WALT: Understand the 4 Humours in context. E – Describe the Four Humors and the role Hippocrates played.C – Assess the importance of the Four Humours theory.A – Evaluate how important the Theory was by giving a balanced argument.

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Exam Question…Q.Choose one of the developments below which have influenced the prevention and cure of disease and infection:

• The theory of the Four Humours

• Describe your chosen development.

Level 1 (1-2) Answers that show recognition and simple understanding of the key development

• The theory of the Four Humours was about four liquids in the body. These were blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. You had to have the right amounts to feel well.

Level 2 (3-4)Answers that explain and show understanding in a broader context of the period

• The four Humours were the four liquids in the body. They were important as it meant that doctors used the Four Humours as a diagnostic tool which meant that as a result doctors looked for symptoms: the first time that clinical observation of a patient was recorded.

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• How did the the theory of the Four Humours influence the prevention and cure of disease and infection:

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BALANCEFor the perfect answer to my homework and any significance question you must have balance.

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WHY THE 4H WAS GOOD – WHY IT GOT BETTER…

WHY THE 4H WAS BAD – WHY TREATMENTS STAYED THE SAME… WHO COULD AFFORD IT ?

DESCRIBE THE 4H

BALANCE• Some ancient Greek methods of diagnosis would

not be out of place in a modern doctor's surgery, and some of the natural cures of Greek doctors resemble some home remedies still in use today. Some of their theories, though - such as the theory of the four humours - although very influential in the history of medicine, eventually proved to be false.

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Greek knowledge …As Hippocrates had built on Egyptian ideas, so later Greeks built on the ideas of Hippocrates. Succeeding generations of Greek doctors learned to observe human anatomy, wrote down their findings, and took their knowledge all over the known world.

Overview

After philosophers such as Aristotle and Plato decided that the human body was not needed in the afterlife, Greek doctors at Alexandria in Egypt began to dissect bodies. Some even dissected the bodies of criminals who were still alive (vivisection). In this way the surgeon Herophilus realised that the brain, not the heart, controls the movement of the limbs, and Erasistratus discovered that the blood moves through the veins (although he did not realise that it circulated). Thus the Greeks began to find out in a systematic way about the inside of the body.

Based on their observation of life, Greek philosophers such as Thucydides realised that prayers were useless against illnesses such as the plague, and that epilepsy was not caused by the gods. Hippocrates's book 'Airs, Waters and Places' suggested that disease was caused by the environment. Thus the way was open for an entirely natural theory of the cause of disease.

Based on the theory that natural matter comprised four basic elements, the Greek philosophers came up with the idea that the human body consisted of the four humours, which had to be kept in balance. This theory survived until after AD 1700.

Summary

The Greek doctors made their medical diagnosis based on examination of their patient from head to foot - this is called clinical observation. They did this while referring to Hippocratic textbooks, which told them how to do the examination and what the disease might be.

The ancient Greeks came to understand that illness had natural causes, and could not be cured by appealing to their gods. They therefore looked for natural cures, using natural substances such as garlic, vinegar and honey. Greek doctors said that nature is the best healer.

Since Greek doctors believed that most illness was caused by an imbalance of the four humours, many of their cures tried to rebalance the humours. In their search for a cure they also often tried to balance the natural heat of the patient:

• They would cure a cold by keeping the patient warm.• They would treat a fever (hot and wet) by keeping the patient cool and

dry.• They used bleeding and purging - not, as the Egyptians, to unblock a

channel, but in order to rebalance two of the humours - the blood and the black bile.