11 MATERIALS AND WASTE - Planning Inspectorate...HIGHWAYS AGENCY – M4 JUNCTIONS 3 TO 12 SMART...
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HIGHWAYS AGENCY – M4 JUNCTIONS 3 TO 12 SMART MOTORWAY
ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT CHAPTER 11 MATERIALS AND WASTE
MARCH 2015
PAGE 11-1
11 MATERIALS AND WASTE
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 This chapter addresses potential impacts resulting from the use of material
resources associated with the works and waste management in the
construction, demolition and excavation (“CD&E”) phases of the Scheme.
It also assesses potential embodied carbon impacts associated with
material resources to be used and the management of waste.
11.1.2 Following appropriate consultation, the Secretary of State confirmed in the
Scoping Opinion dated September 2014 that material resources and waste
can be scoped out for the operation and maintenance phases of the
Scheme as there will be a low level of material resources use and
associated waste. As such, this chapter will not make reference to the
material resources and waste associated with the operation and
maintenance of the Scheme. This chapter makes reference to the material
resources and waste associated with the construction of the Scheme.
11.1.3 This assessment does not make reference to impacts associated with the
offsite manufacture of products. These stages of the products’ or material
resources’ life-cycles are outside the scope of this assessment due to the
range of unknown variables associated with the extraction and
manufacturing processes.
11.1.4 A final forecast the material resources use and waste likely to be
generated during the ‘end-of-life’ decommissioning of the Scheme has not
been provided, as the Scheme is still subject to detailed design and
methods of construction have not been finalised. However, any
decommissioning effects are likely to be similar to, or less than, those
associated with the construction of the Scheme.
11.1.5 The term ‘materials’ was introduced within the Design Manual for Roads
and Bridges (“DMRB”) Volume 11 in August 2009 (Ref 11-1) and
embraces the main material resources required to construct the Scheme
and construction-related wastes.
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11.1.6 In October 2011, the Highways Agency (the “Agency”) issued the Interim
Advice Note (“IAN”) 153/11 (Guidance on the Environmental Assessment
of Materials Resources) (Ref 11-2). It outlines an approach for the
consideration of material resources use and waste as part of statutory and
non-statutory environmental impact assessment ("EIA") process for new
construction, improvement and major maintenance. The terms ‘material
resources’ and ‘waste’ are addressed more fully below:
a) material resources include primary raw materials, such as
aggregates and minerals, and manufactured construction products
which include recycled and secondary aggregates. Many material
resources originate offsite, purchased as construction products, and
some arise onsite such as excavated soils or recycled road
planings; and
b) waste is defined in Article 1(a) of the European Waste Framework
Directive 2008/98/EC (Ref 11-3) as “any substance or object in the
categories set out in Annex I which the holder discards or intends to
discard or is required to discard”. The term ‘holder’ is defined as the
producer of the waste or the person who is in possession of it and
‘producer’ is defined as anyone whose activities produce waste.
Waste can be further classified as hazardous, non-hazardous or
inert.
11.1.7 The way in which material resources are used throughout the EIA process
is known as the Material Resource Flow. A simplified flow diagram
representing the flow of material resources and the management of waste
is shown at Figure 11.1.
Figure 11.1: Project material flow diagram (from IAN 153/11)
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11.1.8 In October 2014, the Agency issued IAN 69/14 (Designing for
Maintenance) (Ref 11-4) which stated that “the design process must
include consideration of how the highway and associated structures are to
be maintained and ultimately demolished in the future”. Whilst not
presenting an assessment process, the IAN does provide guidance on
what should be considered during the design process with regard to
maintenance. However, as mentioned above, future maintenance and
operation has been scoped out of the Environmental Statement (“ES”).
11.1.9 This assessment of materials covers the requirements for construction
related material resources, waste treatment, transportation and final
disposal. This includes impacts on landfill and waste infrastructure sites
(landfill sites and waste management facilities) capacities; as well as the
impact on the environment from the use of material resources and the
generation of wastes, together with measures to mitigate these impacts.
11.1.10 Application of the waste hierarchy (shown in Figure 11.2) provides a
protocol to reduce waste generation at source and reduce the volume of
waste that has to be sent to landfill through reuse and recycling.
Figure 11.2: Waste hierarchy
11.1.11 The waste hierarchy ranks waste management options according to what
is best for the environment. It gives priority to prevention, then preparing it
for reuse, then recycling, then recovery, and last of all disposal (e.g.
landfill).
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11.1.12 Another consideration is the 'proximity principle', which advocates that
waste should be disposed of (or otherwise managed) close to the point at
which it is generated, thus aiming to achieve responsible self-sufficiency at
a regional or sub-regional level.
11.1.13 By adhering to the waste hierarchy and proximity principle wherever
practicable throughout the CD&E, operational and maintenance phases of
the Scheme, the Scheme will minimise the environmental impacts of any
wastes that are produced.
11.1.14 The Scheme will be designed, in line with the requirements of IAN 69/14,
to minimise the need for significant refurbishment or replacement of
gantries.
11.1.15 This chapter details the methodology followed for the assessment, and
summarises the regulatory and policy framework relating to material
resources and waste management. Following this, the baseline, design
and mitigation, and residual effects of the Scheme are discussed for the
whole Scheme. A fly-through approach is not presented for this chapter as
material resources and waste will be dealt with on a Scheme-wide basis.
Cumulative effects are then discussed, followed by limitations of the
assessment. Finally, a summary table is provided.
11.1.16 All drawings referenced within this chapter are presented in Document
Reference 6.2 (ES Figures), and all appendices referenced in this chapter
are presented in Document Reference 6.3 (ES Appendices).
11.2 Methodology
General approach
11.2.1 Detailed assessment has been undertaken, as opposed to a simple
assessment, in accordance with DMRB and IAN 153/11 which states that
"[a detailed assessment] is most likely to be used for complex capital
maintenance, improvement and large new construction projects".
Professional judgement has been used to determine that the Scheme is a
‘large new construction project’ given the projected capital costs of the
works.
11.2.2 The IAN 153/11 guidance requires identification of the environmental
impacts associated with material resources use and waste, an assessment
of waste arisings for the different phases of the Scheme and the measures
which will be implemented to mitigate the impacts.
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11.2.3 Throughout this chapter, ‘material resources’ will be addressed first,
followed by ‘waste’.
11.2.4 Throughout the chapter, ‘demolition’ refers to the structures to be removed
during the construction phase of the Scheme, whereas ‘decommissioning’
refers to the ‘end-of-life’ removal of structures included within the Scheme.
11.2.5 Typical types and quantities of material resources to be used (steel,
concrete and aggregates) and waste arisings from CD&E phases have
been forecast using the preliminary design information and are included in
the assessment.
11.2.6 Quantities of material resources used have been forecast using
preliminary design information and professional judgement. The
assessment of key material resources to be used has been made against
UK-wide material demand/procurement data. This presents a reasonable
worst case scenario for material resources as the Scheme will be applying
a market-wide procurement policy, allowing international markets to be
accessed if necessary.
11.2.7 Waste arisings and the ‘cut’ and ‘fill’ required by the Scheme have been
forecast using preliminary design information, professional judgement and
key performance indicators obtained from a similar scheme (the
Birmingham Box Phase 3 Smart Motorway).
11.2.8 The waste arisings forecasts shown in the assessment are the most likely
values of the potential range, however variance could be between minus
15% and plus 25% of the figures provided. This is due to the potential
unknowns in the pavement makeup and in the central reserve or verges.
The condition of the ground and sub-formation in the central reserves and
verges can be variable and unknowns will remain until they are excavated.
Levels of potential contamination in these areas will remain unknown until
further ground investigations are carried out.
11.2.9 At the current preliminary stage of design, a robust ‘cut’ and ‘fill’ balance is
difficult to predict. Consequently, for the purposes of this assessment, a
reasonable worst case scenario has been adopted whereby all ‘cut’ will be
sent offsite for management. Similarly, it is assumed that all ‘fill’ will be
brought onto site as opposed to site-won materials being reused Although
this assessment must proceed on that basis, the Scheme will aim to
maximise the reuse of site-won materials through the mitigation measures
detailed in the mitigation section of this chapter.
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11.2.10 In order to present all material resources, waste and ‘cut’ and ‘fill’
quantifications in tonnes, conversion factors from the Waste Resources
and Action Programme’s (“WRAP’s”) NetWaste Tool (Ref 11-6) (for
material resources) and the Environment Agency (“EA”) (Ref 11-7) (for
wastes) have been used when necessary.
11.2.11 The identification of potential waste infrastructure sites (that could receive
wastes being produced by the Scheme) has been carried out through the
interrogation of the EA Environmental Permitting Regulations (“EPR”)
database (Ref 11-5) and desk-based research to identify sites that could
reuse inert wastes arising from the Scheme and soil treatment sites that
could manage contaminated soils arising from the Scheme. The
assessment considers the capacity of landfill sites and material treatment
facilities within the study area (see paragraphs 11.2.24 to 11.2.28).
11.2.12 The heavy goods vehicle (“HGV”) movements associated with material
resources and waste arisings has been assessed quantitatively and the
subsequent effects on the vehicular capacity of the existing highways
network have been assessed. HGV movements associated with the
material resources and waste arisings have been based on deliveries and
collections of 8 wheel tippers (20 tonnes or 15m3 based on average
capacity accounting for voids).
11.2.13 Environmental Value (sensitivity) is not covered by the IAN 153/11 and
there is no accepted criteria for value (sensitivity) of resource for material
resources and waste. In the absence of such guidance, the materials
assessment has been undertaken using professional judgement. The
assessment criteria used for assessing environmental value (or sensitivity)
and typical descriptors is included in Appendix 11.1.
11.2.14 The sensitivity for material resources used is based on the availability of
the resource and whether its use in the Scheme could result in significant
depletion. For example, high sensitivity might pertain to a rare material
resource that is not available locally or available locally in very limited
amounts, such that the scarcity of the required material resource could be
significantly depleted. Conversely, a low sensitivity of material resource
may be considered as one that is very common locally or that primarily
comprises reused, recycled or recovered material resources such that its
use would contribute to waste reduction targets and the avoidance of the
use of primary material resources.
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11.2.15 The sensitivity for waste infrastructure sites is based on available local
waste infrastructure capacity and the waste volumes generated by the
Scheme compared with the total waste generation in the study area. For
example, a high sensitivity waste infrastructure site could be considered to
have very limited capacity for the waste type requiring treatment and/or
disposal. Also, high sensitivity could be awarded when the waste volumes
generated by the Scheme could contribute to an excess of 5% of the total
waste generation in the study area. A low sensitivity of waste infrastructure
sites would be where there were large or numerous waste infrastructure
sites within the study area with high capacity to deal with the waste
arisings. Also, a low sensitivity could be awarded when the waste volumes
generated by the Scheme would contribute to less than 1% of the total
generation in the study area.
11.2.16 For this assessment, the estimated types and quantities of material
resources to be used and waste arisings from the Scheme have been
utilised to identify the likely magnitude of impacts against the available
material resources and waste capacity. The level at which the various
waste arisings from the Scheme can be managed in accordance with the
waste hierarchy has also been taken into account. Professional judgement
has been applied to determine the likely significance of effects.
11.2.17 As an additional part of the assessment, the quantification of the embodied
carbon impacts of different materials has also been carried out. This
provides another means to assess the magnitude of impact associated
with the Scheme material resources requirements.
11.2.18 The magnitude of the environmental impact has been assigned through an
assessment of the embodied carbon emissions as a proxy of
environmental effects associated with the material resources used on the
Scheme.
11.2.19 The embodied carbon dioxide emissions of a material resource is the total
carbon dioxide equivalent emissions released prior to it leaving the factory
gate. ‘Carbon’ is used as short hand to refer to the basket of six
greenhouse gases (“GHGs”) recognised by the Kyoto Protocol. GHGs are
converted to carbon dioxide equivalents (“CO2e”) based on their global
warming potential per unit as compared to one unit of carbon dioxide
(“CO2”).This would normally include extraction or harvesting, the
manufacturing process and any pre-distribution transportation (shown in
Figure 11.3). It does not include the CO2 emissions associated with
transport from the factory gate to site, construction activities, maintenance
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or decommissioning. This boundary condition is known as ‘cradle-to-gate’.
Figure 11.3: Diagrammatic representation of the measure of embodied carbon in relation to material life cycle
11.2.20 The scale of magnitude in Table 11.1 has been used to assess the
magnitude of impact associated with the Scheme’s material resources
requirements. Whilst there is no publically available guidance, the scale in
Table 11.1 is based on benchmark data from previous road projects from
the Agency and informed by professional knowledge.
Table 11.1 Scale of magnitude for assessing embodied carbon (“CO2e”) of material resources
Scale of magnitude of impact Total CO2e of material resources (tonnes)
Major > 40,000
Moderate 20,000 – 40,000
Minor 5,000 – 20,000
Negligible 1,000 – 5,000
No change < 1,000
Consultation
11.2.21 Consultation has been carried out with the unitary authorities of Berkshire
(inclusive of Bracknell Forest Council, Reading Borough Council, Royal
Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead Council, Slough Borough Council,
West Berkshire and Wokingham Borough Council), Buckinghamshire
County Council, Oxfordshire County Council and West London Waste
Partnership to determine:
a) the current local plan documents and policies applicable to the
Scheme;
Raw Material Sourcing
Transport Production Site
Factory Gate
Transport to Site
Construction Maintenance Decommissioning
Embodied carbon
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b) targets for new schemes or developments relating to construction,
demolition and excavation waste and materials (e.g. recycled
content, percentage of diversion from landfill, waste recycling and
reuse targets, percentage of use of locally sourced materials, etc.);
c) the latest available figures for total construction, demolition and
excavation waste management and disposal capacities within their
jurisdiction;
d) the projections for expected waste management and disposal
capacities during the proposed construction period that could be
used for the Scheme; and
e) details of waste facilities (including capacities, types of waste being
processed and licence numbers) that could be used for the
Scheme.
11.2.22 Although the Scheme does not extend through Oxfordshire, consultation
with Oxfordshire County Council has been carried out. Information on
Oxfordshire landfill sites and waste management facilities has been
included in the assessment due to the close proximity of the county to the
Scheme.
11.2.23 In the absence of complete and consistent data from Berkshire,
Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire County Councils and the West London
Waste Partnership, the identification of potential waste infrastructure sites
(that could receive wastes being produced by the Scheme) has been
carried out through the interrogation of the EA EPR database and desk
based research.
Study area
11.2.24 In respect of the assessment in relation to material resources, a specific
study area has not been identified due to the whole market approach that
will be used to procure material resources required for the Scheme.
11.2.25 In respect of assessment in relation to waste, the study area comprises
the area within the Order limits between junctions 3 and 12, all
construction compounds and also the local authorities of Berkshire,
Buckinghamshire, and Oxfordshire and the West London region for CD&E
waste and for waste arisings presented by waste stream.
11.2.26 In the absence of hazardous waste arisings data within the study area,
hazardous waste arisings for the South-East have been used to inform the
assessment.
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11.2.27 The waste infrastructure sites (landfills and waste management facilities)
that may potentially accept waste arisings from the CD&E phases of the
Scheme within the described study area have been included in the
assessment. A non-exhaustive list of these landfills and waste
management facilities, including postcodes, is included in Appendix 11.2.
11.2.28 While the waste assessment does not include the promotion and operation
of the waste infrastructure sites in these areas, the sites included in the
Outline Site Waste Management Plan (“SWMP") have been confirmed by
the local authorities to have the capacity and capability to manage the
waste produced by the Scheme, as well as valid licences and consents.
Defining the baseline
11.2.29 Material resources baseline conditions have been established through
desktop research. However, as material resources data are not available
for the study area, the quantitative assessment has been based on
available material resources data for the UK.
11.2.30 Waste baseline conditions have been established through desktop
research, including the interrogation of key databases such as the Waste
Survey of Arisings Use of Alternatives to Primary Aggregates in England
(Ref 11-8), the Waste Management for England 2013 Statistics (Ref 11-9)
and the EA EPR database:
a) the Waste Survey of Arisings Use of Alternatives to Primary
Aggregates in England has been used to present the baseline
CD&E waste baseline for the study area;
b) the Waste management for England 2013 Statistics have been
used to present the baseline total waste (including CD&E waste)
and the total waste split by waste stream; and
c) the EA EPR database has been used to present the total CD&E
waste infrastructure capacity (landfill and waste management
facilities) within the study area.
Design and mitigation
11.2.31 The choice of construction material resources use and possibilities for
waste reduction have been considered during the preliminary design
phase and will be addressed by the detailed design phases of the
Scheme. The waste hierarchy illustrates that implementing waste
minimisation at the preliminary and detailed design phases are the most
effective options for reducing waste generated on a Scheme.
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Opportunities for waste minimisation at detailed design phase
11.2.32 The design of the Scheme will play an important role in reducing the
impact of waste, particularly waste arising during construction phase. The
Scheme preliminary design has taken into consideration the five key
principles of the WRAP ‘Designing out Waste’ process to reduce the
amount of waste arising from the Scheme. These will continue to be
applied to maximise opportunities to design out waste during the detailed
design phase. These principles are:
a) Design for Reuse and Recovery – e.g. use of recycled materials or
materials salvaged from other sites;
b) Design for Offsite Construction – e.g. use of prefabrication to
reduce the number of activities onsite;
c) Design for Material Optimisation – e.g. by minimising excavation, or
standardising materials or components choices;
d) Design for Waste Efficient Procurement – e.g. through early
consultation of contractors on how to reduce waste in the supply
chain, or tighter specification of work procedures such as allowing
use of recycled materials; and
e) Design for Deconstruction and Flexibility – e.g. the construction
should not include any materials or components that will make
future extension or recycling difficult or impossible, such as the use
of unbound post-tensioned steel in reinforced concrete structures
that render it difficult and dangerous to demolish.
11.2.33 The design will continue to apply the five key principles in future design
phases to support the use of materials in a more efficient manner and to
consider how reuse, recycling and recovery of materials can be
incorporated into the design and ultimately reduce waste to landfill.
11.2.34 Some of the key aspects of waste minimisation that will be considered
during future design phases are:
a) helical piles: for structures founded on deep soils instead of
conventional bored piles for gantry structures;
b) grout injection piles: for structures founded close to bedrock or
directly onto structured bedrock instead of conventional bored piles
for the gantry structures;
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c) designing for site conditions: the design will accommodate
strategies (e.g. contaminated land) to manage particular constraints
(e.g. contaminated land) which may impact on waste;
d) design complexity: reduce the complexity of the design to
standardise the construction process and reduce the quantity of
materials required; and
e) specifications: avoid over specification and minimise variation in
materials, components and joints; evaluate the reuse and recycling
opportunities for the specified materials before specification.
11.2.35 An Outline Construction Environmental Management Plan (“CEMP”) has
been submitted in support of the Application and is appended to the
Outline Environmental Management Plan ("EMP") (Appendix 4.2). The
CEMP will be finalised by the appointed Contractor prior to the
commencement of construction of the Scheme.
11.2.36 The CEMP will embrace several subsidiary management plans, which
form part of the suite of mitigation measures of particular relevance to
materials and waste. These are:
a) the updated SWMP which will be used to record how waste will be
reduced, reused, recycled and disposed of by the Scheme. The
Outline SWMP is included as Annex A of the Outline CEMP;
b) the Materials Management Plan (“MMP”) which will help to ensure
that materials are handled and used in a way that prevents harm to
human health and pollution of the environment. The Outline MMP is
included as Annex B of the Outline CEMP;
c) the Logistics Plan which will be developed by the Contractor to
better manage all types of freight vehicle movement to and from the
Scheme. The Outline Logistics Plan is included as Annex C of the
Outline CEMP; and
d) the Asbestos Action Plans (“AAP”) which will be prepared by the
Contractor in line with the process outlined in the Scheme Asbestos
Management Plan (“SAMP”). The SAMP is included as Annex D of
the Outline CEMP.
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Assessing impacts
11.2.37 The significance of effect that the material resources use, waste arisings
from CD&E phases and the mitigation measures (e.g. waste reuse,
recycling and or recovery) will have on the receptors is informed by the
sensitivity of the affected receptor and the magnitude of impact on the
receptor.
11.2.38 The sensitivity of receptor, magnitude of the impact and the significance of
effect are assessed using the criteria provided in Appendix 11.1.
11.3 Regulatory/policy framework
11.3.1 A summary of the principal plans and policies that have been considered
as part of this assessment is provided in Table 11.2. Local plans and
policies which have been considered are presented in Appendix 11.3.
11.3.2 Of particular relevance to the Application is the National Policy Statement
for National Networks ("NN NPS") (Ref 11-10). Section 5.42 of the NN
NPS provides that:
“The applicant should set out the arrangements that are proposed for
managing any waste produced. The arrangements described should
include information on the proposed waste recovery and disposal system
for all waste generated by the development. The applicant should seek to
minimise the volume of waste produced and the volume of waste sent for
disposal unless it can be demonstrated that the alternative is the best
overall environmental outcome.
The Secretary of State should consider the extent to which the applicant
has proposed an effective process that will be followed to ensure effective
management of hazardous and non-hazardous waste arising from the
construction and operation of the proposed development. The Secretary of
State should be satisfied that the process sets out:
a) Any such waste will be properly managed, both onsite and offsite;
b) The waste from the proposed facility can be dealt with appropriately
by the waste infrastructure which is, or is likely to be, available.
Such waste arisings should not have an adverse effect on the
capacity of existing waste management facilities to deal with other
waste arisings in the area; and
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c) Adequate steps have been taken to minimise the volume of waste
arisings, and of the volume of waste arisings sent to disposal,
except where an alternative is the most sustainable outcome
overall.”
11.3.3 The delivery of the mitigation measures set out in the mitigation section of
this chapter will support adherence to the requirements of the NN NPS
through the application of the waste hierarchy. The Scheme will apply the
waste hierarchy in order to move waste management practices as far up
the hierarchy as practicable minimising disposal and maximising reuse
and recycling.
11.3.4 Minimising waste arisings has been, and will continue to be, considered
throughout the design process of the Scheme through consideration of the
WRAP designing out waste principles detailed in paragraph 11.2.32.
11.3.5 Waste (including hazardous waste) will be properly managed through the
further development and implementation of the CEMP, MMP, Logistics
Plan and SWMP as described in the mitigation section of this chapter and
in chapter 10 Geology and Soils. Waste capacity within the study area has
been considered within section 11.4 of this chapter.
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Table 11.2 Materials and waste regulatory and policy framework
Policy/Legislation Summary of Requirements Scheme Response
Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC (Ref 11-11)
The Landfill Directive establishes a framework for the management of waste across the European Community. It defines certain terms, such as 'waste', 'recovery' and 'disposal', to ensure that a uniform approach is taken across the EU. The Directive aims to drive the management of waste up the hierarchy through waste minimisation and increased levels of recycling and recovery, and minimise disposal to landfill. The Directive sets out a number of procedures and criteria for the acceptance of construction, excavation and operational waste at landfills. These include ensuring that the waste will not endanger human health and the environment and satisfies the Waste Acceptance Criteria ("WAC"). It also sets strict requirements for the acceptance of certain stable, non-reactive hazardous waste into non-hazardous waste landfills.
The implementation of the SWMP and CEMP will ensure that the requirements of the Landfill Directive are met by ensuring that consideration is given to the waste hierarchy in all waste related decisions and processes.
The Waste Framework
Directive 2006/12/EC (Ref 11-12)
The Waste Framework Directive defines waste and distinguishes whether a material is a waste or not. Article 10 sets a target for recycling non-hazardous construction and demolition waste at 70% by weight by 2020.
The Directive was transposed into English law through the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (as amended) (Ref 11-13), the Waste (England and Wales) Regulations (Ref 11-14), and the Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2010 (as amended) (Ref 11-15).
The implementation of the SWMP and CEMP will help to ensure that the requirements of the Waste Framework Directive are met, through ensuring that measures are put in place to minimise and manage any wastes that arise as a result of the Scheme.
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Policy/Legislation Summary of Requirements Scheme Response
The Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment
Act 2005 (Ref 11-20)
It is the responsibility of everyone working in the construction industry to ensure that all waste is disposed of properly. All employees need to be made aware that if they are tasked with waste disposal this must be carried out in accordance with the law, or they risk being fined.
The SWMP and onsite waste management practices will comply with the Act. The Scheme will participate in the Considerate Constructors Scheme, aiming to achieve the highest practicable score, monitored against a code of construction practice, designed to encourage best practice beyond statutory requirements.
Environmental Permitting
(England and Wales)
Regulations 2010
The EPR introduced a permitting and compliance regime, which delivers many of the requirements of the Waste Framework Directive, other environmental directives and national policy. The Schedules to the Regulations identify precise requirements for each Directive which must be delivered through the permitting system. The relevant Schedules for this Scheme are Schedule 7: Part A installations and Part A mobile plant of the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive, Schedule 9: Waste Operations: The Waste Framework Directive, and Schedule 10: Landfill: The Landfill Directive.
The Scheme will comply with the requirements of the EPR in the disposal of waste. This will be achieved by the Scheme ensuring all relevant permits and consents are in place and compliance is maintained.
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Policy/Legislation Summary of Requirements Scheme Response
The Hazardous Waste (England
and Wales) Regulations 2005, (Ref 11-17) and
2009 amendment (Ref 11-18)
Under the Hazardous Waste Regulations 2005 it is an offence to produce hazardous waste at premises, or remove that waste from premises, unless those premises are either registered with the Environment Agency or are exempt. Where subcontractors produce hazardous waste, it must be removed under the Hazardous Waste Premises Registration for that site. The Regulations require that a Hazardous Waste Consignment Note is produced for each consignment of hazardous waste removed from site.
The SWMP includes a classification of the estimated waste that will be produced onsite as inert, non-hazardous or hazardous together with details of each waste carrier and each waste management facility intended for use. All hazardous waste will be handled in accordance with the regulations.
Waste (England and Wales)
Regulations 2011, and 2012
amendment (Ref 11-19)
The Waste Regulations transpose the Waste Framework Directive into English law. The Regulations:
a) Require businesses to confirm that they have applied the waste management hierarchy when transferring waste and to include a declaration on their waste transfer note or consignment note;
b) Introduce a new waste hierarchy permit condition and where appropriate a condition relating to mixing of hazardous waste; and
Introduce a two-tier system for waste carrier and broker registration, which includes those who carry their own waste, and introduces a new concept of a waste dealer.
The SWMP and waste management practices onsite will comply with the Regulations. The Scheme will ensure that consideration is given to the waste hierarchy in all waste related decisions and processes. The SWMP will provide a framework which will support the Scheme to track and monitor Duty of Care of Care requirements.
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Policy/Legislation Summary of Requirements Scheme Response
National Policy Statement for
National Networks (“NN NPS”) (Ref 11-10)
The NN NPS states that the Secretary of State should set out the arrangements that are proposed for managing any waste produced. The arrangements described should include information on the proposed waste recovery and disposal system for all waste generated by the development. The applicant should seek to minimise the volume of waste produced and the volume of waste sent for disposal unless it can be demonstrated that the alternative is the best overall environmental outcome.
The Secretary of State should consider the extent to which the applicant has proposed an effective process that will be followed to ensure effective management of hazardous and non-hazardous waste arising from the construction and operation of the proposed development. The Secretary of State should be satisfied that the process sets out:
a) any such waste will be properly managed, both onsite and offsite;
b) the waste from the proposed facility can be dealt with appropriately by the waste infrastructure which is, or is likely to be, available. Such waste arisings should not have an adverse effect on the capacity of existing waste management facilities to deal with other waste arisings in the area; and adequate steps have been taken to minimise the volume of waste arisings, and of the volume of waste arisings sent to disposal, except where an alternative is the most sustainable outcome overall.
The delivery of the mitigation measures set out in the mitigation section of this chapter will support adherence to the requirements of the NN NPS by minimising the volume of waste produced and the volume of waste sent for disposal.
The chapter presents forecast waste likely to arise from the Scheme and assesses the quantity of waste likely to arise from the Scheme against the capacity of the study area’s waste management facilities.
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Policy/Legislation Summary of Requirements Scheme Response
Waste Strategy for
England 2011
(Ref 11-23)
This strategy builds on the Waste Strategy 2000 and 2007. The report contains actions and commitments which set a clear direction towards a zero-waste economy. The WSE 2011 presents the key principles in waste management policy: the waste hierarchy, the diversion of waste away from landfill, producer and consumer responsibility, the proximity principle and the concept of Best Practicable Environmental Option ("BPEO").
The assessment has been carried out against the context of the WSE 2011 and assumes that as a minimum, the targets in this Strategy will be met.
The assessment also applies the waste hierarchy with a focus on resource efficiency.
Planning Policy Statement 10: Planning for
Sustainable Waste Management (CLG
Revised March 2011)
(Ref 11-16)
The publication of Planning Policy Statement 10; Planning for Sustainable Waste Management ("PPS10") established decision making principles to which regional planning bodies and all planning authorities should adhere when preparing planning strategies.
Paragraph 34 suggests that proposed new development should be supported by SWMPs to identify the volume and type of material to be demolished and or excavated, opportunities for the reuse and recovery of materials and to demonstrate how offsite disposal of waste will be minimised and managed.
The SWMP will identify the volume and type of material to be excavated, opportunities for the reuse and recovery of materials and to demonstrate that minimal levels of construction and excavation waste is sent to landfill, except for those types of waste where landfill is the least environmentally damaging option.
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Policy/Legislation Summary of Requirements Scheme Response
Waste
Management Plan
for England
(Ref 11-24)
The Plan is a requirement of Article 28 of the Waste Framework Directive. It comprises a compilation of existing waste management information and policies. In particular, it reflects the conclusions of the Government Review of Waste Policy in 2011. The Plan confirms the UK’s commitment to meet its target under the Waste Framework Directive to recover at least 70% of construction and demolition waste by weight, excluding hazardous waste and inert material falling within Code 17 05 04 in Schedule 1 to the List of Wastes (England) Regulations 2005 (Ref 11-25).
The assessment has been carried out against all current relevant information and policies. As the plan is a compilation of existing information and policies the assessment addresses the requirements of the Waste Management Plan for England.
National Planning
Policy Framework
(“NPPF”) March
2012
(Ref 11-26)
The NPPF sets out the government’s planning policies for England.
The government's intention through publishing the NPPF is to make the planning system less complex and easier to understand. It vastly reduces the number of policy pages about planning.
The NPPF does not contain specific waste policies, as it was intended that national waste planning policy would be published as part of the Waste Management Plan for England. The Waste Management Plan for England has been produced and is introduced above.
No specific waste policies are included within the NPPF. As such the Scheme makes no direct response to the NPPF in terms of waste.
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Policy/Legislation Summary of Requirements Scheme Response
Department for
Communities and
Local Government,
National Policy for
Waste
(Ref 11-27)
This document sets out detailed waste planning policies, specifically providing guidance on the processes to be considered to ensure adequate provision of waste management facilities. All local planning authorities should have regard to its policies when discharging their responsibilities to the extent that they are appropriate to waste management. The document gives guidance to what waste planning authorities should consider when preparing their Local Plans including guidance on
a) Using a proportionate evidence base
b) Identifying need for waste management facilities
c) Identifying suitable sites and areas
d) Determining planning applications
e) Monitoring and reporting.
Through providing annual waste forecasts, the Scheme is supporting the local planning authorities in planning and making adequate provision for wastes likely to arise within their jurisdictions.
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11.4 Scheme-wide considerations
Baseline features and value (sensitivity) of resource
Material resources
11.4.1 ‘Primary aggregate’ “is the term used for aggregate produced from
naturally occurring mineral deposits and used for the first time” (British
Geological Society, 2014).
11.4.2 ‘Secondary aggregates’ as defined by Aggregain (a free Sustainable
Aggregates information service provided by the WRAP Aggregates
Programme) are derived from a very wide range of materials that may be
used as aggregates. Many arisings of secondary materials have a strong
regional character. For example, china clay sand in South West England,
slate waste in North Wales, and metallurgical slag in South Wales,
Yorkshire and Humberside.
11.4.3 ‘Recycled aggregates’, as defined by Aggregain, can be sourced from a
variety of materials arising from construction and demolition (concrete,
bricks, and tiles), highway maintenance (asphalt planings), excavation and
utility operations.
11.4.4 The Mineral Products Association (Ref 11-29) identifies the tonnage of
aggregates (including crushed rock, sand and gravel, land won, marine
and recycled aggregates) and concrete (including cementitious materials,
ready-mixed concrete and concrete products) presented in Table 11.3.
The International Steel Statistics Bureau ("ISSB") (Ref 11-28) identifies the
annual UK demand of steel.
Table 11.3 Key material resources annual demand (UK)
Material Million tonnes (Mt)
Steel 10.7
Concrete 70
Aggregates 200
11.4.5 Elements of the existing motorway infrastructure that could potentially be
retained by the Scheme include existing gantries, signs, lighting columns,
electricity cabinets and other reusable construction materials such as
concrete foundations and road planings. Currently, it is intended that 29
existing gantries will be retained as part of the Scheme.
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11.4.6 Given the high levels of UK supply and demand for the key material
resources required for the Scheme (steel, concrete, aggregates) the
sensitivity of this receptor is judged to be low.
Waste
11.4.7 The total CD&E waste arisings in West London and Berkshire (inclusive of
Reading Borough Council, Wokingham Borough Council, Bracknell Forest
Council, Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead Council and Slough
Borough Council), Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire for 2005 is estimated
to be 8,577,313 tonnes per year (Ref 11-8). Of this total, 46% is recycled
to produce graded and ungraded aggregates and soil (excluding topsoil).
Some 24% of the waste arisings are deposited in licensed landfill sites, of
which 25% are used for engineering and capping and 75% are waste. The
remaining 30% of waste arisings are used on exempt sites (sites whereby
a waste permit is not required, e.g. where wastes are used for land
reclamation or improvement, composting, use of waste in the construction
of educational installations etc.).
11.4.8 Data since 2005 has been reclassified into categories used under the
Pollution Prevention and Control (“PPC”) permitting of landfills and
because of the ban on the co-disposal of waste in landfills in July 2004.
Most recent data from Office for National Statistics (2013) shows that the
total waste arisings (including municipal, commercial and CD&E waste) in
West London, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire is estimated to
be around 3,858,000 tonnes per year (Ref 11-9). Of this total, 54% is non-
hazardous waste with some stable non-reactive hazardous wastes
("SNRHW") being sent to a dedicated cell1 within a suitable landfill. Some
19% of the waste arisings are other non-hazardous waste and the
remaining 27% of waste arisings are inert waste.
11.4.9 Whilst figures for the study area arisings are reasonably robust for all
years, for years prior to 2010, there were some significant methodological
differences compared to later years. Therefore, data from 2005 should not
be compared directly with data from 2013.
1 This is the area in a landfill that has been constructed and approved for disposal of waste. The cells
range in size depending upon total tonnes of waste received each day at the landfill.
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Table 11.4 Annual waste arisings within the study area (data from 2013) (Ref 11-9)
Areas Waste Arisings
Non-hazardous with SNRHW cell
Non-hazardous Hazardous* Inert
Berkshire - 171,462 - 611,073
Buckinghamshire 1,944,099 - - 86,203
Oxfordshire 126,805 562,546 - 248,578
West London - - - 106,848
TOTAL 2,070,904 734,009 - 1,052,702
* Hazardous waste data has not been presented at this level of detail within the waste management 2013 data
from National Statistics.
11.4.10 The capacity of waste infrastructure sites that could potentially receive
CD&E waste arisings from the Scheme has been assessed using data
gained from the EA EPR database (Ref 11-5). Only information from
permitted sites has been included in the assessment. Table 11.5 details
the annual waste infrastructure capacities from sites taking CD&E waste
within the study area.
Table 11.5 Annual CD&E waste capacity within the study area
Areas Waste Capacity
Landfills Waste Facilities Total
Berkshire 527,999 3,780,378 4,308,377
Buckinghamshire 2,200,000 10,720,932 12,920,932
Oxfordshire 749,999 2,941,479 3,691,478
West London 250,000 9,495,118 9,745,118
TOTAL 3,727,998 26,937,907 30,665,905
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11.4.11 A non-exhaustive list of waste infrastructure sites is include in Appendix
11.2. The ability for waste arisings to be deposited at these sites will be
dependent on the conditions imposed on the sites by the relevant licence
or permit. There may be other facilities in the vicinity of the Scheme that
may be used.
11.4.12 The capacity of waste stream specific infrastructure sites (e.g. metal
recycling facilities) that could potentially receive waste arisings from the
Scheme has also been assessed using data gained from the Waste
Management 2013 in London and in South East Data Tables (Ref 11-9).
Table 11.6 details the annual waste infrastructure capacities (landfills and
metal treatment facilities) for waste likely to arise from all activities
(including CD&E, commercial and industrial, etc.) within the study area.
Table 11.6 Annual waste capacity (including CD&E) within the study area
Areas
Waste Capacity (landfill and metal treatment facilities)
Non-hazardous with SNRHW cell
Non-hazardous
Hazardous Inert Metal
Berkshire - 54,195 - 1,418,560 81,000
Buckinghamshire 7,770,280 3,672,394 - 223,200 92,000
Oxfordshire 434,031 2,108,053 - 4,432,193 21,000
West London - - - 651,905 111,000
TOTAL 8,204,311 5,834,642 - 6,725,858 305,000
11.4.13 There is no reported potential capacity to receive hazardous waste and
asbestos arisings from the Scheme at waste infrastructure sites within the
study area. However, a report for the Mayor of London (Ref 11-9)
estimated that the South East and London had a remaining capacity of
685,000 tonnes at the end of 2013 and it has been estimated that in 2013
the South East and London deposited 338,442 tonnes of hazardous waste
(Ref 11-9). The London’s Hazardous Waste Report produced for the
Mayor of London shows that London sent about 82,000 tonnes of
hazardous waste to landfill in 2011 of which 85% was sent to five landfills
across the UK – one in Greenwich, one in Northamptonshire, and three in
South East England. The estimated aggregated annual permitted capacity
in the previous sites is around 537,000 tonnes per year, meaning that
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there are sufficient sites available that could potentially receive the
relatively small amount of hazardous waste anticipated from the Scheme.
11.4.14 The capacities of soil treatment facilities that could potentially receive and
process contaminated soil waste arisings from the Scheme are listed in
Table 11.7. The facilities listed are non-exhaustive and highlight a small
selection of sites.
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Table 11.7 Soil treatment facilities
Facility name and address
Treatment method
Waste accepted Capacity per annum
Treatment capacity at any
time
UK Remediation, Unit 11a, Hill
Barton Business Park, Sidmouth Road, Clyst St.
Mary, Devon, EX5 1DR
Soil washing, bioremediation
Hydrocarbons – Petroleum, Kerosene, Diesel, Mineral Oil etc. Heavy metals (lead, copper, zinc, chromium, cadmium, arsenic). Chlorinated solvents (PCE, DCE, TCE, Vinyl Chlorides), PAHs
45,000m3 7,000t
Biogenie, Patteson Court Landfill,
Cormongers Lane, Nutfield, Surrey
RH1 4ER
Bioremediation 01 ‐ Wastes resulting from exploration, mining, quarrying and physical and chemical treatment of minerals; 05 ‐ Wastes from petroleum refineries, natural gas purification and pyrolytic treatment of coal; 13 ‐ Oil wastes and wastes of liquid fuels (except edible oils, and those in chapters 05, 12 and 19); 16 ‐ Waste not otherwise specified in the list; 17 ‐ Construction and demolition wastes (including excavated soil from contaminated sites); 19 ‐ Wastes from waste management facilities, off‐site waste water treatment plants and the preparation of water intended for human consumption and water for industrial use; 20 ‐ Municipal wastes (household waste and similar commercial, industrial and
79,000t 50,000t
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Facility name and address
Treatment method
Waste accepted Capacity per annum
Treatment capacity at any
time
institutional wastes) including separately collected fractions.
Terramundo, East Northants Resource
Management Facility, Stamford
Road, Kings Cliffe, PE8 6XX.
(Kingscliffe)
Soil washing, bioremediation,
Cement stabilisation
Heavy metals, hydrocarbons 100,000t soil washing,
100,000t soil stabilisation,
20,000t bioremediation,
180,000t storage onsite
No limit
The Treatment Hub, The
Treatment Hub, Building 2,
Westfield Industrial Park, Swansea,
SA5 4SF
E-clay (stabilisation),
bioremediation, oxidation
Hazardous and Non-Hazardous soils. Materials described under EWC Codes 11, 17 (including 17 05 03) and 19. Heavy metals. Hydrocarbons – BTEX and fuel to oil range organics. Chlorinated solvents – VOCs and SVOCs. Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs).
Dependent upon orders
etc.
10,000t
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11.4.15 A non-exhaustive list of sites that could potentially receive non-hazardous
inert waste for restorative purposes from the Scheme is presented in Table
11.8.
Table 11.8 Sites that could potentially receive non-hazardous inert waste
Facility name Waste accepted Operational period Capacity
Kingsmead Quarry, West Berkshire SL3
9PE (CEMEX)
Inert soils and stones
2016 to 2026 (expected, planning application expected
to be granted first half 2015)
5 million tonnes (500,000 per annum)
Datchet, Buckinghamshire
(CEMEX)
Inert soils and stones
2016 to 2028
(Pending decision. Planning permission
anticipated to be approved by the end
of June 2015.))
6 million tonnes
Stonepit II, Dartford (Storefields)
Inert soils and stones
From 2012 3.8 million tonnes (remaining as of February 2015)
11.4.16 Given the high levels of UK waste and soil treatment capacity and non-
hazardous inert waste demand, the sensitivity of this receptor is judged to
be low.
Design and mitigation
Design
11.4.17 This section summarises the anticipated material resource use of the
Scheme and the anticipated waste arisings generated by the Scheme
during the CD&E phases, based on preliminary design information,
professional judgement and key performance indicators obtained from
similar schemes. The residual effects of such use and generation
(incorporating proposed mitigation) are assessed below.
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Material resources
11.4.18 CD&E material resources required for the Scheme will consist of inert
materials, soils and stones, plastics, packaging, insulation material and
metals. Although the reuse of materials will be maximised through the
delivery of the raw materials will still be needed for the construction works.
11.4.19 Aggregates will be required for earthworks, structures, drainage and road
pavement construction. These can be either primary aggregates, such as
sand, natural gravels and rocks; secondary aggregates such as incinerator
bottom ash aggregate and reclaimed railway ballast; or recycled
aggregates, such as recycled concrete and recycled road planings.
11.4.20 The extraction of primary aggregates (e.g. sands and gravels) and lime
from quarries will deplete finite material resources. Secondary (or
recycled) aggregates may not always have the lowest impact on the
environment and material resources will be selected based on a
consideration of all relevant impacts. The choice of whether to use primary
or secondary aggregates (or a combination of both) will be made taking
into consideration a combination of factors including material resources
source, specification, production and transport. These factors will inform
the use of secondary or recycled aggregates over primary aggregates
having regard to the environmental impact.
11.4.21 Using preliminary design information and professional judgement, the
material resources likely to be needed for the construction phase of the
Scheme have been forecast. These forecasts are likely be refined and
subject to change as the Scheme design progresses. For that reason, the
forecasts have been made on a reasonable worst case scenario basis,
informed by professional judgment and experience on similar projects,
such as Birmingham Box Phase 3 Smart Motorway. These totals include
forecasts of material resources associated with all new underbridges and
overbridges, gantries and lighting columns.
11.4.22 In terms of the forecast levels of fill required for the Scheme, the total
imported requirement is forecast to be 1,106,245 tonnes.
11.4.23 The material resources presented in Table 11.9 are the estimated
quantities to be needed for the construction phase of the Scheme.
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Table 11.9 Estimated material resources for the construction phase
Material Resources Estimated quantities (tonnes)
Steel 10,511
Aluminium 93
Concrete 145,823
Inert Fill Materials 1,106,245
Inert Soils (Structural) 13,376
Inert Black 259,461
Plastic 77
Timber 468
11.4.24 The estimated quantities detailed in Table 11.9 do not account for any
other minor construction activities associated with the Scheme such as
cabling.
Highway network
11.4.25 Using preliminary design information, it is currently estimated that some
173,300 HGV movements are estimated to be needed to transport the
material resources needed for the construction phase of the Scheme. This
is equivalent to approximately 94 HGV movements per day.
11.4.26 Due to the high vehicular capacity of the affected highway network and its
capacity to accommodate increases in vehicle movements anticipated to
be required to transport materials to the Scheme, the sensitivity of this
receptor is judged to be low.
Embodied carbon content of material resources
11.4.27 In terms of the forecast level of fill required for the Scheme (1,106,245
tonnes) the total embodied carbon has been calculated using the Agency’s
Carbon Calculation for Major Projects ("CCMP") (Highways Agency,
2013). This provided a figure of approximately 552 tonnes of CO2e.
11.4.28 Table 11.10 provides details for the embodied carbon contained within the
material resources presented in Table 11.9.
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Table 11.10 Embodied carbon content of material resources for the Scheme
Material Resource Total estimated embodied carbon (tonnes of CO2e)
Steel 15,831
Aluminium 851
Concrete 23,014
Inert fill materials 552
Inert Soils (Structural) 321
Inert Black 1,349
Plastic 255
Timber 337
11.4.29 Table 11.11 summarises the material resources use during the CD&E
phases of the Scheme, following the requirements of IAN 153/11.
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Table 11.11 Summary of material resource use
Scheme activity Material resources required for the
Scheme
Estimated quantities of
material resources required (tonnes)
Additional information on material resources
Site remediation/preparation
earthworks
Materials reuse will be maximised. However in the absence of a ‘cut and fill balance’ for the Scheme, for the purposes of assessment, a worst case scenario has been assumed whereby no materials will be reused onsite.
Aggregates, such as sand, natural gravels and rocks are likely to be required for earthworks.
Excavated natural soils and or rocks (and made ground) produced during topsoil stripping and the construction of cuttings and embankments could be reused onsite for landscaping or for other earthworks offsite.
Road planings, which could be incorporated into new pavements on or offsite.
Total fill requirement, including fill associated with the side roads, road widening and central reserve and verge works: 1,106,245
The design approach has been and will be carried out to minimise the amount of the excavated materials exported offsite.
At present, a ‘cut and fill balance’ has not been produced. However, it is anticipated that some of the existing earthworks and inert material arising from excavations including piling operations will be reused onsite, although quantities will have to be exported offsite if contaminated or unsuitable for reuse. The production of a Materials section within the CEMP, a MMP and a Logistics Plan will support the Contractor in identifying and maximising opportunities for the reuse of materials onsite as the Scheme progresses.
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Scheme activity Material resources required for the
Scheme
Estimated quantities of
material resources required (tonnes)
Additional information on material resources
Demolition N/A (significant material resources are not required for demolition)
N/A (significant material resources are not required for demolition)
Construction Primary materials, such as concrete, aggregates (including recycled and secondary aggregates) and drainage materials.
Piling: steel, steel reinforcement and concrete.
Gantries: steel and concrete.
Abutments: steel reinforcement, concrete and timber for shuttering.
Fill to abutments: granular fill, cohesive or granular embankment fill to embankments if required.
Decks: steel beams, steel reinforcement and concrete in slab over the beams, timber shutters for parapet plinth beam, steel or aluminium parapets, deck waterproofing and
Steel: 10,511
Aluminium: 93
Concrete: 145,823
Inert Soils (Structural): 13,376
Inert Black: 259,461
Plastic: 77
Timber: 468
The Agency is minimising the amount of new infrastructure installed. Throughout the design process, “designing out waste” principles have been considered in order to minimise the quantity of material resources required for the Scheme.
Most material resources will be transported by road onto the Scheme’s construction compounds, using the existing highway network. The transport of materials onto site, whether for immediate use from source or from construction compounds, will be reviewed by the appointed Contractor on an ongoing basis to ensure efficiency in delivery and to avoid undue pressure on the road network. This will be supported by the further development and
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Scheme activity Material resources required for the
Scheme
Estimated quantities of
material resources required (tonnes)
Additional information on material resources
bituminous surfacing.
Narrowing central reserve at underbridges and central pier protection at overbridges: concrete and steel.
Bituminous strip widening of carriageway.
implementation of the Logistics Plan.
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Waste
11.4.30 The amount of waste that will arise during the demolition phase of the
Scheme has been forecast using professional knowledge based on
previous experience of schemes, such as the Birmingham Box Phase 3
Smart Motorway, of the likely approach to construction of the
infrastructure. Table 11.12 presents the main waste streams of steel and
inert rubble. Other waste streams associated with the demolition phase will
include, but not be limited to, cabling, plastics and acrylic boards. Any
hazardous wastes identified during the demolition will be dealt with in
accordance with the SAMP and the ‘Approach to waste management
during construction’ section of the Outline MMP.
Table 11.12 Estimated waste arisings from the demolition phase
Waste Type Estimated quantities (Tonnes)
Steel 6,592
Inert - Rubble 35,032
TOTAL 41,624
11.4.31 The waste arisings forecast from the construction and excavation phases,
shown in Table 11.13, include arisings from the central reserve and verge
works, excavations, signs, lighting, communications, resurfacing and office
compounds. These forecasts will be moderated as the Scheme design
progresses.
Table 11.13 Estimated waste arisings from the construction and excavation phases
Waste Type Estimated quantities (Tonnes)
Hazardous Mixed 1,440
Inert – Black* 283,526
Inert – Rubble 57,504
Inert – Soils 353,089
Non-hazardous – Metal 1,488
Non-hazardous – Timber 732
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Waste Type Estimated quantities (Tonnes)
Non-hazardous – Mixed 1,488
TOTAL 699,267
*Bituminous aggregate mixtures that do not contain any hazardous substances
11.4.32 It is anticipated that there will be a total of 740,891 tonnes of CD&E waste,
of which 729,151 tonnes are inert materials (98% of the tonnage). The
total waste arisings will result in approximately 97,900 HGV movements
based on collections by 8 wheel tipper. This would also result in 1.55
kg/CO2 emissions per mile (based on Defra’s Guidelines for Company
Reporting on Greenhouse Gas Emissions). For a haulage distance of 25
miles (each way) this will be equivalent to approximately 33,800,000 kg of
CO2 emissions; a substantial proportion of which would be saved by
reusing the waste onsite.
11.4.33 Table 11.14 presents the estimated waste arisings forecast to be produced
on an annual basis during the duration of the CD&E phases of the Scheme
as well as giving a total figure for the whole Scheme. Given that demolition
will occur as the works progress, CD&E wastes have been grouped and
the annual waste arisings forecast has been based on the annual forecast
expenditure across the construction phase of the Scheme.
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Table 11.14 Estimated CD&E waste arisings from the Scheme (tonnes)
Year
Estimated waste arisings (tonnes/year) Estimated total waste
arisings (tonnes/year)
Hazardous - Mixed
Inert - Black* Inert - Rubble
Inert - Soils Non-Hazardous -
Metal
Non-Hazardous -
Timber
Non-Hazardous -
Mixed
2016 102 19,989 6,524 24,893 570 52 105 52,233
2017 257 50,609 16,518 63,026 1,442 131 266 132,249
2018 397 78,225 25,531 97,417 2,229 202 411 204,412
2019 405 79,728 26,021 99,289 2,272 206 418 208,339
2020 251 49,419 16,129 61,543 1,408 128 259 129,137
2021 28 5,557 1,814 6,921 158 14 29 14,521
Estimated total waste arisings
(tonnes) 1,440 283,526 92,536 353,089 8,080 732 1,488 740,891
*Bituminous aggregate mixtures that do not contain any hazardous substances
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11.4.34 Table 11.15 presents the previous estimated waste arisings forecast to be
produced on an annual basis during the duration of the CD&E phases of
the Scheme aligned with the baseline waste streams presented in Table
11.4 and Table 11.6.
Table 11.15 Estimated CD&E waste arisings from the Scheme (tonnes) aligned with baseline waste streams
Year
Estimated waste arisings (tonnes/year) Estimated total waste
arisings (tonnes/year)
Non-hazardous
Hazardous Inert Non-Hazardous -
Metal
2016 157 102 51,405 570 52,233
2017 396 257 130,153 1,442 132,249
2018 612 397 201,173 2,229 204,412
2019 624 405 205,037 2,272 208,339
2020 387 251 127,091 1,408 129,137
2021 44 28 14,291 158 14,521
Estimated total waste arisings
(tonnes) 2,220 1,440 729,151 8,080 740,891
11.4.35 It is anticipated that some areas of vegetation within the Order limits will be
removed to enable construction access and works to services, together
with the additions or alterations to the highway, including emergency
refuge areas, gantries, signage and lighting. It is anticipated that all
vegetation removed will be mulched and retained onsite.
11.4.36 There is the potential requirement for the removal of controlled waste (for
example, Japanese knotweed has already been identified as present
within the Order limits - refer to chapter 9 Ecology and Nature
Conservation) as such materials are identified during the construction
phase.
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11.4.37 Hazardous wastes may comprise any contaminated soils that cannot be
treated to make them suitable for reuse either onsite or offsite and any
other contaminated material. The potential for land uses to generate
contaminated soils or groundwater is discussed in chapter 10 Geology and
Soils.
11.4.38 There is also the potential requirement for the removal of other hazardous
waste types (for example, asbestos has been identified as present within
the Order limits – refer to the SAMP for the Scheme produced in line with
the requirements of the IAN 63/05 Rev3 and the guidance provided on the
Agency’s Supply Chain Portal) as such materials are identified during the
construction phase.
11.4.39 The SAMP has identified asbestos in the drainage features and other
materials in a number of assets in the existing AAPs. Locations where
asbestos may be present have been identified in the SAMP where AAP
have not been provided.
Highway network
11.4.40 Using preliminary design information, it is currently estimated that some
98,000 HGV movements will be needed to transport the waste arisings
from the CD&E phases of the Scheme. This is equivalent to approximately
54 HGV movements per day.
11.4.41 Due to the high vehicular capacity of the affected highway network and its
capacity to accommodate increases in vehicle movements anticipated to
be required to transport waste from the Scheme, the sensitivity of this
receptor is judged to be low.
11.4.42 The summary of CD&E waste arisings forecast following the requirements
of IAN 153/11 is described in Table 11.16.
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Table 11.16 Summary of CD&E waste arisings from the Scheme
Scheme activity Waste arisings from the Scheme Quantities of waste
arisings (tonnes) Additional information on
waste
Site remediation/preparation
earthworks
Excavated natural soils and or rocks (and made ground) produced during topsoil stripping and the excavation of cuttings. Road planings, especially those containing coal tars. These could be reused onsite for landscaping or for cut and fill balancing. Any surplus earthworks could be utilised on projects offsite.
Road planings, which could be incorporated into new pavements on or offsite.
Wood and vegetation wastes.
Inert – Soils: 353,089
It is a Scheme design objective to achieve a ‘cut and fill balance’ where possible so that the amount of material produced by Scheme works is matched by the amount of material required to build embankments and landscaping and therefore the excavated materials do not become waste.
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Scheme activity Waste arisings from the Scheme Quantities of waste
arisings (tonnes) Additional information on
waste
Demolition Road planings, especially those containing coal tars.
Bituminous macadam (‘tarmac’).
Metals and plastics.
Wood and vegetation wastes.
General and office waste.
Recycled concrete.
Lighting columns.
Gantries.
Steel: 6,592,Inert – Rubble: 35,032
Inert materials arising from the demolition phase will be reused onsite when Scheme logistics allow, this will be reviewed on an ongoing basis.
The Scheme will endeavour to reuse site won materials where possible. For the purposes of assessment, a worst case scenario has been assumed whereby no materials will be reused onsite.
Construction Structures: rubble and steel.
Carriageway materials: asphalt surfacing, asphalt planings and aggregates used in sub-base or drainage.
Wood waste: fencing and semi-mature vegetation.
Metals: railings, signs, gantries, Armco barriers and cables.
Inert – Black (Bituminous aggregate mixtures that do not contain hazardous substances): 283,526
Inert – Rubble: 92,536
The removal and disposal of any small quantities of asbestos will be managed through the SAMP, AAPs and SWMP and in line with legislation. Due to the relatively small amounts of asbestos expected to be present and the implementation of the
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Scheme activity Waste arisings from the Scheme Quantities of waste
arisings (tonnes) Additional information on
waste
Plastics: drainage pipes, packaging and cable covering.
Hazardous materials: contaminated soils, asbestos, oil-based waste, contaminated packaging and road sweepings.
Office/canteen waste: paper, electrical goods, furnishings, packaging, food waste and sewage waste water.
Non-hazardous – Metal: 8,080
Non-hazardous – Timber: 732
Non-hazardous – Mixed (Mixed construction waste, card, paper, plastics, canteen waste): 732 tonnes
Hazardous waste - (Batteries, asbestos, glass, plastics, wood with contamination, soils, stone containing hazardous contaminants): 1,440
mitigation measures detailed in this chapter, in accordance with best practice, significant impacts or effects are unlikely.
Materials will be transported by road, using the existing highway network.
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Mitigation
11.4.43 Measures would be implemented to reduce the impacts of material
resources use and waste arisings from the Scheme.
11.4.44 An Outline CEMP has been prepared prior to the submission of the
Application, and is appended to the Outline EMP (Appendix 4.2). The
Outline CEMP will be developed by the appointed Contractor and
responsibility for the management of material resources use and waste
arisings during the CD&E phases of the Scheme will be secured by the
further development and implementation of the CEMP, which will be
finalised prior to construction The delivery of the mitigation measures
presented in this section will be secured through the CEMP.
11.4.45 Relevant to this chapter and appended to the Outline CEMP, is an
Outline SWMP (Annex A of the Outline CEMP) Outline MMP (Annex B
of the Outline CEMP), and an Outline Logistics Plan (Annex C) which
will be further developed as the Scheme’s design progresses and form
part of the mitigation measures of particular relevance to materials and
waste. The responsibility to secure compliance with the CEMP lies with
the Agency. However, the appointed Contractor will have a
responsibility to finalise and comply with any requirements laid out in
the CEMP and to manage all material resources and waste arisings
appropriately.
11.4.46 One objective of the MMP will be to ensure that material resources and
waste arisings are handled and used in a manner which prevents harm
to human health and pollution of the environment. This objective will be
secured by the further development and implementation of the
‘Approach to waste management during construction’ section of the
Outline MMP. The MMP will be based on an appropriate risk
assessment that underpins the Scheme design and any need for
remediation.
11.4.47 The ‘Approach to waste management during construction’ section of
the Outline MMP details how contaminated soils will be handled,
including end disposal points. The methodology for ensuring waste
arisings are stored, sampled and managed in accordance with agreed
process is outlined. Materials acceptance criteria for reuse, validation
testing and waste classification are taken into consideration and
implemented in accordance with a waste sampling strategy which is
outlined. Stockpile surveys will be undertaken and drawings produced
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on a regular basis. Descriptions of permitted stockpiles will be
included.
11.4.48 The process for the identification, handling and removal of controlled
and hazardous wastes, incorporating suitable risk assessments and
method statements will be developed further by the Contractor before
the commencement of the Scheme following the ‘Approach to waste
management during construction’ section of the Outline MMP.
11.4.49 Due to the dynamic nature of the Scheme construction, opportunities
to reuse excavated materials (within areas of the Scheme which have
a requirement for these excavated materials to be reused as fill) will
have to be addressed on an ongoing basis. This objective will be
secured by the further development and delivery of Section 11.4
‘Management of excavated materials and waste’ of the Outline CEMP
and the ‘Approach to waste management during construction’ and ‘Soil
management plan’ sections of the Outline MMP.
11.4.50 It is anticipated that both reinforced concrete and steel structures will
include a measurable recycled content in their manufacture. The
environmental criteria by which material products will be selected and
Scheme-specific targets for the recycled content of key materials will
be set and committed to prior to commencement of the material
procurement process for the Scheme. This objective will be secured by
the further development and delivery of the ‘Materials resources to be
used’ section of the Outline MMP.
11.4.51 Holistically, the MMP and Logistics Plan will support the management
of all material resources whilst in transport and onsite waste arisings
from point of production, whilst in transport on and offsite, and during
handling at the Scheme's construction compounds.
11.4.52 The Outline Logistics Plan will be further developed by the Contractor
to manage all movements of material resources and waste on and
offsite effectively. Having the Logistics Plan in place will improve the
safety and reliability of deliveries to the Scheme, reduce congestion
and minimise the environmental impact.
11.4.53 The Outline SWMP will be a live document that will evolve into a
SWMP following the grant of development consent to enable the
Agency and its Contractor to plan, implement, monitor and review
waste minimisation and management on construction sites for the
Scheme. This will be updated where necessary during the construction
of the Scheme. The process of the development and implementation of
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a Review Schedule which will secure these updates is included in the
‘Approach to waste management during construction’ and ‘Site
records’ sections of the Outline MMP. Preparing an Outline SWMP at
the preliminary design stage has facilitated the identification and
implementation of waste minimisation at the design stage and reuse
and recycling opportunities during onsite operations. This has reduced
the potential quantities of construction waste sent to landfill. Preparing
the Outline SWMP has also encouraged the review of current waste
reduction and recovery practice levels, highlighting areas where good
and best practice can be achieved.
11.4.54 The objective of the SWMP is to ensure appropriate treating, handling
and disposal of waste arising from the Scheme. The Outline SWMP
has been developed in line with the current best practice guidance
provided on WRAP’s website (Ref 11-30). The further development
and implementation of the objectives of the Outline SWMP will be
secured through the delivery of section 12 ‘Materials’ of the Outline
CEMP.
11.4.55 The SWMP will identify:
a) the volume and tonnes of excavated materials and other waste
streams and volume and tonnes (for example wood, brick,
concrete, soils, and plastics) likely to be produced during
construction and demolition, to establish the potential for reuse
(on or offsite) and recycling;
b) opportunities for waste minimisation and management;
c) possible options for designing out waste;
d) the most significant opportunities to increase reuse and
recycling rates (termed “Waste Recovery Quick Wins”) and the
realistic recovery rates for each waste type;
e) waste to landfill targets to work towards the aim of recovering at
least 70% by weight of non-hazardous construction and
demolition waste in order to reflect the Agency’s aspirations
and current government policy in addition to the other strategic
targets identified in Table 11.2;
f) suitable waste management contractors and record appropriate
licences, permits, waste transfer notes and hazardous waste
consignment notes;
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g) appropriate site practices such as how waste materials will be
segregated and the measures that will be used for raising
awareness among site operatives for waste reduction, reuse
and recycling; and
h) the method for measuring and auditing CD&E waste to enable
more effective waste management through the setting of
performance targets for segregation, recycling, and monitoring
sub-contractors.
11.4.56 The waste minimisation practices that can be adopted for the identified
key waste categories in the Scheme include:
a) excavation and demolition waste and aggregates (concrete,
soils and inert materials): non contaminated spoil may be
crushed onsite for aggregate and reused for back-fill and
landscaping; and
b) the reduction of packaging material through the procurement
process, take back schemes, and the separation of packaging
material for reuse.
11.4.57 Any excavation and demolition waste used for the Scheme would need
to be proven ‘suitable for use’ by adoption of acceptance criteria and
would be used under either the Environmental Permitting (England and
Wales) Regulations 2010 (as amended) or The Definition of Waste:
Development Industry Code of Practice (Contaminated Land;
Applications in Real Environments (“CL:AIRE”), March 2011). This
objective will be secured by the further development and delivery of
the ‘Approach to waste management during construction’ and ‘Soil
management plan’ sections of the Outline MMP.
11.4.58 Any topsoil or subsoil will be stripped, appropriately stored onsite and
reused on the Scheme. Other soils generated through the site
preparation activities will be used for landscaping. This objective will
be secured by the further development and delivery of the ‘Approach
to waste management during construction’ and ‘Soil management plan’
sections of the Outline MMP.
11.4.59 Proposed construction compound sites are shown on Drawing 1.1.
Further details on the mitigation and management practices with
regards to soil management are described in the Outline MMP and
construction compounds are described in chapter 4 Scheme
Description.
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11.4.60 Any contamination identified may require soils to be treated onsite or
taken offsite for treatment and/or disposal. Any asphalt waste
containing coal tar waste identified when removing old road and hard
standing sections will be taken offsite for disposal at a suitable facility.
Non-exhaustive lists of facilities have been presented in Appendix
11.1.
11.4.61 Asbestos identified within the Scheme has been discussed above.
Locations where it may be present have been identified in the SAMP
where AAP have not been provided. The SAMP recommends that
appropriate Refurbishment or Demolition verification surveys are
undertaken on assets to be affected by the Scheme, prior to the
commencement of works thereon.
11.4.62 In line with the measures detailed within the AAP, before any work is
carried out on any asset where asbestos has been, or is, identified, the
project manager for the work will follow the flow chart in IAN 63/05.
This will ensure materials will be considered in advance of design work
and incorporated in Design Risk Assessments and Health and Safety
Plans prior to ordering or commencing any maintenance or
construction works.
11.4.63 In accordance with the requirements of the NN NPS, all material
resources used and waste arisings from the Scheme would be
managed onsite and offsite in accordance the Outline CEMP and its
Appendices (Outline MMP, Outline Logistics Plan and Outline SWMP).
The CEMP requires the contractors to:
a) maximise opportunities for the potential reusing and recycling of
all material resources and waste;
b) sort and segregate waste in different waste streams;
c) manage material use to maximise the environmental and
Scheme benefits from the use of surplus materials; and
d) prepare and implement a SWMP, MMP and Logistics Plan.
11.4.64 Waste prevention and reuse activities are consistent with the waste
and sustainable resource use policies identified in Table 11.2. The NN
NPS requires the Scheme to minimise the volume of waste produced
and to implement sustainable waste management through the
application of the waste hierarchy. The Scheme would apply the waste
hierarchy in order to move waste management practices as far up the
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hierarchy as practicable, minimising disposal and maximising reuse
and recycling.
11.4.65 Minimising waste arisings has been considered throughout the design
process of the Scheme. This will be achieved through the
consideration of the WRAP designing out waste principles detailed in
paragraph 11.2.32. Waste minimisation measures incorporated in the
Scheme’s design will be recorded in the SWMP which will be updated
and communicated accordingly as the Scheme progresses.
11.4.66 Table 11.17 provides a description of mitigation measures and how
these measures will be implemented, measured and monitored during
the CD&E phases. This table has been produced in adherence to the
requirements of IAN 153/11.
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Table 11.17 Mitigation measures report matrix
Project activity
Potential impacts associated with material resource
use/waste management
Description of mitigation measures
How the measures will be implemented, measured and
monitored
Site remediation/p
reparation
Temporary:
Transportation of CD&E material resources and waste.
Utilisation of waste management facilities.
Permanent:
Depletion of finite natural resources e.g. aggregate for construction.
Decreased landfill capacity.
Maximise reuse of excavated materials through various solutions including demonstrating suitability for use ether onsite or offsite, sending contaminated soils to suitable treatment sites to facilitate reuse and storage of topsoil onsite for reuse.
Appropriate utilisation of waste management facilities to achieve recycling, reuse or recovery of all inert and non-hazardous waste on or offsite.
Production and adherence to a SWMP that incorporates good and best practice.
The production of a MMP and Logistics Plan supports the maximisation of reuse of excavated materials into the construction phase of the Scheme.
Implemented throughout the design process and appropriate use of procurement documentation to ensure waste minimisation and management designs and initiatives are used.
Measured and monitored through implementation of the CEMP and associated MMP, Logistics Plan and SWMP.
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Project activity
Potential impacts associated with material resource
use/waste management
Description of mitigation measures
How the measures will be implemented, measured and
monitored
Demolition Temporary:
Transportation of CD&E material resources and waste.
Utilisation of waste management facilities.
Permanent:
Depletion of finite natural resources e.g. aggregate for construction.
Decreased landfill capacity.
Production and adherence to a SWMP based on good practice
Wherever possible materials will be recycled or reused onsite.
Implemented throughout the design process and appropriate use of procurement documentation to ensure management, designs, and initiatives are used to deliver waste minimisation.
Measured and monitored through implementation of the CEMP and associated MMP, Logistics Plan and SWMP.
Site Construction
Temporary:
Transportation of CD&E materials and waste.
Utilisation of waste infrastructure sites.
Permanent:
Depletion of finite natural resources e.g. aggregate for construction.
Where practicable, specification and procurement of material resources will utilise those that are: locally sourced; use local skilled labour to install; are low in carbon, environmental and user health impact; durable; include recycled materials; and are responsibly sourced.
Adoption of a Logistics Plan to ensure that consideration is given to material requirements throughout the construction phase and that
Implemented throughout the design process and appropriate use of procurement documentation to ensure management, designs, and initiatives are used to deliver waste minimisation.
Measured and monitored through implementation of the CEMP and associated MMP, Logistics Plan and SWMP.
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Project activity
Potential impacts associated with material resource
use/waste management
Description of mitigation measures
How the measures will be implemented, measured and
monitored
Decreased landfill capacity. vehicle movements are kept to a practicable minimum.
Adoption of ‘Just in time delivery’ as part of the Logistics Plan to alleviate space constraints for storage, site congestion and provision of safe, secure and protected material storage areas.
Adoption of the waste hierarchy.
Careful quality control during the construction phase.
Cover excavated material to ensure run off of any contaminated water does not occur.
Where practicable, employ technical solutions such as the use of precast concrete rather than cast in-situ and assemble structures onsite and move into place.
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Assessment of residual effects
Material resources
11.4.67 The depletion of finite material resources could occur through extraction of
primary aggregates (e.g. sands and gravels). Structures, drainage and
signage products will be procured with consideration of the environmental
impacts associated with their manufacture, as well as other considerations
such as structural design, carbon footprint, energy consumption, long-life
performance, visual impacts, durability and cost. It is anticipated that both
reinforced concrete and steel structures will include a measurable recycled
content in their manufacture. Maximum reuse of site-won materials will be
secured through the further development and implementation of the MMP
and Logistics Plan. Quantitative assessment of key material resources to
be used by the Scheme (aggregates, concrete and steel) during the
excavation and construction phases has been made against UK wide
material production data, presented in Table 11.18. Given the high levels
of UK supply and demand, the sensitivity of this receptor is judged to be
low.
Table 11.18 Key material UK demand vs Scheme demand
Material Type
UK demand (annual -
2013) (Tonnes)
UK demand (duration of Scheme, based on
2013 figures) (Tonnes)
Scheme demand (total) (Tonnes)
Aggregates or inert materials
200,000,000 1,200,000,000 1,379,081
Concrete 70,000,000 420,000,000 145,823
Steel 11,900,000 71,400,000 10,511
11.4.68 The Scheme will, where possible, maximise the reuse of site-won
materials and procure materials with a high recycled content percentage.
As such, the impact on material resources resulting from the Scheme is
assessed to be negligible adverse.
11.4.69 Using preliminary design information, 173,300 HGV movements are
estimated to be needed for the material resources during the construction
phase of the Scheme. This is equivalent to 96 HGV movements per day.
Due to the high vehicular capacity of the highway network within the study
area and its capacity to accommodate increases in vehicle movements
anticipated to be required to transport materials to the site, the sensitivity
of this receptor is judged to be low.
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11.4.70 There is likely to be a very minor negative impact on the available vehicle
carrying capacity of the highways network as a result of increased vehicle
movements carrying material resources to the Scheme. As such, the
magnitude of impact on the highways network is assessed to be
negligible adverse.
11.4.71 As an additional part of the assessment, the magnitude of impact of the
embodied carbon contained within the main material resources to be used
on the Scheme is assessed to be major adverse. However, through the
maximising of the amount of material resources and waste to be reused
onsite the overall demand for materials from offsite sources could be
reduced to moderate adverse.
11.4.72 Taking into consideration the sensitivity of receptors and magnitude of
impacts described above, the significance of effect on both the highways
network resulting from materials being transported to the Scheme and
material resources is assessed to be slight adverse.
Waste
Excavation phase
11.4.73 The alignment, location, level and grading of the Scheme is designed to
minimise excavation volumes. The Scheme design also enables flexibility
in the approach to landscaping, so that it can accommodate changes in
spoil volumes that may arise if site conditions differ from the initial
assessments during the preliminary design phase.
11.4.74 Both these approaches should minimise excavation volumes and enable
excavation waste (except where contaminated) to be reused onsite where
conditions and Scheme requirements allow. It is anticipated that the cut
and fill balance of the Scheme will enable opportunities for the reuse of
site-won materials.
11.4.75 If the logistics of the Scheme determine that clean excavations will have to
be transported offsite for reuse then a very high recycling rate can be
expected (>95%).
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11.4.76 As the Scheme is at preliminary design stage and further ground
investigations are to be carried out, the final estimate of the volume of any
contaminated spoil that may arise from the Scheme has not been
quantified. Soil contaminants likely to be present within the Scheme are
presented in chapter 10 Geology and Soils. However, even if a reasonable
worst case scenario is assumed whereby all excavated soils contain
contaminants, there are sufficient available soil treatment facilities that
have capacity to treat all contaminated soils arising from the Scheme prior
to reuse either on the Scheme or on a receptor site. Examples of these
facilities are presented in Table 11.7. Following treatment, it can be
reasonably assumed that a high percentage (>90%) of these soils will be
suitable for reuse. An assessment of contaminated soils arisings from the
scheme is presented in chapter 10 Geology and Soils.
11.4.77 As detailed in chapter 10 Geology and Soils, the Scheme is adjoined to
some historic landfill sites but there is no predicted requirement for
excavation works in or around them.
Demolition phase
11.4.78 As described in the mitigation section of this chapter, recycling and/or
reusing inert and non-hazardous waste onsite, and adhering to the
requirements of the CEMP, MMP, Logistics Plan and SWMP will ensure
that the impacts of demolition waste are minimised. It is anticipated that a
high percentage of waste arisings will be either recycled or reused (waste
recycling and reuse targets are to be set prior to the Scheme breaking
ground).
11.4.79 Therefore, despite the volumes of demolition waste likely to arise from the
Scheme, the current void space available to receive waste arisings from
the study area will not decrease significantly as a result of the demolition
phase of the Scheme.
Construction phase
11.4.80 The mitigation section of this chapter describes how the impacts of waste
arisings are minimised in relation to recycling and/or reusing inert and non-
hazardous waste onsite. The mitigation is secured by the requirements of
the CEMP, MMP, Logistics Plan, and SWMP.
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11.4.81 There is a potential requirement for the removal of hazardous and
controlled waste arising from the Scheme should any be identified during
the CD&E phases, but the volumes of any hazardous or controlled waste
arising are anticipated to be negligible. This will be reviewed as necessary
as the design of the Scheme is finalised.
11.4.82 Over 96% of the waste arisings forecast are inert materials, of which a
high percentage (>90%) is likely to be reused either on or offsite.
11.4.83 Table 11.19 shows estimated annual and total CD&E waste arisings
forecast as a percentage of annual CD&E waste arising during the
construction of the Scheme and total waste capacity (landfill and waste
management facilities that could take CD&E waste) within the study area.
The table presents a reasonable worst case scenario and demonstrates
that there is sufficient waste capacity to manage all estimated CD&E
waste arisings from the Scheme.
Table 11.19 Estimated total CD&E waste arisings vs CD&E waste capacity and CD&E baseline arisings
Year
Estimated total waste arisings
from the Scheme (tonnes)
Waste capacity (landfill and
management) (tonnes)
Baseline waste arisings within the
study area (tonnes)
Estimated waste arising from the
Scheme as a % of total waste
arisings in study area
2016 52,233 30,665,905 8,577,313 0.61%
2017 132,249 30,665,905 8,577,313 1.54%
2018 204,412 30,665,905 8,577,313 2.38%
2019 208,339 30,665,905 8,577,313 2.43%
2020 129,137 30,665,905 8,577,313 1.51%
2021 14,521 30,665,905 8,577,313 0.17%
Total 740,891 183,995,430 51,463,878 1.44%
11.4.84 Table 11.20 shows annual and total waste arisings forecast as a
percentage of annual waste arising during the construction of the Scheme
and total waste capacity (landfill and waste management facilities) within
the study area. The table demonstrates that there is sufficient waste
capacity to manage all waste arisings from the Scheme.
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Table 11.20 Total waste arisings vs waste capacity and baseline arisings by waste stream
Year Tonnes
Waste arisings (tonnes/year)
Total Waste
(tonnes/year) Non-
hazardous
Hazardous Inert Non-
Hazardous -
Metal
2016 Total waste arisings from the Scheme 157 102 51,405 570 52,233
Waste capacity (landfill and management) 14,038,953 537,000* 6,725,858 305,000 21,069,811
Baseline waste arisings within the study area 2,804,913 338,442 1,052,702 4,196,057
Wastes arising from the Scheme as a % of total waste arisings in study area
0.01% 0.03% 4.88% - 1.24%
2017 Total waste arisings from the Scheme 396 257 130,153 1,442 132,249
Waste capacity (landfill and management) 14,038,953 537,000* 6,725,858 305,000 21,069,811
Baseline waste arisings within the study area 2,804,913 338,442 1,052,702 4,196,057
Wastes arising from the Scheme as a % of total waste arisings in study area
0.01% 0.08% 12.36% - 3.15%
2018 Total waste arisings from the Scheme 612 397 201,173 2,229 204,412
Waste capacity (landfill and management) 14,038,953 537,000* 6,725,858 305,000 21,069,811
Baseline waste arisings within the study area 2,804,913 338,442 1,052,702 4,196,057
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Year Tonnes
Waste arisings (tonnes/year)
Total Waste
(tonnes/year) Non-
hazardous
Hazardous Inert Non-
Hazardous -
Metal
Wastes arising from the Scheme as a % of total waste arisings in study area
0.02% 0.12% 19.11% - 4.87%
2019 Total waste arisings from the Scheme 624 405 205,037 2,272 208,339
Waste capacity (landfill and management) 14,038,953 537,000* 6,725,858 305,000 21,069,811
Baseline waste arisings within the study area 2,804,913 338,442 1,052,702 4,196,057
Wastes arising from the Scheme as a % of total waste arisings in study area
0.02% 0.12% 19.48% - 4.97%
2020 Total waste arisings from the Scheme 387 251 127,091 1,408 129,137
Waste capacity (landfill and management) 14,038,953 537,000* 6,725,858 305,000 21,069,811
Baseline waste arisings within the study area 2,804,913 338,442 1,052,702 4,196,057
Wastes arising from the Scheme as a % of total waste arisings in study area
0.01% 0.07% 12.07% - 3.08%
2021 Total waste arisings from the Scheme 44 28 14,291 158 14,521
Waste capacity (landfill and management) 14,038,953 537,000* 6,725,858 305,000 21,069,811
Baseline waste arisings within the study area 2,804,913 338,442 1,052,702 4,196,057
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PAGE 11-59
Year Tonnes
Waste arisings (tonnes/year)
Total Waste
(tonnes/year) Non-
hazardous
Hazardous Inert Non-
Hazardous -
Metal
Wastes arising from the Scheme as a % of total waste arisings in study area
0.00% 0.01% 1.36% - 0.35%
*Estimated hazardous waste capacity from five landfills across the UK – one in London, one in Northamptonshire, and three in South East England
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11.4.85 Using preliminary design information, approximately 97,900 HGV
movements are estimated to be needed for the waste during the CD&E
phases of the Scheme. This is equivalent to 54 HGV movements per day.
11.4.86 Due to the high vehicular capacity of the highway network in the study
area and their capacity to accommodate increases in vehicle movements
anticipated to be required to move waste arisings offsite, the sensitivity of
this receptor is considered to be low.
11.4.87 Assessment of the sensitivity of the waste infrastructure required to
manage the wastes likely to arise from the Scheme is dependent on the
percentage of the estimated total waste generation in the study area
forecast to be produced from the Scheme (see Appendix 11.1). As a result
of the varying levels of waste forecast to be produced on an annual basis
from the Scheme, the assessment of the sensitivity of the waste
infrastructure to accept waste from the Scheme also varies. This variation
is demonstrated in Table 11.21.
Table 11.21 Annual sensitivity of waste infrastructure sites (CD&E waste arisings within the study area)
Year Wastes arising from the Scheme as a percentage of total CD&E waste
arisings in study area (%)
Assessment of sensitivity of waste infrastructure
2016 0.61% Low
2017 1.54% Medium
2018 2.38% Medium
2019 2.43% Medium
2020 1.51% Medium
2021 0.17% Low
Total 1.44% Medium
11.4.88 Despite this variation, on a Scheme-wide basis, the sensitivity of the waste
infrastructure receptors likely to be affected by the estimated waste
arisings from the Scheme is considered to be medium.
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11.4.89 Assessment of the sensitivity of the waste infrastructure required to
manage the waste streams likely to arise from the Scheme is also
dependent on the percentage of the total waste arisings in the study area.
As baseline data for non-hazardous metals is not available, this waste
stream has been grouped with the non-hazardous waste in order to
assess the annual sensitivity of waste infrastructure presented in Table
11.22.
Table 11.22 Annual sensitivity of waste infrastructure sites (total waste arisings within the study area)
Year
Waste arisings from the Scheme as a percentage of total waste
arisings in study area (%)
Assessment of sensitivity of waste infrastructure
Non-hazardous
Hazardous* Inert Non-
hazardous Hazardous* Inert
2016 0.01% 0.03% 4.88% Low Low Medium
2017 0.01% 0.08% 12.36% Low Low High
2018 0.02% 0.12% 19.11% Low Low High
2019 0.02% 0.12% 19.48% Low Low High
2020 0.01% 0.07% 12.07% Low Low High
2021 0.00% 0.01% 1.36% Low Low Medium
Total 0.06% 0.07% 11.54% Low Low High
*Baseline data from South East England and London
11.4.90 Analysing total waste data by waste stream (National Statistics, 2013), the
sensitivity of the waste infrastructure receptors likely to be affected by the
inert waste arisings from the Scheme is considered to be high.
11.4.91 Analysing total waste data by waste stream (National Statistics, 2013), the
sensitivity of the waste infrastructure receptors likely to be affected by the
non-hazardous and hazardous waste arisings from the Scheme are
considered to be low.
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11.4.92 There is likely to be a very minor detriment to the highway network as a
result of increased vehicle movements carrying waste from the Scheme.
The waste infrastructure within the study area has the capacity to manage
all waste arising from the Scheme so the need for vehicle movements
outside of the study area will be minimised. As such, the magnitude of
impact on the highways network is assessed to be negligible adverse.
11.4.93 It is likely that small volumes of waste arising from the Scheme will be sent
to landfill, leading to a minor loss of the void space within the landfill sites
within the study area. Despite this, there is likely to be a very high reuse of
site won materials and the waste management facilities within the study
area have suitable capacity to manage wastes arising from the Scheme.
Therefore the magnitude of impact on the associated waste infrastructure
is assessed to be negligible adverse.
11.4.94 Taking into consideration the sensitivity of receptors and magnitude of
impacts described above, the significance of effect on both the highway
network and waste infrastructure resulting from wastes arising from the
Scheme is assessed to be slight adverse.
11.5 Cumulative effects
11.5.1 The cumulative developments included in the assessment of cumulative
developments are outlined in Appendix 16.1.
Material resources
11.5.2 It is assumed that the material resources to be used for other
developments will be sourced using a market-wide approach, in line with
that adopted for the Scheme. As such, the sensitivity of the material
resource receptors likely to be affected by the materials resource
requirements of the Scheme in combination with the other developments
identified is considered to be low.
11.5.3 It has been assumed that the other developments identified will adhere to
industry good practice; where possible, maximising the reuse of site-won
materials and procure materials with a recycled content percentage. As
such, the magnitude of impact on material resources resulting from the
Scheme in combination with the other developments identified is assessed
to be negligible adverse.
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11.5.4 Taking into consideration the sensitivity of receptors and magnitude of
impacts described above, the significance of the cumulative effect on
material resources to be used by the Scheme in combination with the
other developments identified is assessed to be slight adverse.
Waste
11.5.5 Estimates of the waste arisings from the developments planned within 1km
of the Scheme have been calculated by applying BRE SmartWaste
benchmarks (Ref 11-31) for specific development types to the
developments gross internal or gross external floor areas.
11.5.6 The gross internal floor areas of the developments have been sourced
from publicly available online data and relevant planning portals. However,
the necessary data for all developments to calculate or estimate the
internal floor area of the development proposed elements was available.
Therefore, a number of assumptions/calculations have been made. These
include:
a) residential developments have an average of two bedrooms per
dwelling. The average two bedroom dwelling size has been based
on CABE research (Ref 11-32);
b) the average number of 25 houses per hectare of residential
development has been based on CABE research (Ref 11-33);
c) average floor areas of educational facilities have been based on
Department for Education data (Ref 11-34);
d) average floor areas of the specific BRE building types, present within
the cumulative developments, were used to calculate floor areas in
the absence of development specific data; and
e) demolition and infrastructure associated with the developments was
omitted in the absence of any data.
11.5.7 The quantitative assessment of the cumulative effects of the Scheme and
developments planned within 1km of the Scheme on waste are presented
in Table 11.23. These developments are presented in Drawing 16.1.
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Table 11.23 Total waste arisings from development within 1km of the Scheme
Development Number/Type
Development area
Non- hazardous
Non- hazardous
- Metal
Non- hazardous
(total)
Hazardous Inert TOTAL
(m2) (Tonnes)
1 Residential 15,656 8,108 21 8,129 13 1,191 9,333
Leisure 31,349 18,578 60 18,637 6 958 19,601
2 Industrial 33,910 26,968 100 27,069 74 3,363 30,506
3 Commercial Other 39,664 21,629 181 21,810 0 132 21,943
4 Leisure 31,349 18,578 60 18,637 6 958 19,601
5 Commercial Other 3,373 1,839 15 1,855 0 11 1,866
6 Commercial Retail 4,800 4,984 34 5,018 24 372 5,414
7 Industrial 22,540 17,926 67 17,992 49 2,235 20,277
8 Mixed Use 175,578 237,755 318 238,073 135 55,135 293,343
9 Industrial 33,699 26,800 99 26,900 74 3,342 30,316
10 Industrial 104,513 83,119 308 83,427 229 10,365 94,022
11 Infrastructure No information available
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Development Number/Type
Development area
Non- hazardous
Non- hazardous
- Metal
Non- hazardous
(total)
Hazardous Inert TOTAL
(m2) (Tonnes)
12 Industrial 33,699 26,800 99 26,900 74 3,342 30,316
13 Industrial 33,699 26,800 99 26,900 74 3,342 30,316
14 Commercial Retail 21,102 21,909 150 22,059 105 1,635 23,799
15 Mixed Use 156,320 211,677 283 211,960 120 49,087 261,168
16 Residential 1,434 743 2 745 1 109 855
17 Residential 4,866 2,520 7 2,527 4 370 2,901
18 Residential 7,870 4,076 11 4,086 6 599 4,692
19 Mixed Use 194,836 263,833 352 264,185 150 61,182 325,518
20 Residential 3,606 1,867 5 1,872 3 274 2,149
21 Infrastructure No information available
22 Mixed Use 175,578 237,755 318 238,073 135 55,135 293,343
23 Mixed Use 10,980 14,868 20 14,888 8 3,448 18,345
24 Residential 39,858 20,641 53 20,694 33 3,033 23,760
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Development Number/Type
Development area
Non- hazardous
Non- hazardous
- Metal
Non- hazardous
(total)
Hazardous Inert TOTAL
(m2) (Tonnes)
25 Residential 72,666 37,631 97 37,728 60 5,529 43,317
26 Residential 11,598 6,006 16 6,022 10 882 6,914
27 Residential 82,845 42,903 111 43,013 68 6,303 49,385
Education 400 348 1 350 0 34 384
28 Residential 117,408 60,802 157 60,959 97 8,933 69,989
Commercial Retail 2,500 2,596 18 2,613 12 194 2,820
Community building/primary school/sports pavilion
No information available
29 Commercial Other 14,407 7,856 66 7,922 0 48 7,970
30 Commercial Retail 9,100 9,448 65 9,513 45 705 10,263
31 Residential 58,236 30,158 78 30,236 48 4,431 34,715
Commercial Offices 185 114 0 114 0 15 129
Healthcare 185 216 1 216 0 18 234
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Development Number/Type
Development area
Non- hazardous
Non- hazardous
- Metal
Non- hazardous
(total)
Hazardous Inert TOTAL
(m2) (Tonnes)
Commercial Other 185 101 1 102 0 1 102
Industrial 220 175 1 176 0 22 198
32 Commercial Offices 6,966 4,279 18 4,297 1 555 4,853
33 Commercial Offices 13,880 8,526 36 8,561 3 1,105 9,669
34 Industrial 7,310 5,814 22 5,835 16 725 6,576
Commercial Retail 7,998 8,304 57 8,361 40 620 9,020
35 Industrial 33,699 26,800 99 26,900 74 3,342 30,316
36 Infrastructure No information available
TOTAL 1,620,066 1,551,849 3,504 1,555,353 1,803 293,081 1,831,237
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11.5.8 The Scheme and the other developments identified are forecast to
produce a total of 2,591,128 tonnes of waste, amounting to 10% of the
total waste arisings in the study area. This tonnage of waste (of just under
431,855 tonnes per annum if waste production is split evenly across each
construction year of the Scheme) can be managed by the waste capacity
within the study area as demonstrated by Table 11.24.
Table 11.24 Total cumulative waste arisings
Waste stream (tonnes) Non-hazardous Hazardous Inert
Total waste arisings from the Scheme
10,300 1,440 729,151
Waste arisings from developments within 1km of the Scheme
1,555,353 1,803 293,081289
Cumulative waste arisings 1,565,65 3,243 1,022,232
Waste capacity (landfill and metal treatment)
26,063,718 3,222,000* 40,355,148
Baseline waste arisings within the study area (over the 6 years of the construction phase of the Scheme)
16,829,478 2,030,652 6,316,212
Cumulative wastes arising as a percentage of total waste arisings in study area (%)
9.21% 0.16% 16.13%
Assessment of sensitivity of waste infrastructure
High Low High
*Estimated hazardous waste capacity from five landfills across the UK – one in London, one in Northamptonshire, and three in South East England
11.5.9 Waste quantifications put forward in Table 11.24 suggest that the waste
infrastructure within the study area has the capacity to manage the waste
generated from the Scheme in combination with the other developments
identified. The levels of non-hazardous and inert wastes forecast to be
arise from the Scheme and the other developments identified, would
amount to a significant proportion of the total of these waste streams
forecast to arise within the study area. As such, the sensitivity of the waste
infrastructure receptors likely to be affected by the waste arisings from the
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Scheme in combination with the other developments identified is
considered to be high.
11.5.10 It is likely that small volumes of waste arising from the Scheme and the
other developments identified will be sent to landfill, leading to a minor loss
of void space at landfill sites within the study area. Despite this, it is
reasonably and appropriately assumed that the Scheme and the other
developments identified will apply industry good practice and endeavour to
reuse site-won inert materials either onsite or offsite where possible and
aim to achieve a high recycling percentage of non-hazardous materials.
However, for the purposes of assessment, a worst case scenario has been
assumed, whereby no waste will be reused onsite or offsite and as
demonstrated in Table 11.23, the waste management facilities within the
study area have suitable capacity to manage all wastes arising from the
Scheme and the other developments identified. Therefore, the magnitude
of impact on the associated waste infrastructure resulting from the
Scheme in combination with the other developments identified is assessed
to be negligible adverse.
11.5.11 Taking into consideration the sensitivity of receptors and magnitude of
impacts described above, the significance of the cumulative effect on
waste infrastructure to be used by the Scheme in combination with the
other developments identified is assessed to be slight adverse.
11.6 Limitations encountered in compiling the ES
11.6.1 There are no published or formalised significance criteria relating to the
assessment of waste impacts. Professional judgement has therefore, been
drawn upon to assess the significance of the Scheme’s environmental
effects.
11.6.2 Whilst considered sufficient to inform the assessment, initial quantifications
of the material resources use and waste arisings forecast from the
Scheme have been derived from the preliminary design information,
typical types and quantities of material resources to be used, key
performance indicators obtained from similar schemes and professional
judgement.
11.6.3 As the development of the design continues the accuracy and extent of the
figures for material resources use and waste quantifications will improve,
supporting the effective planning and management of any wastes likely to
arise from the Scheme.
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11.6.4 Total CD&E waste for the study area is available from 2005. However, this
data does not split the CD&E waste into specific wastes streams to enable
an assessment of the Scheme’s specific waste stream arisings against this
baseline.
11.6.5 Therefore, to gain a baseline split of specific waste streams arising from
the study area, 2013 Office of National Statistics data has been used.
However, this data is not specifically related to CD&E waste and is
inclusive of CD&E, municipal, commercial and industrial wastes, etc.
11.6.6 Both the 2005 and 2013 data have been presented to enable the context
of the levels of waste likely to arise from the Scheme to be appropriately
discussed.
11.6.7 Consistent and complete waste infrastructure capacity data for specific
CD&E waste streams is not available for the study area. However, total
CD&E waste facility capacity, the capacity of total non-hazardous and inert
landfill, metal recycling facilities and a demonstration of a suitable market
for the receipt of inert wastes and contaminated spoil has been presented.
Through the presentation and assessment of these available
infrastructures, the capability of the waste infrastructure to receive and
manage the waste streams likely to arise from the Scheme has been
demonstrated.
11.6.8 Total waste management capacity for inert and contaminated soils has not
been presented due to a lack of an available, consistent data-set being
provided from the consulted LPAs. However, it is anticipated that there will
be numerous ‘receptor’ sites which will be able to receive large quantities
of inert wastes generated by the Scheme and some suitably located sites
have been presented.
11.6.9 Similarly, a number of contaminated soil treatment sites have been
presented. These lists are non-exhaustive, however, they demonstrate the
presence of a suitable facilities for such wastes.
11.6.10 As demonstrated in Table 11.7 and Table 11.8, these sites have suitable
capacity with which to effectively handle the levels of inert and
contaminated spoil arising from the Scheme. Given the non-exhaustive
nature of the sites presented, a reasonable worst-case scenario against
which a qualitative assessment can be made is presented. These markets
will be further investigated and utilised as the Scheme design and
construction progresses, this will be supported by the further development
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and implementation of the Scheme SWMP and MMP, outlines of which are
appended to the Outline CEMP.
11.7 Summary
11.7.1 Of particular relevance to the Application is the NN NPS (Ref 11-10). The
delivery of the mitigation measures set out in the mitigation section of this
chapter will support adherence to the requirements of the NN NPS through
the application of the waste hierarchy. The Scheme would apply the waste
hierarchy in order to move waste management practices as far up the
hierarchy as practicable minimising disposal and maximising reuse and
recycling.
11.7.2 Also, minimising waste arisings has been considered throughout the
design process of the Scheme by considering the WRAP designing out
waste and all waste arisings will be properly managed through the further
development and implementation of the CEMP, MMP, Logistics Plan and
SWMP as described in the mitigation section of this chapter and in chapter
10 Geology and Soils.
11.7.3 The residual effects that could arise from CD&E phases of the Scheme are
set out in Table 11.25.
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Table 11.25 Materials impact summary table
Impact description Receptor(s) affected Mitigation Significance of residual effect
Temporary impacts
Transportation of CD&E materials to site.
Highway network. Minimise lorry movements through maximising reuse of materials onsite.
Slight adverse
Transportation of CD&E waste offsite.
Highway network. Minimise lorry movements through maximising reuse of materials onsite.
Slight adverse
Use of the waste management facility capacity with the study area.
Waste infrastructure. Scheme design minimising waste.
Effective delivery and adherence to Scheme’s CEMP, SWMP, Logistics Plan and MMP.
Slight adverse
Permanent impacts
Depletion of finite material resources e.g. aggregate for construction.
Material resources. Reuse of site-won materials where possible. Use of recycled and secondary aggregates where possible.
Slight adverse
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Impact description Receptor(s) affected Mitigation Significance of residual effect
Decreased landfill capacity.
Waste infrastructure. Scheme design minimising waste.
Effective delivery and adherence to Scheme’s CEMP, SWMP, Logistics Plan and MMP.
Slight adverse
Cumulative impacts
Depletion of finite material resources e.g. aggregate for construction.
Material resources. Reuse of site-won materials where possible. Use of recycled and secondary aggregates where possible.
Slight adverse
Decreased landfill capacity.
Waste infrastructure. Scheme design minimising waste.
Effective delivery and adherence to Scheme’s CEMP, SWMP, Logistics Plan and MMP.
Slight adverse