1000CR part7

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16. Which one of the following principles, if established, most helps to justify the production

manager’s conclusion?

(A !ompanies should be re"uired to de#elop safer products if such de#elopment can befunded from sales of e$isting products.

(% &hat a product does not meet industry safety codes should be ta'en as sufficient

indication that the product poses some safety ris's.(! !ompanies should not sell a product that poses safety ris's if they are technologically

capable of producing a safer #ersion of that product.

( )roduct safety codes should be re#iewed whene#er an industry replaces one #ersion of a

product with a technologically more ad#anced #ersion of that product.

(* +n order to ma'e building materials safer, companies should continually research newtechnologies whether or not they are re"uired to do so in order to comply with safety

codes.

1. &he sales manager counters the production manager’s argument by

(A pointing out that one part of the production manager’s proposal would ha#econse"uences that would pre#ent successful e$ecution of another part

(% challenging the production manager’s authority to dictate company policy

(! "uestioning the product manager’s assumption that a product is necessarily safe just because it is safer than another product

( proposing a change in the standards by which product safety is judged

(* presenting e#idence to show that the production manager has o#erestimated the potential

impact of the new technology

Questions 18-19

*ach year, an official estimate of the stoc' of cod in the -rand %an's is announced. &hisestimate is obtained by a#eraging two separate estimates of how many cod are a#ailable, one

based on the number of cod caught by research #essels during a onceyearly sampling of the area

and the other on the a#erage number of tons of cod caught by #arious commercial #essels perunit of fishing effort e$pended there in the past year/a unit of fishing effort being one 'ilometer of net set out in the water for one hour. +n pre#ious decades, the two estimates usually agreed

closely. 0owe#er, for the last decade the estimate based on commercial tonnage has been

increasing mar'edly, by about the same amount as the samplingbased estimate has beendecreasing.

1. +f the statements in the passage are true, which one of the following is most strongly

supported by them?

(A 2ast year’s official estimate was probably not much different from the official estimateten years ago.

(% &he number of commercial #essels fishing for cod in the -rand %an's has increasedsubstantially o#er the past decade.(! &he samplingbased estimate is more accurate than the estimate based on commercial

tonnage in that the data on which it relies is less li'ely to be inaccurate.

( &he onceyearly sampling by research #essels should be used as the sole basis forarri#ing at the official estimate of the stoc' of cod.

(* &wenty years ago, the o#erall stoc' of cod in the -rand %an's was officially estimated

to be much larger than it is estimated to be today.

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13. Which one of the following, if true, most helps to account for the growing discrepancy

between the estimate based on commercial tonnage and the researchbased estimate?

(A 4ishing #essels often e$ceed their fishing "uotas for cod and therefore often underreportthe number of tons of cod that they catch.

(% 5ore sur#ey #essels are now in#ol#ed in the yearly sampling effort than were in#ol#ed

1 years ago.(! +mpro#ements in technology o#er the last 1 years ha#e allowed commercial fishing

#essels to locate and catch large schools of cod more easily.

( 7ur#ey #essels count only those cod caught during a 8day sur#ey period, whereascommercial dishing #essels report all cod caught during the course of a year.

(* %ecause of past o#erfishing of cod, fewer fishing #essels now catch the ma$imum

tonnage of cod each #essel is allowed by law to catch.

9. )ret:els can cause ca#ities. +nterestingly, the longer that a pret:el remains in contact with the

teeth when it is being eaten, the greater the li'elihood that a ca#ity will result. What is trueof pret:els in this regard is also true of caramels. &herefore, since caramels dissol#e more

"uic'ly in the mouth than pret:els do, eating a caramel is less li'ely to result in a ca#ity than

eating a pret:el is.&he reasoning in the argument is #ulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument

(A treats a correlation that holds within indi#idual categories as thereby holding across

categories as well(% relies on the ambiguous use of a 'ey term

(! ma'es a general claim based on particular e$amples that do not ade"uately represent the

respecti#e classes that they are each intended to represent( mista'es the cause of a particular phenomenon for the effect of that phenomenon

(* is based on premises that cannot all be true

Questions 21-22

5ar'; )lasticfoam cups, which contain en#ironmentally harmful chlorofluorocarbons, should nolonger be used< paper cups are preferable. 7tyrene, a carcinogenic byproduct, is generated in

foam production, and foam cups, once used, persist indefinitely in the en#ironment.

&ina; =ou o#erloo' the en#ironmental effects of paper cups. A study done > years ago showedthat ma'ing paper for their production burned more petroleum than was used for foam cups and

used 19 times as much steam, 86 times as much electricity, and twice as much cooling water.

%ecause paper cups weigh more, their transportation ta'es more energy. )aper mills producewater pollution, and when the cups decay they produce methane, a gas that contributes to

harmful global warming. 7o they are a worse choice.

91. Which one of the following, if true, could 5ar' cite to counter e#idence offered by &ina?

(A &he use of energy for chain saws that cut down trees and for truc's that haul logs is partof the en#ironmental cost of manufacturing paper.

(% 4oam cups are somewhat more acceptable to consumers than paper cups because of their

better insulating "ualities.(! &he production and transportation of petroleum occasions serious en#ironmental

pollution, but the energy that runs paper mills now comes from burning waste wood

rather than petroleum.

( &he amount of styrene escaping into the en#ironment or remaining in foam cups after

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their manufacture is negligible.

(* Acre for acre, tree farms for the production of wood for paper ha#e fewer beneficial

effects on the en#ironment than do natural forests than remain uncut.

99. &o decide the issue between 5ar' and &ina, it would first be most important to decide(A how soon each of the 'inds of harm cited by 5ar' and &ina would be li'ely to be at its

ma$imum le#el(% whether members of some societies use, on a#erage, more disposable goods than do

members of other societies

(! whether it is necessary to see' a third alternati#e that has none of the negati#e

conse"uences cited with respect to the two products

( how much of the chains of causation in#ol#ed in the production, mar'eting, and disposalof the products should be considered in analy:ing their en#ironmental impact

(* whether paper and foam cups, in their most popular si:es, hold the same "uantities of

li"uid

98. When people e$perience throbbing in their teeth or gums, they ha#e serious dental problems,

and if a dental problem is serious, it will be a problem either of tooth decay or of gumdisease. &herefore, since throbbing in the teeth or gums is a sign of serious dental problems,

and neither 7abina’s teeth nor her gums are throbbing, 7abina can be suffering from neither

tooth decay nor gum disease.

Which one of the following contains an error of reasoning most similar to that made in the

argument abo#e?

(A )eople who drin' a lot of coffee are said to ha#e jittery ner#es. &herefore, medicalstudents who drin' a lot of coffee should not become neonatologists or surgeons since

neither neonatology nor surgery should be practiced by people with jittery ner#es.

(% A legally practicing psychiatrist must ha#e both a medical degree and psychiatrictraining. &hus, since *mmett has not undergone psychiatric training, if he is practicing

as a psychiatrist, he is not doing so legally.(! 7omeone with se#ere nasal congestion has a sinus infection or else is suffering from anallergy. &herefore, if %arton does not ha#e a sinus infection, %arton probably does not

ha#e se#ere nasal congestion.

( +f a person is interested in either physics or chemistry, then that person would be wise to

consider a career in medicine. =olanda, howe#er, is interested in neither physics norchemistry, so it would not be wise for her to consider a career in medicine.

(* 7omeone who is neither an ophthalmologist nor an optometrist lac's speciali:ed training

for diagnosing defects of the eye. &herefore, im must ha#e been trained in

ophthalmology or optometry, gi#en that she accurately diagnosed @ohn’s eye defect.

9. A certain airport security scanner designed to detect e$plosi#es in luggage will alert the

scanner’s operator whene#er the piece of luggage passing under the scanner contains ane$plosi#e. &he scanner will erroneously alert the operator for only one percent of the pieces

of luggage that contain no e$plosi#es. &hus in ninetynine out of a hundred alerts e$plosi#eswill actually be present.

&he reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument(A ignores the possibility of the scanner’s failing to signal an alert when the luggage does

contain an e$plosi#e

(% draws a general conclusion about reliability on the basis of a sample that is li'ely to be

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biased

(! ignores the possibility of human error on the part of the scanner’s operator once the

scanner has alerted him or her ( fails to ac'nowledge the possibility that the scanner will not be e"ually sensiti#e to all

'inds of e$plosi#es

(* substitutes one group for a different group in the statement of a percentage9>. Bnless negotiations begin soon, the ceasefire will be #iolated by one of the two sides to the

dispute. Cegotiations will be held only if other countries ha#e pressured the two sides to

negotiate< an agreement will emerge only if other countries continue such pressure

throughout the negotiations. %ut no negotiations will be held until international troops

enforcing the ceasefire ha#e demonstrated their ability to counter any aggression fromeither side, thus suppressing a major incenti#e for the two sides to resume fighting.

+f the statements abo#e are true, and if negotiations between the two sides do begin soon, atthe time those negotiations begin each of the following must also be true *D!*)&;

(A &he ceasefire has not been #iolated by either of the two sides.

(% +nternational troops enforcing the ceasefire ha#e demonstrated that they can counter

aggression from either of the two sides.(! A major incenti#e for the two sides to resume hostilities has been suppressed.

( Ether countries ha#e e$erted pressure on the two sides to the dispute.

(* &he negotiations’ reaching an agreement depends in part on the actions of other

countries.

96. +f %lan'enship *nterprises has to switch suppliers in the middle of a large production run,the company will not show a profit for the year. &herefore, if %lan'enship *nterprises in fact

turns out to show no profit for the year, it will also turn out to be true that the company had

to switch suppliers during a large production run.

&he reasoning in the argument is most #ulnerable to criticism on which one of the following

grounds?(A &he argument is a circular argument made up of an opening claim followed by a

conclusion that merely paraphrases that claim.

(% &he argument fails to establish that a condition under which a phenomenon is said to

occur is the only condition under which that phenomenon occurs.(! &he argument in#ol#es an e"ui#ocation, in that the word FprofitG is allowed to shift its

meaning during the course of the argument.

( &he argument erroneously uses an e$ceptional, isolated case to support a uni#ersalconclusion.

(* &he argument e$plains one e#ent as being caused by another e#ent, e#en though both

e#ents must actually ha#e been caused by some third, unidentified e#ent.

7*!&+EC +HTime 35 minutes 24 Questions

Directions: The questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or

passages...

1. @ames; +n my own house, + do what + want. +n banning smo'ing on passenger airlines duringdomestic flights, the go#ernment has ignored the airlines’ right to set smo'ing policies on

their own property.

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*ileen; =ou house is for your own use. %ecause a passenger airline offers a ser#ice to the

public, the passengers’ health must come first.

&he basic step in *ileen’s method of attac'ing @ames’ argument is to

(A draw a distinction

(% offer a definition

(! establish an analogy( deri#e a contradiction from it

(* "uestion its moti#ation

9. &he company that produces D=I, a computer spreadsheet program, estimates that millions

of illegally reproduced copies of D=I are being used. +f legally purchased, this number ofcopies would ha#e generated millions of dollars in sales for the company, yet despite a

companywide effort to boost sales, the company has not ta'en a#ailable legal measures to

prosecute those who ha#e copied the program illegally.

Which one of the following, if true, most helps to e$plain why the company has not ta'en

a#ailable legal measures?(A D=I is #ery difficult to copy illegally, because a sophisticated anticopying mechanism

in the program must first be disabled.

(% &he legal measures that the company that produces D=I could ta'e against those who

ha#e copied its product became a#ailable se#eral years before D=I came on themar'et.

(! 5any people who purchase a software program li'e D=I are willing to purchase that

program only after they ha#e already used it.( &he number of illegally reproduced copies of D=I currently in use e$ceeds the number

of legally reproduced copies currently in use.

(* &he company that produces A%!, the spreadsheet program that is D=I’s main ri#al in

the mar'etplace, is well 'nown for ta'ing legal action against people who ha#e copied

A%! illegally.

Questions 3-4

im; 7ome people claim that the batterypowered electric car represents a potential solution to

the problem of air pollution. %ut they forget that it ta'es electricity to recharge batteries and that

most of our electricity is generated by burning polluting fossil fuels. +ncreasing the number ofelectric cars on the road would re"uire building more generating facilities since current facilities

are operating at ma$imum capacity. 7o e#en if all of the gasolinepowered cars on the roads

today were replaced by electric cars, it would at best be an e$change of one source of fossilfuel

pollution for another.

8. &he main point made in im’s argument is that

(A replacing gasolinepowered cars with batterypowered electric cars will re"uire buildingmore generating facilities

(% a significant reduction in air pollution cannot be achie#ed unless people dri#e less(! all forms of automobile transportation are e"ually harmful to the en#ironment in terms

of the air pollution they produce

( batterypowered electric cars are not a #iable solution to the airpollution problem

(* gasolinepowered cars will probably remain a common means of transportation for theforeseeable future

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. Which one of the following is an assumption on which im’s argument depends?

(A Jeplacing gasolinepowered cars with batterypowered electric cars will lead to a net

increase in the total number of cars on the road.(% -asolinepowered cars are currently not the most significant source of fossilfuel

pollution.

(! Jeplacing gasolinepowered cars with batterypowered electric cars is justified only ifelectric cars produce less air pollution.

( While it is being operated, a batterypowered electric car does not cause any significant

air pollution.

(* At least some of the generating facilities built to meet the demand for electricity for batterypowered electric cars would be of a type that burns fossil fuel.

>. )lanetary bodies differ from one another in their composition, but most of those in the 7olar

7ystem ha#e solid surfaces. Bnless the core of such a planetary body generates enough heat

to cause #olcanic action, the surface of the body will not be renewed for millions of years.Any planetary body with a solid surface whose surface is not renewed for millions of years

becomes hea#ily poc'mar'ed by meteorite craters, just li'e the *arth’s 5oon. 7ome old

planetary bodies in the 7olar 7ystem, such as *uropa, a #ery cold moon belonging to @upiter,ha#e solid icy surfaces with #ery few meteorite craters.

+f the claims abo#e are true, which one of the following must, on the basis of them, be true?

(A &he *arth’s 5oon does not ha#e an icy surface.(% +f a planetary body does not ha#e a hea#ily poc'mar'ed surface, its core does not

generate enough heat to cause #olcanic action.

(! 7ome planetary bodies whose cores generate enough heat to cause #olcanic action donot ha#e solid icy surfaces.

( 7ome of @upiter’s moons are hea#ily poc'mar'ed by meteorite craters.

(* 7ome #ery cold planetary bodies ha#e cores that generate enough heat to cause #olcanic

action.

6. )atient; )harmacists maintain that doctors should not be permitted to sell the medicine thatthey prescribe because doctors would then be tempted to prescribe unnecessary medicines in

order to earn e$tra income. %ut pharmacists ha#e a financial interest in ha#ing a monopoly

on the sale of prescription medicines, so their objection to the sale of medicines by doctors

cannot be ta'en seriously.

&he patient’s argument proceeds by

(A pointing out an unstated assumption on which the pharmacists’ argument relies and thenrefuting it

(% attempting to discredit a position by "uestioning the moti#es of the proponents of that

position

(! undermining the pharmacists’ conclusion by demonstrating that one of the statementsused to support the conclusion is false

( rejecting a "uestionable position on the grounds that the general public does not support

that position

(* asserting that pharmacists lac' the appropriate 'nowledge to ha#e informed opinions on

the subject under discussion

. 5urray; =ou claim 7enator %randon has accepted gifts from lobbyists. =ou are wrong to

ma'e this criticism. &hat it is moti#ated by personal disli'e is shown by the fact that you

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deliberately a#oid critici:ing other politicians who ha#e done what you accuse 7enator

%randon of doing.

@ane; =ou are right that + disli'e 7enator %randon, but just because + ha#e not critici:ed the

same failing in others doesn’t mean you can e$cuse the senator’s offense.

+f 5urray and @ane are both sincere in what they say, then it can properly be concluded that

they agree that(A 7enator %randon has accepted gifts from lobbyists(% it is wrong for politicians to accept gifts from lobbyists

(! @ane’s criticism of 7enator %randon is moti#ated only by personal disli'e

( 7enator %randon should be critici:ed for accepting gifts from lobbyists

(* one or more politicians ha#e accepted gifts from lobbyists

Questions 8-9

Escar; *merging information technologies will soon ma'e speed of information processing thesingle most important factor in the creation of indi#idual, corporate, and national wealth.

!onse"uently, the di#ision of the world into northern countries/in general rich/and southern

countries/in general poor/will soon be obsolete. +nstead, there simply will be fast countriesand slow countries, and thus a country’s economic wellbeing will not be a function of its

geographical position but just a matter of its relati#e success in incorporating those new

technologies.

7yl#ia; %ut the poor countries of the south lac' the economic resources to ac"uire thosetechnologies and will therefore remain poor. &he technologies will thus only widen the e$isting

economic gap between north and south.

. 7yl#ia’s reasoning depends on the assumption that

(A the prosperity of the rich countries of the north depends, at least in part, on the naturalresources of the poor countries of the south

(% the emergence of new information technologies will not result in a significant netincrease in the total amount of global wealth(! there are technologies other than information technologies whose de#elopment could

help narrow the e$isting economic gap between north and south

( at least some of the rich countries of the north will be effecti#e in incorporating new

information technologies into their economies

(* the speed at which information processing ta'e place will continue to increaseindefinitely

3. &he reasoning that Escar uses in supporting his prediction is #ulnerable to criticism on the

ground that it

(A o#erloo's the possibility that the ability of countries to ac"uire new technologies at

some time in the future will depend on factors other than those countries’ presenteconomic status

(% fails to establish that the di#ision of the world into rich countries and poor countries isthe single most important problem that will confront the world economy in the future

(! ignores the possibility that, in determining a country’s future wealth, the country’s

incorporation of informationprocessing technologies might be outweighed by a

combination of other factors( pro#ides no reason to belie#e that faster information processing will ha#e only

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beneficial effects on countries that successfully incorporate new information

technologies into their economies

(* ma'es no distinction between those of the world’s rich countries that are the wealthiestand those that are less wealthy

1. At the beginning of each month, companies report to the federal go#ernment their net loss or

gain in jobs o#er the past month. &hese reports are then consolidated by the go#ernment andreported as the total gain or loss for the past month. espite accurate reporting by companiesand correct tallying by the go#ernment, the number of jobs lost was significantly

underestimated in the recent recession.

Which one of the following, if true, contributes most to a resolution of the apparentdiscrepancy described?

(A 5ore jobs are lost in a recession than in a period of growth.

(% &he e$penses of collecting and reporting employment data ha#e steadily increased.(! 5any people who lose their jobs start up their own businesses.

( +n the recent recession a large number of failing companies abruptly ceased all

operations.

(* &he recent recession contributed to the growing preponderance of ser#ice jobs o#ermanufacturing jobs.

Questions 11-12

%e#erage company representati#e; &he plastic rings that hold si$pac's of be#erage cans

together pose a threat to wild animals, which often become entangled in the discarded rings and

suffocate as a result. 4ollowing our lead, all be#erage companies will soon use only those rings

consisting of a new plastic that disintegrates after only three days’ e$posure to sunlight. Ence weall complete the switcho#er from the old to the new plastic rings, therefore, the threat of

suffocation that plastic rings pose to wild animals will be eliminated.

11. &he argument depends on which one of the following assumptions?

(A Cone of the new plastic rings can disintegrate after only two days’ e$posure to sunlight.(% &he switcho#er to the new plastic rings can be completed without causing significant

financial hardship to the be#erage companies.

(! Wild animals will not become entangled in the new plastic rings before the rings ha#ehad sufficient e$posure to sunlight to disintegrate.

( Bse of the old plastic rings poses no substantial threat to wild animals other than that of

suffocation.

(* Any wild animal that becomes entangled in the old plastic rings will suffocate as a result.

19. Which one of the following, if true, most seriously wea'ens the representati#e’s argument?(A &he switcho#er to the new plastic rings will ta'e at least two more years to complete.

(% After the be#erage companies ha#e switched o#er to the new plastic rings, a substantialnumber of the old plastic rings will persist in most a"uatic and woodland en#ironments.

(! &he new plastic rings are slightly less e$pensi#e than the old rings.

( &he new plastic rings rarely disintegrate during shipping of be#erage si$pac's because

most truc's that transport canned be#erages protect their cargo from sunlight.

(* &he new plastic rings disintegrate into substances that are harmful to a"uatic animals

when ingested in substantial "uantities by them.

18. Alcohol consumption has been clearly lin'ed to high blood pressure, which increases the

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li'elihood of de#eloping heart disease. =et in a study of the effects of alcohol consumption,

the incidence of heart disease was lower among participants who dran' moderate "uantities

of alcohol e#ery day than it was among participants identified as nondrin'ers.

Which one of the following, if true, most helps to resol#e the apparent discrepancy in the

information abo#e?

(A %ecause many people who do not drin' alcohol are conscious of their health habits, theyare li'ely to engage in regular e$ercise and to eat nutritionally wellbalanced meals.

(% 5any of the participants identifies as nondrin'ers were people who had been hea#ydrin'ers but had stopped drin'ing alcohol prior to participating in the study.

(! 7ome of the participants who dran' moderate "uantities of alcohol e#ery day said that

they occasionally dran' large "uantities of alcohol.

( 7ome of the participants who dran' moderate "uantities of alcohol e#ery day had high blood pressure.

(* &he two groups of participants were similar to each other with respect to the

participants’ age, se$, geographical origin, and economic bac'ground.

1. 7ome of the world’s most beautiful cats are )ersian cats. 0owe#er, it must be ac'nowledged

that all )ersian cats are pompous, and pompous cats are in#ariably irritating.

+f the statements abo#e are true, each of the following must also be true on the basis of them

*D!*)&;(A 7ome of the world’s most beautiful cats are irritating.

(% 7ome irritating cats are among the world’s most beautiful cats.

(! Any cat that is not irritating is not a )ersian cat.( 7ome pompous cats are among the world’s most beautiful cats.

(* 7ome irritating and beautiful cats are not )ersian cats.

1>. At 4lordyce Bni#ersity any student who wants to participate in a certain archaeological dig

is eligible to do so but only if the student has ta'en at least one archaeology course and has

shown an interest in the field. 5any students who ha#e shown an interest in archaeologyne#er ta'e e#en one archaeology course. &herefore, many students who want to participate

in the dig will be ineligible to do so.

&he flawed reasoning of which one of the following arguments is most similar to that of theargument abo#e?

(A &heoretically, any jar is worth sa#ing regardless of its si:e, but only if it has a lid.

&herefore, since some jars are sure not to ha#e lids, there are certain si:es of jar that areactually not worth sa#ing.

(% 4or a horse that is well schooled to be ideal for beginning riders that horse must also be

surefooted and gentle. 5any horses that are surefooted are not gentle. &herefore manywellschooled horses are not ideal for beginning riders.

(! +f an author’s first no#el has a romantic setting and a suspenseful plot, it will become a bestseller. 7ince many authors’ first no#els ha#e neither, not many first no#els become

bestsellers.( Any automobile that is more than a few years old is e#entually sure to need repairs if it

is not regularly maintained. 5any automobiles are more than a few years old, but still

do not need repairs. &herefore, many automobiles are regularly maintained.

(* An e$pensi#e new building will pro#e to be a good in#estment only if it is aesthetically

pleasing or pro#ides lots of office space. 0owe#er, since many e$pensi#e new

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buildings are not aesthetically pleasing, few e$pensi#e new buildings will pro#e to be

good in#estments.

16. 4rom the obser#ation that each member of a group could possess a characteristic, it isfallacious to conclude immediately that it is possible for all the group’s members to possess

the characteristic. An e$ample in which the fallacy is ob#ious; arguing that because each of

the players entering a tennis tournament has a possibility of winning it, there is therefore a possibility that all will win the tournament.

Which one of the following commits the fallacy described abo#e?

(A =ou can fool some of the people all of the time and all of the people some of the time, but you cannot fool all of the people all of the time.

(% *ach of the candidates for mayor appears at first glance to possess the necessary

"ualifications. +t would therefore be a mista'e to rule out any of them without morecareful e$amination.

(! *ach of the many nominees could be appointed to any one of the three openings on the

committee. &herefore it is possible for all of the nominees to be appointed to the

openings on the committee.

( +f a fair coin is tossed fi#e times, then on each toss the chance of heads being the resultis half. &herefore the chance of heads being the result on all fi#e tosses is also half.

(* +t is estimated that ten million planets capable of supporting life e$ist in our gala$y. &hus

to rule out the possibility of life on worlds other than *arth, ten million planetarye$plorations would be needed.

1. Jecent research shows that hesitation, shifting posture, and failure to maintain eye contact

are not reliable indicators in discriminating between those who are lying and those who are

telling the truth. &he research indicates that beha#ior that cannot be controlled is a much better clue, at least when the lie is important to the liar. 7uch beha#ior includes the dilation

of eye pupils, which indicates emotional arousal, and small mo#ements of facial muscles,

which indicate distress, fear or anger.Which one of the following pro#ides the strongest reason for e$ercising caution when

relying on the FbetterG clues mentioned abo#e in order to disco#er whether someone islying?

(A A person who is lying might be aware that he or she is being closely obser#ed for

indications of lying.(% 7omeone who is telling the truth might ne#ertheless ha#e a past history of lying.

(! A practiced liar might ha#e achie#ed great control o#er body posture and eye contact.

( A person telling the truth might be affected emotionally by being suspected of lying or

by some other aspect of the situation.

(* 7omeone who is lying might e$hibit hesitation and shifting posture as well as dilated

pupils.Questions 18-19

Erthodo$ medicine is ineffecti#e at both ends of the spectrum of ailments. At the more tri#ial

end, orthodo$ medicine is largely ineffecti#e in treating aches, pains and allergies, and, at the

other e$treme, it has yet to produce a cure for serious, lifethreatening diseases such as ad#ancedcancer and lupus. )eople turn to alternati#e medicine when orthodo$ medicine fails to help them

and when it produces side effects that are unacceptable to them. Ene of the reasons alternati#e

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medicines is free of such side effects is that it does not ha#e any effects at all.

1. +f the statements abo#e are true, which one of the following can be properly inferred from

them?(A )ractitioners of alternati#e medicine are acting in bad faith.

(% &here are some medical conditions for which no orthodo$ or alternati#e treatment is

effecti#e.(! &here are some tri#ial illnesses that can be treated effecti#ely by the methods of

alternati#e medicine.

( &here are no effecti#e medical treatments that are free from unacceptable side effects.

(* Erthodo$ medicine will e#entually produce a solution for the diseases that are currently

incurable.

13. &he charge made abo#e against alternati#e medicine is most seriously wea'ened if it is true

that

(A predictions based on orthodo$ medicine ha#e sometimes failed, as when a patient has

reco#ered despite the judgment of doctors that an illness is fatal(% alternati#e medicine relies on concepts of the body and of the nature of healing that

differ from those on which orthodo$ medicine is based

(! alternati#e medicine pro#ides hope to those for whom orthodo$ medicine offers no cure( a patient’s belief in the medical treatment the patient is recei#ing can release the body’s

own chemical pain'illers, diminish allergic reactions, and promote healing

(* many treatments used for a time by orthodo$ medicine ha#e later been found to be

totally ineffecti#e

9. 0umans began to spread across Corth American around 19, years ago, as the climate

became warmer. uring the same period the large mammals that were once abundant in Corth America, such as the mastodon, the woolly mammoth, and the sabertoothed tiger,

became e$tinct. &hus, contrary to the myth that humans formerly li#ed in harmony with the

rest of nature, it is clear that e#en 19, years ago human acti#ity was causing thee$tinction of animal species.

&he argument is most #ulnerable o the criticism that(A it adopts without "uestion a #iew of the world in which humans are seen as not included

in nature

(% in calling the idea that humans once li#ed in harmony with nature a myth the argument presupposes what it attempts to pro#e

(! for early inhabitants of Corth America the destruction of mastodons, woolly mammoths,

and sabertoothed tigers might ha#e had #ery different significance than the e$tinction

of mammal species does for modern humans( there might ha#e been many other species of animals, besides mastodon, woolly

mammoths, and sabertoothed tigers, that became e$tinct as the result of the spread ofhumans across Corth American

(* the e#idence it cites is consistent with the alternati#e hypothesis that the large mammals’e$tinction was a direct result of the same change in climate that allowed humans to

spread across Corth American

1000CR part7

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Transcript of 1000CR part7