CHAPTER 26CHAPTER 26

ANIMALSANIMALS

ANIMALSANIMALS Adapted to live in all environmentsAdapted to live in all environments

land, oceans, fresh water, cool regions, land, oceans, fresh water, cool regions, and desertsand deserts

Some feed on other animals, some are Some feed on other animals, some are parasites, some feed only on plantsparasites, some feed only on plants

Capable of moving great distancesCapable of moving great distances Depend on plants for food, either Depend on plants for food, either

directly or indirectlydirectly or indirectly

KINGDOM ANIMALIAKINGDOM ANIMALIA

Characteristics of animals include:Characteristics of animals include: All are multicellular and heterotrophicAll are multicellular and heterotrophic Composed of groups of cells organized into Composed of groups of cells organized into

tissues, organs, and organ systems.tissues, organs, and organ systems. Cells lack cell walls, have a nucleus and Cells lack cell walls, have a nucleus and

organellesorganelles Move from place to placeMove from place to place Respond to stimuliRespond to stimuli Most reproduce sexually, some can reproduce Most reproduce sexually, some can reproduce

asexuallyasexually

TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE REGULATIONREGULATION

Some are Some are poikilothermicpoikilothermic – body – body temperature varies with the temperature varies with the environmentenvironment

insects, worms, and reptilesinsects, worms, and reptiles Also called Also called ectothermicectothermic

Many are Many are homeothermichomeothermic - maintain - maintain constant temperature regardless of constant temperature regardless of their environmenttheir environment

birds and mammalsbirds and mammals Also called Also called endothermicendothermic

BODY PLANSBODY PLANS

Types include:Types include: AssymmetryAssymmetry – no regular body form – no regular body form

spongessponges Radial symmetryRadial symmetry – any division of the – any division of the

body along the axis results in two equal body along the axis results in two equal halveshalves

starfishstarfish Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry – body can be – body can be

divided into equal left and right halves divided into equal left and right halves from head to tail.from head to tail.

Mammals, birds, reptilesMammals, birds, reptiles

SYMMETRYSYMMETRY

SKELETONSSKELETONS Skeletons allow for:Skeletons allow for:

Attachment sites for organs and musclesAttachment sites for organs and muscles Movement at jointsMovement at joints

Terrestrial animals need much Terrestrial animals need much stronger skeletons than aquatic ones.stronger skeletons than aquatic ones.

Two types of skeletons:Two types of skeletons: ExoskeletonsExoskeletons – located externally – located externally

(insects, spiders)(insects, spiders) EndoskeletonsEndoskeletons – located internally (fish, – located internally (fish,

mammals)mammals)

PRIMITIVE MARINE PRIMITIVE MARINE ANIMALSANIMALS

Simplest animalsSimplest animals sponges, jellyfish, and coralssponges, jellyfish, and corals

Obtain nutrients from the waterObtain nutrients from the water Reproduction in sponges occurs by Reproduction in sponges occurs by

fragmentationfragmentation and and buddingbudding (asexual) or (asexual) or sexually by producing male and female sexually by producing male and female gametes. gametes.

Cnidarians (jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones) Cnidarians (jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones) have both sexual and asexual stages of have both sexual and asexual stages of reproduction (alternation of generations)reproduction (alternation of generations)

Medusa – reproduces sexuallyMedusa – reproduces sexually Polyp – reproduces asexuallyPolyp – reproduces asexually

LIFE CYCLE OF CNIDARIALIFE CYCLE OF CNIDARIA

PARASITESPARASITES Includes flatworms (flukes and Includes flatworms (flukes and

tapeworms) and roundwormstapeworms) and roundworms To be a successful parasite, must:To be a successful parasite, must:

find a suitable hostfind a suitable host be able to resist host defense systemsbe able to resist host defense systems have an anchoring systemhave an anchoring system keep its host alivekeep its host alive

ADVANCED BENTHIC ADVANCED BENTHIC MARINE ANIMALSMARINE ANIMALS

Bottom dwelling animalsBottom dwelling animals Includes male, female, and Includes male, female, and

hermaphroditichermaphroditic (male and female (male and female organs) organismsorgans) organisms

Include annelids, mollusks, clams, Include annelids, mollusks, clams, oysters, squids, octopus, and starfishoysters, squids, octopus, and starfish

Many are filter feedersMany are filter feeders Produce free-swimming larvaeProduce free-swimming larvae

ADVANCED BENTHIC ADVANCED BENTHIC MARINE ANIMALSMARINE ANIMALS

PELAGIC MARINE PELAGIC MARINE ANIMALS: FISHANIMALS: FISH

PELAGIC MARINE PELAGIC MARINE ANIMALS: FISHANIMALS: FISH

Sharks are predatory – feed primarily on Sharks are predatory – feed primarily on other fishother fish

Can travel large distances in search of foodCan travel large distances in search of food Rays are mostly bottom dwellersRays are mostly bottom dwellers Bony fish are the most familiar class of Bony fish are the most familiar class of

fishfish Have a swim bladder Have a swim bladder Found in marine and freshwater Found in marine and freshwater

environmentsenvironments

TERRESTRIAL ANIMALSTERRESTRIAL ANIMALS Live most of their lives on landLive most of their lives on land Adapted to a wide variety of terrestrial Adapted to a wide variety of terrestrial

habitats:habitats: Mollusks – snails and slugsMollusks – snails and slugs Arthropods – insects and spidersArthropods – insects and spiders Vertebrates – reptiles, birds, and Vertebrates – reptiles, birds, and

mammalsmammals

TERRESTRIAL ANIMALSTERRESTRIAL ANIMALS

TERRESTRIAL ANIMALSTERRESTRIAL ANIMALS

Arthropods can survive in all kinds of habitatsArthropods can survive in all kinds of habitats Millipedes, centipedes, spiders, and scorpionsMillipedes, centipedes, spiders, and scorpions

Half of all identified life forms are insectsHalf of all identified life forms are insects Have separate male and female individuals and Have separate male and female individuals and

internal fertilizationinternal fertilization

Many are herbivoresMany are herbivores Compete with humans for foodCompete with humans for food Can destroy plant populations that serve as Can destroy plant populations that serve as

food for human consumptionfood for human consumption

TERRESTRIAL ANIMALSTERRESTRIAL ANIMALS Amphibians live on land, Amphibians live on land,

reproduce in water through reproduce in water through external fertilizationexternal fertilization

Includes frogs, toads, and Includes frogs, toads, and salamanderssalamanders

Fertilized eggs must Fertilized eggs must remain in water or they remain in water or they will dry outwill dry out

Amphibians exchange air Amphibians exchange air two ways:two ways:

Through skin – Through skin – requires a moist requires a moist skinskin

Swallowing air into Swallowing air into their lungstheir lungs

TERRESTRIAL ANIMALSTERRESTRIAL ANIMALS Reptiles are completely terrestrialReptiles are completely terrestrial

Includes lizards, snakes, and turtlesIncludes lizards, snakes, and turtles Have scaly skin that helps resist Have scaly skin that helps resist

water losswater loss Eggs have amniotic sacs to protect Eggs have amniotic sacs to protect

from injury and dehydrationfrom injury and dehydration Tough, leathery eggsTough, leathery eggs

Some can reproduce asexuallySome can reproduce asexually parthenogenesisparthenogenesis

TERRESTRIAL ANIMALSTERRESTRIAL ANIMALS

Most birds:Most birds: Can travel long distances through Can travel long distances through

flightflight Build nests to raise youngBuild nests to raise young Defend and provide food for youngDefend and provide food for young

Flying enable birds to escape Flying enable birds to escape dangerdanger

Lay eggs with hardened shells – Lay eggs with hardened shells – more protected from water lossmore protected from water loss

BIRDSBIRDS

MAMMALSMAMMALS

Three groups:Three groups: MonotremesMonotremes – egg-laying mammals – egg-laying mammals

Duck-billed platypus Duck-billed platypus MarsupialsMarsupials – young born prematurely – young born prematurely

and must be reared in pouchesand must be reared in pouches Kangaroos, opossums, koalasKangaroos, opossums, koalas Remain in pouch until able to forge for Remain in pouch until able to forge for

themselvesthemselves Placental mammalsPlacental mammals - stay in the - stay in the

mother’s womb until fully developedmother’s womb until fully developed Humans, whales, horses, etc.Humans, whales, horses, etc.

MARSUPIALSMARSUPIALS

CHAPTER 26CHAPTER 26

ANIMALSANIMALS