11 The Brain zModule 4. 2 3 4 55 Brain Trivia The adult brain weighs about 3 pounds. The average...
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Transcript of 11 The Brain zModule 4. 2 3 4 55 Brain Trivia The adult brain weighs about 3 pounds. The average...
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Techniques to Study the Brain
A brain lesion experimentally
destroys brain tissue to study animal
behaviors after such destruction.
Hubel (1990)
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I’d rather have a bottle in front of me than a frontal lobotomy.
Link 5:11
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Electroencephalogram (EEG)
An recording of the electrical waves sweeping across the brain’s surface, measured by
electrodes placed on the scalp.
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CT (computed tomography) Scana series of x-ray
photographs taken from different angles
and combined by computer into a
composite representation of a slice through the
body; also called CAT
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PET Scan
PET (positron emission tomography) Scan is a visual display of brain activity that detects a radioactive form of glucose while the brain performs a given task.
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PET Scan
Link PET scan and language 6:26
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MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to
produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures
within the brain
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MRI Scan
Link 7:25 twins share brain parts
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fMRI - Functional MRI
Compares MRI scans taken less than a second apart
Detects blood moving to active parts of the brain
Shows brain function
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The Brain
Brainstem the oldest part and central core of the
brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull
responsible for automatic survival functions
Pinky and the Brainstem 1:23
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Brain Stem
The Medulla is the base of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing.
Reticular Formation plays an important role in controlling arousal & attention.
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Brain Stem
The Thalamus is the brain’s sensory switchboard.
It directs messages to the sensory areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.
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The “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem. It helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance.
Cerebellum
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The Limbic System is a system of neural structures associated with emotions such as fear, aggression and drives for food and sex.
It includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.
The Limbic System
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Amygdala and Emotion Identify
emotion from facial expressions
Amygdala damage makes this task difficult
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Hypothalamus
The Hypothalamus lies below (hypo) the thalamus. Eating, drinking, body temperature, and control of emotions.
It helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.
"TALE of the hypothalamus":
Temperature
Appetite
Libido
Emotion
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Rats cross an electrified grid for
self-stimulation when electrodes are placed in the
reward (hypothalamus)
center (top picture).
Reward Center
Sanjiv T
alwar, S
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Hippocampus
Important for memory
Damage may cause anterograde amnesia
Link 9:58
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The Cerebral Cortex
Cerebral Cortex fabric of interconnected neural cells that
covers the cerebral hemispheres ultimate control and information
processing centerGlial Cells
cells in the nervous system that are not neurons but that support, nourish, and protect neurons
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Mnemonic video
http://www.thepsychfiles.com/2008/09/episode-72-video-memorize-the-parts-of-the-brain/
5252Figure 2.24 The cerebral cortexMyers: Psychology, Eighth EditionCopyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
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Structure of the Cortex
Each brain hemisphere is divided into four lobes that are separated by prominent fissures.
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The Cerebral Cortex
Frontal Lobes involved in speaking and muscle movements
and in making plans and judgmentsParietal Lobes
include the sensory cortexOccipital Lobes
include the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field
Temporal Lobes include the auditory areas
Link Frontal lobe development at PBS
13:33
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The Cerebral Cortex
Motor Cortex area at the rear of the frontal lobes
that controls voluntary movementsSensory Cortex
area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body sensations
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Association Areasareas of the
cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions
involved in higher mental functions.
6464Figure 4.16 Phineas Gage reconsideredMyers: Exploring Psychology, Seventh Edition In ModulesCopyright © 2008 by Worth Publishers
Phineas Gage
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The Cerebral CortexAphasia
impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding)
Broca’s Area Link
an area of the left frontal lobe that directs the muscle movements involved in speech
Wernicke’s Area Link
an area of the left temporal lobe involved in language comprehension Link 7:44
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MnemonicsI don’t understand Wernicke.
"Broca": your speech machinery is Broken.· Broca is wanting to speak, but articulation doesn't
work, and very slow.
"Wer-nick": "were" and "nick" are both words of English language, but together they are nonsensical.
· Wernick is having good articulation, but saying words that don't make sense together.
---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin
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The brain is sculpted by our genes but also by our experiences.
Plasticity refers to the brain’s
ability to modify itself after some
type of injury or illness.
The Brain’s Plasticity
Story of Jodi 5:44
Hydrocephaly at Learner.org
Link 44:11
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Split Brain
a condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the corpus Callosum.
Sperry and Gazzaniga are key researchers in this area.
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Split Brain Patients
With the corpus callosum severed, objects (apple) presented in the right
visual field can be named. Objects (pencil) in the left visual field cannot.
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Split Brain
“Look at the dot.” Two words separatedby a dot are momentarily projected.
“What worddid you see?”
or
“Point withyour left hand to theword you saw.”
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Split brain links
http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=1573
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMLzP1VCANo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k09bvGv0roo&feature=related
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Our brains are lateralized.
A number of brain scan studies show normal individuals engage
their right brain when completing a spatial, artistic or musical task and their left brain when carrying out a linguistic or
logical task. The Divided Brain on TED 11:48
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Fun with your Hemispheres
Rotate your dominant hand in one direction while at the same time rotating the opposite foot in the other direction. No problem since controlled by two hemispheres
Now, rotate your dominant hand in one direction while at the same time rotating the foot on the same side in the other direction.
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Are you right or left brained…
Fold your hands together…hold it…Supposedly…. If the left thumb
comes on top, you are right brained and artistic, adventurous and accommodative. If the right thumb is on the top, you are analytical, fluent with words and conservative.
9292Unnumbered 2.1 Which one is happier?Myers: Psychology, Eighth EditionCopyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
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Brain Organization & Handedness
Is handedness inherited? Yes. Archival and historic studies, as well as modern medical studies, show that the right hand is preferred.
This suggests genes and/or prenatal factors influence handedness.
Why do we care…it appears that while most humans are right handed, apes are equally divided into right and left handers…
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Is it ok to be Left Handed?
The percentage of left-handed individuals decreases sharply in samples of older
people.
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Scientist suffers a stroke
http://www.ted.com/talks/jill_bolte_taylor_s_powerful_stroke_of_insight.html 18:41