalia

Sovereign equality of nations

Decolonization

An end to war

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Globalized the French Revolution

End to racial/religious/gender/ethnic

discrimination

Preference for democracy

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Universal Declaration of Human Rights

1. All human beings are born free and equal indignity and rights. They are endowed withreason and conscience and should act towardsone another in a spirit of brotherhood.

2. Everyone is entitled to all the rights andfreedoms set forth in this Declaration, withoutdistinction of any kind, such as race, colour,sex, language, religion, political or otheropinion, national or social origin, property, birthor other status

3. Everyone has the right to life, liberty andsecurity of person.

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Take Home Points

Three Events Shaped the Modern

International System

Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

French Revolution (1789)

United Nations and Universal Declaration of

Human Rights (1945)