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Transcript of 10/6/2015 1 Intro. to Animals Ch 32-34 10/6/2015 2 Characteristics of animals multicellular,...
04/19/23 1
Intro. to Animals
Ch 32-34
04/19/23 2
Characteristics of animals
• multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotes• No cell wall• Dominant generation is diploid• Most are motile for some of their life• Also… have embryonic development that forms
layers of tissues
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Embryonic development
• 1) Zygote forms and starts cleavage= mitosis of the cell• 2) blastula is formed (a hollow ball)
– inside cells are called the blastocoel
• 3) Gastrulation occurs in which the tissues start to differentiate – gastrula is formed
• Then further development occurs (stem cells)
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1) tissue complexity - parazoans – no “true tissues”, when tissues formed = eumetazoa
2) body symmetry
• radial = have a top/bottom, no sides/back
• bilateral= 2 sides, cut in “identical halves”, top = dorsal, bottom = ventral, front = anterior, back = posterior
• cephalization = concentration of senses toward the anterior
Characteristics and Phylogeny
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3) body cavity = fluid lined space, separates digestive system from the rest of the body
• acoelomates – no cavity, solid body
• pseudocoelomate = not completely lined cavity
• coelomates = true coelom = tissue lined cavity from mesoderm
4) cleavage - early cell divisions of the zygote
• protostome – spiral, determinate, first infold forms the mouth
• deuterostome – radial, indeterminate, first infold makes anus
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5 Points of Agreement, p.662
• 1) All animals share a common ancestor
• 2) Sponges are basal animals
• 3) Eumetazoa is an animal clade with true tissues
• 4) Most animals showcase bilateral symmetry
• 5) Chordates and other phyla are deuterostomes
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Grandmax ?
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Invertebrates(ch 33)
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(beetles; 350,000 species)
The titan beetle of the Amazon
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13
Inverts are diverse and account for 95% of all animals
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Invertebrates
Parazoa – closest to protist, non-eumetazoa•1/1) Phylum “Porifera”-
marine, filter feeders, uses
pores (spongocoel) and
large opening (osculum),
lack true tissues,
unorganized cells,
immobile, hermaphrodites,
ex. sponge
15
Radiata – true tissues, radial symmetry
1/2) Phylum Cnidaria - marine, sac with 1 opening for digestion• 2 body forms
1) Medusa = umbrella-like body, dangling tentacles with stinging threads = nematocysts video
2) Polyp = sessile, cylinder shaped, rising tentacle
2/2) Phylum Ctenophora – marine, cilia to move, ex. comb jelly
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Lophotrochozoans, non-deuterostomes with either a crown of ciliated tentacles (lopho) or a distinct larval stage (trocho)
1/6) Phylum Platyhelminthes – Acoelomates – bilateral symmetry, no coelom, most marine, parasites parasite videos, some have digestive "system", have nerve cords, 1 gut opening,
ex. Flatworms (planarians), tapeworms, flukes
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2/6) Phylum Rotifera – Psuedocoelomates – fake coelom, bilateral, have jaws with cilia, complete digestive track = alimentary canal, first with 2 gut openings, ex. Rotifers
Other (less prominent) Lophotrochozoan phyla include:Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda, Acanthocephala, Cyliophora
and Nemertea (proboscis worms); see pgs.667-668
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3/6) Phylum Mollusca – Protostomes, Coelomates, bilateral Most secrete a hard calcium carbonate shell b/c of soft body• 3 parts: • muscular foot (movement)• visceral mass (organs) • mantle (shell) • ex. snails, bivalves, slugs, octopus, squid,p677-678
How many parts can you label?
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MantleHinge area
Digestivegland
Mouth
Shell
Palp
FootMantlecavity Gonad Gill
Incurrentsiphon
Waterflow
Excurrentsiphon
Anus
Adductor muscle(one or two)
Gut
Coelom
Heart
Figure 33.20
cephalopods
Squid
Octopus
Chamberednautilus
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4/6) Phylum Annelida – protostomes, coelomates, segmented worms, some parasitic or decomposers, brain like ganglia at the front, pumping vessels for blood flow, hermaphrodites, ex. leeches, earthworms
• Why is coelom and segmentation important?
• cushion and specialization;
hydrostatic skeleton
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The last two lophophores• 5/6 Ectoprocta: The Bryozoa, also known as
Ectoprocta or commonly as moss animals are a phylum of aquatic invertebrate animals
• 6/6 brachiopods
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Ecdysozoans, secrete exoskeletons
1/2) Phylum Nematoda - roundworms, unsegmented, pseudocoelomates, live in soil, decomposers, periodically shed cuticle, sexual repro., ex. C. elegans
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2/2) Phylum Arthropoda - segmented, jointed appendages, exoskeleton of chitin, developed N.S, different life cycles (metamorphosis- eggs, larvae, pupa, adult), open circulatory system, heart, more complex gas exchange, most in numbers, ex. insects, spiders, crustaceans
Figure 33.32b
Dust mite
50 m
Cephalothorax
ThoraxHead
Antennae(sensoryreception)
Abdomen
Swimming appen-dages (one pair perabdominal segment
Walking legsMouthparts
(feeding)Pincer
(defense)
Figure 33.30
Figure 33.37
(a) Larva (caterpillar)(b) Pupa
(c) Later-stage pupa (d) Emerging
adult
(e) Adult
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Deuterostomes, “second mouth”1/2) Phylum Chordata (non-invert, next chapter)2/2) Phylum Echinodermata - radial, water vascular system,
tube feet that aid in movement, feeding and gas exchange, marine, complete digestive track, ex. sea star, sea urchin
Figure 33.42
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Invertebrate quick check…
1. Which group includes snails, clams, and squid?2. Which group is the sponges?3. Which are the flatworms?
a. …segmented worms?b. …roundworms?
4. Which group has jointed appendages & an exoskeleton?
5. Which two groups have radial symmetry?6. What is the adaptive advantage of bilateral
symmetry?7. Which group has no symmetry?
Invertebrates: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata
PhylumChordata (ch 34)
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2) Phylum Chordata – bilateral, coelomates with segmented bodies; includes 2 invertebrate groups → lancelets, tunicates (closest invertebrate to human) and then the vertebrates
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Common features
1) Notochord - dorsal flexible fluid filled rod, support, usually replaced by bone during development
2) Dorsal hollow nerve cord - basis for nervous system, brain/spine
3) Pharyngeal gill slits – can become gills for O2 exchange or filter feeding
4) Muscular tail – postanal, muscles/bones for movement- also have neural crest (specialization cells), cephalization,
vert. column and closed circulatory system
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Phylogeny – p699
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Vertebrates
• More complex nervous system
• More elaborate skeleton (have bones that enclose the spinal cord)
• Have the 4 common features at some point in development, may disappear
• More efficient at– Capturing food– Avoiding being eaten
• ** p.704
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1) Class Myxini - jawless fishlike animals, no appendages, in water, p.703, ex. Hagfish
2) Class Petromyzontida – p.704, ex. lampreys
3) Class Chondrichthyes – jaws , cartilaginous fish, fins, gills, lay eggs (oviparous), or hatch in uterus (ovoviparous), (humans are viviparous – nourish in womb), p.706, ex. sharks, skates, rays
4) Class Osteichthyes - bony fish, most lay eggs, gills, swim bladder (air sac= buoyancy), ex. tuna, bass, trout, p.708 basic structure, ray-finned vs. lobe-finned
Figure 34.9
Slime glands
Hagfishes
Figure 34.10
Lampreys
Figure 34.11
Dental elements(within head)
Conodonts were the first vertebrates with mineralized skeletal elements
Figure 34.13
Gill slits Cranium
Skeletal rodsMouth
Figure 34.15
(a) Blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus)
(b) Southern stingray (Dasyatis americana)
(c) Spotted ratfish (Hydrolagus colliei)
Dorsal fins
Pectoralfins Pelvic fins
Chondrichthyans (Sharks, Rays, and Their Relatives)
Figure 34.17
Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares)
Redlionfish(Pteroisvolitans)
Commonsea horse(Hippocampusramulosus)
Fine-spotted moray eel(Gymnothorax dovii)
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5) Class Amphibia – “both ways of life” appendages to walk on land (tetrapods), aquatic larval stage then terrestrial adult, lay eggs (amniotic sac) or live birth, respire via lungs or skin, p.712, ex. frog, salamander
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6) Class Reptilia- terrestrial, scaly skin, lungs, lay amniotic eggs (protection) or live birth, exotherms (cold blooded), no feathers, p.715, ex. snake, lizard, turtle
7) Class Aves - feathers on smaller forewings, fly, lungs, endotherms (warm blooded), internal fertilization by lay eggs, air sacs, good vision, p.718, ex. birds
Amniotes
8) Class Mammalia - have hair, endotherms, 4 chambered efficient heart, mammary glands, diaphragm, most give birth to young, differentiated teeth, p.720, major orders– Monotremes – lay eggs, ex. Platypus– Marsupials – pouched birth, ex. Some moles, kangaroo– Placentals (eutherians) – live birth, ex. Humans, dogs
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Figure 34.38
• Monotremes are a small group of egg-laying mammals consisting of echidnas and the platypus
Monotremes
Marsupials
• Marsupials include opossums, kangaroos, and koalas
• The embryo develops within a placenta in the mother’s uterus
• A marsupial is born very early in its development• It completes its embryonic development while
nursing in a maternal pouch called a marsupium
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 34.39
(a) A young brushtail possum
(b) Long-nosed bandicoot
Figure 34.40
Convergent evolution of marsupials and eutherians (placental mammals).
Plantigale
Marsupialmammals
Eutherianmammals
Marsupial mole
Sugar glider
Wombat
Tasmanian devil
Kangaroo
Deer mouse
Mole
Flyingsquirrel
Woodchuck
Wolverine
Patagonian cavy
Monotremata
Orders and Examples Main Characteristics Orders and Examples Main Characteristics
Platypuses,echidnas
Echidna
ProboscideaElephants
African elephant
SireniaManatees,dugongs
Manatee
Lay eggs; no nipples;young suck milk fromfur of mother
Long, muscular trunk;thick, loose skin; upperincisors elongatedas tusks
Aquatic; finlike fore-limbs and no hindlimbs; herbivorous
XenarthraSloths,anteaters,armadillos
Tamandua
LagomorphaRabbits, hares,picas
Jackrabbit
Reduced teeth or noteeth; herbivorous(sloths) or carnivorous(anteaters, armadillos)
Chisel-like incisors;hind legs longer thanforelegs and adaptedfor running and jumping;herbivorous
Sharp, pointed canineteeth and molars forshearing; carnivorous
Hooves with an evennumber of toes on eachfoot; herbivorous
Aquatic; streamlined body; paddle-like fore-limbs and no hind limbs; thick layer of insulating blubber;carnivorous
CarnivoraDogs, wolves,bears, cats,weasels, otters,seals, walruses Coyote
CetartiodactylaArtiodactylsSheep, pigs,cattle, deer,giraffes
CetaceansWhales,dolphins,porpoises
MarsupialiaKangaroos,opossums,koalas
Koala
Completes embryonicdevelopment in pouchon mother’s body
TubulidentataAardvarks
Aardvark
Teeth consisting ofmany thin tubescemented together;eats ants and termites
HyracoideaHyraxes
Rock hyrax
Short legs; stumpytail; herbivorous;complex, multi-chambered stomach
RodentiaSquirrels,beavers, rats,porcupines,mice Red squirrel
Chisel-like, continuouslygrowing incisors worndown by gnawing;herbivorous
PrimatesLemurs, monkeys,chimpanzees,gorillas, humans Golden lion
tamarin
Opposable thumbs;forward-facing eyes;well-developed cerebralcortex; omnivorous
PerissodactylaHorses, zebras,tapirs,rhinoceroses
Indian rhinoceros
Hooves with an oddnumber of toes oneach foot; herbivorous
ChiropteraBats
Frog-eating bat
Eulipotyphla“Coreinsectivores”:some moles,some shrews
Star-nosedmole
Eat mainly insectsand other smallinvertebrates
Adapted for flight;broad skinfold thatextends from elongatedfingers to body andlegs; carnivorous orherbivorousBighorn sheep
Pacific white-sided porpoise
Figure 34.41b
04/19/23 59
You share 1-4% of your genes with Neanderthals, if you are not of direct African descent.
Explain.
04/19/23 60
Evolution of Humans • we are primates (order) and hominids
Figure 34.43
ANCESTRALPRIMATE
Time (millions of years ago)
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Lemurs, lorises,and bush babies
Tarsiers
New World monkeys
Old World monkeys
Gibbons
Orangutans
Gorillas
Chimpanzeesand bonobos
Humans
An
thro
po
ids
Concept 34.8: Humans are mammals that have a large brain and bipedal locomotion
• The species Homo sapiens is about 200,000 years old, which is very young, considering that life has existed on Earth for at least 3.5 billion years
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Derived Characters of Humans
• A number of characters distinguish humans from other apes
– Upright posture and bipedal locomotion
– Larger brains capable of language, symbolic thought, artistic expression, the manufacture and use of complex tools
– Reduced jawbones and jaw muscles
– Shorter digestive tract
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
• The human and chimpanzee genomes are 99% identical
• How can we be this close, yet so different?
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
04/19/23 65
Clade DescriptionC
ho
rdat
es:
no
toch
ord
; d
ors
al,
ho
llo
wn
erve
co
rd;
ph
aryn
gea
l sl
its;
po
st-a
nal
tai
l
Cra
nia
tes:
tw
o s
ets
of
Ho
xg
enes
, n
eura
l cr
est
Ver
teb
rate
s: D
ix g
enes
du
pli
cati
on
,b
ackb
on
e o
f ve
rteb
rae
Gn
ath
ost
om
es:
hin
ged
jaw
s, f
ou
r se
ts o
f H
ox
gen
es
Ost
eich
thya
ns:
bo
ny
skel
eto
n
Lo
be-
fin
s: m
usc
ula
r fi
ns
or
lim
bs
Tet
rap
od
s: f
ou
r li
mb
s, n
eck,
fu
sed
pel
vic
gir
dle
Am
nio
tes:
am
nio
tic
egg
, ri
b c
age
ven
tila
tio
n
Cephalochordata(lancelets)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Myxini(hagfishes andrelatives)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Chondrichthyes(sharks, rays,skates, ratfishes)
Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Actinistia(coelacanths)Dipnoi(lungfishes)
Amphibia(salamanders,frogs, caecilians)
Reptilia(tuataras, lizardsand snakes, turtles,crocodilians, birds)
Mammalia(monotremes,marsupials,eutherians)
Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders thatexhibit four key derived characters of chordates
Marine suspension feeders; larvae display thederived traits of chordates
Jawless marine organisms; have head that includesa skull and brain, eyes, and other sensory organs
Jawless vertebrates; typically feed by attaching to alive fish and ingesting its blood
Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,a derived trait formed by the reduction of anancestral mineralized skeletonAquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton andmaneuverable fins supported by rays
Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still survivingin Indian OceanFreshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills; sistergroup of tetrapods
Have four limbs descended from modified fins; mosthave moist skin that functions in gas exchange; manylive both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults)
One of two groups of living amniotes; have amnioticeggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for lifeon land
Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-layingmonotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)
Figure 34.UN10
04/19/23 67
1. What is the general name for the characteristics that define the split on the phylogenetic tree?
Animal Intro Review Quiz
04/19/23 68
1. What is the general name for the characteristics that define the split on the phylogenetic tree?
2. What makes animals animals?
Animal Intro Review Quiz
04/19/23 69
1. What is the general name for the characteristics that define the split on the phylogenetic tree?
2. What makes animals animals?3. Describe the process of the creation of internal organs.
Animal Intro Review Quiz
04/19/23 70
1. What is the general name for the characteristics that define the split on the phylogenetic tree?
2. What makes animals animals?3. Describe the process of the creation of internal organs.4. Why are segmented worms (Annelids) important in our
evolutionary lineage?
Animal Intro Review Quiz
04/19/23 71
1. What is the general name for the characteristics that define the split on the phylogenetic tree?
2. What makes animals animals?3. Describe the process of the creation of internal organs.4. Why are segmented worms (Annelids) important in our
evolutionary lineage?5. Using three cool vocab terms, what unites all the
protostomes?
Animal Intro Review Quiz
04/19/23 72
1. What is the general name for the characteristics that define the split on the phylogenetic tree?
2. What makes animals animals?3. Describe the process of the creation of internal organs.4. Why are segmented worms (Annelids) important in our
evolutionary lineage?5. Using three cool vocab terms, what unites all the
protostomes?6. What is the basal clade of animal taxon?
Animal Intro Review Quiz
04/19/23 73
1. What is the general name for the characteristics that define the split on the phylogenetic tree?
2. What makes animals animals?3. Describe the process of the creation of internal organs.4. Why are segmented worms (Annelids) important in our
evolutionary lineage?5. Using three cool vocab terms, what unites all the
protostomes?6. What is the basal clade of animal taxon?7. Why are members of the phylum Porifera (sponges) not
considered eumetazoans?
Animal Intro Review Quiz
04/19/23 74
1. What is the general name for the characteristics that define the split on the phylogenetic tree?
2. What makes animals animals?3. Describe the process of the creation of internal organs.4. Why are segmented worms (Annelids) important in our
evolutionary lineage?5. Using three cool vocab terms, what unites all the
protostomes?6. What is the basal clade of animal taxon?7. Why are members of the phylum Porifera (sponges) not
considered eumetazoans?8. Even though rotifers developed an alimentary canal, we did
not evolve from them? Therefore, alimentary canals are the product of ______________ _________________.
Animal Intro Review Quiz
04/19/23 75
1. What is the general name for the characteristics that define the split on the phylogenetic tree?
2. What makes animals animals?3. Describe the process of the creation of internal organs.4. Why are segmented worms (Annelids) important in our
evolutionary lineage?5. Using three cool vocab terms, what unites all the
protostomes?6. What is the basal clade of animal taxon?7. Why are members of the phylum Porifera (sponges) not
considered eumetazoans?8. Even though rotifers developed an alimentary canal, we did
not evolve from them? Therefore, alimentary canals are the product of ______________ _________________.
9. To what are ganglia precursors?
Animal Intro Review Quiz
04/19/23 76
1. What is the general name for the characteristics that define the split on the phylogenetic tree?
2. What makes animals animals?3. Describe the process of the creation of internal organs.4. Why are segmented worms (Annelids) important in our
evolutionary lineage?5. Using three cool vocab terms, what unites all the
protostomes?6. What is the basal clade of animal taxon?7. Why are members of the phylum Porifera (sponges) not
considered eumetazoans?8. Even though rotifers developed an alimentary canal, we did
not evolve from them.? Therefore, alimentary canals are the product of ______________ _________________.
9. To what are ganglia precursors?10.Name any three defining traits of clades within the phylum
Chordata.
Animal Intro Review Quiz