1.1 Introduction to research methods rga.notebook...1.1 Introduction to research methods...
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Transcript of 1.1 Introduction to research methods rga.notebook...1.1 Introduction to research methods...
1.1 Introduction to research methods rga.notebook
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March 02, 2018
Starter Slide
Classroom Expectations:
Arrive on time
Coat off
Bags off desks
Equipment & Planner on desks
TITLE: DATE: 16/01/2018Research Methods
Come up with as long a list of practical issues in research as
you can.
What practical issues might come up during research in schools?
Think ‐ Pair ‐ Share
Jan 1617:10
Assessment Folders Update
CHECKLIST
1. Cover sheet at the front of your folder
2. Each assessment clearly written on your cover sheet ( date, question, question type/total marks, grade)
3. Add whether it is on target, okay or below.
4. FOR EACH ASSESSMENT: Make sure you have completed the response to feedback, and filled in any gaps on your mark schemes (eg: filling out what went well, even better ifs.)
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LOs
Objective Key WordsKnow
Understand
How will you display SMSC today?Courage ‐ Respect ‐ Friendship ‐ Inspiration ‐ Determination ‐
Equality ‐ ExcellenceEmpathy – Courtesy – Resilience ‐
Etiquette
TITLE: DATE:
To give reasons and evidence for your views (ext: to consider alternative opinions and views)
To spot patterns and explain what's happening
Is sociological research worthwhile? Can we find out anything meaningful from it?
The Big Question:
Paper 1 Paper 2 Paper 3EDUCATION & RM HEALTH & BELIEFS CRIME
16/01/2018Research Methods
What are quantitative & qualitative data?
QuantitativeQualitative
How do positivists and interpretivists interpret research?
MacroMicro
How do micro and macro approaches differ?
PositivistInterpretivist
Apr 2517:32
AQA Specification ‐ research methods
EXAM LINKS:
Paper 1 ‐ Education with Research Methods
Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of using ....... to investigate ......... (20 marks)
Paper 3 ‐ Crime with Theory and Methods
Outline and explain two... (10 marks)
Evaluate... (20 marks)
Methods in Context:
Research Methods:Outline and explain two... (10 marks)
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Paper 1 ‐ Education with Research Methods
Paper 3 ‐ Crime with Theory & Methods
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What is sociological research FOR?
Empirical...something verifiable by objective observation or experience rather than imagination or logic alone.
Sociologists want to provide insight into the social world that we wouldn't normally have. Most people use common sense or experience to explore society.
Sociologists reject these methods. They're biased. The best way to understand society is to conduct empirical research to identify the hidden patterns and facts of society.
What makes a sociologist different from a journalist or a politician or a poet?
Key word Definition
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What is sociological research FOR?
Which of these sounds the most important? Do you notice any obvious differences between them?
Good sociology requires research. Three forms are undertaken by sociologists.
Descriptive Research aims to only describe WHAT is happeninge.g. 'How do exam results of boys compare with girls'?
Explanatory Research tries to look for the causes of social phenomena.e.g. 'Why do boys do less well than girls in exams?'
Action Research is about actively introducing some change or policy and then studying the impact of that change in order to evaluate (like an experiment)
Oct 1513:19
What is sociological research FOR?
If social phenomena are similar to natural phenomena we can borrow from the sciences (cause and effect, experimentation etc)
However, if social phenomena are not objective like natural phenomena other methods must be used...
This leads to what are called the Positivist and Interpretivist approaches to sociology.
Fundamentally, it's about disagreement between whether there's such a thing as social facts....
Which research methods we use depends on how social phenomena are viewed. How might different sociologists look at
society in different ways?
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Social facts are phenomena which exist outside of individuals and independently of their minds, but which affect people and their behaviour (e.g. the law, the education system, the workplace)
How might social facts be different to social constructs?
Key word Definition Social Facts
Oct 1513:19
Two different approaches...
How might we study feelings and emotions? Are positivists right?
Key word Definition PositivismAn approach in sociology that believes society can be studied using similar techniques to those used in the natural sciences.
Positivists believe that:• Social phenomena must be studied objectively (without bias)• Evidence about the social world can be gathered through empirical study• Feelings and emotions can't be observed, therefore shouldnt be studied. They are the result of social facts outside of the person such as socialisation and the law; we should study these.
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Key word Definition
Just as the data in the natural sciences is drawn from empirical observation and measurement, positivists use research methods which involve the collection of quantitative data.
• Experiments• The comparative method (looking at different examples and comparing)• Social surveys• Structrued questionnaires • Formal interviews• Observations
QuantitativeAnything that can be expressed in statistical or number form or can be measured (like age, income or periods of ill health)
Key word Definition
Macro ApproachAn approach which focuses on large numbers of people and the large‐scale structure of society as a whole, rather than on individuals.
These tend to involve large‐scale research ‐ a macro approach ‐ on large numbers of people. These might include:
Apr 2607:44
An example of quantitative research...
Durkheim 1897:Durkheim used a positivist approach to study suicide in 1897. He used suicide statistics that were available to try and establish the 'social causes of suicide'.
He looked at data such as the class, gender, religion and profession of people who committed suicide, and used this 'macro data' to come up with different 'types' of suicide and different reasons for it.
What problems might there be with approaching a topic like suicide in the way that Durkheim did?
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Two different approaches...
An approach emphasising that because people have consciousness involving personal beliefs, values and interpretations which influence how we act, the way to study society is through gaining an understanding of people's motivations and thoughts.
What's the problem with being subjective?
Key word Definition
Interpretivism
Interpretivists believe that:• Because people have free will and make choices, the best way to study them is to try and understand them.• Evidence can be gathered through discussion and becoming personally involved with people to find out how they see the world• Good sociological research is inevitably subjective
Apr 2607:25
Key word Definition
Interpretivists therefore collect qualitative data. They question the value of positivist data because it ignores the views of the individuals being researched.
• Participant observations• Informal (unstructured) interviews• Open‐ended questionnaires• Personal accounts• Personal documents (letters, diaries)• Case studies
Qualitative
The meanings, feelings and interpretations associated with an event or phenomena ‐ expressed in words, images and documents.
Key word Definition
Micro ApproachAn approach which focuses on in‐depth, small scale research of a small number of people and small groups or individuals in society.
They tend to focus on small‐scale research ‐ a micro approach ‐ on small numbers of people. These might include:
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An example of qualitative research...
Willis (1977)In his study 'Learning to Labour: How working class kids get working class jobs' Willis conducted a series of interviews and observations of a group of working class 'lads' in a Midlands town.
His interviews suggested that the boys had a 'rebel' subculture and that the views and interpretations on school of the boys themselves led to their under‐achievement.
What problems might there be with approaching education from this micro, qualitative approach?
Jan 2513:30
HOMEWORKFrom the student work book on SMHW complete pages 1‐5 in your books. Label it clearly as HW. Use the scanned textbook chapter to complete this task.Due in one week.
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Plenary
PPQ practice
PLENARY
Objective Key Words
Know
Understand
TITLE: DATE:
Outline two differences between 'macro' and 'micro' approaches to the study of society (4 marks)
Outline two problems with the type of research that might be used by either positivists or interpretivists (choose 1) (4 marks)
1)
2)
2/02/2017Research Methods
To give reasons and evidence for your views (ext: to consider alternative opinions and views)
To spot patterns and explain what's happening
What are quantitative & qualitative data?
QuantitativeQualitative
How do positivists and interpretivists interpret research?
MacroMicro
How do micro and macro approaches differ?
PositivistInterpretivist
Mar 209:51
