11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support
-
Upload
jorge-pinto-rocha -
Category
Documents
-
view
57 -
download
3
Transcript of 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support
![Page 1: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR OVERHEAD
LINE SUPPORTS
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
Slide 01 of 48João B G F Silva [email protected]
![Page 2: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
1 - INTRODUCTION• Not a long time ago- Towers were not “pretty” nor “ugly”- Just essential
• Big changes mainly after the 60’s:- Thousands of OHL kms constructed- Electricity: from “ privilege” to “citizen
acquired right”, an obligation of the governments.- Presence of OH Lines in urban/rural areas.- Difficulty in obtaining new corridors- Growth in environmental conscience.
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
Slide 02 of 48
![Page 3: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
2 - EVOLUTION ON THE SOLUTIONS
2.1 – First Aesthetic Studies
H. Dreyfuss & Associates, 1968
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
Slide 03 of 48
![Page 4: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
H.Dreyfuss’ Pictorial Index – 47 Proposals
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
Slide 04 of 48
![Page 5: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
H.Dreyfuss ’ Proposal H.Dreyfuss ’ Proposal
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
Slide 05 of 48
![Page 6: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
2.2 – Cigré Studies
• 1986 Technical Brochure SC22 WG02: “The Environmental Impacts of High-Voltage Overhead Transmission Lines”.
• 1988 – Da Silva’s Research in ArchitectureSchool.- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil:
Architecture School
- Year of survey: 1988
- 40 students splitted in 8 groups
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
Slide 06 of 48
![Page 7: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
- Investigation: Visual impact of OHL crossing the city of Belo Horizonte
- Focus on aesthetic of the towers
- Eight reports produced.
• 1999 – SC22 WG14 Technical Brochure: “HighVoltage Overhead Lines Environmental Concerns, Procedures, Impacts and Mitigations”.
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
Slide 07 of 48
![Page 8: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
2.3 – First Initiatives
• Compact as much as possible• Reduced number of elements• Transparent, invisible or camouflaged
Monopole Support Brazil
Portal GuyedSweden
Invisible Cross rope Argentina
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
Slide 08 of 48
![Page 9: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
3 – THE MONOPOLE SUPPORTThe most used aesthetic solution
Why ?Simplicity, elegance, beauty, slenderness, low visual impact, reduced area for settlement.
Pole Characteristics/Details
Overlapping Flanged
SQUARE HEXAGONAL OCTAGONAL DODECAGONAL CIRCULAR
Cross-Sections & Joints
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
Slide 09 of 48
![Page 10: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
Pole Characteristics/Details
FLANGED BASE PLATE
Anchor bolt templates
Typical Foundation DetailsDIRECTLY EMBEDMENT WITH DENSED SAND BOX
Nuts for adjusting
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
Slide 10 of 48
![Page 11: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
Structural Characteristics- Very flexible structures- Non linear structural analyses required
Pole deflections during Tests
- Pole top deformations:• At EDS: 1.5 to 2% H (height)• Ultimate stage: 4 to 5% H
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
Slide 11 of 48
![Page 12: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
4 – THE NEW CIGRE STUDIES
• New Working Group SC B2.08: Transmission Line Structures
•Task Force: TF3.1 – Innovative Solution for OverheadLine Supports
• Period: 1996 – 2009
Convenor: João BGF Silva – BR
Secretary: David Hughes/UK; F.Legeron / Canadá
• Questionnaire: Aesthetic solutions around the world.
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
Slide 12 of 48
![Page 13: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
4 – THE CIGRE SC B2.08 – TF3.1 Questionnaire
17 Country ResponsesCigré SC B2.08 data bank
•Australia•Brazil•Canada•Denmark•Finland•France
•Iceland•Italy •Japan•Norway•Romania•South Africa
•Spain•Sweden•Switzerland•United Kingdom•United States
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
Slide 13 of 48
![Page 14: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
Electra Magazine nr. 250 - June 2010;Cigré Technical Brochure 416 and 416A
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
Slide 14 of 48
![Page 15: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
5 – ADVANCED AESTHETIC SOLUTIONS
From the data bank:
• Unique solutions / For specific places
• Solution for a single line / or segment
• Standard aesthetic solutions
5.1 – Solutions for Specific Places: Fingrid first landscape towers: early 90’s
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
Slide 15 of 48
![Page 16: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
Finnish Solutions
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
1994: Hiversaloon, Turku. Antti Nurmesniemi 1995: "Sinikurjet", Espoo.Studio Nurmesniemi.
Slide 16 of 48
![Page 17: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
Finnish Solutions
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
1995: Virkkala. B. Selenius 1996: Tuusula. IVO Power Engineering.
Slide 17 of 48
![Page 18: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
Finnish Solutions
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
1998: Jyvaskylan, Jorma Valkama
Slide 18 of 48
![Page 19: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
5.2 – Solution for a Line / Segment of Line400kV OHL Aarhus / Aalborg-DenmarkEltra competition: 48 proposals
The Wining entry – Erik Bystrup
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
Slide 19 of 48
![Page 20: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
Danish Aesthetic Line
Suspention V-string Angle tower
Slide 20 of 48
![Page 21: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
Danish Aesthetic Line
Transition from Donau- todesign-towers
Shafts in the landscape
Slide 21 of 48
![Page 22: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
5.2 – Solution for a Line / Segment of LineThe 110kV Salmisaari-Meilahti TL, Helsinki.
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
Designed by Prof. Antti Nurmesniemi
Slide 22 of 48
![Page 23: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
The Salmisaari Meilahti OHL
CAD drawings The Result
Slide 23 of 48
![Page 24: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
The Salmisaari Meilahti OHL
Finishing
Manufacturing
Slide 24 of 48
![Page 25: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
5.3 – Standard Aesthetic Solutions: French Experience
EDF / RTE Competitions:- 1994 Architects/Designers- 2004/2005 Manufacturers
5.3.1 - The 1994 competition:- 121 proposals for 400kV OHL supports- As much freedom as possible for creativity- Just electrical clearances, phase arrangements
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
Slide 25 of 48
![Page 26: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
Marc MIMRAM I. Ritchie, K. Gustafson
The “ROSEAU” Tower
The “FOUGERE” Tower
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
The winners
Slide 26 of 48
![Page 27: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
French Experience
Perrault, Ove Arup Team
Card Game Swan-Neck
Euro RSCG Design, Tallon, Bet Jean Muller International Team
Slide 27 of 48
![Page 28: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
French Experience
The Heron Aesthetics
Giugiaro Design Team
Haute-Couture
Starck,Meda, Arsene-Henry and Triaud, de Miranda Team
Slide 28 of 48
![Page 29: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
3.5.2 - The 2004/2005 Manufacturers competition:
- Functional specifications defining:
• Position of phases• Number of circuits• Silhouette suggestion• Materials to be used
The winner: Transel, Linuhonnun
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
The “ARVERNE” Tower
Slide 29 of 48
![Page 30: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
6 – OH LINE TOWERS INTO ARTWORKS
• Aesthetic towers very successful in terms of publicacceptance.
• Towers evolving from OHL Supports to “urbanelectrical sculptures”.
• Finnish SculpturesFingrid landscape towers
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
Slide 30 of 48
![Page 31: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
Finnish SculpturesSC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
Lempaala. Jorma ValkamaVihti, Nummela. Jorma Valkama
Slide 31 of 48
![Page 32: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
Finnish SculpturesSC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
Vaasa, Palosaari. Jorma Valkama
Slide 32 of 48
![Page 33: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
• ICELANDIC Studies
2008 Landsnet competition (98 proposals).
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
Slide 33 of 48
![Page 34: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
Icelandic Studies
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
SuperstringYong-ho Shin
Walking Giants –The WinnerSebastian Krehn
Slide 34 of 48
![Page 35: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
Icelandic Studies
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
Slide 35 of 48
![Page 36: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
• New RTE Technique for Improving OHL Appearance
- “Art Installations” over existing OH Lines.- “Power Networks into Artworks” by Elena Paroucheva
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
Slide 36 of 48
![Page 37: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
Networks into Artworks SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
Art Installations on Overhead Line Supports
Towers Sculptures
Slide 37 of 48
![Page 38: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
Networks into Artworks SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
Art Installations on Overhead Line Supports
Aesthetic Works on Amnéville-Mortois OHL
Slide 38 of 48
![Page 39: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
Networks into Artworks
”Source Water” – Pylône nº 11 ”Source Energy” – Pylône nº 12
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
Slide 39 of 48
![Page 40: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
7 - ANALYSIS OF THE SOLUTIONS• Increasing environmental concern:
- Short lines, long lines- Urban, rural landscapes
• For long / rural lines, cost absolutely relevant issue:- Invisibility- Transparence- Slenderness- Compaction- Camouflaged structures
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
Slide 40 of 48
![Page 41: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
All together driven by cost!
Solutions for long OHL Towers
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
± 600kV DC Line FURNAS 230kV Line ELETRONORTE500kV HSIL Line FURNAS
Slide 41 of 48
![Page 42: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
• For short / urban lines, aesthetic towers more and more used as attractive solutions:
1992 Seville Expo Tower - SpainVaasa, Palosaari. Jorma Valkama
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
Nummela, Vihti. Konehuone/J. Valkama
Slide 42 of 48
![Page 43: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
• “Symbolic links” with “icones” of the societies:
- Architeture- History- Culture- Traditional symbols- Folklore- habits
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
Slide 43 of 48
![Page 44: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
Symbolism on Aesthetic Towers
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
The Mouse Head TowerThe McDonald’s towers
Slide 44 of 48
![Page 45: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
Symbolism on Aesthetic Towers
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
Hameenlinna Landscape Tower
Slide 45 of 48
![Page 46: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
Symbolism on Aesthetic Towers
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
”Haute Couture pour Pylône de Haute Tension”
Slide 46 of 48
![Page 47: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
8 – CONCLUSIONS
- Great growth on electricity demand will continue.
- Different challenges for utilities around the world to supply more power.
- Long, very long lines (up to 2500km) under construction in the world→ Aesthetic solutions driven by cost.
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
Slide 47 of 48
![Page 48: 11 João B G F Silva - Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Support](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020219/55cf9cb0550346d033aab26c/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
SC B2, Iceland Meeting July 3-7th, 2011
- Other regions of the world, environmental is “the real issue”.
→ Alternative solutions, visually attractive “landscape towers”.
→ Camouflaged lines, underground cables, or lines with “more aesthetic”, “more beautiful” towers!
SC B2 Reykjavík Tutorial
Slide 48 of 48