1.1 mark spalding solving the crisis in the seas final
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Transcript of 1.1 mark spalding solving the crisis in the seas final
Solving the crisis in the seasDo Marine Protected Areas do the job?
Mark D Spalding
Crisis? What crisis?
Eutrophication, hypoxia and dead zones
NASA Earth Observatory
P.J. Hahn
Marine fisheries
FAO, 2012
Increasing fishing power
Albatun Tres – 115m seiner takes up to 3000 tons of tuna from a single trip
Marine Protected Areas
“A protected area is a clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values.”
Vast and strictly protected
Large, multiple uses: Great Barrier Reef Marine Park
Wavelength.com
Northern Prawn Fishery
Monterrey Bay National Marine Sanctuary
Small, strict no-take
T and J Enderby
Paul Naylor
Small, partially protected
NOAA
Almost meaningless
Carol Stoker, NASA
Crown Copyright/MOD 2012
From Diktat to Dialogue
Global targets
• By 2012: Marine and coastal MPA networks “should include strictly protected areas that amount to at least 20–30% of each habitat” (Vth World Parks Congress, 2003)
• By 2010/2012: “at least 10% of the worlds marine and coastal ecological regions to be effectively conserved” (CBD, 2006)
• …by 2020: “10 percent of coastal and marine areas, especially those of importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, are conserved…” (CBD, UNEP, 2010)
What are MPAs achieving, and where?
• Massive benefits for biodiversity
What are MPAs achieving, and where?
• Massive benefits for biodiversity• Benefits for fishers, recreation, tourism…
•>10,000 sites•2.3% of the ocean•7.9% of continental shelf•1.79% of off-shelf waters•0.17% of the high seas
Where?
Spalding et al., 2013
Remote, massive MPAs High Seas
Locally managed marine areasInternational declarations
Where are we going?the big new stories in MPAs
Hitting the Target
Wood et al, 2008
Wood et al, 2008
New predictions
Hitting the Target
…but missing the point?“A protected area is a clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values.” …by 2020: “10 percent of coastal and marine areas, especially those of importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, are conserved…” (CBD, UNEP, 2010)
2 clams 4 clams
Ecosystem services
Aligning with ecosystem services
Areas with high coastal populations have low MPA coverage
Mapping value
Mapping value
FR = 8.02W 0.58 e
(-0.015T-27)2
Where W is dry tissue mass, T is temperature °C
Used modified SWAN model (Suzuki et al., 2011) to estimate wave attenuation behind a mangrove island in front of the portMangroves on island increase the return period of a 2.5m wave reaching the port from 20 years to 60 years. An extension of the island to the north would further decrease wave height at the port.
Mapping valueDhamra Port, Orissa, India
(Narayan et al. , 2010)
© SFG
Planning and managing for synergies,
sharing experiences
TURFs in ChileLoco Fishery RecoveredDensities in TURFs Dramatically Higher
Than Open AccessStrong Incentive for Enforcement
> 700 TURFs> 40,000 Fishers
Gelcich et al. 2008 - 2012
Linking MPAs to people:California’s Central Coast Ground fish Project
Partnership between:
• TNC, regulatory agencies and trawl fishermen
• Started in 2005
Shared Goal: • Economically and
environmentally sustainable ground fish fishery
Bill Blue, Morro Bay fisher sorting his recent catch blackcod by size
© Michael Bell, TNC
Not always win-win for everyone
• Opportunity costs• Paradoxical impacts– Displacement– Investing in better gear to catch more in
surroundings– Starting new fisheries!
• Certain fisheries may be a lower-value ocean use!
Crowded oceans, multiple users
AP Photo/Geert Vanden Wijngaert
$108
$180,000(
$27,000)
Chris Gotschalk
Alexander Mustard
Bringing ES values to the table
GAUFRE, 2005
Where is this taking us?
Final thoughts
• MPAs are a critical tool:– for biodiversity – AND for people!
• Engage people!• Look for synergies, but don’t always expect
win-win-win-win• Quantify values, don’t talk in generalities• Protect 100% of the oceans, not 10%