© Innovators 1

10

PRESENT

945678321POWER

ELECTRONICS

© Innovators 2

Utility systems Application

•High-voltage Dc Transmission (HVDC)•Static VAR Compensation (SVC)•Supplemental Energy Sources (wind,photovoltaic), fuel cells

•Energy Storage Systems•Induced-draft fans and boiler•Feed Water Pumps

© Innovators 3

Utility systems

Aerospace

Application

•Space shuttle power supply systems•Satellite power systems•Aircraft power systems

Application

© Innovators 4

Utility systems

Aerospace

Industrial

Application

•Pumps•Compressors•Blowers and fans•Machine tools (robots)•Welding

•Arc furnaces, induction furnaces•Lighting•Industrial lasers•Induction heating

Application

© Innovators 5

Utility systems

Aerospace

Industrial

Commercial

Application Application

•Computers and office equipment•Uninterruptible power supplies•(UPSs)•Elevators

•Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning•Central refrigeration•Lighting

© Innovators 6

Utility systems

Aerospace

Industrial

Commercial Residential

Application

•Refrigeration and freezers•Electronics (personal computers, other entertainment equipment)

•Space heating•Air conditioning•Cooking•Lighting

© Innovators 7

Utility systems

Aerospace

Industrial

Commercial Residential

Transportation

Application Application

•Traction control •Battery chargers •Automotive electronics including engine controls

•Electric Locomotives•Street Cars•Trolley Buses•Subways

© Innovators 8

Utility systems

Aerospace

Industrial

Commercial Residential

Transportation

Tele-communication

•Battery Chargers•Power Supplies (dc and UPS)

Application

© Innovators 9

Power Transmission

Aerospace

Industrial

Commercial Residential

Transportation

Tele-communication

Renewables

•Solar •Wind•Hybrid Power Plant

Application

© Innovators 10

Power Electronics

Power electronics is the application of solid-state electronics for the control and conversion of electric power.

DEFINITION: Power electronics involves the study of electronic circuits intended to control the flow of electrical energy.

In broad terms, the task of power electronics is to process and control the flow of electric energy by supplying voltages and currents

in a form that is optimally suited for user loads.

Note:In modem power electronics apparatus, two types of semiconductor elements used:

Power semiconductors ……..the muscle of the equipment

and its operation are in digital/ analog nature Microelectronic control chips…. provide the control and

its operation are in digital nature. One manipulates large power up to mega or gigawatts, the other

handles power only on the order of microwatts to milliwatts.

© Innovators 11

Power Electronics Interface

Controller

Load

POWEROUTPUT (Adjustable)

vo , iovi , ii

POWERINPUT( Fixed)

Source

Feedback Signal

Reference Signal

Gate Control Signal

Representation of Power Electronic

System

© Innovators 12

Input Waveform

MODES OF CONVERSION Type of converter Conversion Output

Waveform

RECTIFICATION Rectifier AC to DC

INVERSION Inverter DC to AC

CYCLOCONVERSION

AC frequency converter AC to AC

AC Control

AC converter (Same Frequency Different

Voltage)AC to AC

AC converter (Convertor with

intermediary DC link)AC to DC ===DC link===DC to AC

DC Control Chopper DC to DC

Types of Power Electronics Circuit

© Innovators 13

The goal of power electronics is

Highest Efficiency

Smallest Size

Highest Reliability

Lowest Cost

Least Weight

Note:Power Electronics is the art of converting electrical energy from one form to another in an efficient, clean, compact, and robust manner for convenient utilisation.

The goal of power electronics is to control the flow of energy from an electrical source to an electrical load with

© Innovators 14

<19th Century Only way to convent AC into DC is

Rotary Convertor.

© Innovators 15

1902 Percy C. Hewitt demonstrate first mercury arc rectifier.

<19th Century

© Innovators 16

1902 <19th Century This mercury arc rectifier are well used in

electrical power utility up to 1970s. And after all finally replaced by Static

semiconductor devices.

© Innovators 17

1902 <19th Century Semiconductor revolution start in

1947 with the invention of first bipolar point-contact transistor at

Bell Labs.

1947

© Innovators 18

1902 <19th Century

In 1948 Shockley's invention of the bipolar junction transistor (BJT)

improved the stability and performance of transistors, and

reduced costs.

1947

1948

© Innovators 19

1902 <19th Century

By the 1950s, higher power semiconductor diodes became

available and started replacing Mercury arc rectifier.

1947

1948

1950

© Innovators 20

1902 <19th Century

In 1956 the Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) was introduced by

General Electric, greatly increasing the range of power electronics

applications.

1947

1948

1950 1956

© Innovators 21

1902 <19th Century

In 1958 second electronics revolution start by commercial use of SCR

(Thyristor) by General Electrical.

1947

1948

1950 1956

1958

© Innovators 22

1902 <19th Century

1947

1948

1950 1956

1958

Many different types of power electronics devices and conversion technics

are developed

19….

© Innovators 23

The History of the Power Electronics

Power Diode,

Invention of

Thyristor

Mercury arc rectifier,

Vacuum Tube

Early 19th Century

1948

Bipolar point-contact

Transistor

1957 1970

First MOSFET comes in

commercial market

GTO,IGBT,

Microprocessor,MCT

1990 Today

Smart Power Technology not only control but alos protect the

system

© Innovators 24

Based on family

Based on controllability

Based on Terminals

and Charge carrier

Classification of Power Electronic Devices

© Innovators 25

A K

G

I am the motivation behind each and every power electronics innovation,

Because I am ideal.

© Innovators 26

A K

G

Ideal Means:Case 1: When I am in OFF State

I have following characteristics Resistance== Very High Voltage Blocking Capacity == Very High Leakage Current=== Almost Zero. Power Loss ==By Default 0

© Innovators 27

A K

G

Ideal Means:Case 1: When I am in OFF State

I have following characteristics Voltage Blocking Capacity == Very High Leakage Current=== Almost Zero. Resistance== Very High Power Loss ==By Default 0

© Innovators 28

AK

G

Case 2: When I am in ON StateI have following characteristics

Current carrying Capacity == Very High Voltage Drop=== Almost Zero. Resistance== Almost Zero. Power Loss ==Very Low

© Innovators 29

AK

G

Case 3: During Turn ON & OFF I have following characteristics

Immediate Turn ON and OFF Low Delay time Low Rise Time

© Innovators 30

AK

G

Case 4 : During Turn ON & OFF I have some special characteristics alsoTurn ON and OFF both are controllableVery small power to drive my gateI having very high i.e I can withstand rapid change

in voltage as well as current also.

© Innovators 31

Device Type Device Continuous

Gate Pulse Gate Controlled Turn ON

Controlled Turn OFF

Unipolar Voltage

Bipolar Voltage

Unidirectional Current

Bidirectional Current

Diode Power Diode

Transistors

BJT

MOSFET

IGBT

SIT

Thyristors

SCR

TRIAC

GTO

IGCT

SITH

MCT

© Innovators 32

© Innovators 33

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