• When Muhammad died, When Muhammad died, he did not leave a he did not leave a successor, which successor, which caused problems for caused problems for Muslims.Muslims.

• Eventually, the umma Eventually, the umma agreed that Abu Bakr agreed that Abu Bakr (Muhammad’s father-in-(Muhammad’s father-in-law) would be the first law) would be the first caliph in 632 A.D. caliph in 632 A.D.

• Caliph: The Caliph is Caliph: The Caliph is the head of state in a the head of state in a Caliphate, and the title Caliphate, and the title for the ruler of the for the ruler of the Islamic umma. Islamic umma.

Abu BakrAbu Bakr

• Many Muslims did not Many Muslims did not accept Abu Bakr and accept Abu Bakr and briefly left the Islamic briefly left the Islamic religion, but Abu Bakr later religion, but Abu Bakr later succeeded in reuniting succeeded in reuniting Muslims.Muslims.

• United, Muslims set out United, Muslims set out on a series of military on a series of military campaigns, securing campaigns, securing victories against the victories against the Byzantines and the Persian Byzantines and the Persian empires.empires.

• However, a schism However, a schism between Sunni and Shiite between Sunni and Shiite Muslims began to grow Muslims began to grow wider, splitting the united wider, splitting the united group. group.

• After Muhammad’s death, Muslims disagreed After Muhammad’s death, Muslims disagreed about who should succeed the prophet in about who should succeed the prophet in leading the umma. The result was the split leading the umma. The result was the split between Sunnis and Shiites. between Sunnis and Shiites.

• Shiites believed that Muhammad had Shiites believed that Muhammad had designated his son-in-law Ali to be his designated his son-in-law Ali to be his successor. “Followers of Ali”. successor. “Followers of Ali”.

• Sunni’s believed that the caliph should be a Sunni’s believed that the caliph should be a pious member of Muhammad’s tribe, not pious member of Muhammad’s tribe, not necessarily one of his relatives. necessarily one of his relatives.

• Shiites believed that the new leader should Shiites believed that the new leader should serve as a religious leader, while Sunni’s serve as a religious leader, while Sunni’s argued that a caliph could lead without argued that a caliph could lead without serving as religious official. serving as religious official.

• Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire

• Persian Empire Persian Empire • Arabian Arabian

PeninsulaPeninsula• Asia MinorAsia Minor

• The Red Sea The Red Sea

• The Bosphorus The Bosphorus StraitStrait

• Arabian Peninsula Arabian Peninsula • Mecca and Medina Mecca and Medina

• Sufism is a Sufism is a mystical branch mystical branch of Islam where of Islam where followers followers meditate and fast meditate and fast to connect with to connect with God.God.

• Today, 90% of Today, 90% of Muslims are Muslims are Sunni and 10% Sunni and 10% are Shiites. Very are Shiites. Very few practice few practice Sufism. Sufism.

• Most Shiites live in Iran, Yemen, Lebanon, Most Shiites live in Iran, Yemen, Lebanon, and Iraq. and Iraq.

• Most Sufis live in the African countries of Most Sufis live in the African countries of Senegal and Morocco. Senegal and Morocco.

• After the death of Ali, a After the death of Ali, a powerful Meccan clan set powerful Meccan clan set up the Umayyad caliphate – up the Umayyad caliphate – a dynasty of Sunni Muslims a dynasty of Sunni Muslims that ruled until 750 A.D.that ruled until 750 A.D.

• From their capital in From their capital in Damascus, Syria, they Damascus, Syria, they were responsible for Islam were responsible for Islam spreading from Spain and spreading from Spain and Morocco in the West to the Morocco in the West to the Indus River Valley in the Indus River Valley in the east.east.

• Many different peoples Many different peoples were under their rule and were under their rule and non-Muslims were charged non-Muslims were charged a tax. All religions could a tax. All religions could worship freely. worship freely.

• Arabs had to adapt from living in the desert to ruling vast territories- many ruled like tribal leaders and not kings with large holdings

• Tensions began to grow between the haves and have not's- wealthy and poor. The caliphs had a luxurious lifestyle that many saw as obscene.

• Even though there was considerable religious tolerance, non-Arabs (even if they converted to Islam) still did not have the same rights as Arabs.

• In 750 A.D., Abu-al- Abbas In 750 A.D., Abu-al- Abbas defeated the Umayyad’s, defeated the Umayyad’s, captured Damascus, and captured Damascus, and founded the Abbasid Dynasty.founded the Abbasid Dynasty.

• The Abbasids treated all The Abbasids treated all Muslims equally, ended Muslims equally, ended conquests, and supported conquests, and supported education and learning.education and learning.

• They also governed their empire They also governed their empire efficiently, unlike the Umayyad. efficiently, unlike the Umayyad.

• Bagdad became the Abbasid Bagdad became the Abbasid Capital. Many mosques with tall Capital. Many mosques with tall slender minarets were erected.slender minarets were erected.

• The surviving The surviving members of the members of the Umayyad family had Umayyad family had fled to Spain after the fled to Spain after the Abbasid takeover, Abbasid takeover, establishing an establishing an independent Muslim independent Muslim state.state.

• In Spain they presided In Spain they presided over brilliant, over brilliant, luxurious courts and luxurious courts and arts and learning arts and learning thrived.thrived.

• Umayyad rule lasted Umayyad rule lasted in parts of Spain until in parts of Spain until 1492.1492.

• Beginning in the 900s, the Beginning in the 900s, the Muslim Empire of the Abbasid Muslim Empire of the Abbasid showed signs of declineshowed signs of decline

• In 900, Seljuk Turks migrated In 900, Seljuk Turks migrated into the Middle East from into the Middle East from Central Asia, adopting Islam Central Asia, adopting Islam and building a large empire and building a large empire Across the Fertile CrescentAcross the Fertile Crescent

• The Seljuk Sultan controlled The Seljuk Sultan controlled the Abbasid empire and the Abbasid empire and Bagdad by 1055 A.D. Bagdad by 1055 A.D.

• In 1200, Mongols attacked across South West In 1200, Mongols attacked across South West Asia, burning and looting Bagdad in 1258Asia, burning and looting Bagdad in 1258

• Under the Abassids, Muslim Under the Abassids, Muslim Civilization entered a Civilization entered a “Golden Age” “Golden Age”

• Golden Age is a time of Golden Age is a time of great prosperity and great prosperity and cultural accomplishments.cultural accomplishments.

• Under the Abassids, the Under the Abassids, the Muslim empire stretched Muslim empire stretched into Asia, the Middle East, into Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Europe.Africa, and Europe.

• Muslim civilization adopted Muslim civilization adopted the traditions of many the traditions of many cultures.cultures.

• Muslim traders crossed the Muslim traders crossed the Sahara, traveled the Silk Sahara, traveled the Silk Road, and sailed to India Road, and sailed to India and Asia. and Asia.

• There was great social There was great social mobility- or the ability to mobility- or the ability to move up in society through move up in society through religious, military, or religious, military, or scholarly achievementsscholarly achievements

• Although slavery was Although slavery was common, Islamic law taught common, Islamic law taught that freeing slaves was a that freeing slaves was a charitable act- so even slaves charitable act- so even slaves had a chance to advancehad a chance to advance

• Between 750 and 1350, Between 750 and 1350, merchants built a vast trading merchants built a vast trading network across Muslim lands network across Muslim lands and beyondand beyond

• Extensive trade and a thriving money economy Extensive trade and a thriving money economy led Muslims to pioneer new business practices- led Muslims to pioneer new business practices- buying and selling on credit, partnerships, and buying and selling on credit, partnerships, and using checks (using checks (sakh sakh Arabic).Arabic).