10749- Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Monday 11 am · 2016 North American Snow Conference...

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2016 North American Snow Conference 5/23/16 1 Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast Sara Croke [email protected] Sullivan Brown [email protected] @WeatherorNotInc /WeatherOrNotInc 913.722.3955 Weather Basics Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast Moisture + Lift

Transcript of 10749- Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Monday 11 am · 2016 North American Snow Conference...

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2016 North American Snow Conference 5/23/16

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Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting 

Along the East Coast

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

Sara [email protected]

Sullivan Brown [email protected]

@WeatherorNotInc/WeatherOrNotInc

913.722.3955

Weather Basics

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

• Moisture + Lift

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Surface Lows

L

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

Satellite ‐Water Vapor Imageryhttp://weather.cod.edu/satrad/

• Can view stability, moisture and lift

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

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Most lift occurs downstream from troughs of low pressure up to the nearest ridge. Moistureis shown by the whites and blues.

Trough of Low Pressure

Ridge of High Pressure

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

Satellite ‐Water Vapor Imagery

Radar|K|2 N0e D D6dD = Not as simple as it looks!

‐Same color can mean different things depending on the size of raindrops,  time of year, and the temperature structure of the atmosphere.‐Bugs, birds, smoke, and even the ground can look like precipitation!

Light rain

Ground Clutter

Ground Clutter

Rain

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

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Dual‐PolProfessional meteorologists use dual‐pol products to help differentiate between precipitation types

Boston Radar‐ Base Reflectivity and Correlation Coefficient

February 5, 2016

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

Weather Symbols

Light Rain

Moderate Rain

Heavy Rain

Thunderstorms with rain

Light Snow

Moderate Snow

Heavy Snow

Thundersnow

Drizzle

Sleet

Freezing Rain

S

Liquid Frozen

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

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Anatomy of an Observation

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

BDL

Location

Click Here ‐ Station Plot Explanation

Surface Observations

• Meteorologists analyze moisture, temperature, pressure, fronts, ridges, troughs etc.

http://weather.rap.ucar.edu/surface/

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

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Real Time Weather Resources

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

Northeast Surface Plots

http://weather.rap.ucar.edu/surface/displaySfc.php?region=alb&endDate=20160509&endTime=‐1&duration=0

Any US Surface Plot

http://weather.rap.ucar.edu/surface/

Excellent Real‐time Wx Data

http://weather.rap.ucar.edu/

Environment Canada WX Data

http://weather.gc.ca/canada_e.html

RWIS Data

• Road Weather Information System

– Allows for real time observations of road temperatures and atmospheric conditions.

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

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850 MB Temp Decision Tree

≤ 0 degrees C 0 to 3 degrees C ≥ 3 degrees C

Rds <32 Rds >32

Snow that sticks Initial SnowMelts

If heavy or cold air coming in

If light and no cold air coming in

Snow may begin to stick

Slush or just wet

Rds <32 Rds >32

Mix that sticks Initial MixMelts

If heavy or cold air coming in

If light and no cold air coming in

Mix may begin to stick

Slush or just wet

Rds <32 Rds >32

Freezing Rain 

If cold air coming in

If no cold air coming in

May become freezing rain

Plain Rain

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

Liquid to snow ratio?

‐ Normal liquid to snow ratio in Hartford, CT is 10:1(0.10” * 10) = 1.0” of snow(0.25” * 10) = 2.5” of snow

‐ If it’s colder (near 20F), a higher ratio is needed (15:1)(0.10” * 15) = 1.5” of snow(0.25” * 15) = 3.75” of snow

‐ Sleet accumulates at roughly 3.1 (cuts into accumulations)(0.05” * 3) = 0.15” of sleet(0.20” * 3) = 0.60” of sleet

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

(Click Here for YOUR area ratios)

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• Most common winter weather producer: Nor’ Easters

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

Kocin, P. J., and L. W. Ucellini, 2004: Northeast Snowstorms Vol 1. Overview. American Meteorological Society, 53‐54 pp.

Forecasting East Coast Weather

Forecasting East Coast Weather

• Determining Snow Gradients

• Blizzard Timing and Impacts

• Ice Storms 

• Effects of High Tide during Nor’ Easters

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

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Northeast Snow Gradients 

• Caused by localized areas of strong lift

– Fronts and Instability 

• In some cases, 0‐12” of snow can occur across short 

distances. 

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

February 5, 2016 

Methuen, MA

Shrewsbury, MA

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February 5, 2016

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

• Band of moderate to heavy snow through New England

• Heavy, wet snow caused afternoon rush problems

• Downed trees, power outages, fatalities

• Deepening system and strong front in mid‐levels (850mb/~4000’) enhanced lift

• Heaviest snow fell under mid‐level front

• North (cool side) sees minimal lift, lesser snow accumulations

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

Concord, NH 4.3” Greenfield, MA 4.5” Ashland, NH 1.0”

Andover, MA 8.5” Petersham, MA 7.0” Laconia, NH 5.0”

Distance 42 Mi. Distance 22 Mi. Distance 14 Mi.

Snow Gradients

February 5, 2016

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Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

February 4th 1pm

Developing mid‐level front (4000’)

http://www.spc.noaa.gov/exper/mesoanalysis/new/viewsector.php?sector=19&parm=pmsl#

21° Burlington, VT46° Cape Cod, MA

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

February 4th 1pm

• Very mild prior to event• Cold air slowly arriving from NW

Surface Plot

Surface Reanalysis Data

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Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

February 5th 7am

Strong mid‐level front across southern New England

http://www.spc.noaa.gov/exper/mesoanalysis/new/viewsector.php?sector=19&parm=pmsl#

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

February 5th 7am

L

• Deepening system off of coast• Northwest wind pulling cold air into region• Warm temps = Lower snow ratio 6:1

Surface Reanalysis Data

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Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

February 5th 1pm

Front departing; dry, cold air arriving

http://www.spc.noaa.gov/exper/mesoanalysis/new/viewsector.php?sector=19&parm=pmsl#

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

February 5th 1pm

L

• Low Moving NE• Snow Departing NW‐SE

Surface Reanalysis Data

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Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

February 5, 2:03pm

Heavy Snow

Very Light Snow/Flurries

February 5, 7:03am

Light and Fine Snow

Boston Radar: Base reflectivity shown

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

Snow Gradients: What to Look/Listen For

Cold air in place ahead of event 

Strong mid‐level front (temperature differences)

Check surface plot for snow enhancement possibilities as well

Rapid precip shut‐off (previous slide)

To find mid‐level fronts (850mb analysis): Click Here

To find surface fronts: Click Here

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Blizzards Qualifications:

• Snow/blowing snow ≤ ¼ mile visibility 3+ hrs

and

• Sustained winds or frequent gusts ≥ 35 mph

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

Blizzard of 2016

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

Union City, NJ

New York City

Maximum Amounts • Allentown, PA 31.9”• Kennedy Airport, NY 30.5”• Washington D.C. 29.3”• Newark, NJ 28.1”• Central Park, NY 26.8”• Philadelphia, PA 22.4”

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Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

• Deepening (intensifying) low pressure to the south coupled with high pressure to the north.

• This creates a strong pressure gradient and strong winds.

• Abundant moisture wrapped into the low pressure system.

Blizzard of 2016

Credit: Paul J Kocin – Nov. 1983

For more information: Click Here

Blizzard of 2016

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

7am 1/22 7am 1/22

L

H

Snow

Surface Plots Surface Reanalysis Data

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1am 1/23

Blizzard of 2016

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

1am 1/231am 1/23

LH

Surface Plots

Snow

Snow+ Wind ≥ 20 mph (likely higher) 

Surface Reanalysis Data

7am 1/23

Blizzard of 2016

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

7am 1/23

L

H Snow

Snow + Wind ≥ 20mph (likely higher) 

Surface Plots Surface Reanalysis Data

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Blizzard of 2016

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

7pm 1/23

L

H

7pm 1/23

Snow

Snow + Wind ≥ 20mph (likely higher) 

Surface Plots Surface Reanalysis Data

1am 1/24

Blizzard of 2016

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

L

H

1am 1/24

Snow

Snow + Wind ≥ 20mph (likely higher) 

Surface Plots Surface Reanalysis Data

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Blizzard of 2016

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

Blizzard: What to Look/Listen For

Strong High to the north, cold air in place

Low pressure likely strengthening

Big pressure difference over short distance

Strong Atlantic moisture getting wrapped into the storm

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Typical East Coast Ice Storm Setups

Arctic Front W/ High Pressure Cold‐Air Damming 

Cold Air Trapping Cold‐Air Damming With Cyclone

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

A Synoptic Weather Pattern and Sounding‐Based Climatology of Freezing Precipitation in the United States East of the Rocky MountainsRobert M. Rauber, Larry S. Olthoff, Mohan K. Ramamurthy, Dianne Miller, and Kenneth E. Kunkel Journal of Applied Meteorology 2001 40:10, 1724‐1747 

December 11‐12, 2008 Ice Storm

Cold‐Air Damming With a Cyclone Event

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

Worcester, MAWestminster, MA

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December 11‐12, 2008 Ice Storm

• Hardest hit: Interior New England 

• Ice: 1/2‐1” Iso. 1.5” 

• 500,000 without power

• Massive debris removal

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

Cold‐Air Damming With Cyclone

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

• Dry and cool northeast winds at surface kept cold in place for major freezing rain event.

• Strong surge of moisture/rain over the top of surface cold.

• Surface temperatures were marginal 29‐32°, but a cooling effect caused by falling precipitation at the surface allowed for major event. 

• Most icing occurred overnight.

December 11‐12, 2008 Ice Storm

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December 11th 7am

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

Moisture

L

Cold Air DammingMid‐level Surface

Surface Plots

December 11th 7am

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

Surface Reanalysis Data

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December 11th 7pm

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

Moisture

L

Cold Air Damming

Mid‐level Surface

Moist

Surface Plots

December 11th 7pm

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

• Cold dry air streaming southward• Warm side all rain• Front stalling

Surface Reanalysis Data

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December 12th 7am

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

Moisture

L

Mid‐level Surface

Surface Plots

December 12th 7am

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

L

• Front still stalled• Cold air dammed most of MA, 

NH, VT, ME• Cooling effect of rain built ice• Valleys stay coolest longest

?

Surface Reanalysis Data

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Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

Strong High to north allowing cold to set in

Surface front between cold and warm for Low to “ride” along.

Developing system pulling warm, moist Atlantic air north over surface cold. 

Valley effects

For more information: Click Here

Ice Storm: What to Look/Listen For

High Tide Impacts During Nor‘Easters 

• Strong winds and low pressure drive water levels up.

• Strong wind + low pressure + high tide = Maximum Storm Surge

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

For more info: http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/hurricane/resources/surge_intro.pdf

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Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

High Tide Impacts During Nor‘Easters Scituate, MAJanuary 2015 Scituate, MA

January 2014

Basic Ops Decision Tree

Snow Gradient Blizzard Ice Storm

Weak Front & Instability

Strong Mid‐Level Front & Instability

Low snow amounts

High snow amounts

Wide Convergence 

Zone

Narrow Convergence 

Zone

Consistent Snow Depths

Steep Snow Gradient

Weak High Pressure ‐North

Strong High Pressure ‐North

+ Weak Low +  Little Moisture

Blizzard Conditions

Weak High Pressure

Strong High Pressure

+Limited moisture + Air 

>32

No Icing

Dry/Cool NE Surface Winds

Moisture pulled in from 

Atlantic

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

Plan B:  heavy snow, short warning

Routine Ops

Non‐Extreme Event

Strong Low + Excessive Moisture

Steep Pressure Gradient

Additional Plan:  destructive winds, debris removal, brutal plowing conditions

Rain overtops surface cold

Icing likely

Plan:  Debris removal, power outages, borderline RWIS 

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Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting 

Along the East Coast

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

Sara [email protected]

Sullivan Brown [email protected]

@WeatherorNotInc/WeatherOrNotInc

913.722.3955

Colder AirT=25

Warmer AirT = 65Td = 40

T   = 20Td = 20

Cold front

Cold Fronts

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast

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Warm Fronts (Warm Air Advection)

Colder AirT=25

Warmer Air

T  = 45Td  = 40

T   = 20Td = 20

Warm front

Challenges of Winter Weather Forecasting Along the East Coast