1000 Solved Problems in Modern Physics

Ahmad A. Kamal

1000 Solved Problemsin Modern Physics

123

Dr. Ahmad A. Kamal425 Silversprings LaneMurphy, TX 75094, USAanwarakamal@yahoo.com

ISBN 978-3-642-04332-1 e-ISBN 978-3-642-04333-8DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-04333-8Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York

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Dedicated to my parents

Preface

This book is targeted mainly to the undergraduate students of USA, UK and otherEuropean countries, and the M.Sc of Asian countries, but will be found useful for thegraduate students, Graduate Record Examination (GRE), Teachers and Tutors. Thisis a by-product of lectures given at the Osmania University, University of Ottawaand University of Tebrez over several years, and is intended to assist the students intheir assignments and examinations. The book covers a wide spectrum of disciplinesin Modern Physics, and is mainly based on the actual examination papers of UK andthe Indian Universities. The selected problems display a large variety and conform tosyllabi which are currently being used in various countries. The book is divided intoten chapters. Each chapter begins with basic concepts containing a set of formulaeand explanatory notes for quick reference, followed by a number of problems andtheir detailed solutions.

The problems are judiciously selected and are arranged section-wise. The solu-tions are neither pedantic nor terse. The approach is straight forward and step-by-step solutions are elaborately provided. More importantly the relevant formulas usedfor solving the problems can be located in the beginning of each chapter. There areapproximately 150 line diagrams for illustration.

Basic quantum mechanics, elementary calculus, vector calculus and Algebra arethe pre-requisites. The areas of Nuclear and Particle physics are emphasized as rev-olutionary developments have taken place both on the experimental and theoreticalfronts in recent years. No book on problems can claim to exhaust the variety in thelimited space. An attempt is made to include the important types of problems at theundergraduate level.

Chapter 1 is devoted to the methods of Mathematical physics and covers suchtopics which are relevant to subsequent chapters. Detailed solutions are given toproblems under Vector Calculus, Fourier series and Fourier transforms, Gamma andBeta functions, Matrix Algebra, Taylor and Maclaurean series, Integration, Ordinarydifferential equations, Calculus of variation Laplace transforms, Special functionssuch as Hermite, Legendre, Bessel and Laguerre functions, complex variables, sta-tistical distributions such as Binomial, Poisson, Normal and interval distributionsand numerical integration.

Chapters 2 and 3 focus on quantum physics. Chapter 2 is basically concernedwith the old quantum theory. Problems are solved under the topics of deBroglie

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waves, Bohr’s theory of hydrogen atom and hydrogen-like atoms, positronium andmesic atoms, X-rays production and spectra, Moseley’s law and Duan–Hunt law,spectroscopy of atoms and molecules, which include various quantum numbers andselection rules, and optical Doppler effect.

Chapter 3 is concerned with the quantum mechanics of Schrodinger andHesenberg. Problems are solved on the topics of normalization and orthogonalityof wave functions, the separation of Schrodinger’s equation into radial and angu-lar parts, 1-D potential wells and barriers, 3-D potential wells, Simple harmonicoscillator, Hydrogen-atom, spatial and momentum distribution of electron, Angularmomentum, Clebsch–Gordon coefficients ladder operators, approximate methods,scattering theory-phase-shift analysis and Ramsuer effect, the Born approximation.

Chapter 4 deals with problems on Thermo–dynamic relations and their applica-tions such a specific heats of gases, Joule–Thompson effect, Clausius–Clapeyronequation and Vander waal’s equation, the statistical distributions of Boltzmannand Fermi distributions, the distribution of rotational and vibrational states of gasmolecules, the Black body radiation, the solar constant, the Planck’s law and Wein’slaw.

Chapter 5 is basically related to Solid State physics and material science. Prob-lems are covered under the headings, crystal structure, Lattice constant, Electricalproperties of crystals, Madelung constant, Fermi energy in metals, drift velocity, theHall effect, the Debye temperature, the intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, thejunction diode, the superconductor and the BCS theory, and the Josephson effect.

Chapter 6 deals with the special theory of Relativity. Problems are solved underLorentz transformations of length, time, velocity, momentum and energy, the invari-ance of four-momentum vector, transformation of angles and Doppler effect andthreshold of particle production.

Chapters 7 and 8 are concerned with problems in low energy Nuclear physics.Chapter 7 covers the interactions of charged particles with matter which includekinematics of collisions, Rutherford Scattering, Ionization, Range and Straggiling,Interactions of radiation with matter which include Compton scattering, photoelec-tric effect, pair production and nuclear resonance fluorescence, general radioactivitywhich includes problems on chain decays, age of earth, Carbon dating, alpha decay,Beta decay and gamma decay.

Chapter 8 is devoted to the static properties of nuclei such as nuclear masses,nuclear spin and parity, magnetic moments and quadrupole moments, the Nuclearmodels, the Fermi gas model, the shell model, the liquid drop model and the opticalmodel, problems on fission and fusion and Nuclear Reactors.

Chapters 9 and 10 are concerned with high energy physics. Chapter 9 coversthe problems on natural units, production, interactions and decays of high energyunstable particles, various types of detectors such as ionization chambers, propror-tional and G.M. counters, Accelerators which include Betatron, Cyclotron, Synchro-Cyclotron, proton and electron Synchrotron, Linear accelerator and Colliders.

Chapter 10 deals with the static and dynamic properties of elementary particlesand resonances, their classification from the point of view of the Fermi–Dirac andBose–Einstein statistics as well as the three types of interactions, strong, Electro-

Preface ix

magnetic and weak, the conservation laws applicable to the three types of interac-tions, Gell-mann’s formula, the properties of quarks and classification into super-multiplets, the types of weak decays and Cabibbo’s theory, the neutrino oscillations,Electro–Weak interaction, the heavy bosons and the Standard model.

Acknowledgements

It is a pleasure to thank Javid for the bulk of typing and suggestions and Maryamfor proof reading. I am indebted to Muniba for the line drawings, to Suraiya, Maq-sood and Zehra for typing and editing. I am grateful to the Universities of UK andIndia for permitting me to use their question papers cited in the text to CERN photoservice for the cover page to McGraw-Hill and Co: for a couple of diagrams fromQuantum Mechanics, L.I. Schiff, 1955, to Cambridge University Press for usingsome valuable information from Introduction to High Energy Physics, D.H. Perkinsand to Ginn and Co: and Pearson and Co: for access to Differential and IntegralCalculus, William A. Granville, 1911. My thanks are due to Springer-Verlag, inparticular Claus Ascheron, Adelheid Duhm and Elke Sauer for constant encourage-ment.

Murphy, Texas Ahmad A. KamalFebruary 2010

Contents

1 Mathematical Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Basic Concepts and Formulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

1.2.1 Vector Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211.2.2 Fourier Series and Fourier Transforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221.2.3 Gamma and Beta Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231.2.4 Matrix Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241.2.5 Maxima and Minima . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241.2.6 Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251.2.7 Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251.2.8 Ordinary Differential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261.2.9 Laplace Transforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291.2.10 Special Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291.2.11 Complex Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301.2.12 Calculus of Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311.2.13 Statistical Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321.2.14 Numerical Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

1.3 Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331.3.1 Vector Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331.3.2 Fourier Series and Fourier Transforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391.3.3 Gamma and Beta Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421.3.4 Matrix Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441.3.5 Maxima and Minima . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481.3.6 Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491.3.7 Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511.3.8 Ordinary Differential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571.3.9 Laplace Transforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671.3.10 Special Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681.3.11 Complex Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721.3.12 Calculus of Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741.3.13 Statistical Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771.3.14 Numerical Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

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2 Quantum Mechanics – I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 872.1 Basic Concepts and Formulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 872.2 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

2.2.1 de Broglie Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 922.2.2 Hydrogen Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 922.2.3 X-rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 952.2.4 Spin and μ and Quantum Numbers – Stern–Gerlah’s

Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 962.2.5 Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 972.2.6 Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992.2.7 Commutators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1002.2.8 Uncertainty Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

2.3 Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1012.3.1 de Broglie Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1012.3.2 Hydrogen Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1032.3.3 X-rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1082.3.4 Spin and μ and Quantum Numbers – Stern–Gerlah’s

Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1112.3.5 Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1152.3.6 Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1202.3.7 Commutators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1232.3.8 Uncertainty Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

3 Quantum Mechanics – II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1313.1 Basic Concepts and Formulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1313.2 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

3.2.1 Wave Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1373.2.2 Schrodinger Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1383.2.3 Potential Wells and Barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1403.2.4 Simple Harmonic Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1463.2.5 Hydrogen Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1473.2.6 Angular Momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1493.2.7 Approximate Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1523.2.8 Scattering (Phase-Shift Analysis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1533.2.9 Scattering (Born Approximation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

3.3 Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1563.3.1 Wave Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1563.3.2 Schrodinger Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1623.3.3 Potential Wells and Barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1683.3.4 Simple Harmonic Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993.3.5 Hydrogen Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2093.3.6 Angular Momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2153.3.7 Approximate Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2293.3.8 Scattering (Phase Shift Analysis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2333.3.9 Scattering (Born Approximation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

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4 Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2474.1 Basic Concepts and Formulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2474.2 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

4.2.1 Kinetic Theory of Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2514.2.2 Maxwell’s Thermodynamic Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2534.2.3 Statistical Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2554.2.4 Blackbody Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

4.3 Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2584.3.1 Kinetic Theory of Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2584.3.2 Maxwell’s Thermodynamic Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2664.3.3 Statistical Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2794.3.4 Blackbody Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

5 Solid State Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2915.1 Basic Concepts and Formulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2915.2 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

5.2.1 Crystal Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2945.2.2 Crystal Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2945.2.3 Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2955.2.4 Semiconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2975.2.5 Superconductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

5.3 Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2995.3.1 Crystal Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2995.3.2 Crystal Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3015.3.3 Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3035.3.4 Semiconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3095.3.5 Superconductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

6 Special Theory of Relativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3136.1 Basic Concepts and Formulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3136.2 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

6.2.1 Lorentz Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3196.2.2 Length, Time, Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3206.2.3 Mass, Momentum, Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3236.2.4 Invariance Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3266.2.5 Transformation of Angles and Doppler Effect . . . . . . . . . . 3286.2.6 Threshold of Particle Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

6.3 Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3326.3.1 Lorentz Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3326.3.2 Length, Time, Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3386.3.3 Mass, Momentum, Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3426.3.4 Invariance Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3516.3.5 Transformation of Angles and Doppler Effect . . . . . . . . . . 3556.3.6 Threshold of Particle Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365

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7 Nuclear Physics – I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3697.1 Basic Concepts and Formulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3697.2 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382

7.2.1 Kinematics of Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3827.2.2 Rutherford Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3837.2.3 Ionization, Range and Straggling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3857.2.4 Compton Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3877.2.5 Photoelectric Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3887.2.6 Pair Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3907.2.7 Cerenkov Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3907.2.8 Nuclear Resonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3907.2.9 Radioactivity (General) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3917.2.10 Alpha-Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3937.2.11 Beta-Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393

7.3 Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3947.3.1 Kinematics of Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3947.3.2 Rutherford Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3997.3.3 Ionization, Range and Straggling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4047.3.4 Compton Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4077.3.5 Photoelectric Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4117.3.6 Pair Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4147.3.7 Cerenkov Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4157.3.8 Nuclear Resonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4167.3.9 Radioactivity (General) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4177.3.10 Alpha-Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4227.3.11 Beta-Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423

8 Nuclear Physics – II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4278.1 Basic Concepts and Formulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4278.2 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434

8.2.1 Atomic Masses and Radii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4348.2.2 Electric Potential and Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4358.2.3 Nuclear Spin and Magnetic Moment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4358.2.4 Electric Quadrupole Moment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4358.2.5 Nuclear Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4368.2.6 Fermi Gas Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4378.2.7 Shell Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4378.2.8 Liquid Drop Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4388.2.9 Optical Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4398.2.10 Nuclear Reactions (General) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4408.2.11 Cross-sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4428.2.12 Nuclear Reactions via Compound Nucleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4438.2.13 Direct Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4438.2.14 Fission and Nuclear Reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4448.2.15 Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447

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8.3 Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4478.3.1 Atomic Masses and Radii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4478.3.2 Electric Potential and Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4498.3.3 Nuclear Spin and Magnetic Moment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4508.3.4 Electric Quadrupole Moment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4518.3.5 Nuclear Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4548.3.6 Fermi Gas Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4568.3.7 Shell Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4578.3.8 Liquid Drop Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4588.3.9 Optical Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4608.3.10 Nuclear Reactions (General) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4628.3.11 Cross-sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4688.3.12 Nuclear Reactions via Compound Nucleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4698.3.13 Direct Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4708.3.14 Fission and Nuclear Reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4718.3.15 Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483

9 Particle Physics – I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4859.1 Basic Concepts and Formulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4859.2 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488

9.2.1 System of Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4889.2.2 Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4899.2.3 Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4899.2.4 Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4919.2.5 Ionization Chamber, GM Counter and Proportional

Counters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4939.2.6 Scintillation Counter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4959.2.7 Cerenkov Counter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4969.2.8 Solid State Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4979.2.9 Emulsions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4979.2.10 Motion of Charged Particles in Magnetic Field . . . . . . . . . 4979.2.11 Betatron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4989.2.12 Cyclotron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4999.2.13 Synchrotron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5009.2.14 Linear Accelerator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5019.2.15 Colliders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502

9.3 Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5039.3.1 System of Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5039.3.2 Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5049.3.3 Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5059.3.4 Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5089.3.5 Ionization Chamber, GM Counter and Proportional

Counters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5129.3.6 Scintillation Counter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515

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9.3.7 Cerenkov Counter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5189.3.8 Solid State Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5209.3.9 Emulsions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5209.3.10 Motion of Charged Particles in Magnetic Field . . . . . . . . . 5219.3.11 Betatron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5249.3.12 Cyclotron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5249.3.13 Synchrotron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5279.3.14 Linear Accelerator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5309.3.15 Colliders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531

10 Particle Physics – II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53510.1 Basic Concepts and Formulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53510.2 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544

10.2.1 Conservation Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54410.2.2 Strong Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54610.2.3 Quarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55010.2.4 Electromagnetic Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55110.2.5 Weak Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55210.2.6 Electro-Weak Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55610.2.7 Feynman Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556

10.3 Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55810.3.1 Conservation Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55810.3.2 Strong Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56310.3.3 Quarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57210.3.4 Electromagnetic Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57710.3.5 Weak Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57810.3.6 Electro-weak Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59010.3.7 Feynman Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592

Appendix: Problem Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633