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EC301

COMPUTERNETWORKINGFUNDAMENTALS

Chapter 1Basic Concepts andComponents of ComputerNetworks

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Goals of This Chapter

1.1 Describe basic concepts and components of computernetworks

1.1.1 List the advantages of networked computing relativeto standalone computing

1.1.2 Distinguish between client/server and peer-to-peernetworks

1.1.3 Differentiate the various classification of networksaccording to its size

i. Local !rea "etwork #L!"$

ii. %etropolitan !rea "etwork #%!"$

iii. &ide !rea "etwork #&!"$

1.1.' List elements common to all client/server networks

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1.1.( Distinguish the various computer network topologies

i. )us

ii. *ing

iii. +tariv. h,brid

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1.2 dentif, "etworking +tandards

1.2.1 dentif, organizations that set standards for networking

a. !merican "ational +tandards nstitute #!"+$

b. lectronic ndustries !lliance #!$ and elecommunications

c. ndustr, !ssociation #!$

d. nstitute of lectrical and lectronic ngineers #$

e. nternational 0rganization for +tandardization #+0$

f. nternational elecommunication nion #$g. nternet +ociet, #+0$

h. nternet !ssigned "umbers !uthorit, #!"!$ and nternet

i. orporation for !ssigned "ames and "umbers #!""$

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OBE Method

OBE:

1. The "One Minute aper"

!. Note Comparison#harin$

%. &isual 'istsMind Mappin$

(. #tudent #ummar) of *nother #tudent+s *nswer

(

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,hat is Computer Networkin$-

! computer network is a s,stem of

interconnected computers that can

e4change information and shareresources.

"etworking is widel, used in government

departments5 corporations5 educational

institutions5 and private apartments.

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*danta$es of Networkin$

The advantages of networking include:

1. better communication7

2. resource sharing7

3. centralised data management7

'. software sharing7

(. efficient backup.

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,h) /se Networks-

"etwork

9roup of computers and devices

onnected b, transmission media

+tand-alone computer

i. "ot connected to other computers

ii. ses local software and data

!dvantages of networks over standalone computersi. Device sharing b, multiple users

+aves mone, and time

ii. entral network management

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1.1.2 Differentiate two fundamental t,pes of networks

i. ;eer-to-peer networks

ii. lient/server networks

1.1 Describe basic concepts andcomponents of computer networks

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T)pes of Networks

%odels var, according to

1. omputer positioning

2. ontrol levels over shared resources

3. ommunication and resource sharing schemes

"etwork models/)asics network configuration

1. ;eer-to-;eer

2. lient/server

1igure 1-1 *esource sharing on a simple peer-to-peer network

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eer0to0eer Network

! ;2; network also can be a permanent

infrastructure that links a half-dozen computers

in a small office over copper wires.

0r a ;2; network can be a network on a much

grander scale in which special protocols and

applications set up direct relationships among

users over the nternet.

1'

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eer0to0eer Network

!dvantages

1. ,pical in a home with several computers

2. Direct computer communication

?ual authorit,

3. ndividual resource sharing

i. %a, share resources

ii. %a, prevent access to resources

'. ach computer can send data to ever, other computer on the

network

1(

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eer0to0eer Networks

!dvantages

(. +imple configuration

6. ne4pensive to set up

Disadvantages

1. "ot fle4ible

2. "ot necessaril, secure

3. "ot practical for large installations

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eer0to0eer Networks

*esource sharing method

%odif, file sharing controls

! user responsibilit,

"ot centrall, controlled

;otential variations and securit, issues

nvironments

i. +mall home or office

ii. Large networks using the nternet

9nutella5 >reenet5 original "apster

)itorrent software18

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CLIENT/SERVERNETWORKS

1:

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C!e"t/Ser#er Network$

%ow/w&'t (oe$ !t ook$ !ke)

* computer network in which ONE12

centrali3ed4 powerful computer called the

serer2 is a hu5 to which man) less powerfulpersonal computers or workstations called

clients2 are connected.

The clients run pro$rams and access data that

are stored on the serer.

1@

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2igure 1-2 *esource sharing on a client/server network

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C!e"t/Ser#er Network$Ce"tr' *o+,ter .$er#er

Ena5les communication and resource sharin$

C!e"t$ .ot&er *o+,ter$

ersonal computers 6nown as workstations

Ce"tr' re$or*e $&'r!" *o"troe( 2

$er#er

7ata sharin$4 data stora$e space4 deices

No direct sharin$ of client resources

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Co+,ter roe$ #erer Clients

8un local applications #tore data locall) /se serer shared applications4 data4

deices /se serer as intermediar)

Co++"!*'t!o" #witches or routers

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Ser#er re!re+e"t 9unctions of Network Operatin$ #)stemNO#2

1. Mana$es client data4 resources

!. Ensures authori3ed user access

%. Controls user le access

(. 8estricts user network access;. 7ictates computer communication rules

#erer

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Ser#er 5e'tre$.*!r!-*!r! re't!#e to

*!e"t$6

More memor)4 processin$4 stora$e capacit)

Euipped with special hardware

roides network mana$ement functions

D!$'(#'"t'e$ re't!#e to ,eer-to-

,eer "etwork$

Comple? in desi$n and maintenance

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C!e"t/Ser#er Network$A(#'"t'e$ re't!#e to ,eer-to-,eer

"etwork$i. /ser credential assi$ned from one place

ii. Multiple shared resource access centrall) controlled

iii. Central pro5lem monitorin$4 dia$nostics4 correctioncapa5ilities

i. /ser response time optimi3ation capa5ilities

. Ecient processin$ on lar$e networks

i. #cala5ilit) 0 the a5ilit) of a s)stem4 network4 or process

to handle a $rowin$ amount of work in a capa5le

manner or its a5ilit) to 5e enlar$ed to accommodate

that $rowth.2(

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T2,e$ o5 Ser#er$

S,e*!9* t2,e$ o5 $er#er$ !"*(e6

i. we5 serers4

ii. 9T serers4

iii. data5ase serers4

i. E0mail serers4

. le serers4

i. print serers.

Mo$t we$er#!*e$ 're '$o t2,e$ o5

$er#er$8 26
http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web

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1. Local Area Network (LAN)

2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

3. Wide Area Network (WAN)

1.1.3 Differentiate the various classification of networks

according to its size:27

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LAN$: MAN$: '"( WAN$LAN .Lo*' Are' Network C&'r'*ter!$t!*$6

i. Network conned to a relatiel) small space

ii. * local area network is a small si3ed collection of computers

and deices connected 5) a wired or wireless infrastructure to

the end of sharin$ les and deices.

iii. The most common t)pe of '*N is Ethernet.

i. Easil) resource sharin$.

. 7ata transfer rate are hi$h.

i. #mall area coered 5) '*N

ii. Cost of settin$ up the network is usuall) low.

iii. 9le?i5ilit)4 low error rates and relia5ilit) of operation and

simple maintenance.

2:

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'ocal *rea Network '*N2

2@

$%

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MA !Metropolitan Area etwork"

#haracteristics:

i. "etwork e4tends be,ond building boundaries7 Larger than L!"

ii. onnects clients and servers from multiple buildings

iii. #%!"$ is a geographicall, small &!"5 t,picall, less than (igure 1-6 ! L!" backbone

o++o" e wor

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o++o" e worTo,oo!e$

'(

>igure 1-8 ommon network topologies

Ee+e"t$ Co++o" to C!e"t/Ser#er

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Ee+e"t$ Co++o" to C!e"t/Ser#erNetwork$

138Proto*o

#tandard method or format for communication5etween networked deices

1

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Tr'"$+!$$!o" Me(!'

'8

>igure 1-: 4amples of network transmission media

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Transmission Media

TWO.=main cate$ories:

1. Guided wires4 ca5les

!. /n$uided wireless transmission4 e.$.

radio4 microwae4 infrared4 sound4 sonar

T)pes of transmission media:

1. Twisted0air ca5les:

i. /nshielded Twisted0air /T2 ca5lesii. #hielded Twisted0air #T2 ca5les

!. Coa?ial ca5les

%. 9i5er0optic ca5les

':

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1.Bus

!.8in$

%.#tar

(.H)5rid

1.1.( Distinguish the various computer

network topologies&'

1 1 > Network To,oo!e$

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1818> Network To,oo!e$ * network topolo$) descri5es the

arran$ement of s)stems on a computer

network.

=t denes how the computers4 or nodes4

within the network are arran$ed and

connected to each other.

#ome common network topolo$ies include(<

Co++o" To,oo!e$ B$
http://www.techterms.com/definition/networkhttp://www.techterms.com/definition/network

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Co++o" To,oo!e$ - B$

Each node is dais)0chained connected one ri$ht after

the other2 alon$ the same 5ack5one.

=nformation sent from a node traels alon$ the

5ack5one until it reaches its destination node.

Each end of a 5us network must 5e terminated with a

resistorterminator to keep the si$nal that is sent 5) a

node across the network from 5ouncin$ 5ack when it

reaches the end of the ca5le.

(1

Co++o" To,oo!e$ B$

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(2

Co++o" To,oo!e$ B$

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A(#'"t'e$ o5 ' L!"e'r B$ To,oo2

1. Eas) to connect a computer or peripheral to alinear 5us.

!. 8euires less ca5le len$th than a startopolo$).

D!$'(#'"t'e$ o5 ' L!"e'r B$To,oo2

1. Entire network shuts down if there is a 5reak

in the main ca5le.!. Terminators are reuired at 5oth ends of the

5ack5one ca5le.

%. 7icult to identif) the pro5lem if the entire

network shuts down.(3

Co++o" To,oo!e$ R!"

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Co++o" To,oo!e$ - R!"

#imilar to a 5us network4 rin$s hae nodes dais)

chained4 5ut the end of the network in a rin$ topolo$)

comes 5ack around to the rst node4 creatin$ a

complete circuit.

Each node takes a turn sendin$ and receiin$

information throu$h the use of a token.

The token alon$ with an) data is sent from the rst

node to the second node which e?tracts the data

addressed to it and adds an) data it wishes to send.('

Co++o" To,oo!e$ R!"

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Then second node passes the token and data

to the third node4 etc. until it comes 5ack

around to the rst node a$ain.

Onl) the node with the token is allowed to send

data .

*ll other nodes must wait for the token to come

to them.((

R!" To,oo2

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R!" To,oo2

(6

*ing opolog, ver, computer

serves as

a repeater to boost

signals ,pical wa, to send

data oken passing

onl, thecomputer who

gets the token

can send

dat

a

dat

a

dat

a

T dat

aT dat

a

T dat

a

T !c

k

T !ck

T !c

k

T!ck

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Advantage of Ring Topology

1. The data 5ein$ transmitted 5etween twonodes passes throu$h all the intermediatenodes.

!. * central serer is not reuired for the

mana$ement of this topolo$).

Disadvantages of Ring Topology

1. The failure of a sin$le node of the network can

cause the entire network to fail.

!. The moement or chan$es made to networknodes aDects the performance of the entirenetwork.

(:

Co++o" To,oo!e$ - St'r

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=n a star network4 each node is connected to a

central deice called a hu5. The hu5 takes a

si$nal that comes from an) node and passes it

alon$ to all the other nodes in the network.

* hu5 does not perform an) t)pe of lterin$ or

routin$ of the data.

* hu5 is a Iunction that Ioins all the diDerent

nodes to$ether. (@


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6<

o++o" o,o o e$ 'r

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o++o" o,o o e$ 'rB$

61

o++o" o,o o e$ 'r

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o o o,o o e$ 'B$A(#'"t'e$ o5 ' St'r To,oo2

1. Eas) to install and wire.

!. No disruptions to the network whenconnectin$ or remoin$ deices.

%. Eas) to detect faults and to remoe parts.

D!$'(#'"t'e$ o5 ' St'r To,oo2

1. 8euires more ca5le len$th than a lineartopolo$).

!. =f the hu54 switch4 or concentrator fails4 nodesattached are disa5led.

%. More e?pensie than linear 5us topolo$ies5ecause of the cost of the hu5s4 etc.

62

%2r!( To,oo2

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%2r!( To,oo2

H)5rid networks use a com5ination of an)

two or more topolo$ies in such a wa) thatthe resultin$ network does not e?hi5it oneof the standard topolo$ies e.$.4 5us4 star4rin$4 etc.2.

* h)5rid topolo$) is alwa)s producedwhen two diDerent 5asic network

topolo$ies are connected.

Two common e?amples for H)5rid networkare: star rin$ network and star 5us

63

%2r!( To,oo2

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%2r!( To,oo2

* #tar rin$ network consists of two or

more star topolo$ies connected usin$ amulti0station access unit M*/2 as acentrali3ed hu5.

* #tar Bus network consists of two or morestar topolo$ies connected usin$ a 5ustrunk the 5us trunk seres as the

network+s 5ack5one2.

6'

#'" 'e$ o 2 r

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2To,oo2

1. *n) topolo$) can 5e com5ined with

another without makin$ an) chan$es to

e?istin$ topolo$).

The speed of the topolo$) is compati5le5ecause it com5ines the stren$ths of each of

the topolo$ies4 eliminatin$ weaknesses. =t is

also more ecient.

6(

D!$'(#'"t'e$ O5 %2r!(

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2To,oo2

1. =nstallation and con$uration of topolo$)

is dicult.

Because there are diDerent topolo$ies that

need to connect.

*t the same time4 make sure none of them fail4

which makes installation and con$uration

er) dicult.

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E?ample of H)5rid Topolo$)

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#tar0wired Hu5 topolo$)

6@

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Hierarchical topolo$)

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