Livestock Foods Systems and Health Why a value chain approach can enhance nutrition

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Jonathan Rushton Barbara Häsler, Pablo Alarcon, Paula Dominguez Salas, Mieghan Bruce, Wendy Beauvais, Maud Carron, Mahmoud El Thoth, David Osegura, Joshua Onono, Laura Cornelsen, Elaine Ferguson, Eric Fèvre, Delia Grace, Javier Guitian jrushton@rvc.ac.uk

19th August 2015

Acknowledgements

VEEPH Group at RVC: Barbara Häsler, Liz Jackson, Pablo Alarcon, Paula Dominguez-Salas, Betty Bisdorf, Will Gilbert, Javier Guitian, Dirk Pfeiffer UrbanZoo: Eric Fèvre, Tim Robinson ILRI: Delia Grace, Tom Randolph Thank you to Robyn Alders for the invitation to speak today I want recognise the support of Norbrook Pharmaceuticals and LCIRAH in the work I carry out

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The role of animals in society

How many of you have eaten meat, eggs, milk in the last 24 hours? Who is wearing leather shoes and belts? Who is wearing a jumper or jacket made from wool? Who has a pet? Who has a horse? And who is a vegan?

Even vegans are affected by animals as they compete for resources in the production of food

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Animals are a fundamental aspect of societies

Feed and clothe people

Give pleasure and company

Provide transport

Act as an investment and store of wealth

Livestock food systems – what do we really know

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They produce cheap and plentiful products

They generate infectious diseases

They contribute to obesity

They contribute to greenhouse gases

They are poorly described and poorly understood

Scavenge or grazing based system - linkages

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Scavenge based system

Household environment

People

ASF

Labour

Local Market

€

Village environment

Feed

Feed

• Few people involved in the activity • Contribution to income and nutrition variable • Potentially few people impacted

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Cattle - Andean valleys, Bolivia Cattle in Uganda

Scavenging chicken - Honduras Llamas - high Andes, Bolivia

Sheep in Scotland

Small scale intensive systems

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Small scale Intensive

Household environment

People Labour

Local Market Local Market

Feed

Other inputs

ASF

€

€

€ €

National Market

Traders, transporters

Traders, financiers

• More people involved in the activity • Contribution to income and nutrition can be substantial • Many people can be impacted – producers, service providers and consumers

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Duck breeding flock - Egypt

Outdoor pigs – East Anglia, UK

Beef cattle – Northern Ireland

Dairy system – Nairobi, Kenya

Sheep – NSW, Australia

Chicken broiler flock - Tanzania

Large scale intensive systems

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Large scale Intensive

Household environment

People Labour

National and international Market

• Many people involved spread over large geographical areas • Contribution to income substantial • Many people can be impacted – in particular traders, processors and consumers

National and International Market

Traders, transporters, processors

Traders, financiers

Feed

Other inputs

Consumers ASF

€ €

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Intensive pig unit - Albania

Intensive dairy unit – Herts, UK

Foie Gras geese - France

Intensive poultry unit - Honduras

How have we been approaching the livestock food systems recently

We have adopted an approach a value chain analysis approach Through a link with a joint British research council funded project we have a major field site – Nairobi We are linked to major ILRI and A4NH research And we have other processes of data collection and analysis with a focus on brucellosis – Albania, Egypt, Mexico, Kazakstan, India

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Food system maps from UrbanZoo Project

13 Nutrition Demand

Courtesy of Pablo Alarcon

Human

Food Animals

Environment

Pet Animals

Wild Animals Household

Food & People People

Food System

Animals & Feed

Animals & Food

Pathogen attribution

What have we learnt?

Diets of the urban poor are inadequate in meeting their micro nutrient needs • There is a disconnect between very active food systems

and these people

Attribution of food borne diseases is poorly understood • The focus tends to be single pathogen blinkered • There is a poor understanding of transmission dynamics

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Where to next

Development of models to examine the flows through the food system Understanding of the governance of these systems and how it influences the flows - Linking the social and economic analysis with biological assessments of food and pathogens • A wider UrbanZoo aim supported by Liverpool and

Edinburgh Universities

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Where to next

Expand the demand survey to have a representative sample across Nairobi • This was last done over ten years ago

Ensuring that the surveillance systems capture all aspects of health • including how the food system provides adequate

nutrition Leading to better policy direction through a better understanding of risks and resilience of the food system

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And within the Tanzania and Zambia work

Using similar frameworks data collection and analysis of the food systems in the project areas We will be more gender and culture sensitive and be more focused on nutrition Mapping the flows of products, nutrients and hazards across the system Understanding the human behaviour across the system

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Summary

Providing clarity on complex livestock food systems Avoiding simply measuring the measurable Focus on measuring the important

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Thank you

University of Nairobi

International Institute for the

Environment and Development

Roslin Institute

Kenya Medical Research Institute

Collaborators

The partners