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Mmitropoliti anania jafariZe

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

10 ტომად

ტომი V

arian-qarTli

saepiskoposoebi istoriul iveriaSi

eZRvneba akademikos iveri frangiSvilis xsovnas

Tbilisi 2014

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saerTaSoriso samecniero wreebSi amJamad damkvidrebulia umarTebulo

Tvalsazrisi, TiTqosda iverebi (ivirebi) ewodebodaT ara mxolod qarTvelebs,

aramed somxebsac, e.w. somex-qalkedonitebs (`pravoslavnaia enciklopedia~, t. III, moskovi,

2001, gv. 326, 327, v. aruTinova-fidaniani, grigol pakurianis tipikoni, erevani, 1978, rus enaze,

misi damowmebani vikipediis Sesabamis da sxva saenciklopedio statiebSi, mag. `somexi –

qalkedonitebi~, fond `haiazgis~ enciklopeda da sxva). iberiis Temis, taosa da aseve, misi

mimdebare regionebis mosaxleoba cxaddeba somex-qalkedonitebad, am mxareebidan

gamosuli wminda mamebi da qarTveli didebulebi ki eTnikur somxebad (mag. Tornike

erisTavi da sagvareulo Cordvanelebisa, grigol bakurianis Ze da sxvani),

Sesabamisad am mxareTa qarTuli kultura, eklesia-monastrebi _ somxurad. samxreT

saqarTvelosa da mis mimdebare regionebSi, ZiriTadad tao-klarjeTSi mcxovrebi

qarTvelebis somex-qalkedonitebad gamocxadeba gaamyara saerTaSoriso avtoritetis

mqone organom `pravoslavnaia enciklopediam~. saqarTvelos samxreT nawilSi

mcxovrebi qarTvelebi anu iverebi somex-qalkedonitebad gamoacxades istoriuli

konteqstebidan amoglejili informaciis manipulirebis Sedegad, mtkicebiT, rom

TiTqosda isini qarTvelebi iyvnen ara eTnikurad, aramed mxolod saeklesio-

kulturuli TvalsazrisiT da mas Semdeg iwodnen `qarTvelebad~, rac qalkedonuri

aRmsarebloba miiRes. cxadia es aris Teoria, romelic amJamad iwodeba

`qarTizaciis Teoriad~. am sakiTxs ikvlevs winamdebare wigni. wigni `arian-qarTli~

mkiTxvels sTavazobs vrcel gamokvlevas, mravali qarTuli da ucxouri wyaros

damowmebiT, romelic aCvenebs, rom sinamdvileSi tao-basiani, da saerTod `iberiis

Temis~ teritoria, qarTvelTa istoriul sacxovriss warmoadgenda, mas azon-

farnavazis epoqaSi erqva arian-qarTli da is Zveli iveria iyo. strabonis cnobiT

aRniSnuli teritoriebi (pariadredan gogarenas CaTvliT) iberiam dakarga Zv.w. II s-

Si armeniis mefeTa eqspansiisas. მitacebis შემდეგ, ეს ტერიტორიები არმენიის

ნაწილებად იქცა, მაგრამ იქ ცხოვრებას განაგრძობდა მკიდრი მოსახლეობა, იბერები ანუ

ქართველები. (iberebi) gaqristianebis Semdeg mtkiced icavdnen marTlmadideblobas,

xolo imis Semdeg, rac 726 wlis manaskertis krebaze somxurma eklesiam sabolood

miiRo monofizituri aRmsarebloba, am miwa-wyalze (არმენიის ამ ნაწილში) mcxovrebმა

mkvidrმა qarTvlმა მოსახლეობამ gawyvita yovelgvari kavSiri somxur eklesiasTan da

daubrunda deda qarTuli eklesiis wiaRs. wignSi moyvanili mravali istoriuli,

geografiuli, eTnografiuli Tu lingvisturi masalis damowmebiT, damtkicebulia,

rom araqsis xeobisa da tao-basianis momcveli iberiis Temis miwawyali

qristeSobamde IV-III ss-Si iwodeboda `arian-qarTlad~ da aq qarTveloba (iverebi)

yovelTvis mkvidr mosaxleobas Seadgenda. SemdgomSi maT aqve daafuZnes kidec

mravali qarTuli saepiskoposo _ valaSkertisa, arzrumisa, karisa, anisisa da sxva,

romelTagan zogierTi XVI-XVII ss-Sic ki funqcionirebda. wigni gankuTvnilia

specialistebis, studentebisa da mkiTxveli sazogadoebisaTvis.

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Sesavali

XX saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliisaTvis

brZolisas ruseTis wm. sinodSi ganacxades: `saqarTvelos eklesias

Zvel dros arasodes gaaCnda srulyofili avtokefalia, misi iSviaTi

Tavisufleba meryevi iyo, amitomac, XIX s-is dasawyisSi, rus xelisu-

falTa mier misi TavisTavadobis gauqmeba saeklesio samarTlebrivi

sferodan ar gamosula da ukanono qmedebad ar unda Sefasdeso~.

amis damadasturebel erTerT faqtad warmoadgines ucxour wyaro-

ebSi daculi cnobebi, romlis mixedviTac antioqiis eklesiam

iberiis eklesias ramdenjerme mianiWa avtokefalia (VIII saukuneSi,

nikon SavmTelis cnobiT, Semdeg, XI saukuneSi, balsamonis cnobiT,

amasTanave, misi avtokefalia V saukunidanac ivaraudeboda zogierT

wyaroze dayrdnobiT).

balsamoni iberiis eklesiis avtokefalias antioqiis patriarq

petres saxelTan akavSirebda, romelsac XI saukunis moRvawed

miiCnevdnen. es petre V saukunis petros mkawvrali iyo Tu XI

saukunis petre III, mainc, am erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli cnobebiT

iveriis eklesiis avtokefalia meryevi da arastabiluri gamodioda,

rac saSualebas aZlevda ruseTis wm.sinods, rom sakiTxi ar Seetana

dadebiTad gadasawyvet sakiTxTa siaSi.

am realobidan samarTlebrivi gamosavali xangrZlivi samecniero

muSaobis Sedegad 1906 wels moZebna uwmidesma kirion II-m.

kirionis kvleviT istoriulad arsebobda ori iveria (iberia),

erTi mcxeTisa, meore ki mdebareobda ufro samxreTiT _

araqsispireTSi, amasTanave is moicavda tao-basiansa da aseve vanis

tbisaken mimarTul areebs (Semdgomi iberiis Temis miwa-wyals).

wm. kirionis mtkicebiT meore iveriis eklesias erT periodSi mou-

povebia avtokefalia, romelic maleve daukargavs, Semdeg ki

aRudgenia, ase, rom `meryevi~ iyo ara mcxeTis iveriis avtokefalia,

aramed e.w. `meore iveriisa~.

kirionis TvalsazrisiT, mcxeTis iveriis eklesias avtokefalia

ZvelTagave hqonda mopovebuli da mas avtokefalia arasodes

daukargavs, Sesabamisad, antioqiam VIII saukuneSi ara mas mianiWa

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avtokefalia, aramed `meore iverias~, romelic saqarTvelos

saxelmwifoebrivi sferos gareT mdebareobda, im teritoriaze, sadac

bizantiam Semdgom, XI saukuneSi, `iberiis Temi~ daarsa.

`meore iveria~, rogorc iTqva, tao-basianidan TiTqmis vanis tbamde

gadaSlili miwa-wyali iyo. mis saeklesio uflebebs Seexeboda

moRweuli antioqiuri cnobebi iveriis eklesiisaTvis avtokefaliis

miniWebis Sesaxeb.

am `meore iverias~ qarTul wyaroebSi `zemo qveyanani~, zogjer ki

`aRmosavleTi~ erqva (is moicavda valaSkert-bagravandis,

tvarcatapis, abniqis, taos, basianis, Sirakis, aragawis, kotaikisa da

sxva mimdebare olqebs).

n. adonci, mcire aziis cnobili mkvlevari, aRniSnul miwa-wyals

uwodebs _ `armeniis iveriul zols~. qarTvelebis es istoriuli

teritoria `armeniad~ iwoda mas Semdeg, rac is miitaces somexTa

mefeebma qristeSobamde II saukuneSi, rogorc amis Sesaxeb

mogviTxrobs straboni _ `mogviTxroben, rom warsulSi armeniis

patara qveyana gafarTovda artaqsiasa da zariadrias omebis Sedegad.

isini iyvnen antioq didis mxedarTmTavrebi, misi damarcxebis Semdeg

ki mefeebi gaxdnen. maT erTad gaafarToves TavianTi samflobelo,

CamoaWres ra irgvliv mcxovreb xalxebs olqebi. kerZod,

iberebisagan miitaces pariadres mTiswineTi, xorZene da gogarene,

romelic kiris (mtkvris) meore mxaresaa, xalibebs da mosinikebs

CamoaWres kareniti da qserqsene, mcire armeniis mosazRvre nawilebi~

(straboni, geografia, XI, 14, 5).

am cnobidan Cans, rom e.w. `meore iveria~ moicavda pariadresa da

gogarenas Sua mdebare xorZenas. amJamad xorZenasa da gogarenas

mdebareoba, Cveni azriT, arasworad ganisazRvreba, radganac ar

eTanadeba strabonis cnobebs. strabonis cnobiT, xorZene pariadresa

da mtkvars Sua iyo moqceuli, xolo gogarena mdebareobda mtkvris

`iqiT~ anu mis marcxena sanapiroze. xorZena, strabonis cnobidan

gamomdinare, mdebareobda pariadresa da gogarenas Sua anu

pariadredan mtkvramde, e.i. moicavda araqsis xeobis nawils.

straboni gogarenas mdebareobis Sesaxeb wers Tavisi geografiis

XI wignSi _ `armeniaSi mravali mTa da zegania, sadac Znelad

izrdeba vazic ki, aseve dablobebi, romelTgan zogi uxvmosavliania,

magaliTad araqsis veli, romelzec araqsi mimdinareobs albaneTis

sazRvramde da Caedineba kaspiis zRvaSi. am velis iqiT mdebareobs

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sakasena, romelic albaneTs aseve mtkvriT esazRvreba. mis Semdeg

mdebareobs gogarena~.

straboni am cnobaSi kidev erTxel azustebs, rom gogarena

mtkvris marcxena sanapiroze mdebareobda, kerZod ki sakasenas iqiT.

gogarenasa da sakasenas Sua mtkvari gaedineboda. amJamad vikipediis

cnobiT aRiarebulia, rom sakasena utikis olqis Crdilo nawils

erqva, Tanamedrove ganja-mingeCauris olqSi. mis iqiT gogarena

mdebareobda, maSasadame gogarena moicavda daaxloebiT Tanamedrove

Saqis olqs da rogorc iTqva is mtkvriT isazRvreboda, masa da

pariadres Sua iberiuli olqi - xorZena mdebareobda, maSasadame

xorZena erT dros aRniSnul araqsis dablobs moicavda.

rogorc aRiniSna, `meore iveria~ tao-basianisa da mis momijnave

regionSi mdebareobda araqsis mimarTulebiT vanis tbisaken.

armeniis iveriuli anu iberiuli zoli taodan vidre avanamde

aRwevda. sxvadasxva, maT Soris berZnul wyaroTa (straboni,

konstantine porfirogeneti da sxva) cnobebiT is qristeSobamdec

qarTvelTa sacxovrebeli iyo da mis Semdegac.

Cvens naSromSi gamokvleulia, rom e.w. `armeniis iberiuli zoli~

iyo istoriuli qarTuli regioni, romelsac qristeSobamde `arian-

qarTli~ ewodebida (rogorc aRiniSna, erT periodSi es teritoria

moicva iberiis Temma, bizantiis imperiis erTerTma administraciulma

erTeulma).

armeniis mier mitacebis Semdgomac es teritoria (taodan avanamde

da valaSkertamde mdebare miwa-wyali) garkveulwilad mainc

iberebiT, e.i. qarTvelebiT darCa dasaxlebuli da amitomac mas

`armeniis iberiuli zoli~ da `iberiis Temi~ uwodes.

arian-qarTlis istoria aseTi yofila: daaxloebiT Zv.w. III

saukuneSi armenielTa Zlieri talRis Semosvlis Semdeg istoriuli

xorZenesa da misi mimdebare regionis, anu arian-qarTlis mmarTveli

zeda fena (mefis Ze azos meTaurobiT) ufro CrdiloeTiT

gadanacvlebula, magram arian-qarTlis mosaxleobis ZiriTadi

nawili adgilzeve darCa Tavisi iberiuli TviTSemecnebiT, Tumca

maTi armenizaciis procesi gaRrmavda, gansakuTrebiT Zv.w. II

saukunedan, rac iberielTa es miwa-wyali armenielTa mefeebma

artaqsiam da zariadrem sabolood miitaces. adgilze darCenili

mkvidri qarTuli mosaxleobis armenizacia sxvadasxva xarisxisa iyo

sxvadasxva regionSi, zogan Rrma, zogan ki zedapiruli.

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miuxedavad amisa, saukuneTa Semdeg, da X s-Sic ki, konstantine

porfirogenetis cnobiT, araqsis marcxena sanapiros mxare kvlav ibe-

rebis sacxovriss warmoadgenda da iberebis teritoriad iwodeboda.

Cveni kvleviT, Semdgomad imisa, rac Zv.w. II s-Si pariadres

mTianeTis kalTebi, xorZena da gogarena armenielebma iberebisagan

miitaces (straboni, geografia, XI, 14, 5), es vrceli regioni anu

arian-qarTli sam nawilad gaiyo, mTavari nawili moicva e.w. `didi

armeniis~ olqebma - airaratma da e.w. `maRalma armeniam~, meore

nawili _ klarjeTi, mcxeTis qarTlis saxelmwifoebriv sivrceSi

moeqca, xolo misi mesame nawili, romelsac `bolo klarjeTisa-

zRvispiri~ ewodeboda _ romaul-bizantiuri mitacebebis obieqti

gaxda.

ase, rom arian-qarTlis sivrce danawilda, misi erTi didi olqi

armeniis saxelmwifos nawilad iqca, xolo zRvispireTi, Tavisi

regionebiT, romaul-bizantiur sivrceSi moeqca.

ukve somxur olqad gardaqmnil airaratSi (romelic, Tavis dros,

arian-qarTlis umTavresi nawili iyo) araqsispira miwebis didi

nayofierebis gamo aRmocenda armeniis yvela dedaqalaqi,

tigranokertis garda (romelic gacilebiT samxreTiT mdebareobda).

aq (armeniis iberiul zolSi), qarTuli tomebis (taoxebis,

fasianebisa da aseve qald-xald-xalibebis) istoriul qveyanaSi,

miuxedavad misi armeniaSi moqcevisa, qveynis mosaxleobis mkvidri

nawili inarCunebda Tavis iberiul identobas. es kargad gamoCnda

arabul epoqaSi, roca aqaurma mosaxleobam, basiansa da aseve, mis

mezobel taoSi, srulad aRidgina Tavisi namdvili erovnuli vinaoba

anu qarTveloba.

es gvaZlevs safuZvels varaudisa, rom qarTvelTa erTian xalxad

Camoyalibebis procesi dawyebuli iyo istoriuli iberiuli olqebis

dakargvamde saukuneebiT adre, Zv.w. VI-V ss-saTvis (da maTi

saxelmwifo iyo arian-qarTli), amitomac ukve Camoyalibebulma qar-

Tvelma xalxma ucxo (anu armeniul) saxelmwifoSic SeZlo Tavisi

erovnul-qarTuli identobis dacva Zv.w. II saukunedan vidre ax. w.

VIII s-mde da, SemdgomSi (rogorc iTqva, arabobis Semdgom), ufro

metic, man (armeniis iberiuli zolis mkvidrma qarTvelobam)

erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobac ki aRidgina taosa, basiansa da

mimdebare mxareebSi.

unda vifiqroT, rom jer kidev xalibTa (qaldebis) vrcel miwa-

wyalze (sadac aRmocenda arian-qarTlis saxelmwifo), qristeSobamde

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VI-V saukuneebSi formirda qarTveli anu iberieli xalxi sxvadasxva

qarTuli tomebis konsolidaciis Sedegad, am mosazrebis

mamtkicebel wyarod unda miviCnioT strabonis cnoba pariadres,

xorZenasa da gogarenas iberiulobis Sesaxeb. megasTenes cnoba

pontos zRvis am aRmosavleT mxareebSi iberTa cxovrebis Sesaxeb

Zv.w. VI s-Si, nabuqodonosoris epoqaSi, hekatos miletelis (Zv.w. VI

s.) cnoba qarTvelTa konsolidaciis didi xarisxis Sesaxeb, roca is

kolxebs mesxur toms uwodebs da sxva.

pariadres kalTebi, xorZena da gogarena (jer kidev e.w. `didi

armeniis~ Camoyalibebamde) iberebisa iyo, ris Sesaxebac strabonma

miuTiTa (strabonis es cnoba Cveni kvlevis ZiriTadi dasayrdenia,

amitomac Cven mas Zalze xSirad vaxsenebT).

rac Seexeba zogadadqarTul (qarTvelur) eTnoss, misi formireba

gacilebiT adre dawyebula xorZenas, gogarenas, pariadresa da

mimdebare olqebSi, romelTa teritoria emTxveva qaldebisa da im

qarTuli tomebis vrcel sacxovriss, romelic qsenofontem aRwera

Tavis naSromSi.

rogorc iTqva, xorZena pariadredan mtkvramde iyo moqceuli,

araqsispireTSi. mas Semdgom airarati ewoda (marTalia, amJamad

xorZenad miiCneva mcire olqi arzrumis regionSi, magram strabonis

cnobaze dayrdnobili Cveni mtkicebiT, is did teritoriaze, md.

mtkvramde iyo ganfenili. pariadres kalTebidan mtkvramde

ganvrcobili iberebis istoriuli miwa-wyali araqsis xeobasa da

Worox-evfratis saTaveebs moicavda. is proqarTuli tomebis, maT

Soris xalib-qaldebisa da fasianebisa samSoblo iyo, iqve

cxovrobdnen taoxebic. am miwa-wyalze qsenofontes dros sxvadasxva

qarTuli tomebi saxlobdnen xalibebis saerTo hegemonobiT).

Cans, kidev ufro adre, Zv.w. IX-VI ss-Si kolxebisa da xalibebis am

miwa-wyalze Camoyalibda erTiani, daunawevrebeli protoqarTuli

eTnosi da mis safuZvelze Zv.w. VI-V ss-Si _ qarTveli xalxi. misi

saxelmwifo arian-qarTli armenielTa Semosevebis gamo sabolood

daiSala pariadres, xorZenasa da gogarenas dakargvis Semdgom.

am erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos (arian-qarTlis) daSla-gauqmebam

saTave daudo qarTveli xalxis kidev axal tomebad daqucmacebas,

Camoyalibda zanebisa da svanebis jgufebi Zv.w. II-I ss-Si. am

mosazrebas exmianeba is faqti, rom am tomebis Sesaxeb wyaroebi

cnobebs am droidan iZlevian.

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rogorc aRiniSna, qarTuli eTnosis dezintegraciis

procesisaTvis xeli unda Seewyo armeniuli tomebis Casaxlebas maT

miwa-wyalze, rac sabolood dasrulda Zv.w. II saukuneSi, roca

armenielTa mefeebma pariadre, xorZena da gogarena iberebs waarTves.

es iyo arian-qarTls samefos saboloo gaqroba.

iqamde erTi saukuniT adre, rogorc iTqva, arian-qarTlis mefis

Zem, Cans gamouvali mdgomareobis gamo, Tavisi saxelmwifos

xerxemali, samxedro elita da zeda fenis erTi nawili, ufro

CrdiloeTiT gadaanacvala da Caasaxla Tanamedrove saqarTvelos

teritoriaze egriswylidan-hereT-albaneTamde.

Zv.w. III-I aTaswleulebSi, Cans, ramdenjerme Sedga da jgufebad

daiSala e.w. protoqarTuli eTnosi matarebeli fuZeqarTuli enisa,

masSi Semavali tomebis konsolidacia-integraciisa da piruku

procesebis Sedegad. am eTnosis SigniT, Cans mudam mimdinareobda

axali tomebis warmoqmnisa da Zvelebis gaqrobis procesi, Tumca

mTlianobaSi is Tavis identobas inarCunebda. rogorc aRiniSna, Zv.w.

IX-VI ss-Si is kidev erTxel Sedga.

pontospireTSi iberebis cxovrebas adasturebs Zv.w. VI s-is

avtoris megasTenes cnoba, romlis mixedviTac libiis mezobeli

iberebis erTi nawili VI s-Si mefe nabuqodonosorma ayara da

daasaxla pontospireTSi.

`libiis~ qveynis qveS unda igulisxmebodes ara afrikis libia,

aramed vanistbispireT-mcire aziaSi mdebare qveyana `luvia~.

lursmul epoqaSi mcireaziis luvia cnobili saxelmwifo iyo, ro-

melic mdebareobda axlos im areebTan, sadac Semdgomi avtorebi

karduxebis sacxovriss miuTiTeben.

Tu megasTenes wyaros `libia~ igive qveyana `luviaa~, maSin, Cans,

Zveli avtorebi miuTiTebdnen, rom nabuqodonosorma iberebi

pontospireTSi Caasaxla ara afrikis anda dasavleTis libiidan,

aramed mcire aziis luviidan, rac realobasTan ufro axloa.

`luvia-lubaris~ qarTvelebTan kavSiris Sesaxeb weren epifane da

arqanjelo lamberti.

(arqanjelo lambertis mohyavs Zveli cnoba, rom `lubari~ erqva qveyanasa da

mTas araratis regionSi, anu Zvel urartuSi. is wers _ `grigol kedrene

amtkicebs, rom kolxidelebi noes mesame Svilis iafetis Camomavlobisani

ariano, es azri me sarwmunod mimaCnia, radgan somxeTis mTebi, sadac noes

kidobani gaCerda, mxolod ramdenime dRis savalzea kolxidas daSorebuli... es

ambavi SeiZleba davasabuTod wmida epifanes mowmobiT. es wmidani Tavisi wignis

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_ `panarionis~ dasawyisSi, Semdegs wers- `roca noes kidobani araratis mTebze,

somexTa da qarTvelTa (kardiensium) qveynis Sua, lubarad wodebul mTaze

gaCerda, gaCnda adamianTa pirveli sacxovrebeli, da iq dargo

winaswarmetyvelma noem venaxi da Seiqmna iqauri binadari~. aq SesaniSnavia

Semdegi sityvebi epifanesi: lubaris mTianeTi `somexTa da qarTvelTa qveynis

Sua~ (arqanjelo lamberti, samegrelos aRwera, 2011, gv. 28 ).

lubari _ araratis maxlobel mTas erqva, kardienTa anu qarTvelTa qveyanaSi

vanistbispireTSi, Cans luvia-libia qveyanasTan axlos).

amJamad, miCneulia, rom qaldea erqva trapezuntis samxreT mTian

regions, istoriulad ki, es qsenofontes naSromebidanac Cans,

qaldebi aRniSnulis garda gacilebiT did teritorias flobdnen,

gadaSlils karduxebidan vidre Sav zRvamde. am miwa-wyals

(trapezuntidan) vuwodebT Cven qaldeas, xalibebis qveyanas

(Sesabamisad Cveni qaldeas qveS ar igulisxmeba mesopotamiis

qaldea).

protoiberi xalxis tomebi karduxebi, qaldebi da xalibebi

(qalibebi) Cans, naTesavurad ukavSirdebodnen urartus samefoSi

dasaxlebul xuritebsa da aseve im frigiul-mesxur tomebs,

romelTac brigebis saxeliTac icnobdnen, etimologiurad saxeli

`iberi~ warmoSobili unda iyos saxelisagan `brigi~ (brigi-berigi-

beri-iberi; brigi-rig-rg (ma-rg-ueli, ma-rg-ali) - gr (e-gr-isi, me-gr-

eli, gur-uli), brigi-grigi-georgi-georgien; an brigi-grigi-

gogar/ena/-gugargi (gugarqi), gargari, gagari da sxva).

amasTanave, aRsaniSnavia, rom `qaldevelebi~ _ qaldebi (xaldebi)

cnobili kolxebis Tanametomeni iyvnen, xolo, rogorc aRiniSna, heka-

tos miletelis Zalze mniSvnelovani cnobiT _ `kolxebi _ mosxuri

(mesxuri) tomia~.

g. meliqiSvilis azriT _ xalibi `qarTus dialeqturi varianti

yofila da momdinareobda uZvelesi, jer kidev daunawevrebeli

erTiani qarTuli eTnikuri jgufis arsebobis droidan~ (Г.

Меликишвили, Наири - Урарту, c. 411).

maT jgufs unda miekuTvnos sasperebic, romelTac

protoqarTvelebadac miiCneven, kolxebTan erTad. herodotes cnobiT

Savi zRvidan midielebamde mxolod isini (kolxebi da sasperebi)

cxovrobdnen, maSasadame Zv. w. V saukuneSi, am arealSi somxebi jer

kidev ar cxovrobdnen (igulisxmeba araqsispireTi, Worox-evfratis

saTaveebi, pariadres mTiswineTidan mtkvramde (gogarenamde) mdebare

miwawyali), armeniuli tomebis Casaxleba am miwawyalze aqemenidebis

10

epoqisaTvis daiwyo da aleqsandre makedonelis droisaTvis iqauri

qarTuli saxelmwifosaTvis safrTxes qmnida, ramac, Cans aiZula

aqauri mefis Ze azoni saxelmwifos xerxemali (jaris, didebulebisa

da xalxis erTi nawili) ufro CrdiloeTSi gadaeyvana da axali

qarTuli saxelmwifo Camoeyalibebina. am dros unda daekarga arian-

qarTls araqsis xeoba ( Zv.w. IV s. bolosa da III s. dasawyisSi, xolo

pariadre, xorZena da gogarena Semdeg, Zv. w. II s-Si, daukargavs).

megasTenesa da strabonis cnobebis urTierTSejereba uflebas gva-

Zlevs vifiqroT, rom somxebis Casaxlebamde trapezuntidan

vanistbispireTamde mcxovreb tomebs krebiTad iberebi erqvaT,

radganac, megasTenes cnobiT, aRmosavleT pontospireTi (e.i.

istoriuli mxareebi kolxeTisa) iberebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, xolo

strabonis cnobiT pariadres kalTebi, xorZena da gogarena iberebisa

iyo.

iberebiT Zalze didi areali yofila dasaxlebuli _ es iyo

aRniSnul arealTan erTad samxreT kavkasia mimarTuli vanis

tbisaken.

am regionSi mopovebuli arqeologiuri artefaqtebi miuTiTebs

erTiani kulturis arsebobis Sesaxeb, rac yarsis, TrialeTis,

samTavros, anisisa Tu artaanis midamoebSi mopovebuli masalidan

Cans. xalibebis epoqis arqeologiuri masala amas miuTiTebs _ `q.

yarsis maxloblad aRmoCnda brinjaos nivTebis ganZi Zv.w. I aTas-

wleulis dasawyisisa, romelSic dasavlur da aRmosavlurqarTuli

arqeologiuri kulturebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sagnebi erTadaa

Tavmoyrili.~ (d. musxeliSvili, aRmosavlurqarTvel tomTa gaerTi-

anebani... macne, istoriis seria, 2012, 2. gv. 31).

es miuTiTebs, rom imJamad, daaxloebiT Zv.w. V saukunisaTvis es

erTiani kulturis mqone xalxi jer kidev ar iyo dayofili e.w.

aRmosavlurqarTul da dasavlurqarTul jgufebad, dayofis

procesi unda dawyebuliyo gacilebiT gvian, nawilobriv Zv. w. II

saukunedan istoriuli arian-qarTlis miwa-wyalze. magram maTi

diferenciaciis xarisxi didi ar unda yofiliyo, radganac maT

maleve SeZles erTiani qarTuli saeklesio kulturis Camoyalibeba,

I-V ss-Si, istoriuli mcxeTis qarTlis miwebze (Savi zRvidan

albaneTamde). diferenciaciis axali procesi unda dawyebuliyo VI

saukunidan, erTiani qarTuli saeklesio kulturis Camoyalibebis

Semdgom, erTiani saxelmwifoebriobis (dasavleT-aRmosavleT

11

saqarTvelos momcveli qarTlis samefos) rRvevis kvaldakval

yofil arian-qarTlSi mosaxleobis mkvidr fenas adgilze darCenili

iberebi qmnidnen.

sxva procesebi viTardeboda ukve armeniad wodebul yofil

iberiaSi, Zv.w II saukunis Semdgom, pariadresa xorZenasa da

gogarenaSi mcxovrebma iberebma, Tavisuflebis dakargvis pirobebSic

ki, ukve armeniad wodebul Tavis qveyanaSi, (somxeTSi) saukuneTa

manZilze, garkveulwilad SeZles qarTul-erovnuli cnobierebis

SenarCuneba.

qristianobis ganmtkicebis epoqaSi, armeniaSi mcxovrebi iberebi IV

saukunidanve moeqcnen somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi, rac maT

armenizacias apirobebda, saboloo armenizaciisagan Tavis aridebas

isini imiT cdilobdnen, rom iswrafodnen, raTa mieRoT is

sarwmunoebrivi orientacia, romelic istoriulad zogadqarTvelTa

erovnul sarwmunoebad iqca, es iyo qalkedonitoba anu

marTlmadidebloba.

xelsayreli momentis dadgomisTanave, ax.w. VI s-Si, iberebiT

dasaxlebulma tao-basian-avanis anu `meore iveriis~ olqma eklesiuri

TavisTavadoba gamoacxada, gamijna ra Tavisi Tavi monofizituri

dvinis sakaTalikososagan da Tavis sarwmunoebad aRiara qalkedo-

nitoba.

am regionis (ukve armeniis) mRvdelmTavarma, `avanis kaTalikosad~

saxeldebulma ioanem Seqmna qalkedonituri sakaTalikoso, Tavisi

TviTgamocxadebuli, axla ukve TavisTavadi saeklesio olqi

(somxeTis iveria anu armeniis iveriuli zoli) CamoaSora dvinis

monofizitur eklesias. da sanacvlod Seecada antioqiiis

eklesiasTan dakavSirebiT samarTlebrivi saxe mieca Tavisi

qmedebisaTvis, rac asaxa antioqiurma wyarom. CvenTvis naTelia, rom

antioqiur qronografSi avanis sakaTalikosos `iveriis

sakaTalikoso~ ewodeba, da igulisxmeba meore iveriis anu tao-

basian-ararat-Sirakis, mimdebare olqebis anu somxeTis iveriuli

zolis qarTuli (iveriuli) mosaxleobis eklesia.

`...didsa Wirsa Sina arian qristianeni, mkvidrni qarTvelTa (e.i.

meore iveriis) soflebisani, rameTu dRiTgan netarisa anastasi

mRvdelmowamisaTa (VI s-dan) ara kurTxeul ars maTda kaTalikosi-

mTavarepiskoposi siZnelisaTvis gzaTasa. xolo man (Teofilaqte

antioqiis patriarqma VIII s.) hyo kreba da ganaCina... raTa

12

Sekrbebodnen episkoposni samrevlosa misisani (meore iveriisani) da

akurTxevdnen kaTalikossa JamiTi-Jamad... xeldasxmul hyo... erTi

movlinebulTa monazonTagani, saxeliT ioane... amas antioqiis krebasa

Sina gapatiosnda~ (q. c., I, gv. 226). igulisxmeba rom anastasi

mRvdelmowamis Tanamedrove ioane kogovitelis Semdeg avanis (meore

iveriis sakaTalikoso taxti daqvrivebuli iyo, misi aRdgena aRarc

miiCneoda saWirod, radganac somxuri eklesia VII saukuneSi kvlav

daubrunda qalkedonitobas da mxolod VIII saukuneSi, 726 wlis

somxur-monofizituri krebis Semdeg meore iveriis iverebi kvlav

gaemijnen somxur-monofizitur eklesias da Txoves antioqias

daxmareba, raTa mas kvlav aRedgina iverTa (e.i. meore iveriis)

qalkedonituri sakaTalikoso, aRsaniSnavia, rom am dros

konstantinopolSi xatmebrZoluri eresi mZvinvarebda, xolo

antioqiidan qristianebs xatTayvaniscemisaken mouwodebda ioane

damaskeli. mniSvnelovania saxeli `ioane~, es avanis pirveli

kaTalikosisa da meore iveriis aRdgenili sakaTalikosos pirveli

mRvdelmTavris saxeli iyo. aqedanac Cans, rom antioqia cnobda

meore iveriis sakaTalikosos memkvidreobiTobas avanis

sakaTalikososagan.

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ am CanarTis Sesaxeb jer kidev 1906 wels

gamoTqva Tavisi mosazreba kirion II kaTalikosma, rom es monaTxrobi

exeboda samxreT saqarTvelos tao-basianis mxareebis saeklesio

mowyobas. misi wyaroa efrem mcires naSromSi (`uwyeba mizezsa

qarTvelTa moqcevisasa~,1959) gamoyenebuli cnoba amoRebuli

`xronografsa Sina antioqias aRwerilsa~. Sav mTaze arsebuli am

antioqiuri qronografiT usargeblia XI saukuneSive nikon SavmTelsa

da ufro adre VI s. istorikoss ioane malalas (episk. anania,

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, 1998, gv. 93).

efrem mcires qronografidan gadmouweria _ `dReTa konstantine

skoris (741-775) mosaxelisasTa, antioqias patriarqobasa netarisa

Teofilaqtessa (744-751) movidnen qarTliT (iveriidan) mociqulad

monazonni orni da mouTxres netarsa Teofilaqtes, viTarmed didsa

Wirsa arian qristianeni mkvidrni qarTvelTa (iverielTa)

soflebisani, rameTu dRiTgan netarisa anastasi mRvdel-mowamisa

antioqiel patriarqisa (561-599) ara kurTxeul ars maTda

kaTalikosi-mTavarepiskoposi siZnelisaTvis gzisa, rameTu

agarianTagan veravin ikadrebs slvad. xolo man bWobiTa krebisaTa _

mTavarepiskoposTa, mitropolitTa da episkoposTa TvisTa misca

13

qarTvelTa (iverTa) protreptikoni, romel ars ganxsniTi, raTa TviT

maTisa sazRvrisa episkoposTagan xelni daesxmodin JamiTi-Jamad

kaTalikossa qarTlisasa (e.i. meore iveriis kaTalikoss)... da xelT-

dasxmul yo erTi amaT orTa maT missa movlinebulTa monazonTagani

saxeliT ioane mis Jamsa kaTalikosad maTda~ (efrem mcire, `uwyeba

mizezsa~... 1959, gv. 9).

somxeTis iveriuli nawilis saeklesio TavisTavadobisaken swrafva

marTalia Seanela arabTa Semosevebma, magram sabolood mainc ver

Cakla. VII-VIII ss-Si tao-basian-airaratis qalkedonitoba daufaravi

iyo.

VIII saukuneSi am mxaris, anu `iveriis~ avtokefaloba kidev erTxel

aRiara antioqiam, razec werda kirion II, 1906 wels.

Cvenma Tanamedrove istorikosma v. goilaZem wamoayena

Tvalsazrisi, rom is `iveria~, romelsac VIII saukuneSi antioqiam

avtokefalia mianiWa iyo `afxazeTis sakaTalikoso~, am mosazrebas

garkveul etapamde mec vuWerdi mxars, magram Semdgomma Ziebam

damarwmuna, rom swori iyo wm. kirion II.

VIII saukuneSi antioqiam aRiara ara afxazeTis anda mcxeTis,

aramed `meore iveriis~ saeklesio avtokefalia. XVII saukuneSi amave

antioqiuri cnobiT usargeblia antioqiel patriarq makarioss,

oRond mas iveriis mefe daviT kurapalati miaCnia afxazeTis mefed.

amis mizezi is unda iyos rom afxazeTSi Crdilokavkasiel afsua

CerqezTa gabatonebamde sityvebi `afxazeTi~ da `iveria~ sinonimebad

miiCneoda da zogad qarTvelTa samyaros ewodeboda.

makariosis cnobiT _ `antioqiel patriarq Teofilaqtes dros

mefe daviTma antioqiaSi episkoposad xeldasasxmelad gagzavna

mravali pirovneba. gagzavnilebis didi nawili gzaSi yaCaRebma

daxoces. ori maTgani gadarCa... Teofilaqtem moiwvia kreba,

romelzec gadawyda afxazeTisaTvis (saqarTvelosaTvis, e.i. meore

iveriisaTvis) daeniSnaT damoukidebeli kaTalikosi...im pirobiT, rom

igi moixseniebda antioqiis patriarqebs... erTi maTgani ioane

patriarqma kaTalikosad akurTxa~ (v. goilaZe, qarTuli eklesiis

saTaveebTan, gv. 204). sxvadasxva, maT Soris iahia antioqielis cnobiT,

mefe daviT kurapalatis karze namdvilad iyvnen

pirvelmRvdelmTavrebi kaTalikosisa da patriarqis wodebiT.

savaraudoa, rom taos anu meore iveriis kaTalikosisa wodebis

amaRlebisaTvis VIII saukunis Semdeg kvlav gaigzavna antioqiaSi

14

delegacia, romelmac meore iveriis kaTalikoss patriarqis wodeba

moupova, misi saxelic tradiciuli ioane yofila, marTlac Cvenamde

moaRwia warweram eklesiis kedelze, romelSic qarTlisa da

aRmosavleTis patriarqi ioane ixsenieba. meore iverias aseve

`aRmosavleTi~ erqva.

IX-X ss-Si `meore iveriis~ qarTvelobam mTlianad aRidgina

erovnul-sarwmunoebrivi TavisTavadoba, rasac am mxareebSi mohyva

qarTuli kulturis aRorZineba da taos `qarTvelTa~ samefos

daarseba, misi gaerTianeba danarCen saqarTvelosTan da sabolood

ki saqarTvelos saxelwifoebrivi aRmavloba.

saqarTvelos siZlieris epoqaSi dasavleT saqarTvelos

uwodebdnen `qvemo iverias~, xolo tao-basianis mimdgom vrcel

regions _ `zemo iverias~, `zemo qveynebs~, `aRmosavleTs~. rac Seexeba

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, is maT Soris (e.i. `qvemo~ da `zemo~

iveriebs Soris) moqceuli centraluri regioni iyo da swored

masTan SefardebiT erqvaT am qveynebs `zemo~ da `qvemo~.

qarTuli teritoriebis es geografiuli saxelebi Seicvala XV-

XVI saukuneTa Semdeg, saqarTvelos danawevrebis Sesabamisad.

mas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelom dakarga `meore~ anu `zemo iveria~,

mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTvelos daerqva `zemo~ (zemo qveyana, zemo

mamulebi, zemo qarTli (mesxeTTan erTad), xolo `qvemo qarTli~,

daaxloebiT XV-XVI ss-Si, Tbilisis qvemoT mdebare miwebs ewoda

(iqamde, IX-XIV ss-Si, rogorc aRiniSna, `qvemo mamulebi~, `qvemo

qarTli~, `qvemo saqarTvelo~ dasavleT saqarTvelos erqva).

gaqristianebis Semdeg (meoTxe saukunidan) dasavleT saqarTvelo

qarTlis saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda, amitomac, 1990 wels

konstantinopolma am sazRvrebSi aRiara `saqarTvelos eklesiis

uZvelesi avtokefalia~.

am gansazRvrebaSi umTavresia fraza _ `uZvelesi avtokefalia~,

rac uZveles iurisdiqcias afiqsirebs Tavis sazRvrebSi.

Tuki dasavleT saqarTvelo konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi iyo

IV-X saukuneebSi, maSin, `saqarTvelos eklesiis uZvelesi

avtokefalia~ mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mimarT yofila

kanonikuri.

aseTi Tvalsazrisic ki ucnobi iyo magaliTad XX s-is dasawyisSi

kirion meorisa da patriarq leonides epoqaSi, maSin ruseTis sinods

aseTi kuTxiT davac ar dauwyia, mxolod sabWoTa aTeisturma epoqam

15

Sva es problema, kerZod ki kiTxvis niSani daisva qarTuli eklesiis

uflebebze dasavleT saqarTvelos mimarT IV-X saukuneebSi.

rogorc aRiniSna, kiron II-is TvalsazrisiT VIII s-Si antioqiam

avtokefalia mianiWa ara dasavleT saqarTvelos, aramed `meore

iverias~, Sesabamisad, misi azriT, dasavleT saqarTvelo, IV saukunis

Semdeg ara konstantinopolis, anda antioqiis, aramed mcxeTis

eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda.

rac Seexeba e.w. `meore iverias~, misi azriT, is garkveul perio-

damde somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda Tavis momcvel

regionTan erTad (anu yofili arian-qarTlis miwebTan erTad,

airaratsa da imier tao-basianSi).

amis gamo, VI-VII saukunisaTvis, basian-airaratad wodebuli

provinciaSi SemorCenilma Zvelma iberebma inebes Tavis daRweva

somxuri saeklesio damokidebulebisagan, amis gamo gaemijnen

somxuri eklesiis gulis _ dvinis sakaTalikosos da damoukidebeli

sakaTalikoso Camoayalibes centriT avanSi.

misi anu avan-airarat-taos `iveriis~ eklesiis avtokefalia

antioqiis sapatriarqom pirvelad VI s-Si aRiara, marTalia mas

dvinma maleve Seuwyvita damoukidebloba, magram saeklesio

Tavisuflebis idea aRorZinda da arabobis dros, VIII saukuneSi,

antioqiam kidev erTxel mianiWa mas (am `iverias~) avtokefalia (axla

ukve misi centri iyo ara avani, aramed imier tao). swored mis

avtokefalias Seexeba Cvenamde moRweuli e.w. antioqiuri cnobebi

iveriis eklesiisaTvis avtokefaliis miniWebis Sesaxeb.

sruliad daviwyebuli vrceli qarTuli regionis _ `meore

iveriis~ _ istoriasa da warsuls Seexeba wigni `arian qarTli~.

16

kari pirveli

arian-qarTlis istoria

Tavi I

arian-qarTlis xalxi da miwa-wyali

arian-qarTlis qveyana da sityva `qarTvelis~ etimologia

(qaldu-qaldueli-qarTueli)

sityva `qarTveli~, miRebuli TvalsazrisiT, ukavSirdeba mcxeTis

sanaxebSi mdebare `qarTlis mTas~, romelze mcxovrebTac, mTis

saxelis Sesabamisad, ewodaT `qarTvelebi~, Semdgom ki es saxeli

TiTqosda ganivrco irgvliv mcxovreblebzedac.

sityva `qarTvels~ agreTve akavSireben sityvasTan `qarTa~, rac

SemosazRvrul adgils niSnavs. ZiriTadad aseTi iyo XX s.

istoriografiis Tvalsazrisi.

ufro adrindel azrs gamoxatavs mixeil TamaraSvili:

`sayovelTaod miRebuli TvalsazrisiT, adgilobrivi tradiciis

mixedviT, `saqarTvelo~ nawarmoebia sityvisagan `qarTlos~, iafetis

badiSiSvilis saxelisagan, romelsac wilad rgebia es mxare. mis

Svilebs mamis saflavTan fici daudiaT, rom mamis adgilsamyofels

`qarTloss~, anu `qarTls~ uwodebdnen, mis saxelisuflebo miwebs ki

_ saqarTvelos~ (m. TamaraSvili, qarTuli eklesia dasabamidan

dRemde, 1995, gv. 38).

17

TamaraSvilis wignis weris dros jer naklebad iyo cnobili

`moqcevaY qarTlisaY~ da amitom ucnobi iyo qveyana `arian-qarTli~,

magram am wyaros kargad icnobda daviT aRmaSeneblis moZRvrad

miCneuli arsen beri, romlis Sromaze dayrdnobiTac sxvagvarad

ixsneba sityva `qarTvelis~ etimologia. is wmida ninos cxovrebaSi

qarTvelTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb wers: `Cven Svilni varT maT arian-

qarTliT gamosulTani da ena maTi vuwyiT~. arsen beri iqve

aRniSnavs, rom arian-qarTlis mosaxleobas `arian-qarTvelebi~ erqva.

amasve aRniSnavs `moqcevaY qarTlisaY~ da masSi gansxvavebulad

warmoidgineba qarTvelTa warmoSoba.

qarTvelebi, am wyaros cnobiT, ar Camoyalibebulan saqarTvelos

miwa-wyalze, e.i. qarTlosisagan, aramed farnavazis samefos

Camoyalibebamde didi xniT adre, misi saxelmwifos samxreTiT

arsebobda qveyana `arian-qarTli~, romlis mcxovrebT, am wyaros

mixedviTve, erqvaT `arian qarTvelni~ anu `qarTvelni~.

wyaros cnobiT `arian-qarTlis~ mefis Ze da xalxis nawili

aleqsandre makedonelis epoqaSi Camosaxlda Tanamedrove

saqarTveloSi da isini, amave wyaros cnobiT, gansaxldnen ara

mxolod mcxeTis arealSi, aramed mTel istoriul saqarTveloSi -

egriswylidan hereTamde. axali qveynis mosaxleoba `qarTvelebad~

iwoda imis gamo, rom isini `Svilni~ (STamomavlebi) iyvnen - `arian-

qarTliT gamosulTa~, anu arian-qarTvelebisa, e.i. sityva `qarTveli~

mcxeTis gadedaqalaqebamdec arsebobda da erqva arian-qarTlis

mosaxleobas.

`arian-qarTlis~ saxelwodebis mqone qveyana ucnobi iyo `moqcevaY

qarTlisaYs~ xelnawerebis aRmoCenamde (XIX s. bolo (1888 w.) da XX

s. dasawyisi), Tumca ki es sityva (arian-qarTli) erTi-orjer

ixsenieba kidec Zvel wyaroebSi, magaliTad IV s-Si wmida nino Tavis

cnobil locvaSi brZanebs, rom `arian-qarTlidan~ gamosuli

qarTvelTa warmarTi winaprebi RmerTis nacvlad kerpebs cemdnen

Tayvans, XII s-Si `arian-qarTls~ ixseniebs mematiane arsen beri da

wers, rom Cven, qarTvelebi, pirdapiri STamomavlebi varT `arian-

qarTlis~ xalxisa, qarTuli ena ki is enaa, romliTac metyvelebda

`arian-qarTlis~ mosaxleoba.

`qarTlis cxovrebaze~ ufro Zveli wyaros, `moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~

mixedviT, rogorc iTqva, `arian-qarTvelebi~ mefis Ze azonis

meTaurobiT, Tanabrad gansaxldnen `egriswylidan hereTamde~. wyaro

aRniSnavs: `da Tana hyvanda aleqsandres mefesa azoY, Ze arian-

18

qarTlisa mefisaY, da mas miuboZa mcxeTai sajdomad da sazRvari

daudva mas hereTi da egriswyali da somxiTi da mTa crolisa da

warvida~ (Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, I,

1964, gv. 81).

egriswyali da crolis mTa _ sasazRvro niSnulebia azonis sa-

xelmwifosi, isini azonis xalxis, anu arian-qarTvelebis axali

gansaxlebis sazRvrebicaa.

am wyaros mixedviT, egriswyalTan mcxovrebi egriselebi (anu

dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba) da hereT-crolis mTas Soris

mcxovrebi (aRmosavleT saqarTvelos) mosaxleoba erTi xalxia _

`arian-qarTvelTa~ STamomavlobaa.

hereTi, egriswyali, somxiTi da mTa crolisa is sasazRvro werti-

lebia romelTa Sorisac cxovroben `qarTuelni~, maTi Zveli

samSoblo ki arian-qarTli iyo.

maSasadame `moqcevaYs~ mixedviT dasavleT saqarTvelos

mosaxleoba (egriswyalTan mcxovrebni), aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

mosaxleobasTan erTad _ erTi xalxia da maTi saxeli qarTvelebia.

meore mxriv, am wyarosagan arsebiTad gansxvavdeba `qarTlis cxov-

rebis~ koncefcia, romlis mixedviTac `qarTvelebi~ qarTlosis

STamomavlobaa, megrelebi `egrosisa~ da a.S.

Zalze Rrma da sagulisxmo gansxvavebaa.

garkveulia, rom qarTlis cxovrebis is cnobebi, romelnic

Seexebian e.w. kavkasielTa da qarTvelTa eTnarqebis urTierTobas,

Sedgenilia movses xorenacis `istoriis~ gavleniT, albaT,

monRolebis Semdeg, radganac arsen beri XII s-Si `eTnarqTa~ Teorias

ar icnobda, xolo `moqcevaY qarTlisaYsa~ aris I aTaswleulis

wyaro, romelic sinas mTazec ikiTxeboda IX-X ss-Si. `moqcevaYs~

cnobebi gacilebiT uZvelesia, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ krebuli ki

ufro mogvianebiTaa Sedgenili.

maSasadame, sityva qarTvelis etimologia aseTia: `qarTveli~ _

`arian-qarTvelTa~ STamomavals niSnavs. mas etimologiuri kavSiri

ara aqvs arc sityva `qarTlosTan~ da arc sityva `qarTasTan~.

azonis Semosvlamde klarjeTi `arian-qarTlis~ qveyanaSi Sedioda,

mas azonis mama marTavda, mis samxreTiT mdebare miwebTan erTad.

mematiane arian-qarTls im miwaze aTavsebs, romelic

qristeSobamde VI-V ss-Si qaldebiT (xalibebiT) iyo dasaxlebuli,

maT qveyanas `qaldu~ erqva. aqedan unda davaskvnaT, rom qarTveli _

qaldus qveynis mcxovrebs unda niSnavdes (qaldu-qaldueli-

19

qarTueli). ZvelqarTul wyaroebSi Cveni xalxis saxelia `qarTueli~

(da ara `qarTveli~), qaldu-qarTu-qarTueli.

safiqrebelia, rom qaldus qveyanas aseve erqva saxeli `ariani~,

mis mcxovrebT ki qalduelni anu qarTuelni, Sesabamisad arianis

qveynidan gamosul xalxs erqva `arian qarTuelni~ (etimologiurad,

TiTqosda SesaZlebelia sityva `xorZenadan~ sityva arianis miReba -

xorZena, xorZiani, arZiani, ariani. Tu CavTvliT, rom rTuli

TanxmovanTjgufi `rZ~ (rz) iSleba _ `r~ da `Z~ Tanxmovnebad, aseT

SemTxvevaSi sityva xorZenadan SesaZlebelia arianisa da arZianis

miReba [arZe, aRniSnul regionSi, cnobil qalaqs erqva arzrumTan

axlos]) straboni xorZenas iberTa qveynad miiCnevda, gogarenasa da

pariadres mTianeTTan erTad, romelnic armeniam miitaca

qristeSobamde II saukuneSi.

qarTvelTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb Zvelma qarTulma istoriografiam

wamoayena ori Tvalsazrisi.

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT qarTveloba kavkasiaSi Camoyalibda

kavkasielTa saerTo winapar Targamosisagan, romlis Svilebma

haosma, qarTlosma da sxvebma saTave daudes kavkasiis sxvadasxva

xalxebs.

gansxvavebulia `moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ Tvalsazrisi, romlis

mixedviTac `qarTvelebi~ (`arian-qarTvelni~) Tanamedrove

saqarTveloSi damkvidrebamdec erTi warmoSobis xalxi iyo da

saqarTvelos samxreTiT _ `arian qarTlSi~ cxovrobda.

`moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ Teoriis mixedviT egriselebi, svanebi da

e.w. qarTebi STamomavalobaa arian-qarTlis xalxisa, radganac arian-

qarTlidan wamosulma mefis Ze azonma arian-qarTlidan wamoyvanili

mosaxleoba Tanabrad ganasaxla `egriswylidan hereTamde~ anu

Tanamedrove saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze.

arian-qarTlis eri

arian-qarTlis mdebareoba amJamadac kvlevis sagania.

n. xazaraZis TvalsazrisiT, romelsac mniSvnelovans uwodebs

akad. g. giorgaZe, arian-qarTli mdebareobda tao-basianis

mxareebisaken.

`n. xazaraZis koncefciiT arian-qarTli, iseve rogorc mosxike

klarjeTisa da mis samxreTiT mdebare tao-basianis mxareebis

aRmniSvneli termini iyo, ekleci-anZianZora-steri ki am didi

regionis samxreT sazRvarTan dRevandel erznjanis zeganze mdebare

20

qalaqebi~ (g. giorgaZe, n. xazaraZe. kavkasiur-axlo aRmosavluri

krebuli, 2001, gv. 13).

rogorc aRiniSna, arsen beri, daviT aRmaSeneblis moZRvari, Tavis

`wmida ninos cxovrebaSi~ werda _ `Cven Svilni varT maT arian-

qarTliT gamosulTani da enai maTi vuwyiT~.

I aTaswleulSi qarTveloba darwmunebuli yofila, rom isini

iyvnen `arian-qarTlidan~ gamosuli xalxis STamomavalni da agreTve

imaSic, rom qarTuli ena yofila igive ena, rac `arian-qarTvelTa~

ena (maSasadame, maTi Tvalsazrisi gansxvavdeboda `qarTlis

cxovrebis~ koncefciisgan, rom magaliTad, qarTuli ena TiTqosda

saqarTveloSi Camoyalibda sxvadasxva enebis aRrevis Sedegad).

`wmida ninos cxovrebis~, `qarTlis cxovrebisa~ da `moqcevaY qar-

TlisaYs~ saerTo koncefcia SeiZleba ase warmovadginoT:

arian-qarTlis qveynidan Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi Camovida mefis

Ze azoni Tavis samxedro elitis TanxlebiT, maT Seqmnes axali

saxelmwifo, magram wyarosave cnobiT, arian-qarTvelTa Camosvlamde

mkvidr, adgilobriv Zvel qarTul mosaxleobas, ukve hqonia

saxelmwifos mowyobis niSnebi, hyavda mmarTvelebi da, dinastiac _

e.w. mcxeTeli mamasaxlisebis ojaxi. am ojaxis wevri farnavazi

moaxerxebs Camosuli samxedro aristokratiis elitis nawilis

mimxrobas, mkvidrTagan ki jaris Seqmnas da SeebrZoleba azons.

azoni marcxdeba da gadadis Tavisi mamis qveyanaSi, anu `arian-

qarTlSi~ _ wyarosve cnobiT esaa klarjeTi da mis samxreTiT

mdebare mxareebi (Sesabamisad, tao, karini, basiani da a.S.). farnavazi

aqac amarcxebs azons, laSqravs arian-qarTlis samxreTis mxareebs

punqt anZoreT - anZianZoramde da brundeba Sin _ mcxeTaSi.

erTi sityviT, `arian-qarTlSi~ igulisxmeba vrceli qveyana

trapezuntidan (`zRvispira didi qalaqidan~) _ karnu-qalaqisa da

anZianZoras (dRevandel erzinjanis zegnis) CaTvliT.

es is mxareebia, romelTac erqvaT qaldea-speri-tao-basiani da misi

momijnave olqebi, is qveyana, sadac qsenofontem qarTveli tomebi

aRwera, qveyana, romelsac strabonis cnobiT hqonda mxareebi _

xorZena, pariadre da gogarena, iberielebiT dasaxlebuli kuTxeebi,

romelnic armeniam CamoaWra istoriul saqarTvelos qristeSobamde

II s-Si.

Zv.w. II saukunemde es mxareebi Sedioda iberiaSi. miuxedavad

istoriuli kataklizmebisa, is (speri-tao-basiani) X-XI ss-Sic

21

iberebiTve anu qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli (aristakes

lastiverteci, istoria, 1974, gv. 183).

parxaris mTa p. ingoroyvas azriT aris pontos mTebi md. kelkit

Cais SesarTavidan Ralisamde da dasavleT evfratamde. s. janaSias

azriT pariadre, skidisi da mosxis mTebi aRmosavleT pontos qedis

nawilebia (iqve, e. cagareiSvilis komentari, gv. 182).

tao-arzrumis regioni gvian drosac ki qarTvelebiT yofila

dasaxlebuli, amis Sesaxeb cnobas arqanjelo lamberti iZleva XVII

s-Si. is wers _ `saqarTvelos samefo gavrcelebuli iyo iranis

mxriT Tavrizamdi da TurqeTis, anu ukeT vTqva, samcxis mxriT _

arzrumamdi. kolxidisaken ki saqarTvelos samefo aRwevda kafamdi,

romelic xersonesSia. arzrumis qalaqis maxloblad axlac

moipoveba qarTuli soflebi. uwindel droSi TviT am qalaqSi ijda

qarTveli episkoposi, arzrumelad wodebuli. kolxidis gareT,

afxazebisa da jiqebis qveynebSi, mSvenieri taZrebi dganan qarTulad

aSenebulebi da qarTulis zedwarwerebiT, magaliTad anakofiaSi da

biWvinTaSi aris kolxidis, guriisa da imereTis patriarqis sajdomi.

iranis mxriTac, TviT Tavrizamde, rogorc qarTuli eklesiebis, ise

qarTuli soflebis cxadi kvali dResac Cans~ (a. lamberti,

samegrelos aRwera, 2011, gv. 29).

arian-qarTlis erTi nawili xorZenesa da pariadris mTianeTis

kalTebze unda yofiliyo ganfenili. klarjeTi, vaxuStis cnobiT, am

mxareebis nawili iyo (vaxuStis cnobiT Zvelad klarjeTSi Sedioda

tao, basiani, speri da maTi irgvlivi qveynebi).

strabonis cnobiT qaldebi xalibebis memkvidreebi iyvnen. iv.

javaxiSvilis azriT, qarTvelebs uZveles xanaSi qaldiaSi unda

ecxovraT (ix. iv. javaxiSvili, qarTuli eris istoria, I, 1960, gv. 412).

`moqcevaYs~ cnobiT, rogorc iTqva, qarTvelebi `arian-qarTvelTa~

STamomavlobaa, xolo iv. javaxiSvilis azriT, qarTvelTa winaprebi

Tavdapirvelad qaldeaSi cxovrobdnen. maSasadame qaldea _ `arian-

qarTlis~ nawili iyo. p. ingoroyvas azriT qaldea iyo `samxreT

kolxeTis~ zogadi saxelwodeba (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, 1954,

gv. 268). Tu es asea, maSin aRmoCndeba, rom arian-qarTlis nawili iyo

samxreT kolxeTi.

mociqulTa epoqaSi, I-II ss-Si iberia gaZlierda, imdenad, rom somex

mefeTa taxti zogjer qarTvelTa xelSi iyo, safiqrebelia, rom am

droisTvis iberiam armeniisagan ukanve daibruna CamoWrili xorZene

22

da gogarena, pariadres kalTebTan erTad, arabobis dros, Cans, rom

qarTvelTa somxebSi asimilacia Senelda da qarTvelobam am

mxareebSi, anu istoriul arian-qarTlSi garkveulwilad SeZlo

qarTuli enisa da eTnikuri vinaobis SenarCuneba, amas miuTiTebs is,

rom arabobis Semdeg swored aRniSnul mxareebis mosaxleobis didi

nawili ara `somxebad~ aramed `qarTvelebad~ acxadebda Tavs,

imdenad, rom taoSi Seiqmna kidec erovnuli saxelmwifo `qarTvelTa

samefos~ saxelwodebiT, romelic gafarTovda vanis tbis

mimarTulebiT.

Tu ara basili keisris SemoWra da taos `qarTvelTa samefos~

damarcxeba, albaT Zveli `arian-qarTli~ aRidgenda Tavis Tavs anu

qaldeadan vanis tbamde aRorZindeboda eTnikur qarTvelTa, am

regionis uZvelesi mkvidri mosaxleobis, saxelmwifo, qarTuli eniTa

da eklesiiT.

basili keisarma, Semdeg ki imperatorebma konstantinem, romonosma

da sxvebma gaafTrebiT ibrZoles qarTvelTa gasanadgureblad

yofil arian qarTlSi, romelsac imJamad `iveria~ (iveriis Temi)

erqva.

Tumca, bizantielTa Semdeg Turq-seljukebmac ki ver SeZles iq

mkvidri qarTvelobis saboloo mospoba, XII-XVI saukuneebSi

arzrumidan-yarsamde da mimdebare mxareebamde qarTuli

saxelmwifoebrioba mainc arsebobda samcxe-saaTabagos

saxelwodebiT, iqve mdebareobdnen qarTvel episkoposTa kaTedrebic

_ karelisa, valaSkertelisa, dadeSnelisa da sxvebisa.

unda davaskvnaT: tao-klarjeTi IX-X ss-Si ki ar `gaqarTvelda~

(rogorc es miiCneva qarTizaciis Teoriis mixedviT), aramed, am

epoqaSi xorZenas, gogarenas da pariadres qarTvelobam aiRorZina

Tavisi vinaoba, tao-klarjeTis `qarTvelTa samefos~ saxiT.

saboloo daskvna: azos epoqaSi qarTuli mosaxleobis nawilis

CrdiloeTSi dasaxlebis Semdegac Zvel samSobloSi anu arian-

qarTlSic darCa maTi nawili da qarTvelebi iq kvlav agrZelebdnen

cxovrebas.

arian-qarTlidan mosaxleobis erTi nawilis CrdiloeTSi

gadasaxleba iman ganapiroba, rom iqac maTi qarTveli Tanametomeni

cxovrobdnen.

23

azonis mamis samefo

mkvlevari T. qemerteliZe eTanxmeba g. meliqiSvilsa da g.

mamulias, rom arian-qarTli sxva teritoriebTan erTad moicavda

taosa da spers (uTiTebs g. meliqiSvili `saqarTvelos Zveli

istoriisaTvis~, rusul enaze, 1959, gv. 278; g. mamulia, `klasobrivi

sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba Zvel qarTlSi~, 1979, gv.

93).

misi azriT arian-qarTlis mefis Ze azoni iyo aqemenidebis samefos

XVIII satrapiis erT-erTi mxaris mmarTveli, anda XIX satrapiis

gamgebeli (T. qemerteliZe. qarTlis iberiis samefos warmoqmnis

TariRis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos xelovnebis muzeumi narkvevebi, t. VI,

2000, gv. 31).

SesaZloa aleqsandre makedonelma azons XIX satrapiasTan erTad

Caabara mis CrdiloeTiT mdebare qveynis gamgeoba da am saxiT

Camoayaliba Canasaxi axali savaraudo satrapiisa _ mcxeTis iberiisa.

`moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ cnobiT azoni iyo ara mxolod aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos, aramed mTeli istoriuli saqarTvelos gamgebeli _

`egriswylidan~ albaneTamde, anu dasavleT saqarTvelo

(aRmosavleTTan erTad) mis mier imarTeboda. aseve gadmogvcems

`qarTlis cxovrebac~.

aleqsandre makedonelis gardacvalebis Semdeg 323-316 wlebSi mdi-

nare araqsis Sua welze Camoyalibda e.w. `araratis~ somxuri saxel-

mwifo. iqamde es teritoria, istoriuli arian-qarTlis erTi nawili,

qarTvelebiT _ qarTveluri tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. qsenofonte

aq, araqsis xeobaSi, miuTiTebs fasianebisa da qaldebis, herodote _

alarodielebis cxovrebas. aq, Zv.w. VI s-is bolo meoTxedsa da Zv. w.

V s-Si alarodielebi da fasianebi saxlobdnen.

T. qemerteliZe wers _ `md. araqsis xeobaSi somxuri eTnikuri

elementis masobrivi SeRweva Zv. w. IV saukunis pirveli naxevrisaTvis

aris savaraudo~ (iqve, gv. 36).

arian-qarTlis momcvel am miwa-wyalze somxebs SeRweva dauwyiaT

qristeSobamde IV saukunis dasawyisSi.

albaT maT Semosevas Tu gaeqca arian-qarTlis mefis Ze azoni da

CrdiloeTiT gadasaxlda.

arian-qarTlis samefos miwa-wyalze somxebs CamouyalibebiaT aseve

kidev erTi somxuri samefo `mcire armenia~. is moicavda yofili

XVIII satrapiis teritorias, maT Soris taos nawils, spers, yara-sus

24

zemo dinebas (Zv.w. IV s-dan), iqamde am miwa-wyalze cxovrobdnen

sasperebi, matienebi da alarodielebi (safiqrebelia, rom mcire

armeniis mkvidri, adgilobrivi, qarTuli mosaxleobis eTnikuri saxe

bolomde ar Secvlila da iq qarTvelebi kidev didxans

cxovrobdnen, rasac miuTiTebs faqtebi imisa, rom am regionis

maxlobel, uSualod momijnave miwa-wyalze VI-VII s-Si Camoyalibda

`qarTvelTa samTavro~ (somexTa samefos SemadgenlobaSi), IX-X

saukuneebSi damoukidebeli taos qarTuli samTavroebi, Semdeg

`qarTvelTa samefo~. konstantine porfirogenetis cnobebidan Cans,

rom X saukuneSic ki araqsis marcxena sanapiros miwa-wyali iberebis

saxelmwifoSi Sedioda, xolo arzrumi qarTvelebs TaviaT qalaqad

miaCndaT.

aristakes lastivertecis cnobiT basiani qarTuli qveyana iyo.

taos mefe daviT kurapalatis warmatebuli laSqrobebi vanis tbis

mimarTulebiT, da am mxaris mis samefoSi gaerTianeba miuTiTebs, rom

araqsis marjvena sanapiros mxareebSic qarTvelebi jer kidev cxov-

robdnen da armenielebSi maTi asimiliaciis procesi ar iyo

dasrulebuli. am mxareebSi qarTvelTa eTnikuri identobis

SenarCunebisaTvis mniSvnelovani iqneboda faqti imisa, rom am areals

esazRvreboda mcxeTis iberiis saxelmwifo. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia,

rom I-II saukuneebSi gaZlierebuli iberia TviT somxeTis samefosac

marTavda (farsman mefisa da misi Svilebis dros), rac `armeniis

qarTuli zolis~ mosaxleobisaTvis qarTuli identobis

gadarCenisaTvis didi stimuli iqneboda.

maSasadame, yofil XVIII satrapiaSi Zv.w. IV saukunisaTvis ori som-

xuri samefo Camoyalibda _ e.w. araratisa da mcire armeniisa. XIX

satrapiac ver acda somxur batonobas _ berZenTa da romaelTa mier

`dasavleT armeniad~ wodebuli miwa-wyali moicavda md. Woroxis

zemo da Sua dinebaTa qveynebis garkveul nawils (maT Soris taosa

da speris nawilebs) da mdinare araqsis zemo dinebis auzs. tao da

speri, rogorc basiani, didxans, TiTqmis XV-XVI saukuneebamde da

Semdegac kvlav eTnikuri qarTuli qveynebi iyvnen, armenizaciis

procesi am qarTul mxareebSi SedarebiT neli iyo.

aleqsandre makedonels XVIII satrapia samarTavad gadaucia miTren

iarvandianisaTvis, romelic airaratis mefe iyo (iqve, gv. 36),

maSasadame savaraudod arian-qarTlis nawilic masve gadaeca.

T. qemerteliZe fiqrobs, rom radgan azonis mamis iaredosis

saxeli msgavsia iarvandisa, amitomac isini naTesavebi iyvnen. Cveni

25

azriT maT orives (iarvandsa da iaredoss) saxelebi erqvaT qveynis

`arianis~ saxelis mixedviT, kerZod am qveynis saxelis fuZe (e.i. `ar~)

gadaqceula am qveynis mflobelis sagvareulo saxelad. marTlac

XVIII satrapiis mmarTvelTa sagvareulo saxeli yofila

iarvandianebi, iarvand _ saxelSi fuZe-Ziris nawilia `ar~ (i-ar-vand)

iseve, rogorc iaredosSi (i-ar-edos).

`ar~ fuZis mqone saxelebi aRniSnul regionSi mravlad iyo.

toponimi da hidronimi - araqsi, arsiani, arcni, arzne, arzrumi,

arTvini, artaani, artanuji, Tu aras vityviT karinsa da karze _

arian-qarTlis qveynis saxelis (arianis) Zveli naSTebi.

g. meliqiSvilma gamoTqva Tvalsazrisi, rom saxeli `somexi~

warmomdgaria qveynis saxelisagan, `suxma~, romelic T. qemerteliZis

sityviT mdebareobda murad-sus dinebis CrdiloeTiT, dasavleT

armeniaSi. suxma-soxma-soxmi-somxi da aqedan somxiTi, somxiTari,

somexi. istoriulad ki suxmas xuritul qveyanaSi xuriti matienebi

cxovrobdnen.

rac Seexeba sakuTriv armenias, is aqemenidebis dros Sedioda XIII

satrapiaSi da mdebareobda vanis tbis midamoebSi, md. tigrosis zemo

dinebis regionSi md. boxtan-sus SesarTavamde. esaa qsenofontes

`aRmosavleTi armenia~.

T. qemerteliZis azriT azoni mcxeTaSi gamefda 323-322 wlebSi

Zveli welTaRricxvisa, xolo 301 wels is daamarcxa farnavazma

artaanSi.

farnavazma amis Semdeg ilaSqra mcire armeniaSi (Zveli arian-

qarTlis nawilSi) da aiRo misi mTavari qalaqi anikemaxi anu

anZianZori, saidanac ekelecis gavliT Sevida klarjeTSi. man `arian-

qarTlis~ miwa-wyalze anu azonis mamulSi ilaSqra anZianZoridan _

klarjeTamde (SesaZloa anikemaxi iyo is qalaqi, sadac Semdeg

daarsda kamaxis saepiskoposo kaTedra).

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos mkvidrni iwodebodnen ase _

`aznaurebi~ (e.i. azonis politikuri memkvidreebi, STamomavlebi).

qarTlSi ormefobis Jams (Zv.w. II-I ss.) mxolod aqauri erisTavebi

ixsenebian aznaurebad, Semdeg `aznaurebi~ - wodebriv fenad iqca

(iqve, gv. 36). saxelebi aznauri da azoni erTmaneTTanaa

dakavSirebuli.

azoni mcxeTaSi 24 weli mefobda, T. qemerteliZe eTanxmeba sxvebs

da miiCnevs, rom 301 wels diadoqos antigones mokvlis Semdeg wina

aziis zedamxedvelobis ufleba mieniWa iqamde Trakiis gamgebels

26

lisimaqes. am droisaTvis selevkim ukan daibruna mesopotamiis

gamgebloba. am cvlilebebma gavlena iqonia azonis bedzec. kerZod

301 wels misi mfarveli antigones mokvlis Semdeg azons aujanyda

mcxeTis mamasaxlisis Zmiswuli farnavazi (iqve, gv. 37). man orwliani

brZolis Semdeg mcxeTis taxti daiWira, mas mxars uWerda selevki,

azons ki lisimaqe. gamarjvebis Semdeg, rogorc iTqva, farnavazma

azonis mamuli qveyana anu arian-qarTli dalaSqra.

miiCneva, rom azonis mcire aziur warmoSobaze (istoriuli

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelodan) migvaniSnebs mis mier Semotanili

gacisa da gas kerpebi.

`azonis mamuli~

(yarsi, arzrumi, tao_basiani da mimdebare mxareebi)

arian-qarTli `azonis mamulad~ iwodeboda anu is (arian qarTli)

azonis mamiseuli qveyana, azonis mamis samefo iyo.

vaxuStis sityviT, azonis mamuli iyo tao-basian-arzrumis mxare

mimdebare teritoriebiT.

tao da mimdebare didi olqebi `azonis mamuli~ rom iyo, TviT

gviani drois osmalur wyaroebSicaa asaxuli.

vaxuStamde didi xniT adre, XVI s-Si, osmaluri samTavrobo wyaro

aRniSnul teritoriebTan dakavSirebiT Semdeg cnobas iZleva _ `aq

mdebare soflebis umravlesoba yandurals ekuTvnis, mcire nawili

ki azonis Svilebad cnobili aznaurebisaa~ (`Turquli wyaroebi

samcxe-saaTabagos istoriisTvis~, 1983, gv. 54). vaxuSti mTel am

mxareebs klarjeTs akuTvnebda.

wyaros mTargmnel-komentatori, c. abulaZe, aRniSnavs, rom

vaxuStis cnobiT, klarjeTi iyo ara farnavazis, aramed azonis

mamuli, anu arian qarTlis mefis, azonis mamis samefos nawili,

romelic Semdgom farnavazs iaraRis ZaliT daupyria.

amitomac vaxuSti aRniSnavda kidec _ `xolo klarjeTi ara ars

wili amaTi, aramed farnaoz daipyra Semdgomad azonis sikvdilisa~

(q. c., IV, gv. 657). maSasadame, klarjeTi-tao-basiani _ azonis mamuli

mxare iyo da is farnavazma SemouerTa mcxeTis qarTlis samefos

(kerZod, klarjeTi). aRsaniSnavia, rom vaxuStismieri ganmarteba

27

klarjeTisa gansxvavdeba amJamad miRebulisagan, kerZod, vaxuStis

cnobiT klarjeTSi Sedioda taoca da qaldea-zRvispireTic.

rogorc iTqva, basian-taoSi aznaurebs `azonis Svilebs~ _ TviT

XVI s-Sic ki uwodebdnen.

aRniSnul `yanduralis mamulSi~ c. abulaZis azriT, `ivaraudeba

arzrumis olqis aRmosavleT mxares mdebare yarsis olqis

dasavleTi nawili~ (es is mxarea, romelic grigol bakurianis Zem

gadasca saqarTvelos samefos). albaT, araa SemTxeviTi, rom am

adgilebSi mdebareobs provincia saxelwodebiT `azordi~.

arzrumTan, `azonis mamulTan~, istoriulad dakavSirebulia

Semdegi mxareebi:

`1. baiberdi _ mdebareobs md. Woroxis piras arzrum-trapizonis

gzaze, arzrumidan 100 km-is manZilze. adre Sedioda arzrumis

olqSi, axla ki giumuSxanes sanjayia.

2. erzinjani _ olqi evfratis dablobze, arzrumidan dasavleTiT

176 km manZilze

3. alaSkerti _ mdebareobs aRmosavleT anatoliaSi, aliris olqis

sanjayia da 72 sofeli eqvemdebareba, alaSkertSi, sofel CangalSi,

arseboda qarTuli saepiskoposo kaTedra (ix. eqvTime TayaiSvili,

arqeologiuri eqspedicia kola-olTisSi da CangalSi 1907 wels,

parizi, 1938, gv. 78-80). ufro safiqrebelia, rom is iyo sxva qalaq _

`valaSkertSi~.

4. avniqi (abniqi) _ sofeli arzrumis olqis fasinleris (udris

basians) raionSi. Sua saukuneebSi ixsenieba avniqis cixe,

5. kavkasiZeebi _ taos feodalebi iyvnen da Sediodnen iSxnelis

samwysoSi. `sul sakavkasiZeo~ qarTlis kaTalikoss emorCileboda

6. ispiri (speri) _ mdebareobs md. Woroxis marjvena napirze.

amJamad arzrumis olqis erTerTi raionia.

7. olTisi (Turqulad olTi) _ axlandeli olTu, mdebareobs

imier taoSi, olTisis wyalze, daipyres osmalebma 1549 wels. amJamad

arzrumis olqis raionuli centria.

8. bingioli _ mTa, mis Crdilo kalTidan iRebs saTaves mdinare

araqsi.

9. basiani _ axlandeli fasinleri arzrumis olqSi, basianis cixe

osmaluri wyaroebis hasan kalea.

10. Cobanis xidi _ mdebareobs arzrumis olqSi, fasinleridan 15 km

daSorebiT md. araqsis da kargafazaris SesarTavSi.

11. TorTumi _ arzrumis vilaieTis erT-erTi sanjayi.

12. iSxani _ amJamad arTvinis olqis sofeli.

13. fanaki _ igive bana, arzrumis olqis sofelia.

28

14. artaani _ mxare mtkvris zemo welze, Turqebma miitaces 1551

wels, amJamad yarsis olqSia.

15. kola _ igive `mcire artaani~, Turquli `gele~. adre Sedioda

yarsis vilaieTSi.

16. SavSeTi _ osmalebma daipyres XVI s-Si. amJamad aqvs ori Temi _

merie da imerxevi, Sedis arTvinis olqSi. SavSeTis raionSia

istoriuli tbeTi, axlandeli jevizli, winaT centri iyo saTleli.

17. artanuji _ mdebareobs artanujis wylis marcxena napirze,

arTvinis olqSi.

18. murRulis Temi maWaxlisa da maradidis TemebTan erTad Sedis

arTvinis olqis borCxas raionSi, iwodeba `giogTaSad~ (cnobebi

mocemulia wignidan `Turquli wyaroebi samcxe-saaTabagos

istoriisaTvis~, Turquli dokumentebi TargmaniTa da gamokvleviT

gamosca cisana abulaZem, 1983, gv. 58).

aqedanac Cans, rom qarTuli basiani Seesabameba berZnul fasians,

Turqul fasinlers, mxares Teodosiopolisis anu arzrumis (karnu-

qalaqis) Zalze vrceli olqisa, romelSic ispiric da baiberdic

Sedioda, Cans, istoriuli ziganas CaTvliT, romlis adgilas amJamad

gumuSxanea.

ziganas olqSi Sedioda fasisis, anu fasidis samitropolito

Tavisi 4 saepiskoposoTi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom araqsis piras amJamadac mdebareobs q.

fasinleri, romelsac c. abulaZis rukis mixedviT, Seesabameba

basiani, anu qalaqi basiani amJamad iwodeba fasinlerad.

am qalaqze, anu q. basianze gadioda ZiriTadi gza, romelic

olTis-bana-artaanis gavliT javaxeTSi Sedioda. am gzas wyaroebSi

`qarTlis gza~ ewodeba. es gza mocemulia c. abulaZis rukaze (iqve,

gv. 31). mxaris didi kldianobis gamo is erTaderTi ZiriTadi gza iyo.

amJamadac es gza umTavresia. misi erTi monakveTi artaanidan

SavSeTis gziT (artaan-artanuji) uerTdeba Woroxsa da Sav zRvas.

am gziT unda gaevlo artaanidan _ artanuj-SavizRvisaken,

petrasken mimaval xosros, radganac n. adoncis cnobiT, is

Teodosiopolisidan, anu arzrumidan (basianidan) gaemgzavra petraSi.

es gza, c. abulaZis sityviT, iyo `ZiriTadi samarSruto gza~ (iqve, gv.

30).

rogorc iTqva, fasisi erqva md. araqss k. porfirogenetis sityviT.

p. ingoroyvas azriT, fas, fasisi niSnavs wyals, mdinares, fasiani ki

wylian mxares, marTlac, basianis mosazRvre, mis samxreTiT mdebare

`bingioli~ iTargmneba rogorc `aTasi tba~ (iqve, gv. 30). `aTasi

29

tbiTa~ da mdinareebiT mdidari mxare marTlac wyliani, wyaluxvi

unda yofiliyo.

xalibTa `qaldus qveyana~ arian-qarTlis safuZveli

( `moqcevaY qarTlisaYsa~ da strabonis cnobebi)

yvelaze uZvelesi qarTuli wyaros `moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~

mixedviT Tanamedrove saqarTvelos samxreTiT mdebare arian-qarTlis

mefis Ze azonma safuZveli Cauyara `qarTlis samefos~. es momxdara

qristeSobamde IV-III saukuneebSi.

gvaqvs Tu ara romelime ucxouri wyaro, romelic gvaZlevs

cnobebs imis Sesaxeb, rom Tanamedrove saqarTvelos samxreTiT

qristeSobamde V-IV saukuneebSi namdvilad arsebobda raime qarTuli

saxelmwifo, SeeZlo Tu ara iq mcxovreb mravalricxovan qarTul

tomTagan erT romelimes sxva tomebis konsolidacia da erTian

saxelmwifod Camoyalibeba?

aRniSnul epoqaSi iyo Tu ara romelime tomi gamokveTilad

Zlieri?

Cven gvaqvs aRniSnuli epoqis saistorio wyaroebi, esaa

qsenofontes, strabonisa da sxvaTa cnobebi, romlebze dayrdnobiTac

SesaZlebelia msjeloba aRniSnul sakiTxze. esenia:

1. qsenofontes naSromi kiropedia _ romlis mixedviTac xaldebi

(xalibebi) iyo didi xalxi, fasianebi maTi gavlenis sferoSi

Sediodnen, xalibebi fasianTa qveynis samxreTiTac ki ibrZodnen,

Sesabamisad isini vrcel teritorias akontrolebdnen _ trapezuntis

maxlobeli qedebidan, vidre TiTqmis vanis tbamde.

2. strabonis cnobiT xalibebi didi xalxi iyo, radganac maTi

winaprebi troaSic ibrZodnen _ imJamindel xalibebs erqvaT aseve

aliZonebi (alazonebi). xaldebis anu xalibebis _ Tanametomeni iyvnen

karduxebi. isini vanistbispireTidan vidre SavizRvispireTamde cxov-

robdnen. kardux-xaldebis qveyana iyo erTi xalxis qveyana, romelic

n. adoncis sityviT somxebma or nawilad gakveTes.

3. megasTenes cnobiT iberebi nabuqodonosorma gadaasaxla libii-

dan SavizRvispireTSi. aq `libiis~ qveS unda igulisxmebodes ara

afrikis libia, aramed qveyana `luvia~, romelic vanistbispireTSi

mdebareobda. iberebi igive karduxebi unda iyvnen, romelTa erTi

nawili nabuqodonosorma vanistbispireTidan gadaasaxla Savi

30

zRvispireTSi. am gadasaxlebiTa da Tanametome xalibebisa da

karduxebis urTierTSereviT safuZveli unda Cayroda `arian-

qarTlis~ samefos. Tavis mxriv, Cans, karduxebs mosxebis nawilad

miiCnevdnen.

`moqcevaY qarTlisaY~ wers _ `da Semdgomad raodenisame Jamisa

movida aleqsandre mefe yovlisa qveyanisa... da Tana-hyvanda

aleqsandres mefesa azoi, Ze arian qarTlisa mefisa, da miuboZa

mcxeTa sajdomad da sazRvari daudva mas hereTi da egriswyali da

somxiTi da mTa crolisa da warvida~ (`moqcevaY qarTlisaY~, Zveli

qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi~, I, 1964, gv. 81).

qarTli, rogorc am wyarodan Cans, jer kidev ar ewodeboda im

qveyanas, romelSic Camoyalibda axali saxelmwifo da romlis

mefedac dasva aleqsandre makedonelma azo. yovel SemTxvevaSi masze

mematiane wers, rom azo iyo `pirveli mefe mcxeTas Sina~ (iqve, gv.

82), e.i. ara qarTlisa, aramed mcxeTisa, iqamde qarTli azonis mamis

samefos erqva (arian-qarTli). qarTli mcxeTis qveyanas azonis dros

ewoda. samefos sabolood Camoyalibebis Semdeg _ qarTlis mefe

azons uwodes, magram, rogorc iTqva, Tavdapirvelad is iyo `mefe

mcxeTas Sina~, mcxeTa iyo dedaqalaqi, axali saxelmwifosi. am axali

saxelmwifos sazRvrebi aseTi iyo _ egriswyali, hereTi, somxiTi da

mTa crolisa (amJamad md. egriswyali gaedineba Tanamedrove

afxazeTSi da is Cans iyo md. RaliZga, bediasTan), farnavazi ukve am

sazRvrebSi moqceuli qarTlis mefe iyo.

qarTlis samefos hereTis sazRvarTan dakavSirebiT albaT, azosa

da farnavazis Jams hereTi ar ewodeboda Tanamedrove samxreT kaxeTs

(bodbes qveyanas), rogorc miiCnevs sabWouri saistorio skola,

aramed hereTi mdebareobda mis gareT.

marTlac, rodesac farnavazma qarTlis samefo dayo

administraciul erTeulebad, Tanamedrove samxreT kaxeTSi mdebare

`kxoeTi~ (kuxeTi), romlis mTavari qalaqi iyo bodisi (bodbe) kaxeTis

saerisTavoSi Seiyvana (iqve, gv. 89), maSasadame bodbe iyo ara hereTSi,

aramed kuxeTSi.

wyaros `somxiTi~, gulisxmobs armeniis qveyanas, esaa qarTlis

samefos samxreTi sazRvari, Crdilo sazRvarze `mTa crolisa~

mdebareobda. xolo klarjeTi jer kidev ar Sedioda farnavazis

samefoSi, is kvlavindeburad azos mamis arian-qarTlis samefos

nawili iyo.

rogorc iTqva am saxelmwifos Tavdapirvelad `qarTli~ ar erqva,

aramed mas qarTli mas Semdeg ewoda, rac azom `arian-qarTlis~

31

samefodan Camoiyvana mosaxleoba saxelwodebiT `arian-qarTvelni~,

da isini ganasaxla mTel Tavis saxelmwifoSi egriswylidan

hereTamde, somxiTidan _ crolis mTamde. maSasadame, azos `arian-

qarTvelni~ dausaxlebia rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi. am xalxis saxelma `qarTvelni~ misca saxelwodeba

axali saxelmwifos xalxs _ `qarTvelni~, xolo TviT saxelmwifos

`qarTlis samefo~ daerqva, radganac misi damaarsebeli `arian-

qarTlis mefis Ze azo~ iyo. am saxelmwifos daarsebis Semdeg ukve

arsebobda ori `qarTlis samefo~, erTi iyo samxreTiT da mas `arian-

qarTli~ erqva, meore ki iyo CrdiloeTiT da misi dedaqalaqi mcxeTa

iyo.

mcxeTaSi gamefebis Semdeg `ese azoY warvida arian-qarTlad,

mamisa Tvisisa, da warmoiyvana rva saxli da aTni saxlni mama-

mZuZeTani da dajda Zvel mcxeTas. da Tana-hyvandes kerpni RmrTad _

gaci da gaim, da ese iyo pirveli mefe mcxeTas Sina azoY, Ze arian

qarTvelTa mefisa da mokvda. da Semdgomad misa dadga farnavaz~

(iqve, gv. 82).

Camoyalibda axali qarTlis samefo (mcxeTisa), xolo Zveli

qarTlis samefo (`arian-qarTli~) gaurkvevel viTarebaSi aRigava

pirisagan miwisa. vin iyo misi mosaxleoba, sad mdebareobda is an ra

bedi ewia mis xalxs?

am kiTxvebs pasuxi gasca XII saukuneSi arsen berma, romelic

daviT aRmaSeneblis moZRvari yofila.

is werda, rom Zveli arian-qarTlis mosaxleoba iyo eTnikuri qar-

Tveloba da maT `arian-qarTvelni~ erqvaT. daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqis

saqarTvelos ersa da Zvel `arian-qarTlis~ ers Soris pirdapiri

genetikuri memkvidreobiTi kavSiri yofila.

arsen beri wers _ `Cven Svilni varT maT arian-qarTliT

gamosulTani da enaY maTi vuwyiT~. maSasadame, qarTuli enac ki

arian-qarTvelTa ena yofila, maTi STamomavlebi _ qarTveloba iyo.

Cveni TvalsazrisiT arian-qarTlis samefo realurad arsebobda

da is warmoadgenda xalibebis (igive xaldebis) saxelmwifos,

romelmac SeZlo daaxloebiT Zv.w. 401-330 wlebSi taoxebis,

makronebis, fasianebisa da sxva qarTuli tomebis Tavis irgvliv

konsolidacia da amis safuZvelze saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba.

401 wels xalibebis (xaldebis) tomi Tavisi TvaliT ixila

qsenofontem, romelic saTaveSi edga berZenTa aTi aTas kacian razms,

romelic babilonidan saberZneTisaken mieSureboda.

32

es laSqroba Tavis or naSromSi anabazissa da kiropediaSi asaxa

qsenofontem. man gaiara fasianebis, xalibebisa da sxva qarTuli

tomebis qveynebi. misi cnobiT xalibebi _ yvelaze meomari da

saxelovani xalxi iyo sxva tomTa Soris.

`kiropediisa~ da `anabasisis~ cnobaTa urTierTSejerebiT irkveva,

rom xalibebs//xaldebs, romelic yvelaze ufro meomar da mamac

xalxad iTvleboda ara mxolod im mxareSi, aramed im tomTa Soris,

romelTa miwa-wyalzec elinebma gaiares (Gyr., III, 2,7; Anab., IV. 7.15),

Tavisi hegemonia da satomo saxeli samxreTiT sakmaod Sors

gaevrcelebinaT~ (g. WeiSvili, Zveli berZnebis TvaliT danaxuli

istoriul-geografiuli procesebi (qsenofonte da misi `kiropedia~,

analebi, 2001, N1, gv. 10).

qsenofontes mtkicebiT qaldebi (xaldebi) omis JiniT iyvnen

Sepyrobilni (Gyr., III, 2,7), isini ibrZodnen da xSirad imarjvebdnen

kidec.

fasianebis qveyana _ xaldebis gavlenis qveS iyo moqceuli, isini

akontrolebdnen Woroxis xeobasa da zRvispireTs.

ucxo TvalisaTvis qaldebi (xaldebi) Candnen dampyroblebad, ro-

melnic arbevdnen somxur soflebs, magram, rogorc Cans, isini

(xalibebi, igive xaldebi) Tvlidnen, rom piriqiT, somxebi SeiWrnen

maT miwa-wyalze, ukanonod waarTves saxnav-saTesi miwebi da

gadaaqcies mTagoriani qveynis mcxovreblebad, sadac saxnav-saTesi

farTobebis arqonis gamo siRaribeSi cxovrobdnen. amitomac,

xaldebi iZulebulni iyvnen Tavs dasxmodnen im somxur soflebs,

romelnic maT yofil miwa-wyalze amoizardnen. somxebi midiel-

sparselTa mxardaWeris gareSe aseT warmatebas ver miaRwevdnen.

sparselebma daimorCiles somxebi, xalibebi ki maTTan SedarebiT

Tavisufalni iyvnen.

sparseTis imperiaSi somxebi imperiis erTgul xalxad iqcnen,

mSvidobian mcxovreblebad, miwis muSebad, romelTac imperiisaTvis

Semosavali mohqondaT. es somxebi fasianebis qarTuli tomis

samxreTiT cxovrobdnen. fasianebi ki, rogorc iTqva xaldebis

gavlenis sferoSi moeqcnen, xaldebi fasianTa qveynis samxreTiT

somxur soflebs arbevdnen. amis gamo sparseTis Sahi SeSfoTebuli

iyo (fasianebi araqsis (fazisis) xeobaSi cxovrobdnen).

`kiropediis~ Tanaxmad, kiros didma (558-529) armeniis damorCilebis

Semdeg xaldebze galaSqreba gadawyvita (iqve, gv. 9).

xaldebis danaSaulad iTvleboda SeWra sparseTis imperiis

sazRvrebis SigniT (radganac armenielebi ukve imperiis

33

mcxovreblebad iTvlebodnen). am armenielebis dacva ki, SahebisaTvis

mniSvnelovani saqme iyo, ara erTi da ori Taobis manZilze.

SemdgomSi sparselebs gadauwyvetiaT armenielebsa da xaldebs

Soris mSvidobianoba CamoegdoT orive mxaris ekonomikuri

interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, kerZod xaldebisaTvis SeuTavazebiaT

daemuSavebinaT armenielTa mier xeldebuli saxnav-saTesi

savargulebi, ris sanacvlodac armenielebs SeeZlebodaT uSiSrad

eZovebinaT TavianTi saqoneli xaldebis mTebis saZovrebze.

orive mxare daTanxmebula, magram realurad xaldebs ar

SeuwyvetiaT ganmaTavisuflebeli omebi armenielTa winaaRmdeg da

qsenofontes Tavisi TvaliT uxilavs fasianebis samxreTiT

gaveranebuli somxuri soflebi.

fasianebi, Cans, aSkarad Tu farulad mxars uWerdnen xaldebs

armenielebTan omisas, radganac fasianebi sparselebma armenielebs

dauqvemdebares. fasianebi da xaldebi am saqmeSi konsolidirebulni

Canan.

`fasianebis qveyana, romelic formalurad dasavleT armeniis

satraps tiribazs ekuTvnoda (Anab., VII, 8, 25) faqtiurad xalibebis

gavlenis qveS moeqca, ufro samxreTiT xalibebi somxuri miwebis

moTareSebiT kmayofildebodnen~ (iqve, gv. 10).

fasianebis samxreTiT aTobiT kilometrze iyo gadaWimuli

gaveranebuli somxuri soflebi. teritoria sparselebis

TvalTaxedviT somxebs ekuTvnoda, magram xalibebs es miwa-wyali

Tavis sakuTrebad miaCndaT, radganac somxebis dasaxlebamde iq

TviTon cxovrobdnen, amitom somxebi maT miwaze SemoWril mtrad

esaxebodaT, amiT iyo gamowveuli xalibebis Tavganwiruli omebi

armenielebis winaaRmdeg.

fasianebi arzrumis arealSic cxovrobdnen da araqsis anu

fazisis xeobaSic, sadac Semdeg qarTuli provincia basiani iyo

ganfenili (arzrumidan qalaq agramde), mis samxreTiT, armenielTa

mier dakavebul miwebze (TiTqmis vanis tbamde) SemdgomSi, mravali

saukunis Semdeg, qarTuli saxelmwifos ganvrcobas (daviT III

kurapalatis dros X saukuneSi), Cans, safuZvlad edo iq SemorCenili

mkvidri, Zveli, adgilobrivi qaldeur-xaliburi warmoSobis

mosaxleobis qarTul-erovnuli TviTSemecneba. erTi sityviT im

mxareebis mosaxleobas X saukunisaTvisac ki jer kidev SemorCenili

hqonda Tavisi qarTuli Zirebis maxsovroba, qarTuli identobis

elementebi.

34

qsenofontes dros taoxebisa da fasianebis konsolidacia Tavis

irgvliv namdvilad SeeZlo xalibebis mebrZol da imJamad

gamarjvebul toms.

g. WeiSvilis TvalsazrisiT qsenofontes dros Tavisufali

`xalibebi Woroxis xeobaSi cxovrobdnen~ (anabazisi, IV, 7.15-17, iqve,

gv. 9), miiCneva rom isini TorTomis xeobaSic cxovrobdnen, radganac

aqaa xoronimi `xaldoZori~ (iqve, gv. 9).

g. WeiSvilis azriT, `xaldoZori~ moicavda baiburTis mxares `anu

im qveyanas, sadac qsenofontes mixedviT skviTinebi cxovrobdnen~

(iqve, gv. 9).

xaldebis sacxovrisi im teritorias moicavda (Woroxidan basian-

airaratis samxreTamde) sadac arian-qarTlis samefos arseboba

moiazreba. es, SeiZleba iTqvas, sxa teritoriebTan erTad Semdgomi

mesxeTia Tavisi tao-basianiT Tu Woroxis xeobiT.

`eTnonimi `xaldi~ ZvelberZnebisaTvis `xalibis~ sinonims

warmoadgenda~ (iqve, gv. 9).

xaldebi rom saxelganTqmuli meomari xalxi iyo, amas strabonic

adasturebs _ misi cnobiT xaldebi trapezuntis zRvispireTis

ZiriTadi xalxi iyo.

strabonis cnobiT amisodan trapezuntamde zRviT iyo 2200

stadioni, xolo trapezuntidan fazisamde 1400 stadioni. amisodan

trapezuntamde zRviT jer herakleasa da iazonis koncxebia, Semdeg

kotiora (farnakia) da kerasunti, romelsac mosdevs trapezunti da

trapezuntisTanave kolxida _ `trapezunti, mere kolxida, sadRac

aqvea zigopolisad wodebuli punqti~ (XII, III, 17).

(zigopolisi _ ziganaa, trapezuntis samxreTSi, istoriul

kolxidaSi, sadac SemdegSi lazTa episkoposebis erTerTi kaTedra

iyo).

ai, am viwro sanapiros `zemoT~ (e.i. trapezuntis samxreT

mTianeTSi) cxovrobdnen qarTuli tomebi, da maT Soris strabonis

mier gamorCeuli qaldebi.

straboni wers, rom cnobili dasaxlebuli punqti zigopolisi

kolxidaSi Sedioda.

strabonis rukaze zigopolisi ewodeba Semdgom ziganas, romelic

trapezunt-Teodosipolisis SemaerTebel gzaze mdebareobda.

bizantiur periodSi zigana qaldeas TemSi Sedioda. es iyo

strabonis kolxida (e.i. trapezuntis samxreTi da samxreT

aRmosavleTi mxare _ trapezunt-rize-xofas regioni da ara

dasavleT saqarTvelo).

35

straboni wers _ `trapezuntisa da farnakiis zemoT cxovroben

tibaranebi, qaldebi da sanebi, romelTac uwin uwodebdnen makronebs,

aqvea mcire armenia, am adgilebis axlos cxovroben apaitebi,

uwindeli kerkitebi. am adgilebze gadaWimulia skidise, kldovani

mTa, romelic uerTdeba mosxur mTebs, romlebic kolxidis zemoT

mdebareoben. mwvervalebi uWiravT heptakometebs. pariadre sidenesa

da TemiskirasTan mdebare adgilebidan mcire armeniamde vrceldeba

da hqmnis pontos aRmosavleT napirs~ (straboni, XII, III, 18).

strabonisve cnobiT iberebis Tavdapirveli, Zveli sacxovrisi,

odesRac moicavda pariadres kalTebs, xorZenesa da gogarenas, ro-

melnic maTgan miitaca armeniam.

maSasadame, pariadre odesRac iberebis qveynis nawili iyo,

pariadre ki Temiskisadan iwyeboda (amJamindeli Terme). strabonis

dros es mxareebi kvlav qarTuli tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, zemoT

CamoTvlili tibaranebiT, qaldebiT, sanebiT (makronebiT), apaitebiT

(kerkitebiT), heptakometebiT (mosinikebiT) da sxvebiT, Tumca am miwa-

wyals ukve armeniis nawilad miCnevdnen.

imis gamo, rom es iberebi (e.i. pariadres kalTebze mcxovrebi

tomebi) armeniam Zv. w. II s-Si CamoaSora iberias, isini aRmoCndnen

iberiis samefos gareT, Sesabamisad, erovnulad daucvelni.

am tomTa Soris straboni, rogorc iTqva, aRniSnavs qaldebis

siZlieres da maT miuZRvna Tavisi Sromis arc Tu mcire nawili.

kerZod strabonis azriT qaldebis winaprebi imdenad cnobili xalxi

iyo, rom monawileobdnen troas omSi da maT axsenebs homerosi.

straboni wers _ `exlandeli qaldebi Zvelad xalibebad

iwodebodnen, ufro amaT Soris mdebareobs farnakia, romelsac

zRvidan aqvs Semosavali, pelamidebis Werisagan, xolo miwidan iRebs

liTonebs, exla rkinas, uwin vercxlsac, saerTod am adgilebSi

sanapiro metismetad viwroa, radgan iqve, zemoT aRmarTulia

liTonebiT savse da tyiani mTebi, muSavdeba ki cota. momTamadneebi

Tavs irCenen liTonis mopovebiT, xolo mezRvaurni _ mebadurobiT...

vfiqrob amaT (xalibebs) axsenebs poeti (homerosi) _ aliZonebad,

`katalogSi~, paflagonielebis Semdeg: `xolo odiosi da

epistrofosi mouZRodnen aliZonebs, Soreuli alibedan, sadac aris

vercxlis sabado~ (str. XII, III, 20).

strabonis azriT, qveyana xalibe anu alibe iyo qaldebis

(xalibebis) sacxovrisi `skepsiselic fiqrobs, rom saxeli Seicvala

da alibebidan miviReT xalibebi~ (iqve, XII, III, 20).

36

homerosi `alizonebs (aliZonebs) uwodebs xalibebs... zogni weren

alazonebs, zogni ki amazonebs. ... es aixsneba weriTi cvlilebiT,

radgan [efore] wers ase: `xolo alazonebs mouZRodnen odiosi da

epitroposi~... (str. XII, III, 21-22).

straboni ekamaTeba maT, vinc fiqrobda, rom troelTa

dasaxmareblad ar mosulan mdinare halisis gadaRmidan mcxovrebni,

amitomac strabonis epoqis erT-erTi cnobili mkvlevari roca

fiqrobda, rom haliZonebis sacxovrisi ar unda moeTavsebinaT md.

halisis gadaRma, straboni mas ar daeTanxma da gaakritika.

straboni mis Sesaxeb wers `ra mizezis gamo ar cnobs, rom md.

halisis gadaRmidan mosuliyo romelime mokavSire... ra

daabrkolebda mosuliyo gaRma qveynidan, romelic aris

levkosirebis iqiT... me vfiqrob, rom araferi daabrkolebda, radgan

arc egre Sors iyvnen, rom Zneli yofiliyo iqedan mosvla~.

qaldebis Zvel qveyanas (xalibe, alibes) miucia saxeli

qaldebisaTvis _ alazonebs ki saxeli miuciaT cnobili tomisaTvis

_ amazonebisaTvis (aseve qaldebisaTvis).

rogorc qaldebis, ise amazonebis sacxovrisi isazRvrebda md.

TemiskirasTan, sidenesTan, farnakiasTan axlos.

orive (qaldebi anu alazonebi da amazonebi) saxelganTqmuli

meomari tomi iyo.

strabonis rukaze, romelic Tan erTvis 1964 wels gamocemul mis

rusul Targmans, alizonebis (anu alazonebis) sacxovrisi kerasus-

farnas qvemoT mTianeTSia gansazRvruli pariadres qedis kalTaze.

straboni wers _ `farnakiisa da trapezuntis maxloblad mdebare

adgilebs zemoT arian tibarenebi da qaldeebi, vidre mcire

armeniamde. es ki sakmaod mdidari qveyanaa, mas iseve, rogorc

sofenes, mudam ganagebdnen Tavisi dinastebi, maTi qveSevrdomebi

iyvnen qaldeebi da tibarenebi, ise, rom trapezuntamde da

farnakiamde vrceldeba maTi xelisufleba, xolo rodesac

gaZlierda miTridate evpatori, is gaxda kolxidisa da yvela amaTi

batoni~ (str. XII, III, 28).

rogorc vTqviT Zv. w. II s-Si armeniam iberiisagan miitaca pariadre,

amitomacaa, rom pariadresTan mcxovrebi tibarenebi da qaldeebi

mcire armeniis dinasts eqvemdebarebodnen trapezuntidan _

farnakiamde. miTridate evpatorma es mmarTveloba Tavis xelSi aiRo

da is kolxidis mmarTvelic gaxda. es kolxida iwyeboda

37

trapezuntis aRmosavleTiT, anu trapezunti erTmaneTisgan hyofda

mcire armeniis dinastebis miwas da kolxidas.

trapezuntidan _ farnakiamde (daaxloebiT Tanamedrove

trabzonidan _ ordumde) mcxovrebi tibarenebi da qaldebi mcire

armeniis gamgebel arqelaes epyra. strabonis dros is Secvala misma

qvrivma piTodorosma. kolxida rom trapezunts esazRvreboda Cans am

ukanasknelis sagamgeblo teritoriis sazRvrebidan _ `tibarenebi da

qaldebi kolxidamde, farnakiamde da trapezuntamde upyria

piTodoross, romelic Wkviani qalia~ (str. XII, III, 29).

strabonis dros saxelovani qaldebi ukve dasustebulebi iyvnen,

isini Zlierebi iyvnen ori-sami saukuniT adre 401-330 wlebSi.

qsenofontes cnobiT, rogorc iTqva, isini Zalze Zlierni iyvnen da

TavianT gamgeblobas taoxebsa da fasianebzec avrcelebdnen.

kvleva aCvenebs, rom lazTa (e.i. alazonTa) saxelovani tomis

saxeli qaldebs ukavSirdeba.

Sesabamisad arasworia, XX s-is istorikosTa TvalsazrisiT,

TiTqosda Tavdapirvelad lazebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi

cxovrobdnen, saidanac isini VII-VIII ss-Si trapezuntis regionSi

gadasaxldnen.

araviTari wyaro ar arsebobs am mosazrebaTa dasamtkiceblad. es

mxolod varaudebia, maSin, rodesac straboni qaldebs pirdapir

akavSirebs alazonebTan.

saxeli alazoni (igive lazoni) safuZvelia satomo saxelisa

lazi. es saxeli _ lazi _ konkretulad bolo droisaTvis arc erT

toms ar erqva, magaliTad arzrumelebi lazebs uwodebdnen

trapezuntis regionSi mcxovrebT, da piriqiT, trapezuntelebi

arzrumelebs. aqedan Cans, rom lazonia, lazTa qveyana zogadad

erqva vrcel regions, sadac odesRac qaldebis xelisufleba

vrceldeboda.

saxelisagan _ lazi _ unda iyos warmoSobili saxelebi arze,

arazani, arzena, arzes qveyana. es saxeli karduxebis mezobel qveyana

_ `alzTanac~ unda iyos dakavSirebuli. saerTod karduxebisa da

qaldebis saxelebis identurobac maniSnebelia maTi eTnikuri

naTesaobisa. karduxebi _ qsenofontes epoqaSi qaldebis msgavsad

Zlier meomrebad iTvlebodnen.

38

strabonis cnoba iberielTa miwebis

armenielebis mier mitacebis Sesaxeb

(pariadres kalTebi, xorZene da gogarena)

straboni wers: `mogviTxroben, rom warsulSi armeniis patara

qveyana gafarTovda artaqsiasa da zariadrias omebis Sedegad. isini

iyvnen antioq didis mxedarTmTavrebi, misi damarcxebis Semdeg ki

mefeebi gaxdnen. maT erTad gaafarToves TavianTi samflobelo,

CamoaWres ra irgvliv mcxovreb xalxebs olqebi. kerZod,

iberebisagan miitaces pariadres mTiswineTi, xorZene da gogarene,

romelic kiris meore mxaresaa, xalibebs da mosinikebs CamoaWres

kareniti da qserqsene, mcire armeniis mosazRvre nawilebi~

(straboni, geografia, XI, 14, 5).

antioqos didis sardlebi artaqsia da zariadri magneziis

brZolaSi qristeSobamde 188 wels antioqosis damarcxebis Semdeg

mefeebi gaxdnen da brZolebiT gaafarToves TavianTi samflobelo,

kerZod iberebisagan miitaces pariadres mTiswineTi, xorZene da

gogarene anu istoriuli arian qarTlis miwa-wyali, azonis mamis

mamuli. pariadres adgilsamyofeli cnobilia, xolo cnobas

gogarenes adgilsamyofelis Sesaxeb TviTon iZleva straboni.

gogarena da gugarqi ar iyo erTidaigive qveyana, kerZod gugarqi

somxur wyaroebSi erqva aRmosavleT saqarTvelos zogadad, ufro

xSirad ki qvemo qarTls, mtkvris marjvena sanapiroze. misgan

gansxvavebiT gogarene mdebareobda ara mtkvris marjvena, aramed

marcxena sanapiroze, anu mtkvris iqiT, `meore mxares~ _ rogorc

ambobs straboni _ `sakasenas Semdeg~.

gogarena mtkvris marcxena sanapiroze unda veZioT, am Ziebis dros

Cven gamogvadgeba strabonis cnoba `Sua iberiis~ Sesaxeb. Sua iberia

SemosazRvruli iyo kavkasiidan gamomavali samxreTisaken mimarTuli

qedebiT. Cveni kvleviT strabonis `Sua iberia~ qarTlis cxovrebis

`Sua qarTlia~, igive Sida qarTli SemosazRvruli suramisa da

qarTlis samxreTisaken mimarTuli qedebiT. Tu arsebobda termini

Sua iberia, cxadia arsebobda aRmosavleTi da dasavleTi iberia,

romelTa mimarTac maT Soris moqceuli qveyana Suad, anu Sua

iberiad iwodeboda. aqedan gamomdinare aRmosavleT iberia unda

rqmeoda Sida qarTlis momijnave kaxeTis regions. gogarena mis iqiT,

39

anu kaxeTis momijnave mtkvris iqiT mdebare miwa-wyals unda rqmeoda

anu Saqisa da yabalas regionebs, dRevandel Saqisa da oguzis

(varTaSenis) raionebs, mingeCauris wyalsacavis iqiT. Cven es kvleva

gvesaWiroeba, raTa ganvsazRvroT xorZenas adgilsamyofeli,

romelic arian qarTlis guli, centraluri nawili unda yofiliyo.

xorZena, rogorc strabonis cnobidan Cans, pariadres mTiswineTsa

da gogarenas Sua mdebareobda. anu pariadresa da mtkvars Sua,

radganac mtkvris iqiT ukve gogarena iyo. aqedan gamomdinare,

xorZena ZiriTadad araqsis marcxena sanapiros qveyanas erqva

mtkvramde, araqsis saTavesTan gvianobamde SemorCa saxeli mcire

provinciisa _ xorZiana.

Zv.w. II saukuneSi, xorZena vrceli qveyana iyo, araqsis saTavedan

mtkvramde gadaWimuli. maSasadame, pariadredan mtkvramde _ xorZenas

mTiani qveyana mdebareobda.

marTlac, araqsis marcxena sanapiros qveyana didxans iyo qarTve-

lebiT dasaxlebuli. konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT sazRvrad

iberebsa da bizantielebs Soris X s-Sic ki mtkvari ido, erevnis qve-

yanas Sua saukuneebSic ki, zogierTi somexi mwerali `saqarTvelos~

uwodebda, basianisa da taos qarTvelobis Sesaxeb TviT somxuri wya-

roebi miuTiTeben, romelic qvemoTaa mocemuli.

maSasadame, artaqsiasa da zariadres iberebisagan miutacniaT

pariadres kalTebis garda, araqsispireTi mtkvramde anu xorZene,

mtkvris iqiT ki gogarene.

es qveynebi qmnidnen arian-qarTls.

mitacebis Semdgom am mxareebSi daiwyo qarTvelebis armenizacia,

sxvadasxva saukuneSi sxvadasxva donisa.

armenizaciis procesi Senelda IX-X saukuneebSi. ganaxlda XI

saukuneSi bizantiis imperatorebis basili II-isa da sxvebis iberiaSi

omebis Semdeg (im epoqaSi am mxareebs iberia erqva, xolo dRevandel

saqarTvelos im epoqaSi afxazeTad moixsenebdnen).

SavizRvispireTis regioni (igulisxmeba rogorc dasavleT

saqarTvelo ise qaldea-arzrumis regioni), jer kidev qristeSobamde

IV-III saukuneTa cnobebiT _ qarTvelebiT yofila dasaxlebuli

babilonis mefe nabuqodonosoris droidan (Zv. w. 604-562).

am informacias iZleva megasTene _ Zveli berZeni mwerali IV-III ss.

is wers pontos zRvis marjvena mxares nabuqodonosoris mier

iberTa dasaxlebis Sesaxeb.

40

iberebi nabuqodonosors libiidan SavizRvispireTSi

gadmousaxlebia.

rogorc es mravaljer aRiniSneba am naSromSi, libiis qveynis qveS

unda igulisxmebodes vanistpispira qveyana luvia, romelic

gaZlierebuli iyo Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebSi, es qveyana am droisaTvis

frigiul-mesxuri tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, romelnic Cans IV-III

saukunisaTvis ukve iberebad miiCneodnen.

iqamdec, saukuneebiT adre, d. musxeliSvilis daskvniT, es, areali,

romlis gulsac arzrumis plato warmoadgenda, qarTvelebiT iyo

dasaxlebuli, sadac maTi saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebebi saukuneTa

manZilze erTmaneTs cvlida.

is wers, taoelebis cnobili saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianeba _ dia-

oxi (daiane), romelmac iarseba Zv. w. XII-VIII ss-Si, VII saukunisaTvis

Secvala xalibebis xalitum da Semdeg VI s-Si sasper-iberebma (d.

musxeliSvili, aRmosavlel qarTvel tomTa gaerTianebani qarTlis

samefos warmoqmnamde, macne, istoriis seria, 2012, 2, gv. 32).

maTi memkvidre iyo arian-qarTli, romelic IV-III ss-Si armenielTa

Setevis obieqtad iqca, Cans amis gamo mefis Ze azonma Tavisi samxe-

dro elitiT qarTvelebiTve dasaxlebul CrdiloeTis mxareebSi

gadaitana saxelmwifos centri (armazSi).

arian-qarTlis qarTvelobisaTvis rTuli dro dadga, Tumca isini

TavianT erovnul vinaobas saukuneTa manZilze inarCunebdnen.

arzrum-tao-basianis regioni iveriad iwodeboda I aTaswleulSi da

didxans Semdegac.

azo-farnavazis Sidadinastiuri brZola

azo-farnavazis epoqis ori qarTlis samefodan arian-qarTls

ufro ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebrioba hqonia da ufro Zlieri

yofila samxedro-ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, vidre mcxeTis qarTli.

Crdilo anu mcxeTis qarTlsac hqonia garkveuli

saxelmwifoebriobis Canasaxebi: `mcxeTeli mamasaxlisis~ saxiT,

romlis uzenaesobas cnobdnen sxva adgilobrivi didebulebi.

41

mcxeTis qarTlis dapyrobis Semdeg azons CrdiloeTis qarTvelTa

saxelmwifo mtkiced Camouyalibebia, magram Semdgom iq dawyebula

dinastiuri omi.

miiCneva, rom azo-farnavazis omi Sidadinastiuri brZolis niSniT

mimdinareobda, da rom farnavazi da azo saerTo dinastiuri saxlis

sxvadasxva ganStoebebs ganasaxierebdnen, romelTa Soris ufros-

umcrosobis principiT uflebebi da samarTavi teritoria iyo

danawilebuli (m. surgulaZe, bagrationTa samefo saxli, 1995, gv. 19).

amave saxlis wevri unda yofiliyo aseve egrisis erisTavi quji.

vaxtang gorgasali istoriuli

arian-qarTlis miwa-wyalze

msgavsad farnavazisa, vaxtang gorgasalmac ilaSqra istoriuli

samxreT iberiis miwa-wyalze, `azonis mamulSi~. Cans, vaxtangis mizani

iyo iberiisaTvis daebrunebina is miwa-wyali, romelic strabonis

cnobiT Zv.w. II saukuneSi armeniam Camoacala iberias (gogarena,

xorZene da pariadres kalTebi).

qarTlis cxovrebis cnobiT farnavazma qristeSobamde III

saukuneSi ilaSqra `azonis mamul~ klarjeTSi da ufro samxreTiT.

vaxuStis cnobiT, rogorc iTqva, klarjeTi moicavda ara mxolod

erT mxares, aramed uvrceles regions qaldea-trapezuntidan Woro-

xamde.

anZianZora istoriuli saqarTvelos sazRvarze mdebareobda.

sazRvars istoriul iberiasa da saberZneTs Soris mematiane aTav-

sebs anZianZorasTan (igive anZoreTTan) _ `warvida farnavaz da

motyuena sazRvari saberZneTisa anZianZora da ekleciT Semoiqca~ (q.

c., I, gv. 23).

sad mdebareobda anZianZora? g. meliqiSvili amasTan dakavSirebiT

wers _ `qarTlis samefos teritoriis samxreT-dasavleTiT

ganvrcobas eTanxmeba wyaros cnoba farnavazis mier mcireaziuli

olqebis anZianZorisa da ekelecis (antik. wyaroebis akilesena,

42

sofenas CrdiloeTiT evfratze mdebare olqi) dalaSqvraze

(saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, I, 1970, gv. 455).

maSasadame, wyaros cnobiT farnavazis dros iberiis (qarTlis

samefos) sazRvari gadioda anZianZorasTan, istoriul xorZenesTan,

amiT Cveni wyaro (q.c.) amarTlebs strabonis cnobas, rom Zv.w. II

saukunemde iberiaSi (e.i. farnavazis samefoSi) Sedioda xorZene,

gogarena da pariadres kalTebi.

farnavazis Semdgom iberiis samefos daukargavs es teritoriebi,

magram maT dasabruneblad brZola grZeldeboda. amas miuTiTebs

vaxtang gorgaslis iq laSqroba: `waremarTa vaxtang Sesvlad

saberZneTad... warvida vaxtang pontos da moaoxrna gzasa qalaqni

samni: anZoreTi, ekleci da steri da moadges laSqarni pontosa

qalaqsa didsa zRvis kidesa~ (q. c., I, gv. 160).

teqstidan Cans, rom vaxtangis dros aRniSnuli adgilebi ukve

somxeTsa da pontoSi Sedioda, maSin roca farnavazis dros

`sazRvari~ qarTlis samefosa da `saberZneTs~ Soris anZianZorasTan

gadioda. maSasadame, es teritoriebi iberias didi xnis dakarguli

hqonda vaxtangis dros, magram iqaur (e.i. xorZenesa da pariadres

kalTebis) mosaxleobas qarTuli eTnoidentoba da qarTuli enis

codna jer kidev SenarCunebuli rom hqonda sxva gamokvlevebidan

Cans:

VII s-is somxeTSi olqi saxelwodebiT `xorZiana~ (es unda iyos

`xorZene~) mdebareobda karinTan (karaxpol-karnuqalaq-arzrumTan),

mis samxreT-dasavleTiT daaxloeboT 70 km. daSorebiT.

xorZianasa da karins Sua mdebareobda mananaRis (manralis) olqi

mardaRis (mardaliis) gverdiT.

xorZianasTan axlos, mis samxreT dasavleTiT daaxloebiT 40 km-Si

mdebareobda olqi saxelwodebiT _ anZiti. es unda iyos qarTuli

anZoreTi-anZianZora (sadac ilaSqres farnavazma da vaxtangma).

provincia anZitSi tbasTan axlos iyo cixe-simagre egeRi (egeri).

amave saxelis qalaqi egegi (egeri) karin-arzrumTanac iyo. am qalaqis

saxeli (egegi) egrisis saxels unda ireklavdes. istoriuli samxreT

egrisi am areals moicavda trapezuntis CaTvliT.

olq xorZianaSi gaedineboda amave `egr~ saxelis mqone mdinare

`egegiki~ (mius gaili). xorZianaSi iyo cnobili punqti _ artalesi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom amJamindel TurqeTSi Zveli olqis anZitis

adgilas mdebareobs administraciuli olqi _ elazigi. sityvaSi

`elazigi (elaziRi)~ vfiqrob SesaZlebelia gamoiyos fuZe-Ziri

43

`lazi~. saxeli `lazi~, am mxareebisaTvis ucxo ar iyo. XI s-is

dasawyisSi konstantinopolis sapatriarqos lazikis eparqia am

mxareebsac moicavda. aq axlos iyo lazikis eparqiis kerCanisis,

xaxis, bizanasa da sxva saepiskoposo kaTedrebi.

bizanasa da arzrums Soris mdebareobda olqi mananaRi anu

manralia (manarali), mas mardaRis (mardalis) olqisagan yofs

`megeduxgis mTebi~, am mTebs n. adonci xalxalis mTebs uwodebs,

romelic manraliasa da mardalias erTmaneTisagan hyofda.

rogorc Cans, am mxareebSi eguleboda vaxtang gorgaslis

cxovrebis avtors `saflavi didi moZRvrisa grigolisa~, somxurad

bizanas olqs ewodeba _ `ekegiaci~, es unda iyos vaxtangis cxovrebis

ekleci. am olqSi rukebze moniSnulia eklesia saxelwodebiT _

`surb grigor~.

xorZena, rogorc iTqva, strabons iberebis istoriul qveynad

miaCnda, romelic armeniam miitaca. iqauri mkvidri iberebis

armenizacias xeli gansakuTrebiT Seuwyo am mxareSi somxuri

eklesiis gaZlierebam. sabednierod vaxtangis dros qarTuli

TviTSemecneba jer kidev Zlieri yofila am mxaris sasuliero pirTa

Sorisac ki, rac kargad Cans vaxtangis cxovrebaSi.

sxvaTa Soris, xorenacis istoriaSic aris garkveuli miniSneba

imisa, rom xorZenasa da taronis samRvdeloebam icoda qarTuli ena.

magaliTad, movses xorenaci wers _ `rac Seexeba mesrops, igi wavida

qarTvelTa qveyanaSi da madlis zegardamo miniWebiT maTac Seuqmna

anbani vinme jalasTan erTad, romelic berZnuli da somxuri

enebidan Targmnida. xels uwyobdnen imaTi mefe bakuri da mose

episkoposi. man SearCia bavSvebi, gahyo isini or jgufad da

moZRvrebad dautova Tavisi ori mowafeTagani _ ter xorZenaci da

muSe taronaci~ (movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, 1984, gv. 224).

maSasadame, qarTveli bavSvebi dayves or jgufad, raTa maT

SeeswavlaT qarTuli anbani qarTuli wmida werilis sakiTxavad. maT

qarTuli enis mcodne maswavleblebi esaWiroebodaT, aseTni ki

yofilan xorZeneli mRvdeli (ter xorZenaci) da taroneli muSe.

xorZene-taronis axlo mxareebSi qarTuli enis codnas isic

miuTiTebs, rom v. goilaZis kvleviT iqve, arc Tu daSorebiT, q.

edesa-urhaSi yofila didi qarTuli kolonia Tavisi

saganmanaTleblo kerebiT. rukaze qalaqi edesia-urha mdebareobs

olq andzitTan axlos, mis samxreTiT 70-80 km. daSorebiT. vaxtang

gorgasals `didi moZRvris grigolis~ saflavis mlocveli

44

mRvdlebi Zalze daexmarnen sarwmunoebrivi da politikuri

sakiTxebis rkvevisas.

sabolood unda vTqvaT, rom armeniis mier mitacebul mxareebSi

didxans darCa qarTuli enis codna da qarTuli toponimebi (egri-

egrisi, iberia da sxva).

arian-qarTlis aCrdili

wm. grigol parTelis, somexTa ganmanaTleblis, cxovrebaSi

aRniSnulia, rom mis mier qristianoba ganivrco mTel armeniaSi,

qalaq sataladan, xaldiisa da klarjeTis siaxlovidan _

masquTebamde, kaspiis sazRvar paitakaranamde, somexTa qalaqamde,

amididan nizibinis siaxlovidan korduenas CaTvliT midiamde.

kerZod, gaunaTlebia 16 samTavro _ angelTa saxlis mTavari,

alzniqTa didi pitiaxSi, korduqis qveynis mTavari, gargaris qveynis

pitiaxSi, utielTa qveynis mTavari, zaravandisa da heris mxareTa

mTavari da sxvebi.

am siidan Cans, rom grigols uRvawia istoriul arian-qarTlis

miwazec, radganac es miwa-wyali grigolis dros ukve didi xnis

mitacebuli iyo armeniis mier (Zv.w. II s-dan), da amitom mis mier

ganaTlebuli mTeli mosaxleoba ar iyvnen eTnikuri somxebi, Tumca

ki maTi olqebi armeniaSi iyvnen moqceuli.

magaliTad, utielebi _ albanelebi iyvnen sxva wyaroebis mixedviT,

heris mTavris qveS Tu igulisxmeba Cveni istoriuli mxare hereTi _

arc misi mosaxleoba iyo somxuri. aseve qsenofonte karduxebs ar

miiCnevda somxebad, piriqiT, isini sxva avtorebis mier qarTvelTa

winaprebad miiCneoda. etimologiurad gargari da gugarqi msgavsia

da albaT eTnikuradac gargarelebi Tavdapirvelad qarTvelebi unda

yofiliyvnen, radganac fuZe `grg~ _ qarTvelTa eTnofuZea, misganaa

nawarmoebi ara marto sityva gugarqi, aramed `gurzen~, `gurj~,

`georgien~ da qarTvelTa sxva eTno-saxelebi.

`angelTa~ fuZeSic qarTuli eTnofuZiseuli Tanxmovanebia _ `gl~

(gr) _ rac uyuradRebod ar unda darCes, miTumetes, rom is sityvebis

_ manglisis, algeTis da sxva fuZeebSic gvaqvs.

45

iv. javaxiSvils `kardu~ da tomis saxeli `karduxi~ erTi

etimologiisad miaCnda. `kardu~, `qarTu~ _ sityva `qarTuelis~

safuZvelia. misganve unda iyos mcxeTis samefos saxeli `qarTli~.

episkoposi ibirbzxua, romelic agaTangelozis cnobiT wm.

grigols iverielTaTvis ukurTxebia, unda yofiliyo ara mcxeTis

iveriis episkoposi, aramed episkoposi armeniis iveriisa, tao-

arzrumis momijnaved mdebare miwa-wylisa anu istoriuli arian-

qarTlis nawilisa, mis gverdiT trapezuntis mimarTulebiT

mdebareobda lazebis qveyana, romlis episkoposic, am cnobiT, masve

(wm. grigols) ukurTxebia, xolo klarjeTi, Tavisi zRvispiriT, ara

wm. grigolis, aramed, wmida ninos saganmanaTleblo areals

warmoadgenda somxuri wyaroebis cnobebiTve.

46

Tavi II

wyaroebis da literaturis mimoxilva

istoriuli arian-qarTlis miwaze mcxovrebi

qarTuli tomebis Sesaxeb

qsenofonis `kirosis anabasisi~

(qsenofoni, kirosis anabasisi, antikuri kavkasia, enciklobedia I,

2010)

qsenofontem (daaxl. Zv.w. 430-355) Tavisi berZenTa 10.000 kaciani

laSqriT 401 wels gaiara qarTul tomTa miwa-wyalze, misi mizani

iyo Savi zRvis navsadgurebiT jari samSobloSi daebrunebina. mas ar

surda omi am tomebTan, aramed mxolod maTi teritoriis gavliT

zRvasTan misvla, magram 10.000 kacs kveba esaWiroeboda.

qsenofonte mzad iyo produqti SeeZina da am tomebis

winamZRolebs Txovda misTvis bazari gaexsnaT, magram Tu ki bazars

ar uxsnidnen, iZulebuli iyo ebrZola da sursaTi ise moepovebina.

saerTod, mTeli es miwa-wyali ukve sparseTis imperias hqonda

dapyrobili, sparseTis Sahebi ki mxars uWerdnen iq mcxovreb

armenielebs, radganac armenielebi saxelmwifos mSvidobiani

mcxovrebni iyvnen, xolo qarTuli tomebi (karduxebi, xalibebi,

xaldebi, taoxebi, makronebi, kolxebi, drilebi, mosinikebi,

tabarenebi da sxvebi) sparselebs ebrZodnen TavianTi miwa-wylis

TavisuflebisaTvis.

jer midielebma, imJamad maTi mxedarTmTavris kirosi meTaurobiT,

Semdeg ki sparselebma moaxerxes am teritoriis saukeTeso saxnavi

miwebidan qarTvelTa tomis gandevna (kerZod ki xalibebisa) da maT

adgilebze armeniel miwaTmoqmedTa Casaxleba, rac, Cans qsenofonis

meore wignidan, romelic kirosis sadideblad dawera (kiropedia).

armenielebsa da qarTvel tomebs Soris daZabuloba iyo saxnav-

saTesi miwebis gamo, magram radganac sparseTi mpyrobeli qveyana iyo,

is Tanxebs ar iSurebda raTa armenielTa jari gaeZlierebina,

47

romlis meSveobiTac wesrigs amyarebda aRniSnul teritoriaze. am

jarSi, qarTveli tomebis warmomadgenlebsac qiraobdnen. magaliTad

taoxebi da xalibebi dasavleT armeniis mmarTvelis, mefis megobar

tiribazis jarSi msaxurobdnen moqiravneebad (qsenofoni, kirosis

anabazisi, antikuri kavkasia, enciklopedia I, 2010, gv. 137).

qsenofonte TviTve wers, rom armenielebisagan gansxvavebiT,

qarTuli tomebi _ karduxebi, taoxebi da qaldebi ar

emorCilebodnen sparselebs.

is wers: `Tu bazars ar gvixsnidnen, Cven TviTon movipovebdiT

sursaTs, magram ara Tavxedobis, aramed aucileblobis gamo.

karduxebs, taoxebs da qaldebs, Tumca isini mefes ar emorCilebian

da Zalian saSiSnic arian, Cven mtrad movekideT, radgan bazars ar

gvixsnidnen da sursaTis warTmeva aucilebeli gaxda~ (qsenofoni,

kirosis anabazisi, iqve, gv. 137).

aRniSnuli tomebidan mxolod fasianebi da hesperitebi

daimorCiles sparselebma da maT mmarTvelad zemoT aRniSnuli

tiribazi dauniSnes (maTi miwebi saukeTeso iyo saxnav-saTesad).

`xolo karduxebi, xalibebi, qaldebi, makronebi, kolxebi,

mosi­nikebi, koitebi da tibarenebi ki damoukidebelni iyvnen~

(qsenofoni, kirosis anabazisi, antikuri kavkasia, enciklopedia I, gv.

137).

berZenTa jari gaemarTa CrdiloeTisaken da vanis tbis siaxloves

mis samxreT-dasavleTiT jer SexvdaT qarTvelTa tomi, romlis

saxeli iyo _ `karduxebi~.

(saxeli `karduxi~ sityva `kardu~-saganaa miRebuli, xolo `xi~ _

mravlobiTobis mawarmoebeli sufiqsia. `kardu~ _ iyo saxeli

xalxisa, romlisaganac nawarmoebia aseve saxeli `qarTu~ da sityva

`qarTueli~, e.i. `qarTus~ qveyneli. kardu da qarTu erTi fuZea,

amitomac miiCneva, rom karduxebi _ qarTuli tomi iyo, romelic

ebrZoda maT qveyanaSi SeWril armenielebs da maT mfarvel

sparselebs).

karduxebma ifiqres, rom sparselTa mefis megobari qsenofonte da

sparselTa mefis samsaxurSi myofi misi 10.000 kaciani jari

armenielTa mxardamWeri laSqari iyo. amitomac maT medgrad

ibrZoles berZenTa am jaris winaaRmdeg, ufro metic, bevrs ecadnen

qsenofonte da laSqris meTaurebi, magram karduxebma piradi,

sasaubro kontaqtic ki ar daamyares maTTan.

48

Semdeg saukuneebSi, karduxebma armenizacia-gasomxebisagan mainc

ver SeZles Tavis dacva, Tumca, armeniaSi SemdgomSic iTvleboda,

rom somxeTis provincia `korduk~-Si (kordvacis qedis samxreTiT,

vanis tbis samxreT-dasavleTiT), `kordik verin~-Si, `kordik mijin~-Si

da `kordik nerkin~-Si mcxovrebi tomebi _ ar iyvnen armenielebi, maT

tomobrivi sxvaoba hqondaT armenielebisagan.

karduxebis qveyanaSi Sesvlamde qsenofontes acnobes _ `mTebze

mimavali gza CrdiloeTiT romaa mimarTuli, karduxebTan migiyvanT,

isini cxovroben mTebSi, meomari xalxia da sparsTa mefes ar

emorCilebian. maT Tavs daesxa am mefis asoc aTasiani (120.000) jari

da maTgan ukan aravin dabrunebula (karxudebis mTebi miuvalia)~

(qsenofoni, kirosis anabazisi, antikuri kavkasia, enciklopedia I,

2010, gv. 118).

aseve qsenofontes uTxres _ `elinma jariskacebma gaiges rom Tu

isini SeZleben karduxebis mTebis gadalaxvas da mdinare tigrosis

saTaveebze misTvlas, mivlen armeniaSi~ (iqve, gv. 119).

karduxebis qveyanasa da armenias erTmaneTisagan sazRvravda

mdinare kentriti (iqve, gv. 120).

berZenma jariskacebma brZoliT gaiares karduxebis qveyana,

qsenofonte wers, rom karduxebs hqondaT _ `mravalricxovani da

mSvenieri saxlebi, savse sursaTiT. iq Rvino ise bevri iyo, rom

siliT amolesil ormoebSi hqondaT Senaxuli~ (iqve, gv. 120).

karduxebi laSqrobisas da marSirebisas mRerodnen _ `Cqara

wavidnen raRac simRerebis mReriT~ (gv. 121).

elinebma gadalaxes md. kentriti, meore napirze ukve armenia

iwyeboda. armeniis sparselTa samxedro xelisufals Tavis jarSi

daqiravebuli hyavda qarTuli tomebi xaldebisa da mardebis

jariskacebi _ `isini iyvnen orontisa da artuxis moqiravneebi~ (iqve,

gv. 121). magram maT (armeniul jars), saboloo jamSi berZnebTan ar

uomiaT, ubralod, akvirdebodnen maT moZraobas.

karduxebi ebrZodnen armenielebs, amitomac md. kentritis

gadalaxvis Semdeg rac berZnebma 5 farsangi (25 km) `iares armeniaSi

vake adgilze, aq karduxebTan omis gamo mdinaris axlos ar iyo

soflebi~ (iqve, gv. 122).

Semdeg miadgnen did sofels, sadac satraps sasaxle hqonda,

aqedan 10 farsangis (50 km) Semdeg iyo mdinare tigrosis saTave,

aqedan 15 farsangSi (75 km) miadgnen md. teleboass, romlis

49

napirebzec mravali sofeli iyo, xolo qveyanas erqva dasavleT

armenia, misi mmarTveli iyo mefis megobari tiribazosi (iqve, gv. 122).

aqedan berZnebma dablobze iares 15 farsangi (75 km) da miadgnen

soflebiT savse teritorias, isini elodnen rom Tavs daesxmodaT

tiribazi, romelsac Tavis jarSi hyavda moqiravneebi `xalibebi da

taoxebi~ (iqve, gv. 123). aqedan iares kvlav 75 kilometri da miadgnen

md. evfrats, romelic gadalaxes am mdinaris (e.i. evfratis) saTavis

axlos.

aqedan Sevidnen dablobSi, radganac zamTari idga, iares TovlSi

50 km da miadgnen erTerT sofels, aqedan 20 stadionSi (daaxl. 2 km-

Si) mdebare soflebSi ganawildnen mosasveneblad. maT uxvad miiRes

sasmel-saWmeli da sufrasTanac `maT barbarosul samosiani armeni-

eli biWunebi emsaxurebodnen~ (iqve, gv. 125). Semdeg `SeekiTxnen

soflis Tavkacs, ra qveyana iyo es? man ki miugo, rom es iyo armenia~

(iqve, gv. 125). ikiTxes romeli iyo mezobeli qveyana, upasuxes _

`mezobeli qveyana _ Tqvan man _ xalibebisaa, da iqauri gzac

miaswavla~ (iqve, gv. 126).

aqedan Cans, rom qarTul tomebs _ karduxebsa da xalibebs Soris

armenielTa SeWris gamo qveyanas ukve `armenia~ erqva, Tumca unda

vifiqroT, rom iqauri mkvidri mosaxleoba ZiriTadad armenizebuli

qarTvelebi iyvnen.

aRniSnuli gziT Sevidnen `mezobel~ anu xalibebis qveyanaSi.

amis Semdeg miadgnen md. araqss, romelsac qsenofonte `fasiss~

uwodebs (aRsaniSnavia, rom aTasxuTasi wlis Semdegac, X s-Si,

konstantine porfirogeneti araqss kvlav `fasiss~ uwodebda,

romelic imJamadac sazRvari iyo armenielebsa da iberebs Soris).

araqsis xeobaSi somxebi ar cxovrobdnen.

`amis Semdeg, md. fasisis gaswvriv, elinebma iares Svidi

gadasavali, dReSi xuT-xuTi farsangi~ (iqve, gv. 126). e.i. sul

gauvliaT 35 farsangi, rac 175 km-ia. amis Semdeg kidev 10 farsangi (50

km) uvliaT da mividnen adgilas `romelic vakeze eSveboda, sadac

maT daxvdnen xalibebi, taoxebi da fasianebi (fasiselebi)~ (iqve, gv.

126). e.i. im gziT, romelic miaswavles xalibebis qveyanaSi, Semdeg ki

fasianebis qveyanaSi.

e.i. fasisis gaswvriv maT uvliaT sul 45 farsangi anu 225 km.

SeebrZolnen qarTvel tomTa laSqars, gaimarjves da Sevidnen

taoxebis qveyanaSi.

50

fazisis anu araqsis gaswvriv aRniSnuli 225 km xalibebis qveyana

yofila (rogorc zemoT aRiniSna) _ armeniis qveynidan berZnebi

xalibTa qveyanaSi Sevidnen, gaiares 225 km da miadgnen taoxebis

qveyanas. taoxebis qveyanaSi berZnebma gaiares 30 farsangi (150 km).

aqedan Cans, rom qsenofontes dros araqsis xeoba da Woroxis

saTaveebi ar iyo somxebiT dasaxlebuli.

taoxebis erT-erTi cixe-simagris aRebis dros `elinebi sazareli

sanaxaobis mowmeni gaxdnen _ qalebi isrodnen bavSvebs ufskrulSi

da TviTonac Tan mihyvebodnen, amgvaradve iqceodnen mamakacebic~

(iqve, gv. 128)

es Tavganwirva qarTvelebisa, samSoblosa da piradi Tavisuflebis

SesanarCuneblad, miagavs ebraelTa Tavganwirvas masadas cixe-

simagris dacvis dros ax. w. 70 wels, am ambidan TiTqmis 500 wlis

Semdeg.

aqedan berZnebma iares 50 farsangi (250 km) kvlav xalibebis miwa-

wyalze. aqedan Cans, rom im tomTa Soris, romelTa qveyanazec maT

iares, yvelaze mravalricxovanni xalibebi iyvnen da, amasTanave,

didi miwa-wylis mqonni. am arealze _ araqsze da Woroxze _ somxebi

ar cxovrobdnen.

qsenofonte wers _ `Semdeg iares Svidi gadasavaliT ormocdaaTi

farasangi xalibebis miwa-wyalze. isini umamacesni iyvnen im tomebs

Soris, romelTa miwa-wyalzec gaiares. xalibebi xelCarTul

brZolaSi ebmebodnen elinebs~ (iqve, gv. 128).

`amasTanave mRerodnen da rokavdnen maSin, roca mteri maT

uyurebda~ (qsenofoni, kirosis anabazisi, antikuri kavkasia,

enciklopedia I, 2010, gv. 128).

xalibebisagan amis gamo `elinebma veraferi waiRes da

ikvebebodnen isev im pirutyviT, romelic taoxebs waarTves~ (iqve, gv.

128).

amis Semdeg berZnebi mividnen mdinare harpasosTan da Sevidnen

skviTinebis qveyanaSi, vakeze iares 20 farasangi (100 km) da Sevidnen

maT soflebSi. amis Semdeg gaiares kvlav 20 farasangi da mividnen

`did, mdidar da mWidrod dasaxlebul qalaqSi~, romelsac erqva

gimniasi.

aqedan iares 5 dReRame da mividnen mTamde (misi saxeli iyo

Teqesi), saidanac Canda Savi zRva.

51

aqedan gziT Sevidnen makronebis qveyanaSi, sadac gaiares 50 km da

miadgnen mdinares, romelic makronebis qveyanas skiTinebis

(skviTinebis) qveynisagan yofda.

meore mxares meomari makronebi idgnen. berZenTa Soris aRmoCnda

tomiT makroni mona, romelmac SeZlo Suamavloba da berZnebi

makronebs daumegobra.

makronebis qveyanaSi iares sami dRis ganmavlobaSi kolxebis

qveyanamde. kolxTa laSqari daamarcxes da Sevidnen soflebSi, sadac

Taflis fiWi Wames, romelTac maT didad avno, meore dRemde

mTvralebs hgvandnen da fexze dgoma ar SeeZloT.

aqedan berZnebma gaiares kolxebis soflebSi 35 km. da mividnen

zRvasTan mdebare `trapezusSi _ mWidrod dasaxlebul elinur

qalaqSi, romelic sinopelTa dasaxleba iyo kolxebis qveyanaSi,

pontos evqsiniosis sanapiroze. aq, kolxebis soflebSi elinebma

daaxloebiT 30 dRe dahyves~ (iqve, gv. 131) `da anadgurebdnen kolxiss

(e.i. kolxeTs)~ (iqve, gv. 131).

imJamad kolxebis qveyanSi mdebareobda trapezunti.

qsenofonte ganarCevs `baris kolxebs~ da mTis kolxebs. pirvelebi

berZnebs ar ebrZodnen. aqedan Seesivnen drilebis qveyanas. drilebi

iyvnen `pontospireTis yvelaze meomari xalxi~ (iqve, gv. 132).

(drilebi, Cans SemdgomSi TrialeTSi gadasaxldnen).

trapezusidan berZnebi elinur qalaq kerasuss miadgnen

`sinonelTa dasaxleba kolxebis qveyanaSi zRvis sanapiroze~ (iqve,

gv. 133). e.i. trapezuntica da kerasusic kolxebis qveyanaSi

mdebareobdnen.

berZenTa jari kerasusTan orad gaiyo _ erTi jgufi gemebiT

zRviT gaemgzavra (Cans trapezuntidanac gemebiTve micuravdnen),

meorem ki xmeleTiT ganagrZo gza da miuaxlovdnen `mosinikebis sa-

zRvars~ (iqve, gv. 133).

mosinikebis tomi or mtrul jgufad iyo gayofili _ piriqiTel

mosinikebs mtrobdnen piraqeTa mosinikebi. piriqiTelebma samxedro

kavSiri Sekres berZnebTan piraqiTelebis dasamarcxeblad.

meore dRes isini movidnen `erTi mTliani xisagan gamoTlili

samasi naviT. TiToeul navSi sam-sami kaci ijda~ (iqve, gv. 134). isini

`dairazmnen da erTma maTganma simRera wamoiwyo, danarCenebma ritms

fexi auwyes da win gaswies~ (iqve, gv. 134).

isini berZnebTan erTad ekveTnen TavianT mter Tanatomelebs,

romelTac qalaqis dasaufleblad eomebodnen. maTi mefe am qalaqSi

52

erT maRal adgilas mdgar xis koSkSi (mosinosSi) ijda. is xanZris

dros ar gamovida koSkidan da daiwva meore mefesTan erTad,

romelic sxva koSkSi ijda. mosinikebs aRmoaCndaT puris didi

maragi, amforebSi ki damarilebuli delfinis xorci. hqondaT

uamravi maragi: kakali, qoni, Rvino. gamarjvebulma berZnebma es

aRebuli qalaqi TavianT megobar mosinikebs gadasces. aq ramdenime

qalaqi iyo erTmaneTisagan 80 stadioniT daSorebuli (16 km). mdidar

mosinikebs hyavdaT moxarSuli wablis Wamisagan dasuqebuli bavSvebi

`ganazebulebi da metismetad TeTrebi~ (iqve, gv. 136).

qarTuli tomebi TeTrkanianebi iyvnen.

amis aRniSvna saWirod migvaCnia, radganac Zv. w. VI-V ss. cnobebiT

kolxebi `Savkanianebad~ an `muqkanianebad~ aRiwerebian, magram ukve V

s. bolodan kolxTa aRmweri mwerlebi, romelTac piradad naxes

isini, aRar weren kolxTa muqkanianobis Sesaxeb.

mosinikebic TeTrebi iyvnen.

qsenofonte wers _ `isini cdilobdnen yvelas Tvalwin

SekavSirebodnen heterebs, romlebic elinebs Tan mihyavdaT, radgan

aseTi iyo maTi adaTi. yvelani _ mamakacebica da qalebic _

TeTrkanianebi iyvnen... sajarod akeTebdnen imas, rasac sxvebi

ganmartoebiT sCadian... sakuTar Tavs elaparakebodnen, TavisTvis

icinodnen da moyvebodnen xolme rokvas, sadac ar unda yofiliyvnen~

(iqve, gv. 136).

berZnebma mosinikebis qveyanaSi `rva staTmosi iares da mividnen

xalibebTan, isini cotani iyvnen, emorCilebodnen mosinikebs da

upiratesad rkinis damuSavebiT irCendnen Tavs, aqedan elinebi

mividnen tibarenebTan. tibarenebis qveyana ufro vake iyo. maT zRvis

sanapiroze gamagrebuli dasaxlebebi hqondaT~ (iqve, gv. 137).

`elinebma or dReSi mSvidobianad gadalaxes es qveyana da mividnen

kotioraSi, elinur qalaqSi, sinopelTa mier tibarenebis qveyanaSi

daarsebul axalSenSi~ (iqve, gv. 137).

xalibebi, rogorc qsenofontes aRweridan Cans berZnebs Sexvdnen 3

adgilas, karduxebis Semdeg, armenielTa qveynis gadalaxvis Semdeg

da mosinikebis mezoblad zRvis sanapiroze (es ukanasknelni sustebi

iyvnen, danarCen or adgils mcxovrebni ki kargi meomrebi).

amitomac unda vifiqroT, rom is qveyana, romelnic armenielebs

eWiraT md. kentritidan araqsamde _ Tavdapirvelad xalibebis anu

qaldebisa iyo, da isini gagrZelebiT cxovrobdnen kotioradan

araqsamde da kentritamde. isini, Cans, armenielebs daumarcxebiaT da

53

amitom xaldebsa da armenielebs Soris didi omi iyo gaCaRebuli,

rogorc es qsenofontes meore naSromidan _ kiropediadan Cans,

sabolood, xalibebi mxolod zRvis piras darCnen, danarCeni maTi

sacxovrisi araqsidan kentritamde armenielebma daiWires.

rogorc iTqva, md. kentritidan berZnebma gaiares 25 km _

dausaxlebel armeniaSi, 50 km-is Semdeg iyo tigrosis saTave. 75 km-is

Semdeg miadgnen md. teleboass _ es iyo dasavleT armeniaSi. aqedan

iares dablobze 75 km, Semdeg kvlav gaiares 75 km. da miadgnen md.

evfrats, misi saTavis axlos. Semdeg dablobze iares 50 km. aq kvlav

armeniis qveyana iyo. aqedan iwyeboda xalibebis qveyana, miadgnen md.

araqss (faziss) (araqsis xeoba xalibebisa iyo imJamad), aq fasisis

gaswvriv iares 225 km. xalibebis qveyanaSi da miadgnen taoxebis

qveyanas. taoxebis qveyanaSi iares 150 km. aqedan berZnebma kvlav 250 km

iares kvlav xalibebis miwaze da miadgnen md. harpasoss da Sevidnen

skviTinebis qveyanaSi, aqve vakeze iares 100 km amis Semdeg kvlav

iares 100 km da miadgnen qalaq gimniass. aqedan iares 5 dRe-Rame da

miadgnen mTis mwverval Teqiss, saidanac Canda zRva. aqedan iares 50

km da miadgnen makronebis qveyanas, am qveyanaSi iares sami dRe-Rame

da miadgnen kolxebis qveyanas. iares 35 km da Sevidnen qalaq

trapezusSi, da Semdeg kerasusSi. es qalaqebi kolxeTis qveyanaSi

mdebareobdnen. kerasusidan Sevidnen mosinikebis qveyanaSi. iares `rva

staTmosi~ da mividnen `sust xalibebTan~, aqedan Sevidnen

tibarenebis qveyanaSi, gadalaxes or dReSi da mividnen qalaq

kotioraSi _ `tibarenebis qveyanaSi daarsebul axalSenSi~.

aqedan berZnebi gaemarTnen md. fasisisaken _ qsenofontes

strategosebma uTxres _ `umjobesia fasisisaken gacurva, raki

xomaldebi arian, fasianTa qveynis dapryoba. iq maSin aietis

SviliSvili mefobda~ (iqve, gv. 137).

es bolo winadadeba Zalze abnevs mkvlevarebs, radganac

qsenofonte md. fasiss axsenebs or adgilas. erTi fasisi iyo araqsi,

saidanac berZnebma gaWirvebiT CaaRwies zRvamde, amitomac isini,

cxadia, ukan aRar dabrundebodnen. amitomac Tavisi naSromis bolos

naxseneb md. fasisis qveS qsenofonte sxva romeliRac mdinares

gulisxmobs, romelsac aseve fasisi erqva.

qarTveli mkvlevarebi fiqroben rom es meore fazisi iyo md.

rioni, rasac Cven ar viziarebT, Cveni azriT qsenofonte am meore

mdinare fazisSi gulisxmobs md. kelkitis zRvasTan SesarTavs. aq

zRvis napiras koncxebs erqvaT heraklesa da iazonis koncxebi. mis

54

axlos amJamadac arian punqtebi `fasinlerisa~ da `pazaris~

saxelwodebiT. md. kelkitis SesarTavi marTlac axloa q.

kotiorasTan da aqeTken iyo samSoblosken mimavali berZnebis gza.

davajamoT qsenofontes jaris mier ganvlili gzis sigrZe _

md. kentritidan armeniis qveyanaSi berZnebma iares 25 km + 50 km +

75 km + 75 km (evfrati) + 50 km (araqsi) da miadgnen xalibebis qveyanas

araqsTan. e. i. armeniaSi sul iares 275 km.

Semdeg xalibebis qveyanaSi md. araqsis piras iares 225 km.

Semdeg taoxebis qveyanaSi 150 km,

da kvlav xalibebis qveyanaSi Sevidnen, sadac 250 km iares,

miadgnen md. harpasos,

da Sevidnen skviTinebis qveyanaSi, sadac iares 200 km qalaq

gimniasamde. aqedan iares 5 dRe mwverval Teqisamde.

aqedan 50 km-Si mdebareobda makronebis qveyana, aq iares 3 dRe

da miadgnen kolxebis qveyanas, iares 35 km da miadgnen q. tra-

pezuss.

e. i. md. kentritidan trapezusamde berZnebma gaiares 275 km + 225 km

+ 150 km + 250 km + 200 km + 5 dRe + 50 km + 3 dRe + 35 km = 1185 km + 8

dRe.

Tu erT dRis gavlas berZnebi moundnen 20-30 km maSin 8 dReSi

isini daaxloebiT 200 km-s gaivlidnen, rac jamSi Seadgens sul 1385

km, anu daaxloebiT 1400 km.

maSasadame, qsenofontes jarma iara ase: is Sevida karduxebis

qveyanaSi Tanamedrove qalaq mardinTan axlos (TurqeTSi), iara

Tanamedrove qalaq elazigis mimarTulebiT (amJamadac ki gza am

mimarTulebiT midis), aq jarma gadalaxa tigrosis erT-erTi

Senakadi, romelsac erqva kentriti, da miadga dasavleT armeniis

qveyanas. am mdinaris gadalaxvis Semdeg SemoxvdaT meore mdinare

teleboasi (es unda iyos Tanamedrove md. murati). amis Semdeg

gaagrZeles gza armeniaSi da miadgnen md. evfratis saTaves (es unda

iyos evfratis Senakadi, romelsac amJamindel Turqul enaze ewodeba

md. peri (Peri)) da Tanamedrove qalaq tekmanTan axlos miadgnen md.

araqsis anu fasisis saTaves da iares mis gaswvriv, aq hqondaT

SebrZoleba xalibTa, taoxTa da fasianTa gaerTianebul laSqarTan

da Sevidnen taoxebis qveyanaSi. taoxebis qveynidan gadavidnen

Zliermeomari xalibebis (qaldebis) qveyanaSi da miadgnen md.

harpasoss, es unda iyos md. Woroxi. aq iyo skviTinebis qveyana da

maTi qalaqi gimniasi (sadRac baiberdsa da giumiSxanes Soris),

55

aqedan jari Sevida makronebis qveyanaSi, saidanac dainaxes zRva,

zRvis pirze ki kolxebi cxovrobdnen, maT qveyanaSi iyo qalaqi

trapezusi, aqedan laSqravdnen axlos mcxovreb drilebs.

trapezusidan jaris erTi nawili gemebiT, sxvebi ki fexiT gaemarTnen

kerasusisaken (giresuni), gaiares mosinikebis da susti xalibebis

qveyanaSi, q. kotiorasTan miadgnen tibarenebis toms da gadawyvites

gemebiT da fexiT kelkitis SesarTavTan misvla, sadac fasianebi

cxovrobdnen da aietis STamomavali mefobda.

n. adonci pirdapir wers kidec, rom karduxebi, xalibebi, xaldebi,

fasianebi da sxva tomebi armeniis Tavdapirveli mosaxleni iyvnen,

Semdgom maT miwa-wyalze (daaxloebiT Zv.w. VI saukuneSi) SeiWrnen

armenielebi da or nawilad gayves es qarTuli mosaxleoba, kerZod,

armenielebi dasaxldnen maTi qveynis centrSi, amis gamo rogorc

samxreT ise Crdilo armeniaSi cxovrobdnen qarTvelebi, kerZod

samxreT armeniaSi _ kordus xalxi, Crdilo armeniaSi iverebi,

dasavleT armeniaSi ki qald-xalibebi.

qarTuli miwebis es mtacebloba, strabonis cnobiT Semdegac

gagrZelebula, roca armeniam qristeSobamde II saukuneSi

iberebisagan miitaca pariadres kalTebi, xorZena da gogarena _

vrceli miwa-wyali dasavleT da Crdilo armeniisaken.

karduxebi da xalibebi (xaldebi) qarTvelTa tomebi, rom iyo, amis

Sesaxeb sxva uZvelesi wyaroebic werdnen.

kerZod megasTene werda, rom nabuqodonosorma iberTa xalxis

erTi nawili gadaasaxla libiidan pontos zRvis sanapiroze, iqamde

iberebi libielTa mezobelni yofilan.

rogorc iTqva, aq `libiis~ qveS igulisxmeba ara afrikis libia,

aramed vanis tbasTan mdebare lursmuli damwerlobis epoqis qveyana

`luvia~.

luvia vanis tbis samxreT-dasavleTiT mdebareobda, iq sadac

Semdgom karduxebi cxovrobdnen.

luvielTa mezobeli iberebis (anu karduxebisa da qaldebis)

nawili nabuqodonosors pontos zRvispireTSi gadausaxlebia.

am mosazrebiT Tu xsnidnen Zveli avtorebi faqts imisa, rom

karduxebsa da qaldebs (xaldebs), xalibebs da qaldevelebs

(pontospireTSi mcxovrebT) erTidaigive satomo saxelebi, erTi zne-

Cveulebebi hqondaT (da Cans erTi enac).

56

qarTvelTa winapari qaldevelebi (xalibebi, igive alazonebi)

karduxebis Tanametomeebad miiCneoda, miuxedavad teritoriulad

maTi urTierTdaSorebisa.

qsenofontes uTxres, rom karduxebis qveyana aRwevda md.

kentritamde da tigrosis saTaveebamde. Semdeg ki armenia iwyeboda.

Cven zemoT aRniSnuli toponimikidan gamomdinare unda vifiqroT,

rom armenielebis SemoWramde xalibebis anu qaldebis qveyana

iwyeboda karduxebis mezoblad (amis naSTia toponimi alznik (Zveli

alzis qveynis saxelidan) da aRwevda SavzRvamde dasavleTiT da

SesaZloa, aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT, kaxeTis mdinare alaznamde,

anu vanis tbidan kavkasiis mTebamde kardus anu qarTvelTa Zveli

qveyana iyo ganfenili.

adoncis sityviT, rogorc iTqva, qarTvelTa am Zveli qveynis Sua-

gulSi SeiWra armeniuli tomebi (daaxloebiT qristeSobamde VI

saukuneSi) da orad gayo qarTvelTa qveyana, amitomac rogorc

armenielTa samxreTiT, ise CrdiloeTiT qarTuli provinciebi

mdebareobdnen. eseni iyvnen _ somxebis samxreTiT mcxovrebi

karduxebi da alznikis xalxi, somxebis CrdiloeTiT mcxovrebi

qarTlis mosaxleoba, somxebis dasvleTiT mcxovrebi qaldeas xalxi

_ lazebi. adoncis mosazreba amJamad ignorirebulia somxur

istoriografiaSi, magram is xsnis arsebul Zvel faqtebs.

qarTuli qveynis uZveles centrSi armenielTa damkvidrebis gamo

qsenofontem bunebrivia jer qarTuli tomebis (karduxebis) qveyana

gaiara, Semdeg es centri, romelsac ukve armenia erqva, Semdeg ki

CrdiloeTiT da Crdilo dasavleTiT mas isev qarTuli tomebi Se-

xvda.

qsenofontes gza

1. qsenofontes jer Sexvda karduxebis mTebi, Semdeg ki tigrosis

saTave (qsenofoni, kirosis anabazisi, antikuri kavkasia,

enciklopedia I, 2010, gv.119);

2. jer md. kentriti, mere md. tigrosis saTave (iqve, gv. 122);

3. md. kentriti `sazRvravs armenias karduxebis qveynisagan~ aq aris

veli (iqve, gv. 120);

`xaldebi Tavisufalni da mamacni arian~ (iqve,gv. 121);

57

md. kentriti unda iyos md. tigrosis erTerTi Senakadi anda misi

erTi nawili. oRond q. elazigis mimarTulebiT. esaa armeniisa da

karduxebis sazRvari.

4. mdinaris meore napiric vakea. mdinaridan 50 km-Si aris tigrosis

saTave.

5. tigrosis saTavidan 15 farasangSi (1 farasangi 5 km.) _ 15 X 5 km.

= 75 km.) aris meore mdinare _ teleboasi. mis gayolebazea dasavleT

armenia.

teleboasi unda iyos md. muratis _ arawanis Senakadi.

6. aqedan 15 farasangi X 5 km. = 75-Si iyo md. evfrati

7. md. fazisi (araqsi) xalibebis qveyana.

iares md.fazisis gaswvriv 7 X 5 farsangi. 7 X 25 km. = 175 + 10 X 5

km. + 50 km. = 225 km. daeSvnen vakeze.

8. taoxebis qveyana 30 farsangi X 5 = 150 km.

9. xalibebis qveyana meorejer.

10. md. harparosi (Woroxi).

11. skviTinebi 20 X 5 km. = 100 km.

12. skviTinebi qalaqi gimniasi.

13. 5 dRe zRvis gamoCenamde.

14. makronebi mdinaremde 50 km.

15. mdinare sazRvravda makronebsa da skviTinebs.

16. 3 dRis gza.

17. kolxebi.

18. maTgan 2 farsangi X 5 = 10 km-Si _ trapezunti.

qsenofonte qaldebis Sesaxeb da arian-qarTli

istorikosma g. WeiSvilma ganixila qsenofontes Sroma

`kiropedia~, rogorc wyaro saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis.

Tavis am SromaSi (`kiropedia~), qsenofonte iseve, rogorc

Tavissave `anabasisSi~ aRwers berZenTa 10.000 kaciani razmis

laSqrobas qarTuli tomebiT dasaxlebul mxareebSi Zv. w. 401 wels.

kerZod maT gaiares fasianebis, taoxebis, xalibebis da skviTinebis

qveynebi (g. WeiSvilis dakvirvebiT _ `eTnonimi `xaldi~ Zveli

58

berZnebisaTvis `xalibis~ sinonims warmoadgenda~ (`analebi~ 2001, gv.

9).

yvela am tomTa qveynebs armenielebi esazRvrebodnen, romelnic

TandaTanobiT miiwevdnen samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken farTo

frontiT da aviwroebdnen qarTul tomebs, erekebodnen maT ufro

CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT, kerZod saxnav-saTesi miwebi xalibebs

aRar darCaT, radganac ukve mTebSi cxovrobdnen armenielTa am

miwolis Sedegad.

Tavis mxriv, yvela es tomi da gansakuTrebiT xaldebi (igive xali-

bebi) Tavdauzogavad ebrZodnen armenielebs saarsebo sivrcis

dasabruneblad, armenia, Tavis mxriv, ukve dapyrobili iyo sparsTa

mier, amis gamo sparseTis Sahi kiros didi xalibebis armenielebze

(armenielTa soflebze) Tavdasxmas ganixilavda, rogorc sakuTari

imperiis sazRvrebSi SeWras.

amitomac `kiropediis~ Tanaxmad kiros didma (558-529) armeniis da-

morCilebis Semdeg xaldebze galaSqreba gadawyvita, raTa mSvidoba

Camoegdo somxebsa da maT mezobel xaldebs Soris~ (iqve, gv. 9)

qsenofontes Tanaxmad kiros didma Seariga armenielebi da

xaldebi urTierTdaTmobaTa gziT.

g. WeiSvili wers _ `kiropediisa~ da `anabasisis~ cnobaTa

urTierTSejerebiT irkveva, rom xalibebs//xaldebs, romlebic

yvelaze ufro meomar da mamac xalxad iTvleboda ara mxolod im

mxareSi, aramed im tomTa Soris, romelTa miwa-wyalzec elinebma

gaiares, Tavisi hegemonia da satomo saxeli samxreTiT sakmaod Sors

gaevrcelebinaT~ (iqve, gv. 10).

xaldebi igive qaldebia, etimologiurad Cans karduxebis da

qaldebis saxelebi msgavsia:

`kardu~ anu `qardu~ `qald~ unda iyos. es fuZe aqvs qarTvelTa

TviTsaxelwodebasac _ `qarTu~.

qsenofonte qaldebis anu xaldebis sacxovrisisa da gavlenis

didi ganvrcobis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs kiropediaSi _ misi sityviT

fasianebi qaldebis gavlenas ganicdidnen, _ Tu gavixsenebT, rom

fasianebis sacxovriss SemdgomSi basiani ewoda, is didi teritoria

iyo, moicavda Semdgomi arzrumisa da yarsis provinciebs da kidev

ufro gaSlili iyo aRmosavleTiT _ valaSkertamde. aseTi didi

arealis kontroli mxolod Zlier da meomar toms SeeZlo. fasisis

anu araqsis xeoba fasianebis iyo qaldebTan erTad.

59

g. WeiSvili wers _ `fasianebis qveyana, romelic formalurad

dasavleT armeniis satraps _ tiribazs ekuTvnoda, faqtiurad

xalibebis gavlenis qveS moeqca, ufro samxreTiT xalibebi somxuri

miwebis moTareSeobiT kmayofildebodnen~ (analebi, N1, 2001, gv. 10).

Tu rukas davxedavT, vnaxavT, rom xalibebi Zv. w. V saukuneSi

cdilobdnen ekontrolebinaT is miwebi, romelic TiTqmis 1500 wlis

Semdeg Tavis samefos SemouerTa qarTvelTa mefe daviT kurapalatma

X saukuneSi. es is iberiis miwebia Tavisi xorZeneTi da pariadres

kalTebiT, romelic Zv. w. II s-Si iberias waarTva armeniam.

unda vifiqroT, rom Zv. w. V-IV saukuneebSi iberiulma tomebma

qaldebis meTaurobiT SeZles konsolidacia da saxelmwifos

Camoyalibeba, romelsac `arian-qarTli~ erqva, romlis

mosaxleobamac SeiZina eris niSnebi, sakuTari eniTa da tradiciebiT.

yovel SemTxvevaSi arsen beri werda, rom qarTuli ena _ is enaa,

romelic arian-qarTlis samefoSi iyo ganvrcobili `Cven Svilni

varT maT arian-qarTliT gamosulTani da enai maTi vuwyiT~. anu

qarTuli ena arian-qarTvelTa ena yofila swored im teritoriaze,

romelsac xalibebi akontrolebdnen qsenofontes sityviT _ esaa

fasianis vrceli qveyana, aseve xorZene da pariadres kalTebi.

qaldebis sacxovrisi TviTon pariadres da mosxebis mTianeTi unda

yofiliyo. rogorc vTqviT straboni qaldebs aseve uwodebs

`alazonebs~, aqedan unda iyos warmoSobili satomo saxeli lazi.

maTi es TviTsaxelwodeba areklili unda iyos im vrcel regionSi,

romelsac qaldebi akontrolebdnen. rogorc iTqva, aq Cven gvxvdeba

qalaqebi erTi da imave fuZe-dasaxelebis mqoneni _ arzrumi

(erzrumi), arzinjani (erzinjani), arze (awre) da sxva, aseve

konstantine porfirogenetis sityviT artanujis qveyanas arzeni

erqva.

Cemi azriT fuZe `arz~ miRebuli unda iyos qaldebis

saxelwodebidan `alazoni~, `alaz~ anu `araz~ _ es fuZe am regionSi

mraval saxelSi gvxvdeba da yvelaze metadaa gavrcelebuli, TviT

mdinare araqsic ki `arazi~ erqva. `araz~-idan unda iyos arze,

arzrumi, arzinjani, arze (arwe) da sxva. amave regionis samxreTiT

qalaq elazigis saxelic mas unda ukavSirdebodes. aRsaniSnavia, rom

Semdgomi elazigis mxareebSi, romelsac anZianZora erqva, ilaSqra

mefe farnavazma, roca is ibrZoda arian-qarTvelTa mefis

memkvidreobisaTvis. amave mxareebSi ilaSqra aseve vaxtang

gorgasalma. me vfiqrob, da Cans kidec, rom farnavazi ibrZoda

qarTlis saxelmwifo sazRvrebis gansamtkiceblad. es sazRvari

60

qarTlis cxovrebis avtors azonis mamiseuli memkvidreobis aRweris

dros aq eguleboda.

rogorc iTqva, strabonis cnobiT, qaldebs aseve erqvaT saxeli _

`alizonebi~, `alazonebi~. qaldebs namdvilad rom erqvaT es saxeli

Cans uamravi toponimidan, romelic aRniSnuli sityvis fuZidan

gamomdinareobs `alaz~(laz), `araz~, `arz~.

rogorc iTqva, es saxelebi `araz~ da `alz~ mdinareebs, soflebs,

qalaqebsa da provinciebsac ki erqvaT pontospireTidan vidre vanis

tbamde da kaxeTis mdinare alaznamde. magaliTad, erT-erTia

provinciis saxelwodeba `alznik~ (somxurad _ `aRZnik~), romelic

swored karduxTa qveynis mezoblad mdebareobda da vrclad iyo

gadaWimuli e.w. covkis tbidan kordvacis mTebamde (provincia

kordukamde), e.i. karduxebis qveynamde vanis tbis samxreT-

dasavleTiT, amJamadac ki covkis tbasTan axlos Zvel qalaq

melitenes (galatias) _ alazigi hqvia, romlis fuZeSic `laz~-i zis.

am `laz~ _ `raz~ fuZidanaa gamomdinare ufro wvrili provinciis

saxeli `arzni~, romelic uSualod emijneboda karduxebis qveyanas,

kerZod ki `korduks~. am `laz-raz~ fuZidanaa gamomavali mdinareTa

saxelebi `arawani~, `razdani~ da SesaZloa aseve _ `alazani~.

rogorc iTqva, klarjeTsac arzena erqva

arawani _ vanis tbis sanapirodan iwyeba da muratis

saxelwodebiT q. elazigTan evfrats uerTdeba. mis samxreT

sanapiroze iwyeba tigrosis saTaveebi.

qaldebma am regionSi, romelic SemosazRvruli iyo qalaqebiT _

Tanamedrove elazigiTi da Zveli valaSkertiT, olqma, romelSic Se-

diodnen md. kelkitis saTaveebi, md. xartiSi, nawilobriv yizil-

irmaki, Semdgomi arzrumi da artaan-artanuji, Seqmnes qveyana

`qaldu~, igive `qarTu~, igive arian-qarTli. misgan ufro

CrdiloeTiT Camoyalibda qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba da misi

STamomavlobaa qarTveli xalxi.

ivane javaxiSvilma gamoikvlia kidec, rom svanebis, megrebisa da

danarCen qarTvelTa winare samSoblo `qaldu~ _ qarTu iyo, Cans

Camoyalibebuli mebrZol tom qaldeelTa mier, romelTac Semdgom

lazebi ewodaT.

sabolood, Cven SeiZleba aseTi saxiT warmovidginoT qarTveli

eris Camoyalibeba _ wyaroTa Tanaxmad `nabuqodonosorma liviis

gverdiT mdebare iberiidan iberielebis nawili gadaasaxla da

daasaxla pontos zRvispireTSi~, rogorc ramdenjerme iTqva, aq

61

naxsenebi `livia~ aris ara afrikis libia, aramed vanis tbis piras

mdebare Zveli qveyana `luvia~, xolo iberielebi ki igive karduxebi,

qalduebia, romelnic liviis gverdiT cxovrobdnen. am kardux-

iberielebis nawili gadasaxlda SavizRvispireTSi da iwodnen

qaldebad (xaldebad) _ xalibebad. amave dros SavizRvispireTis amave

regionSi uwyveti nakadis saxiT Semodiodnen sxva qarTveli tomebi

pontospireTidan.

am qarTuli tomebis (fasianebis, hespertebis, taoxebis,

mosinikebisa da sxv.) konsolidacia SeZlo meomarma da Zlierma

tomma karduxebisa, ramac safuZveli Cauyara arian-qarTlis

saxelmwifos, romlis memkvidreoba farnavazis dros miiRo `qarTlis

samefom~.

strabonis cnobebi laz-alazonebis Sesaxeb

lazebis saxelis etimologiuri ZiebisaTvis, vfiqrob

mniSvnelovani informaciaa strabonis geografiaSi. kidev erTxel

unda aRiniSnos, rom is qaldebis toms uwodebs alazonebs, zogjer

ki alizonebs.

straboni Tavisi geografiis XII wignis mesame TavSi vrclad

msjelobs Tavisi am cnobis dasamtkiceblad da am sakiTxze

polemikas umarTavs mraval Zvel cnobil avtors, sabolood askvnis

rom mis dros mcxovrebi qaldebis Zveli saxelia xalibebi, igive

alibebi da, rom, saerTod homerosis dros alibe erqva qveyanas

TemiskarasTan. alibes xalxs ki erqva _ alizonebi an alazonebi. am

saxelisagan warmodgeba sityva amazonebi.

sabolood straboni iRebs qaldebis saxels _ alazonebs da wers

_ `zogni weren alazonebs, zogni _ amazonebs, adgil `alibedan~

(str. XII, 3, 21) an `Soridan xalibedan~ (XII, 3, 23).

straboni wers _ `exlandeli qaldebi, Zvelad xalibebad

iwodebodnen, amaT Soris mdebareobs farnakia. misi Semosavalia Tevz

pelamidebis Wera da aseve miwidan liTonebis (axla rkinis, Zvelad

vercxlis) amoReba. saerTod am adgilebSi sanapiro metismetad

viwroa, radgan iqve, zemoT aRmarTulia liTonebiT savse, tyiani

mTebi~ (XII, 3, 19);

62

`am adamianebs uwin erqvaT alibebi xalibebis nacvlad... homerosi

alizonebs uwodebs xalibebs~ (straboni, XII, 3, 20). homerosi wers _

alizonebs.

`zogni weren alazonebs, zogni ki amazonebs~ (XII, 3, 21) _ ambobs

straboni.

straboni miiCnevs, rom cnobili amazoni qalebi qaldebis toms

ekuTvnoda, is etimologiurad sityvebs qaldebs, xalibebs, alibes,

alazonebs da amazonebs erTmaneTs ukavSirebs, roca aRwers

qaldebis tomis sacxovriss trapezuntTan.

amJamad miiCneva, rom saxelwodebaSi _ `lazika~, sufiqsi `ka~ _

somxuria da am sufiqsiT es sityva sxva somxuri geografiuli

saxelebis msgavsadaa nawarmoebi (magaliTad, rogorc korCaika),

berZnebi lazebis qveyanas zogjer lazonias, uwodebdnen.

Cveni daskvniT lazebis saxeli (laz) qaldebis Zveli saxelisagan

- `alazonisaganaa~ miRebuli, am saxelSi fuZe-Ziria `laz~. am

mosazrebas strabonis cnoba adasturebs.

`laz-raz-arz-arze~ fuZe-ZirebiT lazTa anu qaldTa vrceli

qveynis mravali toponimi da hidronimia nawarmoebi.

alazonebi da georgebi Crdilo da samxreT kavkasiaSi

strabonisa da pliniusis cnobebiT

strabonis cnobiT alazonebis tomi cxovrobda Savi zRvis

rogorc samxreT, ise Crdilo sanapiroze.

63

alazonebis tomis erTerTi sacxovrisi mdebareobda Savi zRvis

samxreT sanapiroze _ sinopsa da trapezunts Soris.

straboni alazonebs xalibebis (qaldebis-xaldebis) tomis

winaprebad miiCnevda.

xaldebi anu qaldevelebi, Semdgom Wanebad iwodnen, xolo qaldea

_ qarTvelTa yvela tomis saerTo samSoblod iqna miCneuli.

qarTvelebs ucxoelebi georgebs an gurjebsac uwodebdnen.

georgebis tomi Zveli wyaroebis cnobebiT, cxovrobda aseve Crdilo

kavkasiaSi.

CvenTvis sainteresoa, rom strabonis cnobiT saxeli `georgi~ da

aseve `alazonebis~ saxeli erqva yirimidan Savi zRvis Crdilo

sanapiroze mcxovreb tomebsac.

maSasadame, Savi zRvis orive sanapiroze, erTmaneTis pirispir

teritoriebze _ rogorc yirimis mxareSi, aseve mis mopirdapire

sinop-trapezuntis mxareSi cxovrobdnen `alazonebi~ da aseve

`georgebi~. isini orive am teritoriaze, erTimeoris gverdigverd

cxovrobdnen.

yirimis mimdebare mxareSi mcxovrebi xalxis `georgebis~ Sesaxeb

straboni wers: «Народность херсонесцев называлась «Георгами» в

буквальном смысле этого слова, потому, что скифское племья, живушее

над ними, было кочевым» (Страбон, География, книга VII, 4,6). (Страбон,

География, изд. «Наука» , Л. 1964, стр. 284).

e.i. `xersonelTa xalxi iwodeboda georgebad, am sityvis

pirdapiri gagebiT, radganac skviTuri tomi, maT maRla mcxovrebi,

iyo momTabare~ (str. VII, 4,6).

sityva georgi _ miwis muSas niSnavs. e.i. xersonebis georgebis

tomi miwaTmoqmedi iyo da amitom ewoda es saxeli, rasac SeiZleba

albaT ar daveTanxmoT, radganac momTabareTa gverdiT vrcel

teritoriebze, mravali miwaTmoqmedi xalxi cxovrobda da maT

`georgebi~ ar erqvaT, miT umetes, rom sxva antikuri avtorebi

(magaliTad, plinius ufrosi) georgebis toms Crdilo kavkasiaSic

aTavsebdnen, Tu aras vityviT iqve mcxovreb qarTvelebze, aseve

georgebad saxelwodebulebze, romelTa saxeli `georgi~ eTnikuri

TviTsaxelwodeba iyo.

yirimSi georgebis gverdiT cxovrobda aseve alazonebis tomi _

straboni wers: «...Называя скифов, что живут над Борисфеном -

«Алазонами» (Страбон, География, XI, 3, 21) Страбон, География, издательство

«Наука», Ленинград, 1964, стр. 516).

64

maSasadame, strabonisave cnobiT georgebi da alazonebi Savi

zRvis orive sanapiroze cxovrobdnen _ erTmaneTis pirispir.

`georgebis~ tomebi cxovrobdnen 1) yirimTan, 2) Crdilo kavkasiaSi

da 3) samxreT kavkasiaSi.

`alazonebi~ cxovrobdnen 1) ponto-trapezuntis mxareSi da 2) aseve

Crdilo kavkasiaSi.

rogorc georgebi, ise alazonebi qarTvelebis winaprebi arian,

kerZod, strabonis cnobiT, alazonebi erqvaT xalibebs anu qaldebs

(xaldebs), qaldea (qaldu) _ qarTvelTa saerTo pirvel samSoblod,

miiCneva, saidanac qarTvelTa yvela jgufi warmoiSva. saxeli

georgebi ki saerTod qarTvelebTanaa dakavSirebuli. amitomac

SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom, radganac zRvis orive erTmaneTis

mopirispire sanapiroze cxovrobdnen es tomebi, isini iyvnen erTi

xalxi da am xalxiT iyo dasaxlebuli kavkasiis orive mxare yirimis

CaTvliT.

plinius ufrosis cnobiT `georgebi~ CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi cxov-

robdnen. Crdilo-aRmosavleT evropis, yirimisa da Crdilo kavkasiis

areebs Seexeba plinius ufrosis cnoba sxvadasxva iq mosaxle

tomebis Sesaxeb, romelTa Soris `georgebic~ ixseniebian.

plinius ufrosi wers: `maT gverdiTaa skviTebi, kimerielebi,

kisseebi, antebi, georgebi da amazonebis tomi. es ukanasknelebi

cxovroben kaspiisa da hirkaniis zRvamde~ (Плиний старший,

Естественная история, книга VI, XIV. 35. rus.enaze).

miCneva, rom es georgebi `georgilebis~ saxeliT ixseniebian

pomponius melasTanac (I.13) da ar aris gamoricxuli maTi kavSiri

aseve Crdilo kavkasiaSi mcxovreb gegar-gargarebTan.

Cveni kvleviT, sityvis fuZe-Ziri `ggr~ warmoadgens qarTvelTa anu

georgebis eTnofuZes da maszea agebuli sxvadasxva qarTuli tomisa

da maTi qveynis saxeli, esenia _ `egrisi~, `argveTi~, `guria~,

`gogari~, gugarqi~ da sxva, aseve mas (am eTno fuZe `ggr~-s) efuZneba

qarvelTa aRmniSvneli ucxouri saxelebi _ gurj, georgien, gurzan,

gruzin da sxva. aqedan gamomdinare pliniusis _ georgebi qarTvelTa

tomis aRmniSvneli unda iyos, strabonis cnobiTac iberebs Crdilo-

kavkasiaSi eTnikuri TanamonaTesaveni hyavda. pliniusisave cnobiT

gegar-gagarebi, amazonebi da georgebi Crdilo kavkasiaSic

cxovrobdnen. aq amazoni igive tomi unda iyos, romelic `alazonad~

iwodeba strabonTan.

65

lazebi da svanokolxebi ptolemaiosTan

klavdios ptolemaiosi (90-168) Tavis geografiul

saxelmZRvaneloSi moixseniebs kolxeT-iberiis qalaqebs, mTebsa da

mdinareebs.

`mdinare koraqsi _ axloa kolxidasTan da iberiasTan, iqedan

gadis albaniasTan saerTo sasazRvro xazi. [aziis sarmatiis

sazRvari] samxreTiT _ evqsanis pontos nawili mdinaremde koraqsi,

da aqedan kolxeTis, iberiis da albaniis [sasazRvro] xazi gadis

kaspiis zRvamde~ (ptolemaiosi, antikuri kavkasia, enciklopedia, I,

2010, gv. 356, a).

1. ptolemaiosi axsenebs mdinare koraqss, mis saTaves, mTa koraqss

da koraqsis mTebs.

sad, romel regionSi uaxlovdebodnen erTmaneTs kolxida, iberia

da albania sadac miedineboda koraqsi?

kolxida moicavda md. Woroxis dasavleT sanapiros qveyanas

trapezuntamde. Woroxis mTianeTis CrdiloeTiT iberia mdebareobda.

Woroxis mTianeTis aRmosavleTis mxares gadaWimuli qedebi

albaneTamdec aRwevda. vfiqrob rom ptolemaiosi gulisxmobs

karCxal-arsianis regions, es sxva monacemebidanac Cans.

is wers _ `mTa koraqsi, romliTac mTavrdeba kolxeTisa da

iberiis gavliT wamosuli mTebi, kavkasionad wodebuli da aseve

hirkaniis zRvisken mimavali kavkasiis mTis ganStoeba, masac

kavkasosi ewodeba~ (iqve, gv. 356, b).

vfiqrob, koraqsisa da kavkasosis mTebis moZebnisaTvis Cven unda

veZioT Tu sad uerTdeba erTmaneTs kolxeTidan da iberiidan

wamosuli mTebi kaspiis zRvisaken mimarTul mTebs. erTaderTi aseTi

adgilia kvlav karCxal-arsianis mTianeTi, Cans masze wers kidec

avtori `masac kavkasosi ewodeba~. anu mcire kavkasionSia mTa

koraqsisa, karCxal-arsianis mTianeTSi. aseTSemTxvevaSi `koraqsebis

mTebi~ marTlac axloa `miTridates qveyanasa~ da `amazonebis~

tbasTan, rogorc wers avtori (ptolemaiosi, geografiuli

saxelmZRvaneli, wigni V, Tavi VIII, 17-25, iqve, gv. 456, g).

Sesabamisad, mdinare koraqsi unda iyos karCxal-arsianis mTiane-

Tidan gamomavali romelime mdinare, magaliTad aseTebia

aWariswyali, maWaxela, imerxevi, ligniswyali da sxva. is wers _

66

`mdinare koraqsis saTave: aqedan gadis kolxeTze mimdebare

sazRvari~ (iqve, gv. 356, g).

maSasadame, Cemi azriT koraqsis mTebi aris karCxal-arsianis

mTianeTi, sadac gadioda kolxeTis sazRvari, xolo mdinare koraqsi

am mTebSi iRebda saTaves.

VII s. somxur geografiaSi `sarmatia~ ewodeba aseve dasavleT

saqarTvelos, klavdios ptolemaiosTanac dasavleT saqarTvelos

zRvispireTi sarmatiis nawilad moiazreba _ `sazRvari samxreTiT.

evqsinis pontos nawili mdinaremde koraqsi da aqedan kolxeTis,

iberiis da albaniis sasazRvro xazi gadis hirkaniis anu kaspiis

zRvamde~ (antikuri kavkasia, enciklopedia, I, 2010, gv. 356,a).

Cveni kvleviT, kolxeTisa da iberiis saerTo sazRvari gadioda

arsianis qedze. kolxidis Crdilo sazRvari gadioda md. Woroxis

SesarTavis regionSi. Woroxis marjvena sanapiros mimdebare mxare

ukve sarmatiad miiCneoda. Cans amitomac wers ptolemaiosi _

`kolxida SemoisazRvreba CrdiloeTiT sarmatiis zemoaRniSunli

nawiliT dasavleTiT ki mdinare koraqsidan moyolebuli fasisis

ukiduresi mxaris nawiliT _ evqsanis pontos Semdegi aRwerilobis

Sesabamisad: dioskuriasi, md. hiposis SesarTavi, md. kianeosis

SesarTavi, siganeosi, neapolisi, aia polisi, md. qariustoris

SesarTavi, md. fazisis SesarTavi qalaqi fazisi~ (iqve, gv. 356, d).

Cveni kvleviT q. dioskuria mdebareobda dRevandel qalaq

surmenesTan axlos (trapezuntsa da rizes Sua), e.i. mis CrdiloeTiT

zRvispirze iyvnen md. hiposi, md. kianeosi, siganeosi, aiapolisi, md.

fazisis SesarTavi da qalaqi fazisi. md. fazisi ki md. Woroxia. aq

gadmocemulia imJamindeli saxelwodebebi mdinareebisa da punqtebisa

Tanamedrove surmenedan _ md. Woroxis (e.i. fazisis) SesarTavamde.

qalaqebi dioskuria, siganeosi, neapolisi, aia polisi da qalaqi

fazisi ptolemaiosis dros Tanamedrove surmenedan vidre Woroxamde

mdebareobdnen.

2. ptolemaiosis mixedviT q. fasisi (fazisi) Zalze axlos

mdebareobda armeniasTan `q. fasisi, xolo samxreTiT _ aqedan

miniSnebuli xazis gayolebaze da momdevno didi armeniis nawili~...

(iqve gv. 356,d).

kolxeTi `aRmosavleTiT esazRvreba iberias, kavkasiis mTebis

gaswvrivi zRvrebis SemaerTebeli xaziT~ (iqve).

rogorc iTqva, Cven kolxidad miviCnevT miwa-wyals md. Woroxidan

TiTqmis trapezuntamde, kolxidis nawili iyo aseve Woroxis xeoba

67

arsianis qedamde. amitomac kolxidas aRmosavleTidan esazRvreboda

iberia, romelic marTlac aqve, arsianis qedis iqiT iwyeboda

(artaanis olqi). aqve iberiaSi mdebareobda qalaqi artanisa (qarTul

wyaroebSic mas hqvia `qalaqi artanisa~ _ anu artaanis qalaqi:

ptolemaiosic iberiis qalaqTa Soris mas (artanisas) asaxelebs.

am teritoriaze (e.i. trapezuntidan Woroxamde) cxovrobdnen

ptolemaiosis lazebi, maT siaxloves ki manralebi da ekrektikes

qveynis mosaxleni.

ptolemaiosi wers: `kolxeTis zRvis mimdebare midamoebSi

mkvidroben lazebi, zemoT ki _ manralebi da ekrektikes qveynis

mosaxleni~ (ptolemaiosi, `antikuri kavkasia~, 2010, gv. 356,d).

Cveni kvleviT straboni, TiTqmis ptolemaiosis epoqaSi, miiCnevda,

rom `kolxidis sanapiro~ erqva zRvispirs Tanamedrove surmenedan

trabzonamde (e.i. dioskuriidan trapezuntamde). amitomac Cans,

ptolemaiosic `kolxidis zRvas~ uwodebda amave sanapiros momcvel

zRvispirs. e.i. ptolemaiosis mier naxsenebi `kolxidis zRvis

mimdebare midamoebis~ qveS igulisxmeba trapezuntis samxreTi

mTianeTi, romelic am `zRvis~ pirispir mdebareobs. vin arian

ptolemaiosis mier naxsenebi `lazebi~, romelnic cxovrobnen

trapezuntidan _ surmenamde da rizemde, kolxidis zRvis

midamoebSi? pasuxisaTvis sainteresoa strabonis cnoba, rom

aRniSnul miwa-wyalze, trapezuntis mTianeTSi cxovrobdnen qaldebi,

maT straboni uwodebs `xalibebs~ da aseve `alazonebs~.

etimologiurad, rogorc aRiniSna, sityvebi `alazonebi~ da

`lazebi~ erTi warmoSobisa unda iyos. lazikas berZnulad

`lazonic~ erqva. amitomac ptolomeosis da strabonis `alazonebi~

da `lazebi~ erTsa da imave toms _ qaldebs unda miuTiTebdes.

straboni vrclad msjelobs, imis Sesaxeb, rom troelTa

dasaxmareblad berZnebTan omis dros xalibebis winapari alizonebi

(igive alazonebi) mividnen troaSi _ `Soridan xalibedan~ (strab. XII,

3,20-22). is vrclad msjelobs, da am Tavis Tvalsazriss mravali

magaliTiT amtkicebs. homerosi wers _ `xolo odiosi da

epistrofosi mouZRodnen alizonebs, Soreuli alibedan, sadac aris

vercxlis sabado ...unda Seicvalos dawerili Soreuli xalibedan...

es aixsneba weriTi cvlilebebiT~ (straboni, XII, 3, 20-22).

strabonis qarTveli mTargmnelebi `alizonebis da alazonebis~,

nacvlad weren `aliZonebi~, `alaZonebi~, aseve `amaZonebi~, maSin roca

rusul TargmanebSi weria amazonebi, alazonebi, alizonebi. mTeli

68

saerTod, yvelgan iwereba amazonebi da ara amaZonebi. Tu berZnul

`Zetas~ wavikiTxavT, rogorc `Z~ maSin ptolemaiosTanac sityva

`lazi~ unda wavikiTxoT _ `laZi~, magram misi qarTveli mTargmneli

wers _ `lazi~ _ ptolemaiosi wers _ `kolxidis zRvis mimdebare

midamoebSi mkvidroben lazebi, zemoT ki manralebi da ekrektikes

qveynis mosaxleni~ (`antikuri kavkasia~, 2010, gv. 356,d).

rogorc aRvniSneT, ptolemaiosis lazebi cxovrobdnen `kolxidis

zRvasTan~, anu `kolxidis sanapirosTan~ Tanamedrove surmene-

trapezuntis mTianeTSi, istoriulad aq yovelTvis cxovrobdnen

qaldebi, aq iyo `qaldeas Temic~, aq iyo cnobili qalaqebi zigana da

argiropolisi (vercxlis qalaqi), aq unda yofiliyo vercxlis is

sabadoebi, romelic strabons xalibebis qveyanaSi eguleboda. misi

azriT, rogorc vTqviT xalibebi da qaldebi erTi xalxi iyo da maT

agreTve `alazonebic~ erqvaT. ptolemaiosis lazebi _ swored es

xalxi unda iyos. qaldeas provinciis maRla, qveynis siRrmeSi, n.

adoncis sityviT mdebareobda samxreT egrisis provincia `manralia~,

Teodosopoliosis samxreT-dasavleTiT 40-iode kilometrSi.

ptolemaiosis `ekrektikes qveyanac~ aqve, samxreT egrisis

romelime nawili unda yofiliyo, maSasadame, ptolemaiosi gvaZlevs

cnobebs I saukuneSi Teodosopolios _ arzrumidan vidre

trapezuntamde mdebare qveynis mosaxleTa Sesaxeb _ kerZod ki

ekrektikes, manraliisa da lazTa qveynebis mosaxleTa Sesaxeb.

rogorc vTqviT _ esenia trapezuntis samxreTiT mdebare mxareebi,

surmenes anu dioskuriis marjvniv zRvispirze mdebare punqtebi da

mdinareebi aRwerilia md. Woroxamde, romelsac is faziss uwodebs,

Sesabamisad qarTuli Targmanis teqstSi CarTul ganmartebas,

TiTqosda md. hiposi aris cxeniswyali, Cven ar veTanxmebiT, _ md.

hiposi ptolemaiosis aRweriT, an uSualod Caedineboda zRvaSi

trapezuntsa da Woroxs Sua, anda is iyo Woroxis Senakadi. aseve,

misi qalaqi siganeosi an trapezuntsa da Woroxs Sua mdebareobda

zRvispirze, anda iyo cnobili qalaqi zigana imave regionSi.

3. iberiis sazRvrebi ptolemaiosTan aseTia _ CrdiloeTiT

sarmatia, dasavleTiT `kolxidis aRniSnuli xazi~ (karCxal-arsianis

regioni), samxreTiT didi armenia _ kolxididan~ (kolxida da didi

armenia misTvis erTmaneTis gverdiT mdgomi qveynebia) iberiis

qalaqTagan mis mier naxsenebi artanisa, unda iyos artaanis qalaqi _

romelsac qarTuladac artanisa erqva, q. Zalisa _ aRmoCnda

69

arqeologiuri kvlevaTa Sedegad sofel ZalisasTan. armaktika ki

armazad miiCneva.

4. `mosxuri mTebi~ anu `mosxebis mTebi~ mravaljer ixsenieba

ptolemaiosTan didi armeniis aRwerisas.

`didi armenia SemoisazRvreba: CrdiloeTiT kolxidis nawiliT da

iberiiTa da albaniiT mdinare kirosis gaswvrivi zemoTxsenebuli

xazis mixedviT. dasavleTidan ...kapadokiis pontos gaswvriv

kolxidamde mosxuri mTebis xaziT... armeniis mTaTagan ganTqmulia

e.w. mosxuri mTebi, romlebic gadaWimulia kapadokiis zemoT mdebare

nawilis gaswvriv da pariadresis mTa... armeniis mxareebia: mosxur

mTebTan _ kotarZene, mas zemoT boqasad wodebuli mxare, md. kirosis

gaswvriv _ torasene da totene. md. araqsis gaswvriv kolTene da mis

qvemoT sodukene, pariadresis mTasTan sirakene da sakapene...~

(antikuri kavkasia, 2010, gv. 356).

ptolemaiosis aRweridan Cans, rom mas dafiqsirebuli aqvs is

mdgomareoba, rac Seiqmna mis Semdeg, rac armeniam iberias CamoaWra

vrceli teritoriebi pariadres kalTebi, gogarena da xorZena.

amitomac man armeniaSi Seiyvana mosxuri mTebi _ ese igi mTaTa

sistema karCal-arsianidan vidre Woroxisa da evfratis saTaveebamde.

sabolod, ptolemaiosi sarmatias uwodebs dasavleT saqarTvelos

zRvispirs, kolxidas _ teritorias Woroxidan trapezuntamde

(surmenemde), sadac cxovroben lazebi da manralebi, kolxidis

nawilad Tvlis Woroxis xeobas arsianis qedamde, sadac,

karCxal_arsianis mTianeTSi eguleba koraqsis mTa da md. koraqsi,

aqve iwyeba mosxuri (mosxebi) qedi. da aqvea q. artanisa _ iberiaSi.

es adgili misTvis mniSvnelovani geografiuli wertilia, saidan

avlebs Sesabamis xazebs qveyanaTa adgilmdebareobis gansasazRvrad.

5. `svanokolxebis~ toms ptolemaiosi asaxelebs `pontos gaswvriv~

sxva tomTa CamonaTvalis bolos _ `...pontos gaswvriv _ aqavelebi,

kerketebi, henioxebi da suanokolxebi~... (antikuri kavkasia, gv. 356,g).

maSasadame, svanokolxebi cxovrobdnen henioxebis qvemoT.

strabonis mixedviT henioxebi cxovrobdnen pitiuntamde (pitiamde),

romelic Cveni kvleviT daaxloebiT Seesabameba Tanamedrove punqt

pazars (ardaSen-aTinasTan). aq Turme, ptolemaiosis cnobiT,

mTianeTSi, cxovrobdnen svanokolxebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom zogierTi

Seumowmebeli cnobiT, aTinasTan mcxovrebi lazebi dResac Tavis

Tavs `svanebs~ uwodeben da TavianT lazur kilos `svanurad~

miiCneven.

70

dasavleT saqarTvelos sanapiros ara mxolod ptolemaiosi da

somxuri geografia uwodebdnen sarmatias, aramed mravali sxva

avtoric. iq mcxovreb da zemoT CamoTvlil qarTvel tomebsac

`skviTebs~ uwodebdnen. amis ZiriTadi mizezi unda yofiliyo

dasavleT saqarTvelos mxaris naklebi Seswavla imJamindel

mecnierTa mier. TviT ptolemaiosic ki mas uwodebs `ucnob qveyanas~,

anda `ucnob miwas~. is wers _ `iqauri meridianis gaswvriv, vidre

ucnob miwamde~ (iqve, gv. 356,b). anda `sarmatias ikaveben _ ucnobi

miwis mimdebare hiperboreeli sarmatebi...~ (iqve, gv. 356,g) da a. S.

dasavleT saqarTvelo I aTaswleulSi Savi zRvis donis mkveTri

amaRlebis gamo geografiulad rTuli regioni iyo, amitomac

Sesaswavlad Zneli.

istoriul arian-qarTlSi mcxovrebi tomebi

(qsenofontes (Zv. w. V-IV ss.) cnobebis T. miqelaZiseuli kvleva)

konstantinepolis sapatriarqos lazikis eparqia XI s-is

dasawyisSi vrceldeboda trapezuntidan vanis tbamde, anu moicavda

istoriuli arian-qarTlis miwawyals, ganvixiloT literatura

ZvelTaganve iq mcxovreb tomTa istoriisa da administraciuli

mowyobis Sesaxeb.

konstantinepolis sapatriarqos eparqiebi lazikaSi, rogorc

aRiniSna, moicavda qaldiisa da iberiis Temebis mniSvnelovan

nawils.

iberiis Temidan (tao, basiani, karini da sxva olqebi) iyvnen

cnobili saeklesio da saxelmwifo moRvaweebi ioane, eqvTime da

giorgi maSenebel-mTawmidelebi, Tornike erisTavi, grigol

bakurianis Ze, zaqaria valaSkerteli episkoposi da sxvani,

romelTac Tanamedrove somexi mecnierebi miiCneven eTnikur somxebad

(qalkedonit somxebad), ufro metic, mosaxleobas aRniSnuli

mxareebisas miiCneven im somxebad, romelTac miiRes qalkedonituri

sarwmunoeba, ris gamoc TiTqosda isini `gaqarTveldnen~. qarTveli

mecnierebis erTi nawilic iziarebs Tvalsazriss imis Sesaxeb, rom

aRniSnuli mxareebi eTnikuri somxebis istoriuli samSoblo iyo da

gvian saukuneebamde somxebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, sinamdvileSi ki,

rogorc qsenofontes cnobili Txzuleba `anabasisi~ uCvenebs am

71

mxareTa momcveli vrceli teritoria, istoriulad qarTuli

tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli.

qristeSobamde daaxloebiT 400 wels berZnebis aTi aTasi kacisagan

Semdgarma jarma gaiara is miwa-wyali, romelTac SemdgomSi iberiis

da qaldeas Temebi moicavdnen. es regioni mdebareobda vanis tbidan

trapezuntamde, romelsac rogorc iTqva, istoriulad somxebis miwa-

wylad miiCneven, Cveni kvleviT ki am miwa wyals iq armenielTa

dasaxlebamde arian-qarTli erqva.

qsenofontes cnobiT aRniSnuli teritoria somxebze ufro metad,

qarTuli tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, metic, somxebiT saerTod ar iyo

dasaxlebuli araqsis saTaveebi da misi xeobis udidesi nawili, aseve

Semdegdroindeli arzrumis (karinis), yarsis (vanandis) da basianis

(fasianis) mxareebi, Woroxis saTaveebi da SavizRvispireTi (zigna-

trapezuntis mxarec).

qsenofontem Tavisi jariT gaiara Tanamedrove dasavleT qurTis-

tanis mTianeTi, mividnen md. tigrosis saTaveebTan (misi Senakadis md.

biTlis-sus saTaveebi), Semdeg gaiares ki md. evfratis (murad-sus)

marcxena Senakadi md. yara-su (teleboasi), Semdeg kartevan-daRis

qedis gadasasvleliT miuaxlovdnen evfratis saTaveebs, gaiares va-

laSkertis veli da miuaxlovdnen md. fasisis (araqsis) vels, Semdeg

ki gahyvnen am mdinares (fasiss) saTaveebisaken. iqidan Sevidnen taoSi

(taoxebis qveyanaSi) da mividnen Woroxis saTaveebTan, gayvnen Woroxs

(xalibebis qveyanaSi), sadRac Tanamedrove sof. orjoxTan gadalaxes

igi (T. miqelaZis TvalsazrisiT), Semdeg ki mkveTrad Secvales

mimarTuleba da samxreT-dasavleTiT ganagrZes gza, miadgnen

Tanamedrove zigans, aqedan Sevidnen trapezuntSi, Semdeg ki

ganagrZes mogzauroba q. kerasuntamde da kotioramde (T. miqelaZe,

qsenofontis anabasisi, 1967, gv. 33-54). am gzis gavlas 8-9 Tve

moundnen.

qsenofontem Tavisi jariT, Tavisive cnobiT, babilonis brZolis

adgilidan kotioramde sul gaiara 620 farasangi anu 18600 stadioni

(1 farasangi udris 5 km-s, xolo 1 stadioni _ 179,2 metrs), maSasadame

gauvliaT 3100 km, mTeli am samiaTas kilometriani grZeli gzis

umetesi nawili berZnebma qarTul tomTa miwa-wyalze iares, sakuTriv

armeniaSi ki SedarebiT naklebi. kerZod, babilonis brZolis

adgilidan berZnebi jer Sevidnen karduxTa qveyanaSi, aqedan

armeniaSi, romelic or nawilad iyofoda, aRmosavleT armenia

tigrosis zemo welze mdebareobda, mas zogierTi istorikosi

72

miiCnevs dariosis meTvramete satrapiad, iq somxebTan erTad qarTul

tomad miCneuli hesperitebic (anu herodotes sasperebic)

cxovrobdnen. dasavleT armenia ki aRmosavleT evfratis

(Tanamedrove murad-sus) auzSi mdebareobda. T. miqelaZis azriT

dariosis me-18 satrapias dasavleT armenia Seesabameba, radgan

dasavleT armeniis sardali tiribazi hespertebsac marTavda (ix.

iqve, gv. 123). fasianebic aqve cxovrobdnen. am ukanasknelTa

qarTveloba Cveni avtorebis mier aRiarebulia. aRniSnuli tiribazis

jaric qarTvel tomTa mier ivseboda, tiribazs daqiravebuli hyavda

xalibebi da taoxebi. armeniis gadalaxvis Semdeg berZnebi Sevidnen

taoxebis, xalibebis, skviTinebis, makronebis, kolxebis, drilebis,

mosinikebis, tibarenebis qveynebSi. trapezunti _ kolxeTis qveyanaSi

mdebareobda.

aqedan vidre armeniamde uvrcelesi miwa-wyali, romelsac, rogorc

aRiniSna, SemdgomSi qaldiasa da iberiis Temebi ewoda, dasaxlebuli

iyo qarTuli tomebiT.

isicaa aRsaniSnavi, rom babilonidan armeniamdec, kerZod

qurTistanis mTianeTSi, qarTvelebad miCneuli karduxTa tomi

cxovrobda. swored maT Sexvdnen pirvelad qsenofontes berZnebi.

karduxebis qveyanas armeniisagan gamoyofda md. kentriti

(Tanamedrove boxtan-Cai). qsenofonte maT karduxebs uwodebs,

plutarqe (da sxva zogierTi mwerali) ki gorduenebs. evsevi

kesarielis cnobiT noes kidobnis naSTebi korduebis mTebSi

moipoveboda. am sityvebis (karduxi, gordueni) fuZiseuli forma aris

kardu, gordu, kordu. iv. javaxiSvilis mosazrebiT saxelwodeba

`qarTveli~ `kardu~ sityvisaganaa miRebuli. imave azrs gamoTqvamda

n. adonci (iqve, gv. 117). am sityvis mawarmoeblebi `xi~ da `en~

sufiqsebi sadaurobisa da krebiTobis aRmniSvnelebi arian (kaxi,

kolxi, javaxi _ Wani, zani, svani, fasiani, makroni, tibareni,

skviTini). g. meliqiSvilis azriT karduxebi muSqebis erT-erTi tomi

iyo, kerZod karduxebis _ gorduenebis saxelwodebas ukavSirebs

frigiis dedaqalaqis saxels `gordioni~ da frigiis dinastiur

saxels `gordia~ (iqve gv. 119). Cveni azriT qarTvelTa

saxelwodebebSi (qarTveli, megreli, guruli, margveli, `gurj~,

`georgien~) fuZeebi `gr~ _ `rg~ imave warmoSobisaa.

rogorc iTqva, dasavleT armeniis Semdeg berZenTa jari fasianTa

qveyanaSi Sevida _ araqsis saTaveebTan. saqme isaa, rom qsenofonti da

sxva mravali berZeni avtori konstantine porfirogenetis CaTvliT

73

fasiss uwodebda araqss. Tumca isicaa aRsaniSnavi, rom Woroxsac

fasiss uwodebdnen, ise, rogorc sxva ramdenime mdinares. araqsis

xeobis fasianebs T. miqelaZe kolxur tomad miiCnevs. fasianebis

qveyanas qarTulad basiani erqva (lazikis eparqiis erTerTi

umTavresi nawili basiansac moicavda). Tu fasianelebi kolxuri

tomi iyo, lazikad saxeldeba Semdeg saukuneebSi vrceli miwa-wylisa

trapezuntidan valaSkertis CaTvliT moulodneli ar aris.

T. miqelaZes kolxuri eTnikuri elementis buded miaCnia ara

dasavleT saqarTvelo, aramed samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo da

wers `antikuri wyaroebis aietis samefoc iqaa saZiebeli. Woroxisa

da fasis-araqsis saTaveebTan kolxuri tomis fasianebis arseboba

kidev erTi mZlavri sabuTia am mosazrebis sasargeblod (T. miqelaZe,

qsenofontis `anabasisi~, 1967, gv. 127).

Sav zRvaSi Semdinare ramdenime mdinaresac, rogorc iTqva, fasisi

erqva. berZnuli wyaroebis mixedviT mdinare fazisi mZlavrad

Seedineboda zRvaSi, TiTqosda is `vardeboda zRvis wyalSi~. fasisis

berZnebi aRwerdnen ara rogorc Waobis mdinares, romelic mdored

da mZimed Seedineba zRvaSi, rogorc vTqviT md. rioni, aramed

Woroxis msgavs mTis mCqefare, wyaluxv mdinared. erTi berZeni

avtori werda `argo axla fasisSi dgas... raodeni Zala aqvs mis

vardnas pontoSi~ (iqve, gv. 126). T. miqelaZis ganmartebiT sityva

fasisi berZnulidan Semosula qarTulSi. fasisi, berZnuli

`RmerTis~ saxeli iyo, mis erT-erT vaJs erqva kolxi. Zv.w. III s.

aleqsandrieli mecnieris mneasis TqmiT `kolxebma Tavisi saxeli

miiRes kolxisagan, romelic fasisis vaJi iyo~ (iqve, gv. 126).

maSasadame, fasianebis saxeli kolxebs ukavSirdeba, kolxebis

eTnobude T. miqelaZis TqmiT, rogorc aRvniSneT, iyo samxreT-

dasavleT saqarTvelo, mas T. miqelaZe amatebs fasis-araqsis

saTaveebsac, e.i. fasianTa qveyanas (istoriul basians). basiani

amasTanave mesxebis qveyana iyo. anu kolxebi da mesxebi erT eTnosad

warmoisaxa. Cans, amitomac qsenofontemdec hekatos mileteli mesxebs

kolxur tomad miiCnevda. basianelebs, iseve, rogorc maT mezobel

taoelebs rogorc somxebi ise berZnebi VII-X saukuneebSi iverebs

(iberebs) uwodebdnen. es miuTiTebs imis Sesaxeb, rom winare

qarTvelebis diferenciacia dRes cnobil qarTl-kaxelebad da

megrelebad moxda mogvianebiT epoqaSi, kerZod, pirvel aTaswleulSi.

aqamde isini eTnikur erTobas qmnidnen. maSasadame, ar momxdara

`Tubal-kainuri tomebis~ (megrelebis) qarTizacia, rogorc n. mari

74

fiqrobda, radganac zogadqarTuli eTnikur-erovnuli erTobis

diferenciacia gvian saukuneebSi daiwyo. amas unda miuTiTebdes

prokofi kesarielis cnobebi lazebis qarTulenovnebis Sesaxeb

(magaliTad, lazuri sityva `quTaTisi~, sinamdvileSi Zveli

qarTulia). maSasadame, kolxebi iseTive frigieli warmomavlobis (e.i.

mesxuri) tomia, rogorc vTqviT karduxebi. maSasadame, lazikis anu

iveriis Temis ZiriTadi eTnosi iyo qarTveloba (jer kidev

aradiferencirebuli) da ara somxebi, Tumca ki fasianebis qveyanas

qsenofontec armeniis nawilad miiCnevs. maSasadame, fasianebis

qarTuli tomi qristeSobamde moeqca politikur armeniaSi, Tumca ki

Tavisi erovnul-qarTuli identoba gvianobamde SeinarCuna.

fasianebis Semdeg berZnebis aRniSnuli jari taoxebis qveyanaSi

Sevida, anu Semdegdroindel taoSi. `x~ _ mravlobiTobis

mawarmoebelia, taoelebs anu taoxebs urartueli wyaroebic icnoben

diauxis saxeliT. Zalze sainteresoa, rom T. miqelaZis

TvalsazrisiT aia-kolxeTis qveS, SesaZloa diauxis gaerTianeba

igulisxmeba. `mxaris toponimikam da argonavtebis miTis analizma

dagvasmevina sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, rom, erTis mxriv argonavtebis

miTSi aietis samefos saxiT, xolo meores mxriv herodotesTan aia-

kolxeTis saxiT daiaenis gaerTianeba xom ar airekla. g.

meliqiSvilma taoxebi hesperitebs daukavSira~ (iqve, gv. 128).

Cveni TvalsazrisiT qarTuli wyaroebis arian-qarTlis qveS

igulisxmeboda tao-basianis mxareebi, arian-qarTvelTa mefis Zes

`azoni~, `azo~, `azove~ erqva, anu aia-kolxeTis saxiT taos qveynis

asaxvis SesaZleblobebi izrdeba imiT, rom argonavtebis meTaursac

igive saxeli `iazoni~ erqva. rac albaT Soreuli gamoZaxilia,

areklili qarTuli wyaroebis mier. T. miqelaZis azriT hesperitebi

md. tigrosis saTaveebTan (sispiritSi) cxovrobdnen, amitomac ar

eTanxmeba g. meliqiSvils, rom taoxebi igive hesperitebi arian.

diauxis anu diaienis gaerTianeba samxreTiT Tanamedrove erzrumamde

vrceldeboda. SemdegSic qarTuli tomebi aqve cxovrobdnen.

qsenofonte ixsenebs, rom taoxebi, xalibebi da fasianebi erTad

ibrZodnen mtris winaaRmdeg. es momxdara md. araqsTan (fasisTan)

axlos (iqve, gv. 79).

taoxebis Semdeg qsenofontes jari md. harpasosTan (T. miqelaZis

azriT WoroxTan) xalibebis qyveyanaSi Sesula (iqve, gv. 41). xalibebi

rkinis mwarmoeblobiT ganTqmuli qarTuli tomi iyo.

75

iqidan samxreTisaken Semobrunebuli berZnebi skviTinebis qveyanaSi

Sesulan. Tanamedrove q. baiberdTan axlos yofila skviTinebis

dedaqalaqi gvimniasi. Tanamedrove ziganas uReltexilidan berZnebs

zRva daunaxavT.

ziganasa da trapezunts Soris berZnebi makronebis qveyanaSi

Sesulan. iv. javaxiSvili makronTa satomo saxels ukavSirebda

eTnikur terminebs margali, megreli. marTlac, Zveli qarTuli

wyaroebi andria pirvelwodebulis mogzaurobis Sesaxeb trapezuntis

sanaxebs uwodeben `sofeli megrelTa~, SesaZloa berZnul wyaroSi

ewera `qveyana makronebisa~, Tumca, aRsaniSnavia isic, rom sityva

`lazika~ qarTulSi iTargmneboda, rogorc `sofeli megrelTa~.

strabonis dros makronebi sanebis saxels atarebdnen (straboni, XII,

3, 18). aRsaniSnavia, rom qsenofontes mixedviT sxvadasxva tomebi

iyvnen kolxebi da makronebi. kolxebi trapezuntidan ordumde

kotioramde cxovrobdnen, d. miqelaZis azriT makronebisa da

kolxebis qveynebs erTmaneTisgan md. maCka-dere hyofda (T. miqelaZe,

qsenofontes anabazisi, gv. 44).

kolxebis qveyanaSi trapezuntis garda kerasuntic mdebareobda.

orive qalaqi sinopis koloniad iTvleboda. kerasunti Tanamedrove

giresunad moCanda. kerasuntis samxreTiT strabonis sityviT zRvis

sanapiroze mdebareobda koncxi iazonia (iqve, gv. 46), rac miuTiTebs,

rom argonavtebis miTis kolxida ufro trapezuntis mxareebisaken

anu samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSia saZiebeli, e.i. iq, sadac

qsenofontes dros kolxebi cxovrobdnen da ara dasavleT

saqarTveloSi. T. miqelaZe wers rom qsenofontes cnoba kolxebis

qveynis trapezunt-kerasuntis regionSi arsebobis Sesaxeb ueWvelia,

radganac es Tavisi TvaliT ixila man (iqve, gv. 135). iyvnen mTieli

kolxebic, isini berZnebs SeebrZolnen (iqve, gv. 138), maTi mezoblebi

iyvnen drilebi, qarTuli tomi, romlis saxeli unda JRerdes

`TrialeTis~ saxelSi. SesaZloa rogorc kolxebi, ise drilebic

ufro CrdiloeTiT gadasaxldnen Semdeg saukuneebSi. maT garda

CrdiloeTiT, T. miqelaZis azriT, gadasaxlebulan svanebic, berZnebi

drilebis Semdeg mosinikebs Sexvdnen. `ar aris gamoricxuli

SesaZlebloba, rom `mo-sin~ saxeli gadmocemdes svanur saxels `aris

masala, romelmac SeiZleba svanebis samxreTidan mosvla

dagvidasturos~ (iqve, gv. 138). bolos berZnebi tibarenebs Sexvdnen

megrel-Wanur toms T. miqelaZis azriT, Tumca mecnierTa erTi

76

nawili maT iberebTan akavSirebs. aqedan isic SeiZleba vifiqroT,

rom iberebi da megrel-Wanebi erTi eTnosi, gaudiferencirebeli

erTiani xalxi iyo qsenofontes dros, Tumca ki tomebad dayofili.

ufro adre Tubal-tabalebad cnobili tibarenebis somxeTSi

gansaxlebis sazRvari md. Terme-Caimde aRwevda. es unda iyos

cnobili Termodonti, sadac Temestiosis sityviT kidev erTi fasisi

yofila. aq q. fasisis akademiaSi uswavlia mas.

aqedan Cans, rom trapezuntidan vidre TiTqmis vanis tbamde,

qsenofontes cnobiT, umetesad qarTuli tomebi binadrobdnen,

romelnic politikurad armeniaSi Sediodnen. Tumca armenia

sparseTis samefos erT-erT olqs warmoadgenda.

aRsaniSnavia, rom X saukuneSi taoeli, basianeli da mimdebare ad-

gilebis qarTvelebi moqiravneebis saxiT msaxurobdnen bizantiur

jarSi (ix. kopaliani, bizantia-saqarTvelos urTierToba XI s-Si),

msgavsadve qsenofontes epoqaSic `qarTveli tomebis erTi nawili

aqemeniduri sparseTis jarSi moqiravneebad msaxurobda~ (T. miqelaZe,

dasax. naSr. gv. 57).

qarTvel tomTa erTianobis Sesaxeb unda miuTiTebdes maTi satomo

saxelebis fuZeebis identuroba. magaliTad, kard (karduxebi), xald,

qald (xaldebi), xalibebis Wanuri tomi T. miqelaZis azriT

cxovrobda md. halisis auzidan md. Woroxamde. md. kelkiti, da ara

md. rioni, unda igulisxmebodes im mdinare fasisad, saiTkenac

gacurva isurves berZenma jariskacebma, raTa daepyroT fasianTa

qveyana, sadac `maSin aietis SviliSvili mefobda~ (iqve, gv. 113). md.

kelkitis axlos iyo cnobili Termodonti, sadac Temestiosis

sityviT kidev erTi q. fasisi yofila. es meore md. fasisi md.

kelkiti unda iyos. masze mdebare qalaqsac fasisi erqva, xolo masze

mcxovreb xalxs ki `fasianebi~.

sabolood unda iTqvas, rom konstantinopolis sapatriarqos

lazikis eparqia istoriulad qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli,

romelTac eTnikur-erovnuli vinaoba SeunarCunebiaT saukuneTa

manZilze, amitomac uwodes bizantielebma mis nawils XI s-Si

`iberiis Temi~.

77

iberTa tomi `luvias qveyanaSi~ anu libiaSi

(n. xazaraZiseuli kvleva frigiul-qarTuli kavSirebis Sesaxeb

(Zv. w. VIII-IV ss.) wignSi `ZvelaRmosavluri da

qarTvelologiuri Ziebani 2001~)

homerosis `iliadaSi~ ixseniebian frigielebi, rogorc troelTa

mokavSireebi.

miiCneva, rom iliada Zv.w. XIII-XII saukuneebis istoriul viTarebas

asaxavs, Tumca amJamad fiqroben, rom `iliadas~ avtors Zv.w. X-IX ss-

Si unda ecxovra, xolo poemis literaturuli gaformeba Zv.w. VI-s-

mde grZeldeboda.

qsanTos lidielis miTiTebiT frigielebi mcire aziaSi troas

omis (Zv.w. XIII-XII ss. mijna) Semdeg movidnen (strabo, XIV, 5, 39).

amJamad fiqroben, rom frigielebi mcire aziaSi Zv.w. X s-is Semdeg,

ufro IX-VIII ss-Si movidnen.

frigiis uZvelesi dedaqalaqis gordionis yorRanebi qronologi-

urad Zv.w. VIII-IV ss-Si eqceva (n. xazaraZe, `ZvelaRmosavluri da qar-

Tvelologiuri Ziebani~, 2001, gv. 10).

qsenofonte (Zv.w. IV) werda: `didi~ frigiisa da `helespontis~

frigiis anu erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli ori politikuri

erTeulis Sesaxeb. `didi frigia~ _ kapadokiasa da lidias Soris

iyo moqceuli (iqve, gv. 22).

troada _ helespontis frigiis Semadgeneli nawili iyo (strabo,

II, 5,31). mas `mcire frigiasac~ uwodebdnen. aq mefobda midasi. Semdeg,

es qveyana galatielebis xelSi gadasula (strabo, VIII, 1,2).

muSqebis qveynis mezoblad Tabalis qveyana mdebareobda (gv. 39).

muSqebis, igive frigielTa mefe miTa megobrobda Tabalis mefesTan.

Tabalis mezobeli iyo qveyana `que~.

muSqebi igive musqebi ixsenebian asurul warwerebSi.

bibliaSic `iavani, Tobeli da meSexi~ erTad ixseniebian, iavani _

berZnebis winaprad, Tobeli da meSexi-qarTvelebisa. meSexi da

muSqebi erT xalxad miiCneva.

Tabalis qveyana didi kapadokiis samxreT-dasavleTiT mdebareobda

(iqve, gv. 43).

frigielebs TavianTi anbani hqondaT _ `Zveli frigiuli~, is Zveli

berZnulisgan warmomdgarad miiCneva, kerZod, dasavluri

berZnulidan. Tavis mxriv, berZnuli anbanis formireba finikiuridan

daiwyo Zv.w. IX s-dan, xolo arqauli berZnuli anbani Camoyalibda

78

Zv.w. VIII s-Si. Tavidan Camoyalibda `aRmosavluri~ da `dasavluri~

berZnuli anbani. aRmosavlurisgan Seiqmna klasikuri berZnuli

anbani.

muSqebis qveyanaSi gaedineboda md. halisi (galisi, yizil-irmaki).

SesaZloa am mdinaris saxelis gamo halisis regionSi mcxovreb

muSqebs daerqvaT `haliZonebi~ (alizonebi, alazonebi), romlebsac

troas omSi miuRiaT monawileoba homerosis TxrobiT. strabonis

mtkicebiT ki es alizonebi Semdgom xalibebad iwodnen, maT aseve

qaldebsac uwodebdnen. sityva qaldi saxel `qarTvels~ dadebia

safuZvlad.

frigias `muSqebis qveyana~ ewodeboda. Zv.w. VIII s-Si. frigiis

samefos mWidro kontaqtebi hqonia kilikiasTan da maxlobel

qveynebTan

sakuTari saxeli `gordi~ _ frigiuli warmomavlobisad miiCneva.

`gurdi~ _ `gordi~ rqmevia Til-garimus mefes.

cnobilia, rom `gordiosi~ frigiis mefeTa dinastiuri

saxelwodeba iyo. `gord~ Ziriani toponimebi (`gordioni~,

`gorduteixosi~, `gordoruniosi~, `gordukome~, manegordusi~ da sxv.)

sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo didi frigiis teritoriaze (iqve, gv. 74).

`gordu-teixosi~

`gordo-runiosi~

`gordu-kome~

`man-gordu-si~

Cans, frigias erqva ara `gord~, aramed `gordu~ (gordo), aqedanve

SeasaZloa iyos qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba gordueli, anu

qorTueli-qarTveli, an, rogorc iTqva, `galato~-dan.

saxelebi `xalitu~-qalidu, gordu da galato `qarTu~-s

identuria, Sesabamisad maTgan unda iyos dakavSirebuli saxeli _

qarTueli.

es `galato~-c SesaZloa iyo evropidan Semosuli imave

frigielebis Soreuli Tvistomni galebi. cnobilia, rom mcire

aziaSi gvian Semosul `galebs~ `galato~-ebi ewodaT.

SesaZloa gordusganaa nawarmoebi pontospira xaldebis saxelic.

xaldebi-xalduebi (qaldebi-qalduebi) Zvelad xalibebad

iwodebodnen strabonis cnobiT.

CvenTvis gansakuTrebiTaa saintereso saxelwodeba _ `luvia~,

radganac is emsgavseba megasTenesTan naxseneb qveynis saxels _

`libia~, romlis mezobladac iberebi cxovrobdnen. Tu ki libiis

qveS igulisxmeba ara afrikis qveyana, aramed qveyana `luvia~, vanis

79

tbasTan, maSin iberebis Zveli sacxovrisis Sesaxeb Tavdapirvel

wyarosTan gveqneba saqme.

Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Semdgom gvianxeTebis warwerebis periodSi,

mcire aziaSi aRmoCenilia luviur-ieroglifuri warwerebi. isini

TariRdebian Zv.w. VIII-VI saukuneebiT. am warwerebSi Cans, rom

luviaSi, luviis gverdiT arsebobda `muskebis qveyana~ _ suverenuli

politikuri erTeuli.

frigielTa teritoriaze `luvias~ qveynis gverdiT an `luvias~

qveynis sazRvrebSi yofila moqceuli `muskebis qveyana~ IX-VIII ss-Si

(n. xazaraZe, `ZvelaRmosavluri da qarTvelologiuri Ziebani~, 2001,

gv. 129).

aq sainteresoa, rom etimologiurad saxeli `luvia~ axloa

`libiasTan~. Zveli berZnuli da aseve somxuri wyaroebis cnobiT

babilonis mefe nabuqodonosorma Tavisi qveynidan ayara da

pontospireTSi daasaxla `iberTa tomi~, romelic iqamde `libiasTan~,

libiis qveynis gverdiT cxovrobda. unda vigulisxmoT, rom

qronologiuri Tanxvedris gamo aq naxsenebi `iberTa~ tomi unda

iyos is `muSqebi~, romelnic cxovrobdnen `luvias qveyanaSi~ anu

libiaSi.

aqamde, rogorc cnobilia, aRniSnul libias aigivebdnen

afrikasTan da berZnul cnobas ugulebelyofdnen.

Tu luvia igive libiaa, xolo iberebi aRniSnuli muSqebi, luviis

qveyanaSi mcxovrebni, aRmoCndeba, rom saqarTvelos istoriisTvis

realuri axali wyaro iqna mopovebuli.

asuruli wyaroebiT, muskebi mniSvnelovani xalxi iyo, imdenad

mniSvnelovani, rom sxva xalxebis sacxovriss muskebis qveynis

mixedviT gansazRvravdnen, magaliTad, asurul lursmul warwerebSi

ixsenieba sxvadasxva xalxi (tabalebi, tuna, tuxan, que), romlebic

`dasavleTis muskebis~ gverdiT cxovrobdnen (gv. 137). `muskebis

qveyanas~ aseve ewodeboda `mTiani mxare~.

`ieroglifur-luviuri ena lursmnuli luviuris axlo

monaTesavea. luviurTan erTad indoevropuli enebis anatoliur

(xeTur-luviuri) jgufis luviur qvejgufs qmnis~ (gv. 145).

ieroglifur-luviuri warwerebi, rogorc iTqva, moixseneben

`musqebis qveyanas~. erT-erTSi luviis mbrZanebeli ambobs: `me

ganmadides egvipteSi, babilonSi, muSqebis da sirielebis qalaqebSi~

(gv. 149), aqedan Cans, rom muSqebi TavianTi mniSvnelobiT dganan

egviptelebis, babilonelebis da sirielebis gverdiT.

80

i. diakonovis azriT, muSqebis, igive musqebis saxelwodebas,

rogorc wesi, ukavSireben frigielebisa da qarTuli tomis _

mosxebis saxelwodebas. ufro metad _ mosxebisa, Tumca aris cda,

daukavSiron protosomxebs (gv. 161).

erT-erTi luviuri miTis Tanaxmad, mokvdav-aRorZinebadi RvTaeba

telefinus simbolo (niSani) aseTi iyo: eias xeze unda CamoekidaT

misdami msxverplSewiruli cxvris tyavi (sawmisi), anu, oqros

sawmisis miTi ara mxolod kolxeTSi, aramed ufro adre luvia-

muSqebis qveyanaSi iyo cnobili.

gvianxeTuri xanis (Zv.w. IX-VIII ss.) samefo samTavroTa da maT

Soris Tabalisa da muSqebis qveynis panTeonSi yvelaze popularuli

iyo TarxunTi _ tarxunTi _ `cis RvTaeba~. etimologiurad am

sityvasTan axloa qarTuli `tarosi~, magaliTad. qarTul miTebSi

amiranis sacolis yamaris mama caSia, cis meufea, romelsac tarosis

Secvla SeuZlia, kerZod, wvimis moyvana.

saerTod, yamaris xasiaTi miagavs argonavtebis miTis kolxeTis

mefis asulis medeas xasiaTs, kerZod, yamari medeas msgavsad

Ralatobs Tavis ojaxs, Tavis mamas da mihyveba amirans. argonavtebis

miTis siuJetis mixedviT iasons daedevneba medeas mama, am dros medea

exmareba iasons da akvlevinebs Tavisianebs, aseve, msgavsad _ yamari

exmareba amirans, raTa man mamamisi (e.i. sakuTari mama) moklas _

`maRla nu ki scem spilosa, dabla Semohkar rbilosa, daeWrebian

ZarRvebi daecemian Zirosa~ _ urCevs yamari amirans, Tu rogor

moklas mamamisi. yamaris mama ambobs amis gamo: `uyure bozsa qalasa

qmari irCia mamasa~ da swored aseTivea medeas xasiaTi. SesaZloa, is

berZnuli miTebi, romelnic kolxeTis Sesaxeb SeiTxza _ mosxebis

(muSqebis) qveyanasTan iyos dakavSirebuli.

marTlac, `mosxebi _ kolxuri tomia~ _ werda am epoqasTan

yvelaze axlos mdgomi qristeSobamde VI saukunis avtori hekatos

mileteli.

Cans, nabuqodonosoris mier pontospireTSi luvia-libiis

mezobeli iberebis anu igive muSqebis gadmosaxlebis dros (Tu maT

mier adgilmonacvleobisas) maT kavkasiaSi Tan wamoiRes Zveli

miTebic.

aRsaniSnavia, isic, rom rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, mokvdav-

aRorZinebad RvTaebas _ telifinu erqva, ivane javaxiSvilis

rkveviTac, svaneTSi erT-erTi ritualis dros warmoTqvamen

telefias saxels _ `melia-telefia~. Tu es asea, unda vTqvaT, rom

81

svanebi, iseve rogorc sxva yvela qarTuli tomi, muSqebis _ mosxebis

memkvidreebi arian.

Cans, `mosxebi~ igive kolxebi, igive qaldebi iyo, is

eTnosubstrati, romeliTac Camoyalibda qarTveli xalxi da

romlidanac warmoiSva qarTvelTa tomebi e.w. `qarTebi~, `zanebi~ da

`svanebi~.

Zveli avtorebis zogierTi cnobiTac, iberebisa da

SavizRvispireTis tomebi balkanuri warmoSobisaa, iazonis

STamomavlebi arian, es SeiZleba migviTiTebdes, rom balkaneTidan da

mcire aziidan frigiul-mesxuri tomebis dena ukan, kavkasiisaken,

grZeldeboda didxans.

lazebi g. gozaliSvilis mixedviT

`yvela qarTveli tomis samSoblo... qaldia iyo~ (iv. javaxiSvili.

qarT. eris ist. 1951, t. I, gv. 424).

Zv. w. VI-IV saukuneebisaTvis q. sinopes regioni dasaxlebuli

yofila xalibebiT, romelnic aq, ZiriTadad, metalurgebi iyvnen.

`stefane bizantielis mier CamoTvlil oTx saukeTeso jiSis fo-

lads Soris ori aRiniSneba saxelwodebiT _ xalduri da sinopuri~

(g. gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli, 1965, gv. 22).

zRvispirze xalibebis qalaqebi yofila stamena (hekate miletelis

cnobiT) da geneti (skilaqs kariandeli), mosinikebis qalaqi yofila

navsadguri zefiriusi. Tumca ki yvela zRvispira qalaqi berZnulad

(elinurad) iTvleboda, maT Soris q. fazisi da q. trapizoni.

I s. mwerali ponponius mela wers _ `paflagonielebis mezobel

xalibebs aqvT qalaqebi amisosi da sinope, agreTve xalibebisaa md.

halisi da Termodoni~ (iqve, gv. 27).

xalibebi paflagoniis tomadac ki iTvleboda. Zveli welTaRri-

cxvis III s-is avtoris likofonis sqoliasti wers _ `aris

paflagoniaSi tomi xalibebi, romelTaganac, rogorc Cans, pirvelad

iqna mopovebuli rkina~ (iqve, gv. 33). qsenofonte sinopesac

paflagoniaSi aTavsebda _ `sinopelebi paflagoniaSi cxovroben~ _

werda is (iqve, gv. 34).

82

homerosic xalibebs paflagonielebis maxloblad ixseniebs _ iq

vkiTxulobT _ `uZRodnen haliZonT kvalad odiosi da epistrofe

Soreuli alibebis mxridan, sadac vercxlis samSobloa~ (iqve, gv. 38).

sityva `amazoni~ _ strabonis cnobiT, sityva `halizonidan

(`haliZoni~), yofila warmoSobili. s. yauxCiSvilis daskvniT _

`haliZonebSi igulisxmebian is xalibebi, romelnic ZvelTaganve

liTonTa damuSavebiT iyvnen cnobilni~ (iqve, gv. 39).

xalibebi mdinare halisTan anu galisTan (RalisTan) cxovrobdnen,

mis marjvena sanapirodan iwyeboda maTi sacxovrisi. g.

gozaliSvilis TvalsazrisiT ki, xalibebi md. halisis orive mxareze

cxovrobdnen, rom es mdinare maT qveyanaSi gaedineboda (iqve, gv. 42).

strabonis cnobiT ki mravalricxovani xalibebi cxovrobdnen

rogorc zRvis pirze, ise `Sua xmeleTze~, e. i. mcire aziis SigniT

(iqve, gv. 44). e.i. rogorc sinopesTan, ise `xmeleTis SigniT~. isini

aseve Termodontanac cxovrobdnen _ oRond sxvisi qveSevrdomobis

qveS.

`xmeleTis SigniT~ mosaxle xalibebi Zlier xalxad iTvleboda,

rogorc iTqva, es xalibebi homerosTan `haliZonebad~ ixsenebian,

zogjer straboni maT alazonebs uwodebs. sityva alazonidan unda

iyos warmoSobili sityva lazi, romelic am mxareTa mosaxleobas

erqva uZvelesi xnidanve (alaz-oni=lazi).

homerosis cnobiT alibebis qveyanaSi vercxlis sabado

moipoveboda, marTlac qaldeas TemSi, romelic ZiriTadad zemoT

aRniSnul teritorias moicavda, moipoveboda vercxli da mis

dedaqalaqsac ki `argiokastroni~ erqva (anu vercxlis qalaqi).

troas omSi monawile xalibebis anu alibebis (alizonebis)

winamZRoli yofila _ odiosi, odi ki qarTuli warmarTuli

panTeonis erT-erTi RvTaebis saxeli yofila (iqve, gv. 47). mravali

mkvlevari daaskvnis, rom homerosis `alibe~ da Semdgomi `xalibe~ _

erTi da igivea (iqve, gv. 63) alibebs ki aseve alazonebi erqva,

saidanac, rogorc vTqviT warmoSobili unda iyos SemdgomSi aq

gavrcelebuli satomo saxeli `lazi~, maSasadame lazebi _

xalibebis STamomavlebi yofilan, da lazebis Tavdapirveli saxeli

_ xalibebi yofila.

antikuri cnobebis safuZvelze irkveva, rom xalibebis erTi

nawili zRvis sanapirosTan cxovrobda, meore ki samxreTiT, mTian

raionebSi Woroxis saTaveebTan (iqve, gv. 64).

83

zRvispira xalibebi erT dros, qsenofontes cnobiT mosinikebs

emorCilebodnen, da rkinas (an vercxls) amuSavebdnen mZime SromiT,

magram Sua xmeleTis xalibebi kargi meomrebi iyvnen, magaliTad,

sparselTa sardal tiribazs isini Tavis jarSi hyavdaT

daqiravebuli, `xalibebi da taoxebi~ qsenofontes berZenTa jars

SeebrZolnen.

ZvelTaganve taoxebi yvelaze ufro msxvil politikur

gaerTianebas qmnida samxreT kavkasiaSi diauxis epoqaSi, xalibebi

maTi Tanafardi didi tomi yofila (iqve, gv. 66). isini iyvnen

mravalricxovanni da ekonomikurad uzrunvelyofilni qsenofontes

cnobiT. sparselTa qveSevrdomoba Tavidan aucilebia zogierT

qarTul toms, qsenofonte wers _ `karduxebi, xalibebi, xaldebi,

makronebi, kolxebi, mosinikebi, ketebi da tibarenebi damoukidebelni

arian~ (iqve, gv. 70).

im azrs, rom xalibebi mravalricxovani, meomari tomi iyo

iziarebs straboni, amitomac, rogorc iTqva, ueWvel faqtad Tvlida,

rom homerosi ixseniebs xalibebs Tavis katalogSi _ `aliZonebis~

saxeliT paflagonielebis Semdeg (iqve, gv. 72).

apolonios rodoseli xalibTa miwas `usazRvros~ uwodebs (iqve,

gv. 72). xalibTa vrceli samTavro orad gayo armenielTa SemoWram

maT miwa-wyalze. `xalibTa samyaro SeizRuda da gaiTiSa~ (iqve, gv.

74).

xalibebs aseve xaldebi _ qaldebi erqvaT. qristeSobamde VII s-Si

SavizRvispireTSi muSkebis teritoriis CrdiloeTiT xaldebis

(qaldebis) msxvili gaerTianeba Camoyalibebula (iqve, gv. 74). is

ixsenieba asurul wyaroebSi.

xaldebis CrdiloeTiT Savi zRva iyo gadaWimuli, samxreTiT ki

isini arzumamde aRwevdnen, Tumca sxva wyaroebiT pariadres mTis

kalTebzec cxovrobdnen. maT gaerTianebas `xalitu~ erqva. g.

meliqiSvili SeniSnavs _ `xaldi~ SeiZleba iyos `qarTu~-s

dialeqturi varianti da momdinareobdes uZvelesi, jer

daunawevrebeli erTiani qarTuli eTnikuri jgufis arsebobis

droidan~ (g. gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli, 1965, gv. 78).

qaldebi da xaldebi erTidaigive xalxi iyo strabonis cnobiTac

(iqve, gv. 78).

CvenTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania i. diakonovis Tvalsazrisi imasTan

dakavSirebiT, rom xalibebi igive lazi xalxia da xalibebi lazebis

84

winaprebi unda yofiliyvnen, radganac Cvenc aseve miviCnevT da mogv-

yavs Zvel avtorTa cnobebi amis samtkiceblad.

kerZod `i. diakonovi xalibebze wers: `piotrovskim daamtkica, rom

xalibebi arian an iberiuli xalxi sanebi (Wanebi) anda lazebi~ (iqve,

gv. 79).

piotkovskis es mosazreba gamouTqvams wignSi `pontospira xaldebi

da urartu~ (1940, aseve wignSi ` urartus istoria da kultura ~ (gv.

326-331), (iqve, gv. 79).

maSasadame, i. diakonovisa da piotrovskis azriT xalibebi igive

lazebi arian.

i. diakonovis TvalsazrisiT xalibebi lazebis winaprebi arian.

rogorc aRiniSna, TviTon sityva `alazoni~, romelsac xalibebs

straboni uwodebs iZleva saSualebas misgan miRebuli iqnas sityva _

lazi Semdegi gziT _ `alaz-oni~ (oni sufiqsia) _ alaz=laz.

rogorc aRvniSneT, i. diakonovisa da piotrovskis azriT,

xalibebi da lazebi erTi xalxi iyo (И. М. Дьяконов, Заметки урартской

эпиграфике. с. 111; VI, 52. «Эпиграфика Востока» VI, 52. Пиотровский,

Припонтийские Халды и Урарты, «Краткое сообмение инс. матер. культуры Ак.

Наук. СССР», V, 1940, misive, История и культура Урарту, c. 326-331).

maT mosazrebas g. gozaliSvili eTanxmeba, amitomac maTi Tvalsa-

zrisi moiyvana Tavis wignSi (g. gozaliSvili, `miTridate pontoeli~,

1965, gv. 79).

Tvalsazrisi, rom xaldebi da lazebi erTi xalxia, Cemi

naSromisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania, radgan is miuTiTebs, rom

lazebi ZvelTaganve cxovrobdnen sinop-trapezuntis (trapezusis)

regionSi, mis samxreTis mTianeTSi. es mosazreba kardinalurad

gansxvavdeba sabWoTa epoqis qarTveli istorikosebis mtkicebisagan,

rom lazebi Tavdapirvelad dasavleT saqarTveloSi cxovrobdnen da

Semdego, kerZod VIII saukunisaTvis (arabobis epoqaSi) gadasaxldnen

trapezuntis mTianeTSi. Cven ki vamtkicebT da am mtkicebas vuZRvniT

aseulobiT gverds, rom lazebi Tavdapirveladve cxovrobdnen

trapezuntis regionSi, iqve mdebareobda lazTa saepiskoposo

kaTedrebi VI saukunidanve, ziganasi, saisianisa, rodopolisisa da

petrasi (da ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi), sabWoTa epoqis qarTveli

istorikosebis Tvalsazrisi, rom lazebis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisi

iyo dasavleT saqarTvelo, aRiarebuli iqna saistorio mecnierebis

85

mier da TviT amJamindeli ucxoeli mkvlevarebic ki Tvlian,

TiTqosda lazebi arabobis epoqaSi gadasaxldnen rionis auzidan

samxreTiT da damkvidrdnen trapezuntis mTianeTSi (magaliTad,

karpovi da sxvebi), magaliTad, konstantinopolis sapatriarqos

eparqiebis erT-erTi Tanamedrove istorikosi miiCnevs, rom rionis

xeobidan lazebis samxreTiT gadasaxlebis gamo rodopolisis

kaTedra Tanamedrove varcixidan gadatanili iqna trapezuntis

mTianeTSi, Cven ki miviCnevT, rom lazebi Tavdapirveladve

cxovrobdnen am mTianeTSi da Sesabamisad lazikis eparqiis

rodopolisisa da sxva kaTedrebi Tavdapirveladve mdebareobdnen

trapezuntis mTianeTSi da maT funqcionireba Sewyvites

Teodosiopolisi-trapezuntis mxareebSi arabobis Setevis Semdeg.

g. gozaliSvili, rogorc aRvniSneT, eTanxmeba Tvalsazriss

xalibebisa da lazebis igiveobis Sesaxeb da wers _ `homerosis

haliZonebi unda niSnavdes zanebs _ Wanebs, strabonis mowmobiT, rom

homerosi `alizonebs uwodebs xalibebs~ (straboni, XII, III, 20), rom

xalibebi da xalibTa mosaxleoba Savi zRvis sanapiroze da mcire

aziis garkveul raionebSi Zveladve arsebobda, amis

damadasturebelia TviT md. halisis saxelwodeba da is faqti, rom

aqaur xalxTa Soris ixsenieba xalxi Haliwa (iqve, gv. 79).

maSasadame, xalibebi da lazebi erTi xalxi iyo. zRvis sanapiros

xalibebi Zvel wyaroebSi xan xaldebad da xan xalibebad arian

moxseniebuli~ (iqve, gv. 78). xalibi, rogorc iTqva g. meliqiSvilis

azriT `qarTus~ dialeqturi varianti yofila da momdinareobda

uZvelesi, jer kidev daunawevrebeli erTiani qarTuli eTnikuri

jgufis arsebobis droidan (Г. Меликишвили, Наири - Урарту, c. 411).

maSasadame xalibisagan miRebulia saxelebi lazi da qarTu. aqedan

gamomdinare lazi da qarTu Tavdapirveladve, erTi xalxi iyo da is

xalibebisagan momdinareobda.

xalibebi SeiZleba warmovidginoT erTiani eTnosis saxiT,

romelTa tomebi iyvnen karduxebi, lazebi da Semdgomi qarTlis

samefos mosaxleoba (am ukanasknelis saxelmwifoebrivi

konsolidacia farnavazis epoqaSi momxdara).

a. svaniZis azriT mcire aziis Tavdapirveli mosaxleoba iyo

eTnikurad erTgvarovani da qarTul tomebTan eTnikur

erTgvarovnebas qmnida (А. Сванидзе, Материалы по истории алародийских

племет, 1937, c. 30).

86

Semdeg saukuneebSic zRvis sanapiros mTianeTi kvlav qarTuli to-

mebiT iyo dasaxlebuli.

anonimuri periplusiT `pontos samefo dasaxlebulia tibarenebiT,

sanikebiTa (WanikebiT) da kolxebiT. misi mezobeli mxareebi ki

agreTve barbarosebs ekuTvniT (g. gozaliSvili, miTridate

pontoeli, 1965, gv. 82). am cnobidan Cans, rom Wanebi da kolxebi

sxvadasxva tomebi yofilan trapezuntis regionSi (pontoSi). n. maris

varaudiTac q. sinope ZvelqarTul samyaros ekuTvnoda da Savi zRvis

mTel samxreT sanapiros sinopidan anapamde Wan-megrelebiT

dasaxlebulad miiCnevda~ (iqve, gv. 84).

maqsimovas daskvniT orduSi (yof. kotiora, romelic amisodan

Sors ar iyo) da anatoliis sxva raionebSi aRmoCenili

arqeologiuri naSTebi analogiuria kolxur-yobanur kulturis

naSTebisa (iqve, gv. 85). es unda iyos xalibebis metalurgiuli

kulturis naSTebi, Sesabamisad unda vivaraudoT, rom xalibebi

cxovrobdnen aseve samxreT da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSic, samxreT

kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi xalibebis anu qarTvelebis saxelmwifoebrivi

konsolidacia, rogorc iTqva farnavazis epoqaSi momxdara qarTlis

samefos miwa-wyalze _ egris-wyal-klisuridan albaneTamde.

bizantielebma im teritorias, romlis centralur nawils q.

amisosis olqi warmoadgenda _ `qaldiis Tema~ uwodes _ is

SemdgomSi `trapizonis imperiad~ iwoda. ufro adre iqauri qarTuli

tomebi aseve kolxebadac iwodebodnen, qristeSobamde VI s-Sic

`mesxebi _ kolxur tomad~ iwodeboda hekatos miletelis mier.

meSexebi warmoadgendnen `gabatonebul xalxs~ Crdilo siriaSi,

tavrsa da kapadokiaSi _ xaxanovis azriT (А. Хаханов, Древнеишие

предели расселения грузин по малой Азии, 1903, Тифлис, c. 2). el. maieris

azriT `berZnuli wyaroebiT tibarenebs SemdgomSi ewodaT

kapadokielebi da kataonebi~ (g. gozaliSvili, gv. 93).

misive azriT, mesxebi da tibarenebi am raionis ZiriTadi

mosaxleoba yofila, xolo ravlinsonis azriT `mosoxebi

warmoadgendnen (kapadokiis) mosaxleobis substrats klasikur

epoqaSi~(iqve, gv. 93). `md. halisispira mosaxleobas haliZonebad _

halisis Wanebad icnobdnen~ _ wers g. gozaliSvili (iqve, gv. 94).

mcire aziis teritoriaze dRemde Semonaxuli toponomikuri

masala mxolod qarTulis saSualebiT ixseneba (iqve, gv. 98).

87

`trapzonis regioni lazebis uZvelesi samSoblo iyo. am qalaqs

lazebi tramtras (tamtras) uwodebdnen~ (g. gozaliSvili, miTridate

pontoeli, 1965, gv. 99).

al. svaniZis azriTac haliZonebi da zanebi erTi xalxi iyo,

romlebic md. galisTan (halisTan) cxovrobdnen (iqve, gv. 101).

sparseTis XIX olqSi mcxovrebi mosxebi, tibarenebi, makronebi, mo-

sinikebi da marebi erTnairad iyvnen SeiaraRebuli _ erTobas qmni-

dnen (iqve, gv. 115).

alazonebis saxels straboni amazonebs ukavSirebda. SesaZloa es

meomari qalebis tomi _ xaliburi warmoSobisa iyo, Cans am tomis

saxeli `qald~ etimologiurad sityva `qals~ daukavSires

ucxoelebma_ `qald-qal~, `qal~ ki qarTulad dedakacs aRniSnavs.

amazonebi mosinikebisa da xalibebis gverdiT cxovrobdnen (iqve, gv.

119).

amazonebi md. TermodontTan cxovrobdnen, Temiskira _ amisosis

raionSi (iqve, gv. 127).

sicilisa da garTobis moyvaruli tibaranebic xalibebis

mezoblebi iyvnen (g. gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli, 1965, gv. 119).

g. gozaliSvils mohyavs ioane ceces (XII s.) cnoba, rom am

mxareebSi mcxovrebi `kolxebi _ lazebad iwodebian~ (iqve, gv. 120).

maSasadame, kolxebic xaliburi-qalduri tomi iyo. mesxebi, rogorc

iTqva, Tavis mxriv `kolxuri tomi~ iyo megasTenes cnobiT. iq

mcxovrebi tomebi erTi eTnowarmoSobisa iyo, magram maT

trapezuntis regionSi ver SeZles erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi

konsolidacia.

g. gozaliSvili daskvniT _ `erT enaze metyveli es masa (e.i.

qarTuli tomebi) romelTa samxreTi frTa eWiraT mosxebs, did

sivrces moicavda, `pariadres frTa eWiraT maT moZmeebs _ xalibebs,

romelnic SemdgomSi Wanebisa da lazebis saxeliT iyo cnobili~

(iqve, gv. 3).

g. gozaliSvili kidev erTxel imeorebs, rom lazebi

Tavdapirveladve sinop_trabzonis regionSi cxovrobdnen da isini

xalibebi iyvnen da isini herodotes dros saspeirebad da kolxebad

iyofodnen.

saspeirebis saxels `sper~-Tan akavSireben.

speridan _ kapadokiis CaTvliT qarTuli tomebis uZvelesi

sacxovrisi yofila.

88

antioqiis arqiepiskoposi evstrate, romelic 390 wels

gardaicvala wers _ daasaxles `obelma _ Tobelebi, axlandeli

iberebi. osoxma _ mesxenebi, axlandeli kapadokielebi~ (iqve, gv. 161).

wm. eqvTime mTawmideli (963-1028), wm. maqsime aRmsareblis (VII s.)

naSroze dayrdnobiT axsenebs qarTul tomebs _ `herni, megrelni

(lazoi), tibarelni, kolxelni~ (iqve, gv. 164).

konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT kapadokielTa pirveli

winapari `mosxi~ (mesxi) yofila (iqve, gv. 165).

md. galisi (halisi) muSkebis sacxovrisi iyo uZveles dros, amave

mdinareze, rogorc iTqva Semdeg xalibebi cxovrobdnen.

g. gozaliSvili wers _ `f. bilabelis gamokvleviT, xeTebis

saxelmwifos daRupvis Semdeg, mis aRmosavleT nawilSi _ SemdgomSi

rom kapadokia ewoda _ Seiqmna muSkebis saxelmwifo halisisa da

zemo tigras Soris. k. betci ambobs, rom `Zveli aRTqmis meSexi da

Tubali muSkebi (mosxebi) da tabalebi arian, romlebic kimerielTa

Semosevam Savi zRvis samxreT sanapirosaken gandevnao~ (iqve, gv. 166).

r. reonhardis varaudiT `dRevandeli qarTvelebis winaprebi Zveli

mosxebi da asurul wyaroebSi cnobili muskebi erTi da igiveni

arian~ (iqve, gv. 166).

g. Rafancianis azriT Zv. w. XII saukunis Semdeg mcire aziaSi

balkaneTidan SeiWrnen frigielebi, lidielebi, likielebi da sxva

tomebi, maT miaTvlian aseve muSkebsac (iqve, gv. 166).

muSkebi _ indoevropeli tomi yofila, xolo qarTuli mesxebi _

kavkasiuri. Tu muSkebi da mesxebi erTidaigive iyo, maSin qarTvelebi

(mesxebi) indoevropelebi yofilan.

gr. Rafancianis azriT, ezekielis (592-570) naxsenebi mosoxebi da

tabalebi qarTuli warmoSobisani iyvnen (g. gozaliSvili, miTridate

pontoeli, 1965, gv. 166).

muSkebisa da mesxebis igiveobis azrs eTanxmeba i. diakonovi (iqve,

gv. 167). Tumca arc amJamadaa damtkicebuli es azri. mxolod

zogierTebi miiCneven, rom muSkebi ara frigielebi, aramed mcire

aziuri tomi iyo (iqve, gv. 168).

muSkebi i. diakonovis azriT asirelebisa da urartuelebis mezob-

lebi iyvnen, berZnebi maT frigielebs uwodebdnen (iqve, gv. 169).

mosxebis qarTvelobas kargad adasturebs qristeSobamde VI s.

avtoris hekatos miletelis cnoba (fr. 188) _ `mesxebi _ kolxuri

tomia, matienebis mezoblad cxovroben~ (iqve, gv. 169), TviT matienebi

q. gordiis mezoblad cxovrobdnen. `rogorc cnobilia q. gordi

89

frigiis dedaqalaqi iyo~ (iqve, gv. 169) mesxebis tomi kapadokiis

uZvelesi mosaxleoba yofila, da iq Zvelad frigiis samefo

mdebareobda.

muSkebisa da mesxebis igiveobas ar eTanxmeba s. kakabaZe _

`asureli muSkaiebi _ ganvaSoroT qarTvel mesxebs~ (`mnaTobi~, 1963,

#1, gv. 187). qarTuli mesxebi ki kolxuri tomi yofila, rogorc

iTqva, hekatos miletelis cnobiT.

md. halisze _ muSkebis Zvel sacxovrisSi, Semdgom Wanebi

(xalibebi) cxovrobdnen, amitomac g. gozaliSvili maT aigivebs.

xolo movses xorenaci, kabadokiasa da mis dedaqalaqs _ mazakas

ukavSirebda iberebsa da mis mmarTvel mihrdats.

straboni kapadokiis nawils _ mosxikes uwodebs. aseve ioseb

flaviusi, romelic wers _ `mesxebi axla kapadokielebad iwodebian~

(iqve, gv. 175). kapadokiaSi xeTebis Semdeg xedaven tibarenebs da

mosxebs, aqve iyvnen es tomebi IX-VII ss-Si. muSkebi meletinamde da

tigrosamde cxovrobdnen. aseve md. evfratis saTaveebamde tabalebis

mezoblad. tibarenebi strabonis dros md. halisamde cxovrobdnen.

kapadokieli iyo wm. nino da aseve wm. giorgi.

mosxebis, xalibebisa da iberebis gansaxlebis areali erTmaneTs

faravda. pontospireTisa trabzon-vanistbispireTis areali Tu erTi

avtoris mier xalibebiTaa dasaxlebuli, meore avtori aq mosxebs

xedavs, mesame avtori _ iberebs.

magaliTad, plutarqe Tavis `pompeusis~ biografiaSi werda _

`kavkasionis qedis garSemo mcxovreb tomTa Soris yvelaze ufro

udidesni albanelebi da iberebi arian. iberTa tomi mosxur mTebamde

da pontomde aRwevs. am tomebis gavliT gaemarTa pompeusi

somxeTidan miTridates winaaRmdeg~ (plutarqe, `pompeusi~, gv. 34).

Tu iberTa tomi pontomde aRwevda, maSin mosxuri mTebic iberebiT

yofila dasaxlebuli, radganac jer mosxuri mTebia, Semdeg ki

pontospireTi.

gelasi kesarieli miuTiTebs, rom pontospireTi _ iberebiT da la-

zebiT iyo dasaxlebuli _ is wers tyve qalis (wm. ninos) `imave xa-

naSi RmerTis mcneba miiRes pontos gaswvriv mdebare miwa-wyalze

mcxovrebma iberebma da lazebma~ (s. yauxCiSvili, `mimomxilveli~,

1926, #1, gv. 55).

romaeli mwerali rufinusi kidev ufro azustebs da iZleva

cnobas, rom iberebi pontos gaswvriv mcxovrebi tomi iyo, is wers _

90

`iberTa naTesavi, romelic pontos areSi binadrobs~ (iv.

javaxiSvili, qarT. eris istoria, I, 1951, gv. 205).

g. gozaliSvili miiCnevs, rom radgan iberebi igive tabalebi arian,

maTi cxovreba da ganvrcoba pontos zRvamde bunebrivi iyo. amas

miuTiTebdnen kidec sxvadasxva wyaroebi _ saeklesio mwerali

sokratec imaves wers _ `es iberni pontos zRvasTan binadroben~ (g.

gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli, 1965, gv. 182).

g. gozaliSvili wers, rom berZnul-romaul mwerlobaSi arsebobda

termini _ `pontos iberia~ (iqve, gv. 182, k. grigolia _ iberiis

samefoni, `moambe~, 1961, #3, gv. 330).

`pontos iberiis~ qveS unda igulisxmebodes qarTuli wyaroebis

`arian-qarTli~.

rogorc aRiniSna, plutarqes cnobiT iberTa tomi zRvis

sanapiromde vrceldeboda, xolo gelasis cnobiT pontoSi iberebi

da lazebi cxovrobdnen. es bunebrivia, radganac maT erTi saerTo

winapari _ xalibebi (qaldebi) hyavdaT, xolo mesxebi, kolxur tomad

miiCneoda, amitom isic imave warmoSobisa iyo. amitomac werda

rufinusi rom iberebi `pontos areSi~ binadroben, xolo sokrate _

`iberebi pontos zRvasTan binadroben~ (iqve, gv. 183). amitom, TviT

berZnuli wyaroebis cnobiT, eTnikurad iberi iyo evagre pontoelic

(341-399).

xalibebi da muSkebi (lazebisa da iberebis winaprebi) urartuli

wyaroebiTac erTad cxovrobdnen. Zv. w. VII s-is urartus mefis rusa

II-is warweraSi naTqvamia, rom muSkebis CrdiloeTiT xalitus

(xalibebis) qveyana mdebareobda (iqve, gv. 190), xolo meSexi da

Tubali wm. bibliaSic erTad ixseniebian (Tubalebi igive iberebi

arian ioseb flaviusis cnobiT).

es tomebi yvela wyaros cnobiT samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken

miiwevdnen, amitomac erTmaneTs faravdnen, sabolood ki `qarTlis

samefo~ daaarses farnavazis epoqaSi.

wyaroTa mixedviT is tomebi, romelnic uwindel wyaroebSi

samxreTis raionebis mosaxleobad iTvlebodnen, axla CrdiloeTiT

moCanan.

lazebis Sesaxeb n. mari TurqeTSi mogzaurobis Semdeg wers _

`Wanebi TavianT Tavs uwodeben lazebs~ (g. gozaliSvili, dasax. naSr.

gv. 194).

lazebis sacxovrisis Sesaxeb TviT saqmeSi Caxeduli lazebis

sityviT isini cxovrobdnen sinopidan da samsunidan trapezuntis

91

regionis CaTvliT. n. marisaTvis mis Tanmxleb lazs favzi-beis

uTqvams, rom `konstantinopolSi lazebs uwodeben SavizvispireTis

mcxovrebT, samsunelebsac da sinopelebsac. sinopelebi lazebad

moixsenieben samsunelebs, samsunelebi ki trapezuntelebs~ (iqve, gv.

194).

maSasadame, md. galisis (halisis) sanapiroebidan trapezuntis

regionis CaTvliT mosaxleoba lazebad iwodeboda.

es faqti kidev erTxel gviCvenebs, rom xalibebi SemdgomSi

marTlac lazebad iwodnen, radganac swored md. galisidan iwyeboda

xalibebis sacxovrisi, amasTanave xalibebis anu qaldebis saxeli

ewoda kidec lazebiT dasaxlebul olqs bizantielTa mier, es iyo

`qaldeas Tema~, rogorc cnobilia am miwa-wyalze xalibebis garda

cxovrobdnen sanebi da sxva qarTuli tomebi, Cans erT periodSi

moxda kidec xalibebisa da sanebis (Wanebis) konsolidacia (anda

isini Tavidanve erTi xalxi iyo) da amis Sedegad am xalxs daerqva

ori saxeli, is erTdroulad iyo lazic da Wanic. saxeli lazi

miRebulia xalibebis saxelisagan `alazoni~ (alizoni), xolo Wani

`sanebis~ tomis saxelisagan.

lazebis anu Wanebis sacxovrisi md. galisidan (halisidan)

vrceldeboda trapezuntisaken. fiqroben, rom alazonebis

(alizonebis) saxeli md. galiss ukavSirdeba Tu asea Tavdapirveli

saxeli iqneboda galazonebi an halazonebi. n. mari werda am lazebis

anu igive Wanebis sacxovrisis Sesaxeb _ `adre Wanuri tomis

mosaxleobas ufro farTo teritoria eWira _ md. yizil irmakamde.

am mdinaris Tavdapirveli saxeli `halisi~ ixseneba Wanuridan da

niSnavs mdinares~ (iqve, gv. 194). maSasadame n. mari fiqrobda rom md.

halisi (galisi) iyo qarTuli sityva `Relesagan~ miRebuli saxeli _

`Relisi~ _ Ralisi (Rele _ patara mdinare).

g. gozaliSvili marTebulad SeniSnavs _ `dasturdeba homerosisa

da strabonis cnobebi halizonebisa da xalibebis Sesaxeb, rom

halizonebi zanebi-Wanebi iyvnen~ (iqve, gv. 194).

am daskvnidan SeiZleba isic vifiqroT, rom sityva `zani~ erTi

nawilia erTiani sityvisa `alizoni~. da is (`zani~) miRebulia saxe-

lisagan `alizoni~ (alazoni). bizantiur samyaroSi trapezuntis

regionis erT nawils _ `lazoni~erqva (aqedan _ lazi).

sxvadasxva wyaroSi lazebi da kolxebi sxvadasxva tomad

moixsenieba, magram, Cans, is erTi xalxi iyo. saerTod `kolxi~ _

92

sazogado saxeli unda yofiliyo zRvispireTis qarTuli tomebisa,

maT Soris mesxebisac, radaganc hekatos mileteli, rogorc iTqva,

mesxebs _ kolxur tomad miiCnevda _ `Wanebis _ lazebis (kolxebis)

mosaxleoba iyo trapezuntis olqis ZiriTadi mosaxleoba, romelic

trapezuntidan dasavleTiT Sors vrceldeboda~ (iqve, gv. 194).

TviT bizantiis imperiis Zlierebis xanaSi _ VI s-Si Wanebi

SeWrilan kapadokiaSi, kilikiaSi da siriaSi (ioane galalas (491-578)

cnobiT).

xaldebisa da Wanebis igiveobas mose xorenelis cnobac adastu-

rebs, sadac Wanebis qveyana moxseniebulia, rogorc Waniuki, xalti

(iqve, gv. 195).

Wanebisa da xaldebis igiveobaze wers g. meliqiSvilic _

`samxreTis mimarTulebiT antikur dros cxovrobda qarTuli tomi

xaldi-xalibebi, rogorc cnobilia saxeli `xaldi~ (qaldi)

organuladaa dakavSirebuli dasavlur qarTul, kerZod Wanebis

mosaxleobasTan. Zvelsomxur wyaroebSi variantebis saxiT

gamoiyeneba saxelwodebebi `xaldi~ da `Wani~ (iqve, gv. 196).

rogorc iTqva Wanebi TavianT Tavs lazebs uwodebdnen. meomari

Wanebis qveynis damorCileba mxolod iustinianes dros SeZlo

bizantiis imperiam VI s-Si. iqamde es tomi _ sruliad damoukidebeli

iyo. 535 wels gamocemul Tavis novelaSi iustiniane siamayiT

acxadebda, rom Wanebis damorCileba RmerTma romaelebs mxolod mis

mefobaSi mianiWa (iqve, gv. 195).

Wanebi, g. gozaliSvilis cnobiT, cxovrobdnen trapizonis

dasavleTiT da ara aRmosavleTiT, is wers _ `Wanuri mosaxleoba

trapizonis dasavleTiT Sors iyo mofenili~ (iqve, gv. 195), Tumca iv.

javaxiSvilis sityviT trapizoni Tavisi olqiT `lazebis anu

Wanebis~ mosaxleobiT iyo dasaxlebuli (g. gozaliSvili, miTridate

pontoeli, 1965, gv. 125).

g. meliqiSvilis mtkicebiT xaldebis saxeli Wanur

mosaxleobasTanaa dakavSirebuli, Zvelsomxur wyaroebSi variantebis

saxiT gamoiyeneba dasaxelebebi _ `xaldi~ da `Wani~.

Wanebi, igive lazebi, igive xaldebi anu xalibebi yofilan

TavianTi warmomavlobiT, cnobilia, rom wyaroTa miTiTebebiT

xalibebis ZiriTadi gansaxlebis areali samxreTiT _ trapizonis

regionSi mdebareobda, amitomac, aqedan gamomdinare, rogorc iTqva,

umarTebulod Cans sabWour istoriografiaSi miRebuli daskvna, rom

lazebis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisi iyo dasavleT saqarTvelo,

93

saidanac isini trapizonisaken gadasaxldnen arabobis epoqaSi VII-VIII

ss-Si.

bizantiuri `Tema qaldea~ Seqmnes ara dasavleT saqarTvelodan

arabTa epoqaSi gadmosaxlebulma lazebma, aramed, iq istoriulad

mkvidri xalibebis (qaldebis) STamomavlebma, romelnic lazebad

anda Wanebad iwodebodnen.

VIII s-Si Seqmnili `Tema xaldias (qaldeas)~ qalaqebi yofila

trapizoni, xeriani, erzinjani, baiburTi, argiokastroni (Turqebma

giumiSxane uwodes) (`vercxlis qalaqi~, aq iyo vercxlis maRaroebi),

qaldiis qalaqs baiburTs nusxebSi paiperi ewodeba (iqve, gv. 197).

qarTulad am Temas erqva `qveyana xaldiisa~ (qaldiisa).

n. adonci mtkiced dgas im poziciaze, rom Wanebi Zvel dros

iwodebodnen xaldebis (qaldebis) saxeliT, is wers _ `Wanebi Zvel

dros xaldebad iwodebodnen. maT garda iq mravali tomi cxovrobda.

Wanebis VI s-Si gaZlierebis gamo am qveyanas Wanika uwodes~ (iqve, gv.

198).

iv. javaxiSvilis TqmiT `yvela qarTveli tomebis samSoblo...

qaldia iyo~ (qarT. eris ist. 1951, t. I, gv. 424).

iv. javaxiSvilis es Tvalsazrisi Zalze mniSvnelovania. Tu

qaldea anu xalibebis qveyana iyo yvela qarTuli tomis samSoblo (e.

i. svanebis, megrel-Wanebis, qarTl-kaxel-imerel-mesxebisa da sxva),

maSin yvela qarTuli tomi xaliburi warmoSobisa yofila. anu

xalibebi dvrita da safuZvelia saidanac yvela qarTuli tomi

warmoSobila.

g. gozaliSvili exeba qaldeas TemSi mcxovreb adgilobrivi

warmoSobis didebulebs, romelnic aq saukuneTa manZilze

liderobdnen da umaRles samoxeleo Tanamdebobebs flobdnen,

samwuxarod, maT Soris daundobeli brZola iyo gaCaRebuli da

erTmaneTs anadgurebdnen.

eseni yofilan Semdegi sagvareuloebi _ sqolaria, mizimati,

kavasiti, Wanixiti, komaxiti (g. gozaliSvilis azriT am gvarebSi

SeiZleba amovicnoT WaniSvili (Wanixiti), komaxiZe (komaxiti) da sxv.

`TviTeul am sagvareulos Zvel xaldiaSi TvalsaCino adgili da

roli ganekuTvneboda _ magaliTad, kavasitebis sagvareulos

ekuTvnoda Semdgomi giumiSxane da xaldiis sxva mniSvnelovani

punqtebi, kavasitebis xelSi yofila trapizonidan arzrumis

mimarTulebiT mdebare miwa-wylis olqi, romelzec saerTaSoriso

gza gadioda. amitomac kavsas naxevrad damoukidebeli sagvareulo

94

xaldiis istoriaSi TvalsaCino rols TamaSobda. misi

warmomadgenlebi yofilan xaldiis dukad, hqoniaT didi domestikisa

da didi logoTetis wodebebi, saerTod, uspenskis sityviT, xaldiis

didi duka warmoadgenda samxedro da samoqalaqo gubernators,

magram realurad qaldiis pirobebidan gamomdinare (geografiuli

garemo, mudmivi omianoba) mas gacilebiT meti gavlena hqonda

saimperatoro karze (iqve, gv. 200).

aseve didi gavlena hqonda Wanixitebis sagvareulos, maT

ekuTvnodaT qaldiis cixe-simagre Wanixi (Wanka) da macuka (maWuka).

hqondaT imperiis didi mejinibeTuxucesis wodeba.

aseTive mniSvnelobis iyo gabraTa (gabaraSvilTa) sagvareulo.

xaldiis cnobili cixe-simagre kamaxa (komaxa) iyo komaxitebis

sagvareulos xelSi. komaxas cixes zogjer kemaxasac uwodebdnen.

gamahmadianebis Semdegac qaldiaSi Wanur sagvareuloebs didi

Zalaufleba darCaT (g. gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli, 1965, gv.

200).

g. gozaliSvili miiCnevs, rom qaldiis TemSi Sediodnen paiperti

(baiberTi), gaZiura, kolonia, azrumi da mosaxleobis or mesamedze

meti lazebi anu Wanebi iyvnen (iqve, gv. 201). romlebic mudam

ibrZodnen TavisuflebisaTvis.

g. gozaliSvili, rogorc iTqva, ar eTanxmeba Teorias lazebis

rionis xeobidan qaldeaSi gadasaxlebis Sesaxeb, amitomac wers _

`lazur-Wanuri aq imTaviTve sufevda, rom xalibebi, tibarenni,

mosvinikebi, drilebi da svanebi swored lazur-Wanurs

laparakobdnen, rom yvelani isini qarTul erovnebas ekuTvnodnen~

(iqve, gv. 203).

am kuTxiT Zalze mniSvnelovania g. gozaliSvilis daskvna (riTac

kidev erTxel miuTiTebs, rom lazebi qaldeaSi ar gadmosaxlebulan

rionis xeobidan VIII-IX ss-Si, is wers _ `VIII-XI saukuneebSi ara Cans,

rom am mxriv raime mniSvnelovani cvlileba momxdariyos, piriqiT, am

qveynis mier saxelwodeba xaldiis SenarCuneba miuTiTebs iqauri

eTnikuri elementis statikurobaze~ (iqve, gv. 203).

am mosazrebas kidev ufro amtkicebs Semdegi fraza _ `im

teritoriaze, sadac pontos samefo ivaraudeba, Wanur-lazuri

mosaxleoba uwyvetad arsebobs~ (iqve, gv. 203).

g. gozaliSvili Tavisi vrceli kvlevis Sedegad sabolood

askvnis _ `pontos samefos mosaxleobis ZiriTad elements mesxur-

Wanur-lazuri da sxva qarTveli tomebi Seadgendnen, rom pontos

95

samefo iyo qarTvel tomTa saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianeba~ (iqve, gv.

203).

maSasadame, misi mtkice TvalsazrisiT lazebi trapezuntis olqSi

gadmosaxldnen ara rionis xeobidan VIII-IX saukuneebSi, rogorc

miiCnevs sabWoTa epoqis istoriografia, aramed mkvidrni iyvnen

uxsovari droidanve _ isini lazebad iwodebodnen da ZiriTadad

gamahmadiandnen, xolo lazi qristianebi berZnul Tems Seekedlnen _

berZnebad iqcnen.

es lazebi igive xaldebi iyvnen. amitomac, gozaliSvilis azriT,

magaliTad 1370-90 wlebSi daweril wm. evgeniosis cxovrebaSi,

romelic 1200 wlis ambebs exeba trapizonis dukas `ioane xaldi~

ewodeba (iqve, gv. 206) im xalxis saxlis mixedviT, romelic iq

cxovrobda, radganac trapizonis saxelmwifos ZiriTadi mosaxleoba

lazebi iyvnen mis imperatorebs `kolxTa mefeebs~ uwodebdnen (iqve,

gv. 207).

aRsaniSnavia, rom `adgilobrivi mosaxleoba `saqarTvelos~

uwodebda md. xartuSis sanapiros teritorias~, xolo ericovis

cnobiT _ `md. kisgimis marcxena sanapiro cnobilia giurjistanis

saxeliT, aqaa xamSini~ (iqve, gv. 208). adoncis TqmiT _ `Wanebi

cxovrobdnen md. xartuSis aRmosavleTiT _ ardasisa da giumiSxanes

sazRvrebidan dawyebuli TviT xemSinamde, ekavaT ra amgvarad mTeli

parxaris zegani~ (g. gozaliSvili, `miTridate pontoeli~, 1965 gv.

208).

saerTod ki, Wanur-lazuri mosaxleoba `trapizonisa da misi

olqis ZiriTad masas Seadgenda imTaviTve da TviT XX s-mde~ (iqve,

gv. 202).

isini ZiriTadad asimilirdnen berZnebsa da TurqebSi (gv. 202).

iv. javaxiSvilic ar eTanxmeboda rionis xeobidan lazebis

trabzonisaken gadasaxlebis Teorias, is amasTan dakavSirebiT wers

_ `qarTvelebs ar SeeZloT trabzon-samsunis mxareebSi `TavianTi

ena-kavebi raime gziT gaevrcelebinaT~, radganac qarTvelebs

(qarTul saxelmwifos) `aq arasodes ubatonia, Tamar mefis

laSqrobis garda~, is daaskvnis _ `aq lazur-Wanuri laparaki exlac

ismis, es mxolod imis damamtkicebeli da momaswavebeli sabuTia,

rom lazur-Wanuri iq imTaviTve sufevda, rom xalibebi, tibarenebi,

mosvinikebi, drilebi da svanebi swored lazur-Wanurs

laparakobdnen, rom yvelani isini qarTul erovnebas ekuTvnodnen~

96

(iv. javaxiSvili, `qarTveli eris istoria~, I, gv. 415, 1951, iqve, gv.

203).

Zalze mniSvnelovania iv. javaxiSvilis daskvna, romlidanac Cans,

rom lazebi arabobis Semdeg ar gadasaxlebula trabzonis

regionebisaken. saqme isaa, rom, rogorc iTqva, ucxour gamocemebSic

gamoCnda Tvalsazrisi, TiTqosda lazebi trapizonisken

gadasaxldnen arabobis epoqaSi, xolo iqamde rionis xeobaSi iyo

maTi sacxovrisi.

g. gozaliSvili wers _ `uZvelesi droidan mokidebuli

pirvelwyaroebi erTxmad adastureben pontos samefos arealSi

Wanur-lazuri da saerTod, qarTul tomTa uwyvet arsebobas~ (iqve,

gv. 203).

TurqeTSi inglisis konsuli palheri Tavis mTavrobas

atyobinebda, rom trapizonis vilaieTSi yizil-irmakidan (Zveli md.

halisidan) punqt `SekveTilamde~ or milionamde adamiani cxovrobda.

TviTon trapizonis vilaieTi iyofoda oTx sanjayad (olqad) _ 1.

lazistani; 2. trapzonis olqi; 3. Waniki; 4. giumiSxane (iqve, gv. 204).

aRsaniSnavia, rom VII saukunis `somxuri geografia~ samxreT egriss

(egrs), aseve oTx olqad yofda, TiTqmis imave saxelwodebiT (lazivi,

Wanika, egeri, manrali). samxreT egrisis sazRvrebi TiTqmis

eTanadeboda XIX s-is trabzonis vilaieTis sazRvrebs.

es vrceli qveyana ZiriTadad lazebiT (WanebiT) iyo dasaxlebuli,

magram maT ar gaaCndaT TavianTi nacionaluri identificirebis

unari, ar hqondaT erovnuli TviTSemecneba (Tumca tomobriv doneze

nawilobriv gaaCndaT), amitomac isini religiuri niSnis mixedviT

akuTvnebdnen TavianT Tavs sxvadasxva erovnebas, kerZod mahmadiani

lazebi _ Turqebad iwodebodnen, qristiani lazebi _ berZnebad.

iyvnen aseve armenizirebuli lazebic (giumiSxanelebi), isini

Tavdapirvelad somxuri eklesiis mrevlad gadaiqcnen, Semdeg ki

gamahmadiandnen (xemSinebi).

ucxoeli mecnieris e. maieris daskvniT lazebi iyvnen

STamomavalni xalibebisa _ `xalibebis STamomavalni romaul xanaSi

Wanebad da lazebad iwodebian~ (Ed. Meyer, Gesch. d.Altertums.

Zweiter Band. Stuttgart. 1893, gv. 293, ix. iqve, gv. 226).

imave Tvalsazriss,rogorc iTqva, iziarebda i. diakonovi (iqve, gv.

226). is emxroboda Tvalsazriss, rom xalibebi lazebis winaprebi

iyvnen da aseve aviTarebda azrs, rom amierkavkasiis xalxebs axlo

aRmosavleTis xalxebTan genetikuri kavSiri gaaCniaT (iqve, gv. 226).

97

maSasadame, gamoCenili ucxoeli mecnierebi e. maieri, i. diakonovi

da piotrovski miiCnevdnen, rom lazebi xalibebis pirdapiri

memkvidreebi iyvnen. iv. javaxiSvili, g. gozaliSvili da sxvani ar

miiCnevdnen, rom lazebi trapezunt-pontos regionSi gadmosaxldnen

rionis xeobidan (dasavleT saqarTvelodan) arabTa Semosevebis

Semdeg _ VII-VIII saukuneebSi.

adelle billisa da o. lorTqifaniZis gansxvavebuli

mosazrebani kolxeTis Sesaxeb

Cvens eramde VI-IV ss-Si `kolxuri erovnebis~ arsebobas imiT

amtkicebs Cveni zogierTi mecnieri, rom TiTqosda `Zv.w. VII-VII ss-Si

Camoyalibda axali Zlieri damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebrivi

erTeuli, mTel antikur samyaroSi farTod cnobili kolxeTis

samefo, romelsac herodote axlo aRmosavleTis didi monarqebis _

midiisa da aqemenidebis iranis gverdiT ixseniebs~ (qse, t. 5, gv. 596).

sinamdvileSi, msgavsi istoriuli faqtis Semcveli cnobebi

herodotesTan ar gvxvdeba.

herodote Tavis Txrobas iwyebs TqmulebebiTa da miTebiT, mefis

asul evropes motacebis eposis (miTis) gadmocemis Semdeg mogvi-

Txrobs, rogor moitaces argonavtebma medea `kolxidaSi~. amis sana-

cvlod `kolxTa mefem gagzavna eladaSi mociquli~ (herodote, I, 2).

ase, rom `kolxTa mefe~ herodotesTan da saerTod berZnul

wyaroebSi mxolod miTebTanaa dakavSirebuli, `kolxTa mefe~ an

`kolxeTis mefe~ sxvagan arsad aRar gvxvdeba herodotes vrcel

TxzulebaSi, Tumca ki kolxeTs sakmaod xSirad ixseniebs.

amasTan dakavSirebiT evropeli mecnieri adelle billi wers _

`cdebian qarTveli mecnierebi, roca kolxeTis samefos arsebobas

faqtad miiCneven! kolxeTi samefod moixsenieba mxolod argonavtebis

eposSi, straboni samefo dinastis arsebobas mxolod iberis

aRwerisas moixsenebs da ara kolxeTis aRwerilobisas~ (adelle

billi, saqarTveloSi aRmoCenil samarxTa kvleva, boni, 2003 w.

krebulSi `amirani~, IX2, monreali-Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 55-62).

98

ucxouri istoriografia miiCnevs, rom kolxeTi ar iyo erTi

eTnosi, amasTan dakavSirebiT evropeli mecnieri wers _ `qarTveli

mecnierebi cdebian, roca sityva `kolxeTiT~ eTnoss aRniSnaven,

`kolxeTi geografiuli mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda berZnul

wyaroebSi!~ (adelle billi, saqarTveloSi aRmoCenil samarxTa

kvleva, boni, 2003 w. krebulSi `amirani~, IX2, 2003, gv. 55-60). rogorc

Cans, es cnobili faqtia dasavleT evropuli samecniero

wreebisaTvis, am sakiTxis Sesaxeb wers evropeli mecnieri, romelmac

piradad Seiswavla qarTvel mecnierTa mosazrebani aRniSnul

sakiTxze.

is ufro adreul xanasac exeba da wers _ `kulxa ar iyo

Tanamedrove saqarTvelos teritoriaze, rom kolxeTic mxolod

nawilobriv SeiZleba davukavSiroT dasavleT saqarTvelos. Zveli

berZnuli kolxeTis pirvandeli mniSvneloba moicavs ara mxolod

urartul kulxas, aramed zogadad Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT

sanapiro teritorias, kerZod, ki dRevandeli TurqeTis sinopsa da

trapizons Soris. berZnuli kolonizaciis ganviTarebasTan erTad

icvleba agreTve kolxeTis cnebis gagebac _ herodote aRniSnavs,

rom mdinare fazisi (rioni) warmoadgens kolxeTis CrdiloeT

sazRvars. kolxeTi dasaxlebulia sxvadasxva tomebiT, maT Soris

mosxebiT, makronebiT, mosinikebiT, TviT kolxebiT, marebiT,

tibaranebiT da sxva tomebiT, kolxeTi araa erTi eTnosi~ (adelle

billi, saqarTveloSi aRmoCenil samarxTa kvleva, boni, 2003 w.

krebulSi “amirani~, IX 2, 2003, gv. 55-60).

herodotes epoqaSi semituri tomebi CrdiloeTiT ufro vrclad

iyvnen gansaxlebulni, vidre Semdgom. magaliTad, herodotesTan

sirielebsa da paflagonielebs Soris sazRvrad md. halisi iTvleba,

romelic istoriul kolxeTTan axlos miedineboda.

evropeli mkvlevari exeba Teorias egviptelebisa da dasavleT

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis e.w. `erTi warmoSobis~ Sesaxeb da

msjelobs _ herodotes kolxebi kanis feris, Tmis saxeobisa da enis

mixedviT semituri an qamituri tomia da ara indoevropelebi. is

CamoTvlil tomebs semitebs ukavSirebs da amasTanave Tavdapirvel

kolxebs akavSirebs ara evropul, aramed muqkanian rasasTan. is wers

_ `cxadia, rom kolxebi egviptelebi arian... radgan kolxebi

Savgvremanebi arian xuWuWTmianebi... egviptelebsa da kolxebs ena

msgavsi aqvT erTmaneTis~ (herodote, VII, 72).

mecnierebisaTvis kargadaa cnobili, egviptelebi evropelebisagan

gansxvavdebodnen rasobrivad kanis muqi feriTa da Tmis safariT.

99

aseve kargadaa cnobili isic, rom amJamindeli `kavkasiuri rasa~

(Sesabamisad dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba) ganekuTvneba samx-

reT­evropul rasas da araviTar SemTxvevaSi muqkanian semitur an

qamitur rasas. amitomac herodotes `kolxebi~ rasobrivadac ki

gansxvavdeba Tanamedrove dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobisagan.

meore berZeni avtori straboni aseve sagangebod aRwers kolxeTs.

strabonis mixedviT qristeSobamde I saukuneSi kolxeTi

warmoadgenda krebiT saxels mTeli samxreT-aRmosavleT

SavizRvispireTisa _ trapizonidan _ pitiuntamde. am epoqis berZnuli

wyaroebiT kolxeTi ar aRniSnavda eTnoss, aramed berZnul

wyaroebSi sityva `kolxeTi~ geografiuli mniSvnelobiT ixmareba.

rogorc Cans, es cnobili faqtia dasavleT evropuli samecniero

wreebisaTvis, am sakiTxis Sesaxeb wers evropeli mecnieri, romelmac

piradad Seiswavla qarTvel mecnierTa mosazrebani aRniSnul saki-

Txze da rogorc aRiniSna, is wers _ `qarTveli mecnierebi cdebian,

roca sityva `kolxeTiT~ eTnoss aRniSnaven, `kolxeTi geografiuli

mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda berZnul wyaroebSi!~ (adelle billi,

saqarTveloSi aRmoCenil samarxTa kvleva, boni, 2003 w. krebulSi

`amirani~, IX2, 2003, gv. 55-60).

evropel mecnierTa es Tvalsazrisi mTlianad eTanadeba Zvel qar-

Tuls (qarTuli wyaroebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi ar icnobs kol-

xeTs), qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi mudam xazgasmiT miTiTebuls,

rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi ar cxovrobda adgilobriv-kolxuri

eTnosi, rom aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelo istoriulad

mudam erTi eTnosiT, erTi xalxiT, erTi erovnebiT iyo dasaxlebuli

da es iyo qarTveli xalxi, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos

saerisTavoebSi mcxovrebi mosaxleoba imTaviTve qarTveli xalxis

ganuyofeli nawili iyo _ igulisxmeba _ gurulebi, egriselebi,

margvelebi, Takverelebi Tu svanebi, bunebiTi qarTvelebi da, amitom,

maT `qarTizacia~ ar esaWiroebodaT, TviTve iyvnen e.w. `qarTebic~ da

qarTvelebic. amis axsnas iZleva iv. javaxiSvili, miaCnia, rom

qarTvelTa uZveles samSobloSi karduSi erT erad iyo

formirebuli Semdegdroindeli svanebi, Wanebi, megrelebi da

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba. isini imTaviTve erTi erovneba,

erTi qarTveli eri iyvnen.

Tu arsebobda `kolxeTis samefo~ _ TavisTavadi saxelmwifo,

cxadia, aq SesaZlebeli iyo kidec `kolxebis erovnebis~ formireba,

rogorc amas miiCnevs sabWouri istoriografia.

100

namdvilad arsebobda `kolxeTis samefo~?

Tanamedrove evropis istoriografia ambobs _ kolxeTis samefo ar

arsebobda _ wyaroebiT es ar dasturdeba, amitomac, werda kidec

evropeli mecnieri, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT _ `cdebian qarTveli

mecnierebi, roca kolxeTis samefos arsebobas faqtad miiCneven!

kolxeTi samefod moixsenieba mxolod argonavtebis eposSi,

straboni samefo dinastis arsebobas mxolod iberis aRwerisas

moixsenebs da ara kolxeTis aRwerilobisas~ (adelle billi,

saqarTveloSi aRmoCenil samarxTa kvleva, boni, 2003 w. krebulSi

“amirani~, IX2, monreali-Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 55-62).

is kvlav imeorebs _ `cdebian qarTveli mecnierebi, rodesac

`kolxur TeTrs~ kolxeTis samefos arsebobis damadasturebel

faqtad miiCneven~ (iqve, gv. 60).

Tanamedrove evropuli istoriografiis msgavsad, Zveli qarTuli

istoriografia saerTod ar icnobs `kolxeTis samefos~.

Cveni winaprebi dabejiTebiT amtkicebdnen, rom dasavleT da

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba erTi eri (erovneba) iyo.

amitomac Seqmna man erTiani saxelmwifo farnavazis dros da Semdeg.

amJamad arsebobs ori Teoria qarTveli eris Camoyalibebis

Sesaxeb. pirveli aris ZvelqarTuli, romelic amtkicebs, rom

dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba erTian ers

warmoadgenda qristeSobamde saukuneebiT adrec, meore ki aris e.w.

`qarTizaciis~ Teoria, romlis mixedviTac saqarTvelos

teritoriaze arsebobda kolxuri da `qarTis~ erovnebebi da am

ukanasknelma SeZlo axali erovnebis formireba.

aRsaniSnavia, rom XIX s-mde moRvawe saqarTvelos wmida eklesiis

mamebi da mematianeebi arasdros iziarebdnen qarTizaciis Teorias

da maTTvis swored pirveli Teoria warmoadgenda WeSmaritebas.

101

`arian-qarTlis~ sakiTxisaTvis

(giorgi qavTaraZe, ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa

da eTnologiis instituti)

ariani

cnoba qarTvelTa Tavdapirveli samSoblos `arian-qarTlis~

Sesaxeb uZveles qarTul matianes `moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ Semounaxavs.

am cnobiT, qarTlSi gamolaSqrebulma aleqsandre makedonelma

mcxeTaSi mefed masTan xlebuli arian-qarTlis mefis Ze _ azo daa-

dgina.

`moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ X s-is Satberduli xelnaweris mixedviT _

`Tana-hyvanda aleqsandres mefesa azoY, Ze arian-qarTlisa mefisaY da

mas miuboZa mcxeTaY sajdomad da sazRvari daudva mas hereTi, da

egris wyali, da somxiTi da mTaY crolisa da warvida~.

`ese azoY warvida ar[i]an-qarTlad, mamisa T/vi/sisa da warmoiyvana

rvaY saxli da aTni saxlni mamamZuZeTani, da dajda Zuel mcxeTas da

Tana-hyvandes kerpni RmrTad _ gaci da ga, da ese iyo pirveli mef/e/

mcxeTas Sina azoY, Z/e/ arian-qarTvelTa mefisaY~...

wmida ninos sityviTac, kerpebi gaci da ga `RmrTad hqondes

mamaTa TquenTa arian-qarTliT~.

daviT aRmaSeneblis sulieri moZRvris arsen beris (mas arsen

iyalToelad miiCneven), `ninos cxovrebis~ metafrasuli redaqciis

avtoris, ganmartebiT:

`Cven qarTvelni Svilni varT maT arian-qarTliT gamosrulTani da

enaY maTi uwyiT, da yovelni mefeni qarTlisani amaT mefeTa Svilis-

Svilni arian~;

am citataSi samjer aris xazgasmuli `arian-qarTlis~ mosaxleobis

qarTuli xasiaTi:

1. qarTvelebis uSualo memkvidreobiTi kavSiri (`Svilni varT~)

`arian-qarTlidan~ wamosul mosaxleobasTan;

2. qarTuli enis `arian-qarTlidan~ Semotana (`enaY maTi uwyiT~);

3. qarTlis mefeTa memkvidreobiTi kavSiri `arian-qarTlis~ samefo

karTan (`amaT mefeTa Svilis-Svilni arian~).

a. svaniZe arian-qarTls mtkvrisa da arezis (araqsis)

SuamdinareTSi aTavsebda; aqedan varaudobs qarTlSi samefo

dinastiis imigracias. misi azriT, es movlena dakavSirebuli unda

102

iyos somexi mxedarTmTavrebis _ artaqsiisa da zariadris mier

warmoebul dapyrobebTan.

yuradRebas ipyrobs e. TayaiSvilis dakvirveba, romlis mixedviT,

saxeli `ariani~ `moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ qronikis Semdgenels amouRia

apokrifuli xasiaTis nawarmoebidan, romelsac qarTul teqstSi

`quabi saganZuri~ ewodeba da romelic IX saukuneze ara ugvianes

xanaSi Sesrulebul Targmans warmoadgenda asuruli Txzulebis _

`ganZTa qvabis~ savaraudod VI saukunis erT-erTi redaqciisa. masSi

vkiTxulobT: `xolo dReTa TaraYsaTa, J (90) welTa cxovrebisa

misisaTa, gamoCnda brZaneba yovelsa adgilsa, sofelsa, romelsa

hrqvian ariani, romeli aRaSena iraYs, Zeman eberisaman, da iyo kaci

mdidari friad, da mokuda, da esua mas Ze da Seqmna kerpi oqrosa da

aRmarTa saflavsa zeda mamissa Tvisisasa~.

nabuqodonosori (g. qavTaraZe)

didi mniSvneloba eniWeba cnobas babilonis mefis nabuqodonosor

II-is (Zv. w. 605-562 ww.) mier afrikisa (libiisa) da pirenes

naxevarkunZulis (iberiis) dalaSqvrisa da iqidan wamoyvanili

tyveebis pontos gadaRma mdebare iberiaSi, anu kavkasiaSi dasaxlebis

Sesaxeb, romelic, TviT klasikuri xanis mweralTa miTiTebis

Tanaxmad, miewereboda mcireaziel berZens, istorikoss, geografossa

da diplomats, `indikis~ avtors megasTenes (daaxl. Zv. w. 350-290 ww.).

es cnoba metad popularuli iyo ara mxolod ZvelberZnul da

romaul literaturaSi, igi gavrcelebuli iyo aRmosavleTSic,

kerZod siriul da somxur literaturaSi, iTvleba, rom

megasTenesTan gvxvdeba yvelaze adreuli cnoba kavkasieli iberebis

Sesaxeb.

megasTenes zemoT moyvanili cnoba SavizRvispireTSi iberebis

dasavleTidan gadmosaxlebis Taobaze Semonaxulia evsebi

kesarielis (daaxl. 263-339 ww.) TxzulebebSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT

pirvel rigSi uTiTeben mis mier 314-318 ww. daweril nawarmoebs

`saxarebisadmi winamomzadebas~, sadac naTqvamia: `vpove me agreTve

abidenosis TxzulebaSi `asurelTa Sesaxeb~ nabuqodonosorze

Semdegi: megasTene ambobs, rom nabuqodonosori herakleze ufro

103

Zlevamosili iyo, libiasa da iberiaze gailaSqra, daeufla da maTi

nawili pontos marjvniv daasaxla~.

ramdenime wliT ufro adre, 308-311 ww. daweril `qronikebis~ pir-

vel wignSi _ `qronografia~ evsebi kesarieli aseve gadmogvcems _

`abidenosi nabuqodonosors herakleze Zlevamosilad miiCnevs,

rodesac wers Semdegs: megasTene ambobs, rom nabuqodonosori

herakleze Zlevamosili iyo, maT Tavisi jarebi Sors libiamde da

iberiamde miuSva. daipyro es qveynebi da maTi mosaxleobis nawili

evqsinis zRvis marjvena napirze daasaxla~.

ebrauli warmomavlobis romael istorikosTan, ioseb flaviusTan

(daaxl. 37-95 ww.) _ TxzulebaSi `iudevelTa siZveleni~ gvxvdeba

megasTenes cnoba nabuqodonosoris dasavluri laSqrobis Taobaze,

aq araferia Tqmuli am ukanasknelis mier dasavleTis iberebisa da

libielebis pontos marjvniv anu aRmosavleTiT gadmosaxlebis

Taobaze; naTqvamia mxolod da mxolod is, rom megasTene `indikis~

IV wignSi cdilobs yvelasaTvis TvalsaCino gaxados heraklesTan

SedarebiT nabuqodonosoris meti gambedaoba da miRwevaTa sidiade,

vinaidan man libia da TviT iberia daipyro.

ax. w. VIII saukunis meore naxevrisa da IX saukunis dasawyisis

bizantieli mematiane georgios sinkelosTanac Semonaxul megasTenes

fragmentSi libiis didi nawilisa da iberiis dapyrobazea saubari.

movses xorenacTan vkiTxulobT: `amis Sesaxeb abidenosi ambobs:

`Zlevamosilma nabuqodonosorma, romelic herakleze ufro Ronieri

iyo, Sehyara jari da miaRwia libielTa, agreTve [i]verielTa qveynebs,

Semusra da daimorCila isini, maTi erTi nawili wamoasxa iqedan da

pontos zRvis marjvena mxares daasaxla~. [i]veria qveynierebis

dasavleT sazRvarze mdebareobs~.

`qronikebis~ somxuri Targmanis qarTuli versia g. meliqiSvilis

mixedviT, Semdeg saxes Rebulobs: `Zlevamosilma, ambobs igi

(abidenosi, _ g. m.), nabuqodonosorma, romelic herakleze Zlieri

iyo, laSqris Sekrebis Semdeg miaRwia libielTa da iverTa qveynebs

da sZlia, daamxo, daimorCila isini. maTi erTi nawili man

gadaasaxla pontos zRvis marjvena mxareze (da) iq daasaxla~

konstantine VII porfirogenetis TxzulebaSi `imperiis

mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb~ (dawerilia 984-952 ww. Soris) Semonaxuli

cnoba, rom TiTqos X s-is Sua xanebis kavkasiel iberebs (anu

qarTvelebs) Tavi ierusalimidan wamosuli xalxis STamomavlebad

miaCndaT, am cnobis Tanaxmad: `iberielebi mogviTxroben, rom maTi

104

tomi ierusalimidan aris warmoSobili da, rom isini wamovidnen

ierusalimidan RvTis brZanebis momaswavebeli sizmrebis CvenebiT da

daesaxlnen sparseTis mxareebTan, e.i. qveyanaSi, sadac amJamad

mkvidroben... vinaidan iberielebi, rogorc TviTve amboben,

STamomavlobiT ierusalimidan arian, amis gamo maT aqvT didi

siyvaruli misi da uflisa ieso qristes saflavisa da gansazRvrul

droebSi uxvad ugzavnian fuls wminda qalaqis patriarqsa da iqaur

qristianebs~.

damaxasiaTebelia agreTve misi Semdegi sityvebi: iberielebi `uwo-

debdnen Tavis-Tavs daviT mefisa da winaswarmetyvelis naTesavs da

aqedan yovladwminda RvTismSoblis naTesavsac, radgan isic

daviTisagan aris warmoSobili~.

xalibebi (g. qavTaraZe)

qsenofontis `anabasisis~ monacemebiT, taoxebi da xalibebi

sparseTis mefes ar emorCilebodnen, savaraudoa, rom maT, amave dros

(xalibebis meTaurobiT) saerTo tomobrivi gaerTianeba unda

hqonodaT Camoyalibebuli.

xalibebi da taoxebi rom dasavleT armeniis sparsel satraps ar

eqvemdebarebodnen (garda qsenofontis anabasisSi aqemenianTa

imperiaSi berZenTa gzaze mdebare qveynebsa da tomebs Soris maTi

dausaxeleblobisa) mowmobs agreTve tiribazis jarSi maTi calke _

`moqiraveebad~ moxseniebac, gansxvavebiT sakuTriv tiribazis

meomrebisagan, vinaidan, Zneli warmosadgenia, rom dasavleT armeniis

mmarTvels _ tiribazs Tvisive qveSevdromebi daeqiravebina.

xalibTa qveyana da armenia aSkarad arian erTmaneTTan

dapirispirebuli dasavleT armeniis erT-erTi soflis mamasaxlisis

mier qsenofontisaTvis naTqvam sityvebSi, rom win, berZenTa gzaze,

mdebare armeniis mezobeli qveyana xalibebs ekuTvnodaT.

speris adgilmdebareoba yvelaze ufro uaxlovdeba im

teritorias, romelic skviTinebiT iyo dasaxlebuli.

rogorc viciT, qsenofontisa da misi Tanamemamuleebis gza,

xalibebis qveynis gavlis Semdeg _ md. harpasosidan (gaigivebulia md.

WoroxTan) makronTa qveynamde (q. trapezuntis samxreTiT) _

105

skviTinebis miwaze gadioda. skviTinebis qveynis adgilmdebareobis

gansazRvris SesaZleblobas, upirveles yovlisa, unda iZleodes maTi

umniSvnelovanesi qalaqis _ gvimniasis mdebareoba q. trapezuntis

samxreTiT ganlagebuli mTebis gadaRma 5 dRis saval manZilze, rac,

rogorc fiqroben, daaxloebiT Tanamedrove q. baiburTis sanaxebs

anu istoriul spers unda Tanxvdebodes. skviTinebis qveynis

SuagulSi q. gvimniasis mdebareobas mowmobs is garemoeba, rom

berZenTa msvlelobis gzaze, rogorc am qalaqamde, aseve, misi gavlis

Semdegac, skviTinebis teritoria sakmaod did farTobze iyo

gadaWimuli.

xorZene _ arian-qarTli (g. qavTaraZe)

flavius arianes informaciiT, Zv. w. 329/328 w. centralur azieli

`xorazmielebis~ mefe farasmanesi 1500 mxedris TanxlebiT eaxla

aleqsandres md. oqsis (Tanamedrove amu daria, centralur aziaSi)

napirTan da moaxsena, rom igi cxovrobda kolxebisa da amaZonelebis

mezoblad da mzad iyo daxmareboda mas, Tuki aleqsandre

gadawyvetda im tomebis damorCilebas, romlebic saxlobdnen pontos

evqsinosamde (anu Sav zRvamde) gadaWimul mxareSi.

aleqsandrem `xorazmielebis~ mefes miugo, rom imJamad mas ar

hqonda dro da saSualeba pontosken gasalaSqreblad, magram aziis

dapyrobisa da helespontosa da propontidisis gavliT saberZneTSi

dabrunebis Semdeg, igi mTeli Tavisi sazRvao da samxedro Zalebis

daxmarebiT Rrmad SeiWreboda pontoSi da mxolod maSin

dasWirdeboda mas farasmanesis daxmareba.

erTi ram, vfiqrob, cxadia: arianes teqsti exeba SavizRvispireTs

da ara centralur azias: garda imisa, rom masSi moxseniebuli arian

kolxebi, amaZonelebi da eqvsinis ponto, amasve unda mowmobdes TviT

aleqsandres sityvebi, rom mxolod helespontosa da propontidisis

gavliT saberZneTSi dabrunebis Semdeg (e.i. Soreuli laSqrobidan

gamobrunebis Semdeg), gaemarTeboda igi pontosken da amisaTvis

gamoiyenebda rogorc saxmeleTo, aseve sazRvao Zalebs. es

ukanaskneli SeniSvna _ `sazRvao Zalebis gamoyeneba~ _ SeuZlebels

gaxdida centralur aziaSi mis ukan dabrunebas da, Sesabamisad, iq

106

myofi farasmanesisaTvis daxmarebis gawevas. safiqrebelia, rom

anatoliis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi qarTuli matianeebis

qarTvelTa `pirvelsacxovrisia~ saZebari, da kolxebTan da

amaZonelebTan mebrZoli farasmanesis qveyanac.

mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is garemoeba, rom Tu erTi mxriv, arianes

mier moxseniebuli xorazmielTa mefe farasmanesi aleqsandres daxma-

rebas elodeboda Tavisi mezoblebis _ kolxebisa da amaZonelebis _

winaaRmdeg, meore mxriv, qarTuli da somxuri matianeebis cnobiT,

aleqsandre didma qarTlSi mosvlis Semdeg am qveynis mmarTvelad

Tavisi `proteJe~ (azo/azoni Tu mihrdat/miTridate) daadgina.

arsebobs SesaZlebloba cneba `xorZenes~ gavrcobisa ufro vrcel

teritoriaze, masSi nawilobriv tao-klarjeTis moqcevis xarjze.

mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs is garemoeba, rom kola-artaanisa da tao-

klarjeTis gamyofi arsianis qedi (dRev. iazlinjam daRlari) giorgi

merCulis X s-is hagiografiul nawarmoebSi, `cxovreba wm. grigol

xanZTelisa~ moxseniebulia `xorasunTa mTaTa~ saxelwodebiT:

`rameTu odesme zafxulisa Jamsa mTaTa maT xorasunTa

gardamovidoda igi da mis Tana Zmani. da ixiles adgili marjve da

purisa Wamad dasxdes~.

amrigad, SesaZlebeli Cans, rom flavius arianes `aleqsandres

laSqrobis~ teqstSi xorazmielTa mefis farasmanesis saxels

iberiuli mxaris _ xorZenes mmarTveli iyos amofarebuli, miT

umetes, rom saxeli `farasmanenis~ xSirad aris dadasturebuli

iberiaSi.

aseT SemTxvevaSi ar aris gamoricxuli, rom arianes informacia

da `moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ cnoba azos Sesaxeb, romelic aleqsandre

didis daxmarebiT gamefda mcxeTaSi, erTi da imave movlenis

gamoZaxili yofiliyo.

amiT asrulebs g.qavTaraZe Tavis kvlevas.

Cveni azriT sainteresoa cda etimologiurad ganvixiloT

mosazreba, rom sityva `ariani~ efuZneba sityvas _ `xorZena~.

xorazmi _ xorzene _ xorasun _ xarian _ arian

xorZene _ xarZian _ arZian _ arian _ (Sdr. xorZene-xorene _

aqedan, xorenaci)

an

xorZene _ arZian (aqedan, arZe)

xorZene-arian

107

iberebi xotenesa da akiliseneSi

(n. xazaraZe, ZvelaRmosavluri da qarTvelologiuri Ziebani~, 2001)

somxeTis olqebi xotene da akilisena istoriulad iberebis sa-

cxovrisi yofila. isini jer kidev qarTuli olqebi iyvnen apianesa

da strabonis epoqaSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, swored ase gadmogvcems

apiane.

CvenTvis es momenti imiTaa saintereso, rom aRniSnuli olqebi

SemdgomSi lazikis samitropolitos nawilebi gaxdnen, axlos

mdebareobdnen karinis, anu Teodosiopolis olqTan, iberiis TemTan.

ufro metic, Cven albaT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom xotene da

akilisena Teodosiopolisis olqis miwa-wylis nawils Seadgendnen,

mis Semogaren regions, konstantine porfirogenetis epoqaSi misi

soflebisa da dabebis mosaxleobas TavdadebiT icavda qarTvelTa

samefos laSqari eTnikuri Tanalmobierobis gamo. iberebi aq ara

mxolod apianes dros, aramed basili II bulgarTmmusvrelis

epoqaSic cxovrobdnen.

apiane am mxareTa iberebis Sesaxeb wers _ `miTridatem

Seusvenebliv sirbiliT iara da daaxloebiT meoTxe dRes gadalaxa

evfrati, xolo Semdeg sami dRe idga da aiaraRebda imaT, vinc

masTan erTad iyo, an mas uerTdeboda, Semdeg SeiWra xoteneSi,

armeniaSi. iq man ukuagdo xotenebi da iberebi, romlebic mas

isrebiTa da SurdulebiT abrkolebdnen da gadavida mdinare

afsarosze... miTridatem zamTari dioskuriaSi gaatara~ (apiane,

miTridates omebis istoria, 1959, gv. 195).

imave ambavs aRwerda straboni, kerZod, miTridatem gadalaxa

evfrati, sadac iyo akilisenes wyaluxvi mTa, qarTulad albaT

`wyaluxvi~ JRerda rogorc `fasis mTa~, `fasisi~, radganac p.

108

ingoroyvas kvleviT, uxvwylian qveyanas fasisi erqva, sityva

fasisidanaa albaT `basianis~ provinciis saxelic.

straboni wers _ `pompeusis mier devnili miTridate aq gamoiqca,

pontos samefos am ukidures kuTxeSi, daipyro dasteirasTan

akilesenes wyaluxvi mTa, maxloblad iyo evfratic, romelic

sazRvravda akilesenes mcire armeniisagan da aq cxovrobda manam,

sanam alyaSemortymuli iZulebuli ar gaxda gaqceuliyo mTebis

gadaRma kolxidaSi da iqidan ki bosforSi~ (strabonis geografia,

1957, gv. 212).

n. xazaraZe azustebs, Tu sad mdebareobda es raionebi _ `Tu

strabonisa da apianes moyvanil cnobebs erTimeores SevudarebT, Tan

afsaros-Woroxisa da evfratis saTaveebs Soris xotene-xorZenes

mravali mecnieris mier gaziarebul lokalizacias

gaviTvaliswinebT, SesaZloa davuSvaT, rom akaliseneSi mdebare cixe-

simagre dasteira pariadris mTebis (anu tao-speris) samxreTiT

ganlagebul regionSia saZiebeli, pontos samefosa da didi armeniis

sazRvarze, iq, sadac kolxeTSi (pontospireTSi) mimavali is gza

gadioda, romliTac Zv.w. I saukuneSi pompeusisgan devnilma

miTridatem da misma qveiTma jarma isargebles, xolo gvian vaxtang

gorgasalma da misma laSqarma~ (n. xazaraZe, ZvelaRmosavluri da

qarTvelologiuri Ziebani~, 2001, gv. 368).

lazikis eparqiis erTi nawili, romelic aRniSnul regionebsac

moicavda, Zveli qarTuli wyaroebis mier miCneulia azonis mamis

samefod, anu arian-qarTlis samefos erT nawilad. aq brZoliT

Sesula mefe farnavazi, Semdeg ki vaxtang gorgasali.

vaxuStis cnobiT, klarjeTi azonis mamiseuli samefos, anu arian-

qarTlis nawili iyo. Sesabamisad, klarjeTis samxreTiT mdebare

mxareebic arian-qarTlis samefos nawilad miiCneoda. klarjeTis

samxreTiT ki tao-speri, aRniSnuli xorZene, akilisene da sxva

mxareebi iyo.

maSasadame, azonis mamis qveyana iyo tao, speri, xorZene da

mimdebare mxareebi.

azonisa da farnavazis omisas farnavazi SeiWra azonis mamul

samefoSi swored aRniSnul mxareebSi. isini, imJamad ukve

`saberZneTis~ sasazRvro nawilad miiCneoda. azons `berZnebi~

uWerdnen mxars, artaanis naqalaqarSi `iqmna brZola didZali da

moswydes orgniTve uricxvi. xolo iZlivnen berZenni farnavazisagan.

109

ivltoda banaki maTi da mokles azon da uricxvni spani maTni

mosrnes da tyve qmnes da warvida farnavaz da motyuena sazRvari

saberZneTisa anZianZora da ekeleciT Semoiqca. movida klarjeTs,

daipyra klarjeTi da warmovida mcxeTad~ (q.c. I, gv. 23).

ekeleci da anZoreTi (anZiaZora) aseve ixsenieba vaxtang

gorgaslis cxovrebaSi, roca is, rogorc Cans, qarTvelTa odindel

istoriul samSobloSi, anu arian-qarTlis miwebze ibrZoda.

kerZod, es brZola mimdinareobda Semdgomi Teodosiopolis

(karinis) _ trapezuntis arealze, anu swored iq, sadac lazikis

eparqia Camoyalibda.

vaxtang gorgaslis laSqari `moadges cixe-qalaqsa, romelsa erqva

karaxpola, xolo aw ewodebis karnu-qalaqi da brZodes mas... warvida

vaxtang pontos da moaoxrna gzasa qalaqni samni: anZoreTi, ekeleci

da steri da moadges laSqarni pontosa qalaqsa didsa zRvis kidesa~

(q. c., t. I, gv. 123).

qalaqi steri aris dasteira.

mkvlevarTa azriT, `zRvis kidis didi qalaqi~ trapezuntia,

maSasadame, aRniSnuli qalaqebi karnu-qalaqsa (Teodosiopolissa) da

trapezunts Soris iyvnen.

anZianZoraSi `ars saflavi didi moZRvrisa grigolisa~ (iqve, gv.

160).

trapezuntsa da Teodosiopoliss istoriulad aerTianebda gza

saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobisa, romelic Sav zRvas sparseTTan

aerTebda, am or qalaqs Soris iyo, rogorc miiCneva, istoriuli

xotenas da axlos akilisenes provinciebi, romelnic arian-qarTlis

miwa-wyalze mdebareobdnen da miTridates, konstantine

porfirogenetisa da basili II bulgarTmmusvrelis epoqaSi

qarTvelebiT iyvnen dasaxlebulni, Tumca ki ukve qveyanas `armenia~

ewodeboda, ris gamoc mkvidri qarTuli mosaxleoba armenizaciis

procesisagan Tavis garidebas cdilobda, maT Soris konfesiuradac.

qarTuli `ekeleci~, sadac farnavazs azonis mamuli qveyana

eguleboda, da sadac ibrZoda vaxtang gorgasali, strabonis

akilisena yofila (n. xazaraZe, dasax. naSromi, gv. 364). is, e.w. `maRal

somxeTSi~ mdebareobda, evfratis xeobaSi q. erizasTan (erzinka). masa

da Teodosiopoliss Soris unda yofiliyo strabonis mier naxsenebi

`akilesenes wyaluxvi mTa~, sadac miTridate cota xans cxovrobda,

110

aqve xotenebi da mkvidri iberebi SeebrZolnen isrebiTa da

SurdulebiT.

xotene zogi mecnieris mier xorZened miiCneva (iqve, gv. 367).

iqve, tao-speris samxreTiT yofila pariadres mTebi, romelic

miTridatemde sul cota xnis win armenielebma iberebs waarTves.

am Zveli qarTuli adgilebis, anu arian-qarTlis dasabruneblad,

rogorc iTqva, ubrZoliaT _ farnavazs, Semdeg _ vaxtang gorgasals,

Semdeg, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom ibrZodnen daviT didi kurapalati da

saqarTvelos mefe giorgi I.

aq, Semdeg, rogorc iTqva, `lazikis samitropolitos~ iurisdiqcia

gavrcelda da aqve mdebareobda `iberiis Temi~, aq iyo im iberTa (da

ara somexTa) qalkedonituri saepiskoposoebi, romelnic

konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi imyofebodnen. Sesabamisad, am

adgilebis e.w. somxur-qalqedonuri saepiskoposoebis mrevlis

umetesoba eTnikuri qarTvelebi iyvnen, Tumca met wilad eklesiurad

somxurenovanni.

n. xazaraZe mosxebis qveynis Sesaxeb (Zv. w. I s.)

(n. xazaraZe, `ZvelaRmosavluri da qarTvelologiuri Ziebani~, 2001

w.) argonavtebis Tqmulebis kolxeTia ara rionis dablobi, aramed

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo (Woroxis auzi)

straboni wers: mdinareebis fazisis, glavkosisa da hiposis `maRla

(zemoT) mosxebis qveyanaSi mdebareobs levkoTeas samlocvelo,

friqses mier agebuli da misi samisno, sadac verZs ar swiraven

msxverplad. odesRac is mdidari iyo, xolo Cvens dros igi farnakes

mier da cota mogvianebiT, miTridate pergamonelis mier iqna

gaZarculi~ (XI, 2,17).

n. xazaraZes ase gadmoaqvs _ `mdinareebis maRla _ zemoT~, `maRal

adgilze~, e.i. mTaSi ganlagebuls niSnavs (gv. 21).

`mosxebis qveyanas~ straboni meorejerac axsenebs: `mosxebis

qveyana, romelSic aris samlocvelo, sam nawils Seicavs: erTi misi

nawili aqvT kolxebs, meore iberebs da mesame armenielebs~ (XI, 2, 18).

111

samlocvelo ki ar aris samad gayofili, aramed mosxebis qveyana.

misi erTi nawili armenielebs daupyriaT, xolo ori danarCeni

Tavisufal nawilTagan erTi iberebis, meore ki kolxebis xelSia.

n. xazaraZis kvleviT `mosxebis qveyana~ mdebareobda ara dasavleT

saqarTveloSi, e.w. `istoriul kolxeTSi~, aramed samxreT

saqarTveloSi _ istoriul mesxeTSi.

is ikvlevs sxvadasxva epoqis wyaroebs da askvnis _

`straboniseuli `mosxikes~ (mosxebis qveynis) moTavsebas istoriuli

mesxeTis adgilze ufro gviandeli xanis (Zv.w. I _ ax.w. III ss)

werilobiTi wyaroebic uWeren mxars~ (n. xazaraZe, `ZvelaRmosavluri

da qarTveluri Ziebani~, 2001 w. gv. 222).

Tu `mosxebis qveyana~ _ istoriuli mesxeTia da misi erTi nawili

kolxebis xelSia moqceuli strabonis Tanaxmad, maSin kolxeTi aris

ara dasavleT saqarTvelo, aramed trapizonis mxare _ e.w.

lazistanis aRmosavleTi teritoria, kerZod ki Woroxis xeobis

zRvispira nawili e.w. bolo klarjeTisa zRvispiri da TviTon

klarjeTi. radgan istoriul mesxeTs dasavleTis mxridan

sazRvravda swored md. Woroxis xeobis erT-erTi qedi, romelsac

lazistanisa ewodeba.

istoriuli mesxeTis erTi nawili rom armenielebis mier iyo

dapyrobili strabonis epoqaSi, es Zveli qarTuli wyaroebiTacaa

cnobili. kerZod, pariadres kalTebis CamorTmevis Semdgom iberiasa

da armenias Soris sadavo iyo basiani da tao mtkvris saTaveebamde.

xolo ZvelqarTuli wyaroebis cnobiT, klarjeTis momijnave

istoriuli mesxeTis mxare artaani _ ZiriTadad mudam iberiaSi

Sedioda, isaa erTaderTi qarTuli regioni, romelic erTdroulad

emijneboda lazistans, qarTlsa da somxeTs.

n. xazaraZe askvnis _ `geografiis XI, 2,17-Si, iseve, rogorc XI, 2,18-

Si moxseniebuli `mosxebis qveyana~ (`mosxike~) istoriuli mesxeTis

teritoriazea saZiebeli (iqve, gv. 222).

strabonis `fazisi~ am SemTxvevaSi namdviladaa Woroxi.

n. xazaraZec ase fiqrobs strabonis `mosxikes~ adgilmdebareobis

dadgenis dros. `fazisis saTaved warmodgenilia ara fazis-rionis

saTave, aramed Worox-fazisisa (armenia) (iqve, gv. 212). strabonisa da

pliniusis mixedviT, kolxeTis mdinare fazisis Senakadebi arian

glavkosi da hiposi, (Strabo, XI, 2,17, XI, 3,4, Plin, NH, VI, 13),

klavdios ptolemaiosi glavkoss uwodebs mdinares, romelic

likosTan erTad erTvis afsaros-Woroxs (Ptolem, V, 10,3).

112

pliniusis mixedviT, fazisis saTave mosxebis mTebSia. Woroxis

saTavec mesxebiT yofila dasaxlebuli.

`mosxuri mTebidan~ n. xazaraZis kvleviT, momdinareoben `mesxeTis

mdinareebi: Woroxi da misi Senakadebi TorTumi da bana-fanaskerti.

pliniusis cnobis amgvar interpretacias mxars uWers Semdegic:

solini (ax.w. III s.), romlis Txzuleba ZiriTadad pliniusis

naSromis safuZvelzea dawerili, fazisis, araqsisa da evfratis

saTaveebs erTad ixseniebs. solinis azriT _ `henioxuri mTebi araqss

gadmoRvrian, mosxuri ki _ faziss. araqsi saTaves iRebs evfratis

saTaveebTan axlos~, raki solini mogviTxrobs erT garkveul

regionSi ganlagebuli da ara erTmaneTisagan daSorebuli

mdinareebis saTavebze, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom `fazisis~

saxelwodebiT solini aRniSnavs ara kolxeTis mdinare fazis-rions,

aramed mesxeTis mdinare fazis-Woroxs (Woroxis saTavis siaxlove

araqsis da evfratis saTaveebTan saeWvo ar aris (n. xazaraZe, gv. 223).

n. xazaraZe aseve miiCnevs: `istoriuli mesxeTis teritoriaze

mosxebis qveynis Zieba gamarTlebulia kornelius tacitusis (ax. w. I-

II ss) im CvenebiTac, romlis Tanaxmad mosxebis miwa-wyali armeniis

mezobladaa moTavsebuli (cnobaSi naTqvamia, rom mosxebi Tavs

esxmian armeniis miyruebul adgilebs).

straboniseuli `mosxikes~ zemoT SemoTavazebul lokalizacias

eTanxmeba mosxebis gansaxlebis Sesaxeb arsebuli Zv.w. IV-V

saukuneebis berZnuli wyaroebis monacemebic (n. xazaraZe, dasax.

naSromi, gv. 223).

n. xazaraZe eTanxmeba T. miqelaZes da wers, rom friqses anu lev-

koTeas taZari, saZebnia samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriul

qarTlSi, xolo argonavtebis Tqmulebis kolxeTi saZebnia ara

rionis dablobze, aramed samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi (Woroxis

auzSi) _ `istoriul samreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze.

friqses saxelTan dakavSirebuli Zeglisa da qveynis Ziebis

sasargeblod laparakobs T. miqelaZis is sayuradRebo Teoriac,

romlis Suqze argonavtebis Tqmulebis kolxeTi, ukeT aia-kolxeTi,

saZiebelia ara rionis dablobze, aramed samxreT-dasavleT

saqarTvelos teritoriaze, Woroxis auzSi~ (n. xazaraZe, dasax. naSr.

gv. 224).

marTlac, n. xazaraZis kvlevis Tanaxmad _ `straboni friqsesa da

argonavtebis Txzulebis gmirebis (iazoni, medea, medosi, armenosi da

113

sxva) samoqmedo asparezad warmogvidgens ara rionispira kolxeTs,

aramed mis farglebs gareT (samxreTiT) mdebare regions.

am TvalsazrisiT Semdegi cnobebia sayuradRebo: strabonis

Tanaxmad, friqsesa da iazonis laSqrobis Zeglebi mravlad

moipoveba. geografosi wers: `friqsess miuTiTeben kolxeTisa da

iberiis sazRvarze, xolo iazonisas _ bevrgan armeniis, midiis da

maT mezoblad mdebare qveynebis adgilebSi~ (I, 2,39), straboni

azustebs: `iberiaSi aris erTi patara qalaqi friqsopolisi,

axlandeli idessa, kargad gamagrebuli adgili kolxeTis

sazRvarze~ (XI, 2,18). eratosTeneze (Zv.w. III s.) dayrdnobiT straboni

gvamcnobs, rom iazonma `dastova xomaldi, rodesac kolxebisagan

midioda da armeniasa da midiamde xmeleTiT ilaSqra~.

armeniaSi iazonis yofnaze mis saxelze agebuli taZrebi

laparakoben (XI, 13,10). iazonma TiTqos araqss kalapoti Seucvala

(XI, 14,13). misi Tanamgzavri armenosi armeniis eponomia (XI, 4,8),

TanamgzavrTagan dasaxldnen akiliseneSi, uwin sofenebis

gamgeblobaSi rom iyo, zogic sispiritisSi, armeniis sazRvrebs iqiT,

strabons midiis saxelwodeba medeasa da misi vaJis medosis

saxelidan gamohyavs.

argonavtebis Tqmulebis gmirebis moqmedebis regioni samxreTidan

esazRvreba `mosxikesaTvis~ navaraudev miwa-wyals. `mosxikes~

uSualod emezobleboda farnakes da miTridate pergamonelis

sabrZolo areals, amitomac SeZles maT levkoTeas gaZarcva

istoriuli mesxeTis samxreTiT.

argonavtebis Tqmulebis gmirebi armeniasa da midiaSi gadasulan

uSualod kolxeTidan, maT iberia rom gaevloT, straboni mogvcemda

Sesabamis cnobas (iseve, rogorc mogvca cnoba friqses taZris

iberiaSi arsebobis Sesaxeb). es kidev erTxel miuTiTebs, rom

argonavtebis kolxeTi araa dasavleT saqarTvelo, saidanac

armeniaSi Sesasvlelad maT iberia unda gaevloT. magram Tuki

kolxeTi _ trapizon-Woroxis xeobaa, iqedan armeniaSi Sesvla

SesaZlebeli iyo sxvadasxva gziT, maT Soris ufro cnobili iyo

Semdgom artanuj-artaanad wodebuli gza, romlis erTi mTavari

toti Sedioda armeniaSi, iqidan ki midiaSi. aranakleb cnobili iyo

trapizon_Teodosopolis gza.

n. xazaraZe, iseve, rogorc XX saukunis zogierTi sxva qarTveli

mkvlevari, xSirad laparakobs strabonis cnobebis uzustobebisa da

winaaRmdegobebis Sesaxeb (dasax. naSromi, gv. 211, 216), magram am

114

SemTxvevaSi, Tuki strabonis fazisad CavTvliT Woroxs, misi

`uzustobani~ Semcirdeba. magaliTad, `fazisis saTave armeniaSia~ (im

epoqaSi Woroxis saTave armeniaSi iyo), faziss erTvis glavkosi da

hiposi~ _ wers straboni. Tuki glavkosad CavTvliT artanujiswyals

liganis xevTan axlos (Sdr. `like~, likani, liganisxevi _ likes

axsenebs ptolemaiosi, romelic glavkosTan erTad erTvis Woroxs),

aqac strabonis `uzustoba~ mcirdeba.

straboni wers: magaliTad, `fazisze curva SeiZleba sarapanamde~

(XI, 2,17). Tu Cven gavbedavT da davZlevT tradiciul Tvalsazriss da

CavTvliT, rom sarapana ar aris imereTis Sorapani da sarapanad

CavTvliT Woroxis romelime sanaosno navsayudels (magaliTad ar-

Tvins), maSin aRar visaubrebT strabonis `uzustobebis~ Sesaxeb,

radgan Woroxi d. baqraZis cnobiT namdvilad iyo sanaosno

arTvinamde (masze 200-ze meti brtyelZira navi dacuravda, romliTac

Woroxis xeobis saqoneli _ daxerxili ficrebi da produqtebi

gadahqondaT Savi zRvis portebSi da piriqiT _ Savi zRvis

portebidan ZiriTadad marili da msubuqi saqoneli gahqondaT

arTvinamde).

toponimi Sorapani qarTul samyaroSi mravlad meordeba,

magaliTad, `Sorapani~ erqva qalaq ozurgeTs XV saukuneSi

istoriuli atlasis mixedviT. straboni wers `iberiaSi oTxi

Sesasvlelia: erTi aris kolxuri cixe-simagre sarapanze da masTan

arsebul viwroebze, romelzec fazisi momdinareobs, swrafi da

xmauriani miemarTeba kolxidaSi, romelzec 120 xidiT gaivleba

mixveul-moxveulobis gamo. mravali nakadulebiT warmoiqmneba

(fazisi) zemoT mdebare mTebSi, mravali nakadulisagan, xolo

dablobSi Rebulobs sxva mdinareebs, romelTa Soris aris glavkosi

da hiposi, gavsili da sanaosnod gamosadegi Cadis pontoSi~ (XI, 3,4).

Tu Woroxi (an misi Senakadi) _ fazisia, xolo kolxida _

`klarjeTi da bolo klarjeTisa _ zRvispiria~, iberiaSi

Sesasvleli namdvilad miuyveba Savi zRvidan md. Woroxs, adis

arTvinamde da Semdeg Sedis viwro xeobaSi, romelSic Semdgom

artanuji aigo, artanujidan ki Sedis iberiaSi, anu artaanSi _

kandridis, anu skandis gziT.

Tu am mosazrebas gaviziarebT, strabonis `uzustobac~

aRmoifxvreba. Tu fazisad CavTvliT rions, maSin namdvilad

straboni aRmoCndeba `arazusti~, radganac daWaobebul dablobze

mimdinare da deltebian napirebian rionze amJamadac ki SeuZlebelia

115

120 xidis ageba, magram Tu CavTvliT, rom fazisi aris Woroxi misi

Senakadebi, romelnic miedinebian kldeTa Soris viwro xeobebze,

romlebzec istoriulad iyo gadebuli mravali Zveli TaRovani xidi

(erT-erTi artanujTan, sxvebi mimdebare xeobebis wylebze), maSin

aRar CavTvliT `arazustad~ strabons.

glavkosad da likosad ki SesaZlebelia Woroxis Senakadebi

CavTvaloT, rogorc aRiniSna _ upirvelesad liganis xevi, radganac

Woroxis qveyanas arTvinTan axlos istoriulad `ligani~ erqva _ aq

unda yofiliyo md. likosi, like. aq axlac aris md. `liganis xevi~

(artanujis mxares). cnobilia, rom erT-erTi like gaedineboda

trapezuntis mxares, magram, rogorc etimologiac miuTiTebs _ sxva

mdinare amave saxelwodebiT _ like (likani-ligani) liganis olqSic

gaedineboda.

aRsaniSnavia, rom aRniSnuli mdinareebis lokalizaciis Sesaxeb

amJamad erTiani azri ar arsebobs, ZiriTadad maT Tvlian md. rionis

Senakadebad, aseT SemTxvevaSi straboni Zalze `arazusti~ Cans.

Tu md. hiposs miiCneven cxeniswylad an md. kodorad, an md.

lagvaSad (afxazeTSi) da a.S. xolo fazisad miiCneven md. yvirilasa

da md. rionis Sua da qvemo dinebas, aseT SemTxvevaSi straboni

namdvilad `arazusti~ gamoCndeba. magaliTad, SeuZlebeli xdeba

levkoTeas taZris adgilmdebareobis gansazRvra, radganac igi

mdebareobda aRniSnuli mdinareebis maRla, e.i. maRal adgilze,

zemoT da ara Sors an moSorebiT (n. xazaraZe, gv. 219), amitom

Tvlidnen levkoTead zogi mecnieri awyurs, zogi noqalaqevs, zogi

sairxes, zogi vans, xucubans. zogi mas aTavsebs kolxeTSi, zogi

iberiaSi, zogi kintriSis xeobaSi, adigensa da sxvagan maSin, roca

strabonis mixedviT levkoTea `mosxikeSi~ _ mosxebis qveyanaSia. es

unda iyos, rogorc iTqva, artaanis mxare, romelsac uerTdeba

klarjeTidan _ artaanSi anu kolxeTidan iberiaSi Semavali

istoriuli gza. aRsaniSnavia, rom am mxreebSi, kerZod javaxeTSi,

axlac aris sofeli koTelia, romlis saxeli emsgavseba saxel

levkoTeas.

n. xazaraZe wers: `s. janaSias azriT, cxeniswyalTan hiposis

gaigiveba `nakleb sando Cans~, xolo yvirilasTan glavkosisa

`savsebiT sacilobelia, Tu hipo cxeniswyalia, maSin bunebrivi iqneba

davaskvnaT, rom glavki rionia~ (s. janaSia, fasidi, Sromebi, II, gv.

180). g. meliqiSvili tolobis niSans svams glavkosisa da zemo rions

Soris. iseve, rogorc s. janaSia, gamoricxulad Tvlian yvirilasTan

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glavkosis gaigivebas. o. lorTqifaniZis azriT, ufro marTebulia

glavkosi identificirebuli iqnes rionis marcxena SenakadTan md.

sulorTan. n. lomouri md. glavkoss aigivebs dRevandel md. olTi-

CaisTan, xolo likoss _ dRevandel md. TorTumTan. n. xazaraZe

dasaSvebad Tvlis n. lomouris azrs (n. xazaraZe, dasaxelebuli

naSromi, gv. 228).

Cveni azriT, rogorc iTqva, glavkosi da likosi saZebnia im

arealSi, sadac artanujiswyali uerTdeba Woroxs, artanujiswyalis

SesarTavia liganisxevi. eseni SesaZloa iyvnen glavkosi da likosi

(anda amave arealSi Woroxis sxva Senakadebi), xolo hiposi amave

arealSia saZebni, kerZod, arTvinidan zRvis mimarTulebiT Woroxis

marcxena wyaluxvi Senakadebidan erT-erTi.

saqme isaa, rom Zvel avtorebs, rogorc Cans, ainteresebdaT ara

Woroxis, e.i. fazisis vrceli xeoba mTlianad (es nawili armeniaSi

Semavalad miiCneoda), aramed misi mxolod is nawili, romelic

moicavda fasisTan erTad glavkossa da hiposs (da iqve myof sxva

mdinareebs), radganac mxolod am nawils moicavda kolxida-iberia-

armeniis damakavSirebeli saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis gza, romelzec

SemdgomSi aigo artanujis cixe-simagre, masSi ki konstantine

porfirogenetis cnobiT, Sediodnen (cxadia, aRniSnuli gziT) vaWrebi

iberiidan, armeniidan, siriidan. am gziT SesaZlebeli iyo samxreT

kavkasiis mTeli tvirTebis gadazidva Savi zRvis portebSi da

piriqiT, bizantiuri saqonlisa mcire aziaSi vidre siriamde, Tu ar

CavTvliT Tbilisur da kavkasiur saqonels.

rac Seexeba md. Woroxs, rogorc Cans, mas zemowelSi erqva

akamfsisi, SuawelSi boasi, xolo (md. artanujiswylis) qvemoT

zRvamde _ fazisi, masve, an mis maxlobel mdinares, Cans. afsarosic

erqva _ afsirtes, medeas Zmis, mkvlelobis adgilis saxelis

mixedviT, is am mdinaris SesarTavTan (da ara rionTan) mouklavT.

radganac kolxeTis (Semdegdroindeli lazikis) adgilmdebareobis

gansazRvrisaTvis didi mniSvneloba eniWeba `mesxebis qveynis~

lokalizacias, moviyvanoT uZvelesi cnobebi mesxTa (mosxTa) Sesaxeb.

hekatos mileteli (VI s. qristeSobamde) ixseniebs maT. stefane

bizantielis (VI s. Cveni welTaRricxviT) `eTnikaSi~ vkiTxulobT

`hekatos miletelis Tanaxmad, mosxebi kolxuri tomia da cxovroben

matienebis mezoblad~. nana xazaraZe wers _ `hekatos miletelis

warmodgeniT termin `kolxis~ gavrcelebis areali moicavda md.

Woroxis SesarTavidan samxreTiT mdebare regions. saqme is aris, rom

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matienebis tomis md. Woroxis maRla (CrdiloeTiT) ganvrcobis

Sesaxeb cnobebi ar arsebobs~ (iqve, gv. 258).

kolxebis md. Woroxis SesarTavis samxreTiT cxovrebis Sesaxeb

cnobas gvaZlevs herodote, romelic wers, rom md. TermodontTan

mcxovrebma sirielebma da maTma mezobelma makronebma `mxolod

axlaxan~ iswavles kolxebisagan winadacveTa (II, 104). md. Termodonti

ki miedineba trapezuntis samxreTiT. javaxiSvilis azriTac, `winaT

kolxebi Termodontis axlos cxovrobdnen~ (iqve, gv. 267).

qsenofontis cnobiTac (IV s. qristeSobamde) kolxebis toms

ekuTvnoda teritoria md. Woroxis samxreTiT, trapezuntis raionSi

(iqve, gv. 268). avtori likofroni (III s. qristeSobamde), romlis

komentarebi ioane ceces ekuTvis, werda, rom kolxebs agreTve

uwodebdnen `aziel skviTebs~ da `levkosirielebs~ (iqve, gv. 268),

maSasadame, kolxebi ar iyo erTi tomi, aramed krebiTi saxeli

sxvadasxva modgmis tomebis, maT Soris, semituri warmoSobis

levkosirielebisa, kolxebia mesxebic, romelnic Woroxis xeobaSi

cxovroben.

kolxuri brinjaos nawarmi Zv.w. XIV-XII ss-Si anatoliaSi farTod

gavrcelda (ordus ganZi (1926), sxva mraval adgilas aRmoCenili

brinjaos ganZi, maT Soris arTvinis (Woroxis xeobaSi). nana

xazaraZis kvleviT `mosxuri mTebi~, romlebic strabonis

warmodgeniT kolxeTis samxreT sazRvarze mdebareobda, saZiebelia

trapezuntis CrdiloeTiT... straboni trapezuntsa da kolxeTs

Soris arc erT sxva eTnikur an geografiul saxelwodebas ar

ixseniebs~ (iqve, gv. 310). strabonis mowmobiT `skidise, kldovani mTa~

mosxur mTebs uerTdeba (iqve, gv. 311), skidisi da Semdgomi avtorebis

`skanda~ saxelebi emsgavsebian erTmaneTs.

strabonis Tanaxmad, mtkvars armeniaSi aqvs saTave, magram igi

maSinve Semodis iberiis dablobSi (XII, 3,2) anu kolas olqis

samxreTi somxeTs hqonda mitacebuli, xolo artaani _ iberiaSi iyo.

`mosxuri mTebi~ n. xazaraZes eguleba mtkvris saTaveebTan axlos.

mtkvar-Woroxis wyalgamyofi qedebis adgilas (esaa arsianis da misi

mimdebare qedebi). mtkvris saTaveebis samxreT-dasavleTidan

strabonis cnobiT somxebma daipyres iberiis teritoriebi _

`pariadres kalTebi, xorzene da gogarene (romelic mtkvris gadaRma

aris)~ Zv. w. II saukuneSi (XI, 14,5). strabonisve cnobiT pariadres

mTianeTi yofila wyliT mdidari da tyiani, aq iyo mowyobili meti

wili ganZsacavebisa, pompeusis mier devnili miTridate aq gamoiqca,

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Semdeg iZulebuli gaxda gaqceuliyo mTebis gadaRma _ kolxidaSi,

iqidan ki bosforSi. unda vigulisxmoT, rom man gadalaxa arsianis

qedi da Semdegdroindeli artanujis gziT Sevida Woroxis xeobaSi

`ukuagdo xotenebi da iberebi, romlebic mas isrebiTa da

SurdulebiT abrkolebdnen da gadavida md. afsarosze~, _ wers

apiane. n. xazaraZis kvleviT, Semdgom amave gziT usargeblia vaxtang

gorgasals, roca man Woroxis xeobidan (klarjeTidan) _ artaanis

gavliT mcxeTaSi dabruneba gadawyvita (iqve, gv. 368).

maSasadame, strabonis mier naxsenebi mdinareebi fasisi, glavkosi,

hiposi mdebareobdnen Woroxis xeobaSi, berZnebi `lazikas~

uwodebdnen im qveyanas, romelsac qarTul wyaroebSi erqva

`klarjeTi, bolo_klarjeTisa zRvispiri~. aqvea, istoriuli mesxeTi

_ n. xazaraZis kvleviT.

unda iTqvas, rom klarjeTi /artanujis mxare/ iyo is mesamedi

mesxeTisa, romelic strabonis sityviT, mis dros kolxebis xelSi

yofila moqceuli.

p. ingoroyva mesxeT-kolxeTis Sesaxeb (I s.)

p. ingoroyva wers _ `aRsaniSnavia, rom mesxeTis istoriuli

teritoriebidan kolxebis satomo saxelTan dakavSirebulia

saxelwodeba ara marto klarjeTis (kolarjebis, kolarebis)

mxarisa, aramed mesxeTis zogierTi sxva raionebisa. mag. mesxeTis

mxareTa Soris mtkvris saTaveebSi mdebare raioni _ kola (kora),

romelsac ukavSirdeba satomo saxeli kolxi (kolaeli), variantebis

formiT `koraxi~. plinius sekundes cnobiT, md. mtkvris saTaveebis

mTebis saxeli yofila `koraxi~. kolas ukavSirdeba mdinaris

saxelic `kori~, `koros~. ase erqva mtkvars strabonis cnobiT.

mesxebis Sesaxeb uZvelesi cnoba, romelic ekuTvnis antikuri xanis

119

berZen mwerals qristemde VI saukunisas hekate miletels _ mesxebis

tomi kolxebTanaa dakavSirebuli (fragmenti 188)~ _ (p. ingoroyva,

giorgi merCule, gv. 438).

kolx-mesxebis am miwa-wyalze arsebobda ori lazika, erTi

saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmni iyo, meore ki saeklesio erTeuls

warmoadgenda. pirvels erqva `lazikis samefo~, meores ki lazikis

samitropolito. isini sxvadassxva teritoriebze mdebareobdnen

erTmaneTis mezoblad.

lazikis samefo moicavda miwa-wyals Woroxis SesarTavidan da

zRvispiridn arsianis qedamde (mas qarTul wyaroebSi erqva _

`klarjeTi _ bolo klarjeTisa _ zRvispiri~).

lazikis samitropolito, rogorc aRiniSna, XI s-Si trapezuntis

qaldebis garda, mesxebis tomiT dasaxlebul miwa-wyals moicavda

vanis tbis mimarTulebiT.

rac Seexeba lazikis eparqiebs, isini VI saukunisaTvis ara

lazikis samefoSi, aramed sul sxva mxares, qaldea-lazikaSi

lokalizdebian, kerZod regionSi trapezuntidan arzrumis

(Teodosiopolisis) mimarTulebiT, XI saukunisaTvis, gafarToebis

Semdeg, lazikis samitropolito moicavda teritorias

trapezuntidan zigana-Teodosiopol-vanis tbisaken.

n. adoncis cnobiT aq, qaldebis miwaze, Semdegdroindel zigana-

giumuSxanes regionSi mdebareobdnen lazikis cnobili

saepiskoposoebi (zigana, saisini, rodopolisi, petra).

p. ingoroyva sityvebs `kolxsa~ da `klarjs~ erTmaneTTan

akavSirebs, is ase msjelobs _ `qarTulSi bolokidurs `eli~

enacvleba bolokiduri `ari~. ase magaliTad _ odiSeli _ odiSari,

cxumeli _ cxumari, opizeli _ opizari, olTiseli _ olTisari,

kolaeli _ kolari~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, 1957, gv. 437).

`el~ _ `ar~ _ gamoxatavs imaves, rasac daboloeba `xi~

kolari _ kolaeli _ kolxi

`amrigad, saxelwodebani `kolxi~, `kolaeli~ da `kolari~

identurni arian~ (iqve, gv. 437).

aseve rTuli bgerisagan `rj~, miiReba cal-calke `r~ da `j~. r _

rj.

kolari _ kolarji _ klarji

120

`amrigad, yvela es saxelwodebani `kolxi~, `kolaeli~, `kolari~

da `kolarji~ (klarji) erTi da igive satomo saxelis dialeqturi

sxvaobaa~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, 1957, gv. 438).

`daboloeba `xi~ gamoxatavs imave Sinaarss, rasac daboloeba

`eli~ (p. ingoroyva, gv. 437).

p. ingoroyva wers _ `satomo saxelebSi, romlebic bolovdeba

bolokiduriT `xi~, fuZe-sityva aRniSnavs qveyanas, xolo daboloeba

`xi~ gamoxatavs imave Sinaarss, rasac daboloeba `eli~ (p. ingoroyva,

giorgi merCule, 1957, gv. 437). karduxi, taoxi, kolxi, javaxi da sxv.

e.i. karduxi = kardueli = qaldueli=qarTueli

kolxi = kolaeli = kolarji = klarji

Tu istoriuli lazikis samefo klarjeTs moicavda, maSin

Semdgomi, bagrationebis epoqis, klarjeTis saxelmwifoebrioba

lazikis saxelmwifoebriobis gagrZelebad SeiZleba CavTvaloT.

Zvel berZen-marTlmadidebel episkoposTa ganmartebani

qarTvelTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb

Tesalonikeli arqiepiskoposi evstate (evstaTiosi) ganmartavs ho-

merosis (Zv. w. VIII s.) `iliadas~ adgilebs qarTvelebTan

dakavSirebiT, homerosi Tavis iliadaSi wers _ troas omSi

`halizonebs mouZRodnen odiosi da epistrofosi, Soreuli

alibedan, saidanacaa vercxlis sawyisi~ (II, 856-857).

arqiepiskoposi evstate ase ganmartavs am adgils homerosidan _

`halizonebi xalibebs uwoda (homerosma), xalibebs hqondaT

ganTqmuli vercxlis sabadoebi, axla ki aqvT rkinisa. geografosi

ambobs, rom zogierTni nacvlad `alizonebisa~ weren `alazonebi~

anda `olizonebi~ (antikuri kavkasia, enciklopedia, I, 2010, gv. 49).

121

rogorc `geografosis~ (Cans igulisxmeba straboni), ise

arqiepiskopos evstates TvalsazrisiT xalibebi monawileobdnen

troas omSi da maT aseve ewodebodaT `alazonebi~.

alazonebi aris sawyisi sityvebisa: `lazonia~ (ase erqva olqs

trapezuntis maxloblad) da `lazi~ (ase erqva toms aseve

trapezuntis axlos mcxovrebT), xolo xalibebi igive qaldebi,

qaldeas qveynis mcxovrebni arian. ase, rom qaldebi (saidanac

warmomavlobs sityva `qarTueli~) aseve iwodebodnen lazebadac.

qaldebi da lazebi erTi xalxi iyo. qaldebi da lazebi (qarTvelebi)

mudam erTad ixseniebodnen mweralTa mier.

igive arqiepiskoposi evstate aseve wers erT-erTi qarTuli tomis

_ gargarelebis Sesaxeb. am tomis saxeli (gargari) imiTaa

saintereso, rom misgan unda iyos warmomavali qarTuli provinciis

gugaris saxeli (gugarqi), sityvis fuZe eTanadeba qarTvelTa eTno

fuZes _ `ggr~ (egrisi, argveTi, guria...). gargar _ gugar _ ggr (ar

veTanxmebiT Tvalsazriss TiTqosda gugarqis saxeli modis skviTuri

tomis `gogis~ saxelisagan).

homerosis sxva adgilis komentarSi evstate wers _ `monaTxrobi

irwmuneba imasac, rom gargarelebi _ im xalxis saxelia, romelic

amazonebTan iyo kavSirSi~ (iqve, gv. 50).

amazonebi _ misive sityviT, ara marto meomari qalebis, aramed

qaldebis tomis meomari mamakacebis saxelic iyo, romelnic

Cacmulobisa da grZeli Tmebis gamo zogierTs Turme qalebad

warmoedginaT. SesaZlebelia isic, rom sityva `qaldi~ berZnebs

uTargmnes kidec qarTuli enis Sesabamisad. saxeli `qali~ dedakacs

ewodeba, d (t, T) _ mravlobiTobis niSania, anu Tarjimnis mier

berZenTaTvis saxeli `qaldi~ qarTulidan iTargmna ase _ `qalebi~.

saerTod ki, berZnebs eTnonimebs, hidronimebsa da toponimebsac

uTargmnidnen. magaliTad, grZelTavianTa tomis saxeli ase uTargmnes

_ `makrokefalebi~, uTargmnes aseve `tiliWamiebisa~ da

`girCismWamelTa~ tomebis zedmetsaxelebic.

saerTod, iv. javaxiSvilis kvlevebiT, qaldu anu qaldi iyo im

qveynis saxeli, saidanac, rogorc is werda, warmodgebian

`qarTvelebi, lazebi da svanebi~, anu qaldu _ qarTvelTa uZvelesi

saerTo qveynis saxeli iyo.

qaldus qveynis mcxovrebT, imJamad qaldebi anu xaldebi erqvaT.

Tesalonikeli arqiepiskoposis evstrates ganmartebiT ki qaldebi

igive alazonebi, lazebi arian. anu qarTvelTa saerTo samSoblos

saxeli `alazoniac~ yofila (rogorc iTqva aqedan unda iyos

122

saxelebi arze, arzena (alzena-lazena-lazivi-lazika), arzena-

arsiani, arazani da sxva).

klimens aleqsandrieli (II-III ss.) miiCnevs, rom

pontoszRvispireTSi iberiis mezobeli da maxlobeli amazonebi iyo

ara maincdamainc qalebis tomi, aramed zogadad qaldebisa, is wers _

`iberiis maxloblad qalebi mamakacur saqmes ewevian saxlSi da

mSobiarobis drosac ar toveben saqmes. qali yvelaze mZime samuSaos

drosac ki mSobiare aiyvans xelSi Cvils da saxlSi Seyavs. qalebi

aq arafriT ar Camouvardebian mamakacebs, saxls darajoben,

nadiroben, saqonelsac darajoben~ (iqve, gv. 369). anda wers _

`amazonebi _ skviTuri tomi, vaJkacuri, mamakacuri tomi kolxebis

mezoblad~ (iqve, gv. 369).

xalibebis anu qaldebis Tanametomenive iyvnen maTgan moSorebiT

mcxovrebi karduxebi, igive kordielebi.

es iyo araratis maxlobeli areali, iq, sadac gaCerda noes kido-

bani, amitomac evsevi kesarielic (IV s.), saeklesio istoriis mamac,

exeba am sakiTxs _ evsevi kesarieli wers _ `armenielTa qveyanaSi,

kordielTa mTebze axlac aris SemorCenili mcireodeni naSTi im

xomaldisa~ (antikuri kavkasia, enciklopedia, I, gv. 383).

noes kidobani ara armeniaSi, aramed araratis mTebze - kordielTa

anu qarTvelTa winaprebis qveyanaSi SeCerda.

karduxebis anu kordielTa qveyana daaxloebiT Zv. w. VI s-Si

armenielebma daipyres, amitomac iqauri qarTvelebi `armeniaSi~

mcxovrebni aRmoCndnen.

Zv. w. VIII-VI saukuneebSi vanis tbis piras erTmaneTis mezobeli

qveynebi iyvnen luvia (igive livia) da iberia (iberieli xalxis Zveli

samSoblo). aqedan Cans, iberielebi (igive iverielebi)

nabuqodonosors ufro CrdiloeTiT pontos zRvispireTSi

gadausaxlebia.

gadasaxlebis sakiTxs exeba evsevi kesarieli, is wers _ `abidenes

TxzulebaSi asirielTa Sesaxeb aseTi ram sweria nabuqodonosorze:

_ `megasTenesi ambobs, rom nabuqodonosorma, romelic herakleze met

Zalas flobda, libiisa da iberiis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra da

daipyro ra es qveynebi, nawili mosaxleobisa pontosis marjvena

mxares daasaxla~ (evsevi kesarieli, evangeluri Semzadeba, IX, 41,1,

iqve, gv. 383).

123

evsevi kesarieli imeorebs Zvel cnobebs, rom iberiuli xalxis

erTi nawili Zv. w. VI s-Si samxreTis samSoblodan ufro

CrdiloeTiT _ SavizRvispireTSi dasaxlda. Cans, Tavissave

TanametomeebTan Zvel kolxeTSi. hekatos miletelis cnobiT, Tavis

mxriv, kolxebi da mosxebic erTi xalxi yofila.

igive evsevi kesarieli sxva naSromSi miiCnevs, rom mosoxisagan

warmoiSvnen mosinikebi (mosoxebi da mosinikebi erTidaigive tomia),

xolo sanebi igive sanigebi arian, isini erTi xalxia. is wers _

`mosoxi, saidanacaa mosinikebi... sanebi, romelTac sanikebsac

uwodeben, pontomde arian dasaxlebulni. aq afsarosi da

sebastopolisi, kavsolimani da fasisi uerTdebian erTmaneTs. es

tomebi trapezusamde arian gansaxlebuli~ (iqve, gv. 384-385). CvenTvis

sasaxeloa, rom am tomebis cxovrebas saxelovani saeklesio

moRvaweebi Seexnen.

basili didi (IV s.) axsenebs md. faziss _ qarTveli xalxis

gansaxlebis erTerT ZiriTadi regionis mTavar mdinares. is Tavis

`eqvsTa dReTaSi~ wers `fasisi, romelic kavkasiis mTebidan

moedineba da mravali sxva mdinare CrdiloeTidan evqsinis

pontisaken miedineba~ (basili didi, cxra homilia eqvsdRiurze, III, 6,

iqve, gv. 381).

berZnebi da, Cans, qarTvelebic, mraval mdinares uwodebdnen

fasiss. berZnuli Sexedulebis Sesabamisad wmida, sufTa da sasmelad

saukeTeso mdinaris wyali SeiZleboda wodebuliyo fasisad. aseve,

zogierTi kvleviT, fasisi ewodeboda wmida, saukeTeso,

gansakuTrebuli xarisxis zeTsac. md. fasisis sanapiroebic,

Sesabamisad lamazi unda yofiliyo, xolo hava am mdinaris napiris

saukeTeso. maSasadame, Waobis umoZrao, Slamiani wyali ar

SeiZleboda fasisad wodebuliyo.

am regionSi SesaniSnavi mTis wylebis simravlis gamo, fasisic

mravali iyo. magaliTad, araqsi saTaveebSi fasisad iyo wodebuli.

aseve md. Woroxi, Cqari da sasmelad vargisi mTis mdinare, aseve

fazisad unda yofiliyo wodebuli mdinare likosic anu kelkiti,

romelsac TermeCaic ewodeba (Zveli Termodonti) da aqve iyo qalaqi

Temiskira, es mdinare kolxebis Zveli mosaxleobis qveyanaSi

gadaedineboda, aq ixila qsenofontem tibaranebi da xalibebi. es

mxareebi imJamindel armeniasTan axlos mdebareobda. Cans mis Sesaxeb

wers Temistiosi (IV s).

124

is wers: `me, keTilo Wabuko, mWermetyveluri sityvebi movimke...

pontos sanapiroze, fasisis maxloblad axlacaa Termodoni,

amazonTa sagmiro saqmeebi da Temiskirioni... kolxTa da armenielTa

Soris...~ (antikuri kavkasia, enciklopedia, I, gv. 393). aqve wers, rom iq

`sadac Tesaliidan mosuli argo poetebma ganadides~, unda iTqvas,

rom amJamadac q. TermesTan (e. i. Zvel TermodonTan) axlos aris

heraklesa da iazonis koncxebi, Zvelad, Cans fiqrobdnen rom argom

aq daisadgura.

stefane bizantioneli (VI s.) Tavis eTnikaSi wers qarTul tomTa

Sesaxebac _ `amazonebi _ TermodontTan mkvidri qalTa tomi~ (iqve,

gv. 409).

`...amarantebi _ kolxuri tomi, romelTa qveynidan moedineba

fasisi... araqsi _ armeniis mdinare... afsilebi _ skviTebis tomi,

lazebis mezobeli arianes mixedviT... beqeiri _ skviTuri tomi...

biZerebi _ tomi pontosze, aris biZerTa navsadguric... gargarebi,

tomi, romelic xorciel kavSirSia amazonebTan... gargarene...

gogarene _ adgili kolxTa da iberTa Soris... dardaiebi _

kavkasiasTan mkvidri tomi... dia _ VII qalaqi skviTiaSi, fasisTan,

dioskuriasi _ qalaqi pontosis midamoebSi, romelsac

sebastopolissac uwodeben, adre mas ewodeboda aia... drile _

dasaxleba trapezusTan... heptakometebi _ skidises mTaze mosaxleni,

biZerebsac uwodeben... zigebi _ bosporosTan, Cans maTia

zigopolisic trapezusTan ...Temiskira _ qalaqi TermadonTan...

koraqsebi. kolxebi tomi kolebis maxloblad (koraqsTa kedeli,

koraqsTa qveyana)... kvita _ kolxuri qalaqi, aris sxvac skviTiaSi,

aris ori kolxuri da evropuli, aris qalaqi kvitaioni kretaze...

kolebi = kavkasiasTan mkvidri tomi, qveyana _ kolike... lazebi _

skviTuri tomi, aris sofelic arianosis mixedviT _ Zveli lazike...

makronebi _ dRevandeli sanebi... mosxebi _ kolxuri tomi. matienebis

mezobeli... sanigebi _ abazgebis mezoblad mkvidri skviTuri tomi...

tibarenia _ qalaqi pontosTan, xalibebisa da mosinoikebis

mimdebare... gulmodgined misdeven TamaSsa da sicils da amas udides

bednierebad miiCneven, maTi mezoblebi arian xalibebi da levkosirie-

lebi... taoxebi _ pontosis Sidamxris mkvidri tomi, zogierTebi maT

taoebs uwodeben... fasisi _ aias qalaqi, kolxidis mdinare fasisTan.

daarsebulia miletelebis mier, aris sxva mdinare fasisic _

taprobaneSi... qaldeebi, tomi kolxidis maxloblad... xalibebi _

pontosis midamoebSi, mdinare TermodontTan mcxovrebi tomi, maTze

125

evdoqsosi wers _ `xalibebis qveynidan gaaqvT rkina, romelsac aqeben

wrTobisaTvis gamosadegobis gamo~. homerosi maT halizonebad

ixseniebs katalogSi paflagenielebis Semdeg _ `halizonebs ki

odiosi da epistroposi uZRodaT, Soridan mosulni _ alibedan,

sadac aris vercxlis sabado~, anu Secvlilia damwerloba _

`Soridan xalibedan~, xalibebs samxreTiT armeniebi esazRvrebian~...

(stefane bizantieli, antik. kavkasia, enciklopedia, gv. 418).

taos, basiansa da mimdebare mxareebs rogorc berZnebi, ise somxebi

`iberia~, `iverias~ uwodebdnen da maT mcxovreblebs ki qarTvelebs,

iverielebs uwodebdnen.

patkanov-maris TeoriiT TiTqosda es mxareebi Tavdapirvelad som-

xebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, romelnic SemdgomSi qarTvelebad

gadaiqcnen e. w. `qarTizaciis~ procesis Sedegad, romelic iqaur

somexTa mier qalkedonituri sarwmunoebis miRebam gamoiwvia.

am Tvalsazriss ewinaaRmdegeba Zvel avtorTa cnobebi, romelnic

zemoT iyo moxmobili da gulisxmobs qarTuli tomebis

Tavdapirveladve cxovrebas ara mxolod taosa da basianSi, aramed

ufro samxreTiTac vanis tbidan vidre trapezuntamde, Tumca

arsebobs pirdapiri cnobebic. erTerTia magaliTad VI s-is avtoris

stefane bizantielis naSromi eTnosTa Sesaxeb, kerZod masSi

naTqvamia, rom `obarene~ erqva evfratsa da mtkvars Soris moqceul

teritorias anu taosa da basianis mxareebs.

`obarene~ etimologiurad igive `iberiaa~. aRsaniSnavia, rom am da

mis momijnave mxareebs `iber~ fuZiT mravali saxelwodeba arsebobda,

romelTac sxvaganac vexebiT.

stefane bizantieli wers _ `obarene _ armeniis nawili, romelic

emijneba mdinare evfrats paralelurad mimdinare mdinare kiross

(mtkvars). maT ixseniebs kvadratosic `parTikis~ meeqvse wignSi:

`mdinare kirosis gaswvriv mkvidroben obarenebi da otenebi _

armeniis didi nawilis mosaxleni~ (iqve, gv. 418). aq, Cans, laparakia

taos, basianisa da mimdebare mxareebis mosaxleobis Sesaxeb. maTi

saxeli iberia, maTi qveynis saxeli Sesabamisad _ obarenea. iber-

obarene.

aRniSnul da sxva Zvel marTlmadidebel avtorTa cnobebi ar

eTanadeba e.w. `qarTizaciis Teoriis~ ideas, TiTqosda Crdilo

armeniis mosaxleobis nawili `qarTizaciis~ Sedegad gaqarTvelda,

piriqiT es teritoriebi istoriuli arian-qarTlis ZiriTadi nawili,

Sesabamisad, imTaviTve qarTuli iyo.

126

127

Tavi III

istoriuli arian-qarTlis miwaze somxuri

saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebis daarseba

(wyaroebisa da literaturis mimoxilva)

Zv. w. II s-Si armenielTa mier mitacebuli iberielTa

miwebi strabonis cnobiT

imiertao, basiani da sxva qarTuli olqebi VI-VII ss-Si somxeTis

SemadgenlobaSi imyofebodnen, somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi.

VIII-IX ss-dan iwyeba am regionis saocari feriscvaleba, misi

mosaxleoba gamodis somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciidan da Sedis

qarTuli eklesiis wiaRSi. am faqtma Camoayaliba umarTebulo

Teoria, rom TiTqosda moxda am regionis mkvidri somxuri

mosaxleobis `qarTizacia~-gaqarTvelebma mas Semdeg, rac isini

qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi aRmoCndnen.

Cveni kvleviT, es regioni uZvelesi droidanve qarTvelebiT iyo

dasaxlebuli, radganac arian-qarTlis nawils warmoadgenda Zv. w. II

s-dan armeniis mier dapyrobils.

is armeniisagan gaTavisuflda ZiriTadad aRniSnul VIII-IX ss-Si.

misma mosaxleobam SeZlo qarTuli identobis SenarCuneba da Semdeg

ki warmoCena.

am faqts straboni miuTiTebs.

misi es cnoba faqtiurad gamouyenebelia, amitomac Cven is xSirad

mogvyavs. straboni wers: `mogviTxroben, rom warsulSi armeniis

patara qveyana gafarTovda artaqsiasa da zariadrias omebis Sedegad.

isini iyvnen antioq didis mxedarTmTavrebi, misi damarcxebis Semdeg

ki mefeebi gaxdnen. maT erTad gaafarToves TavianTi samflobelo,

CamoaWres ra irgvliv mcxovreb xalxebs olqebi. kerZod,

iberebisagan miitaces pariadres mTiswineTi, xorZene da gogarene,

romelic kiris meore mxaresaa, xalibebs da mosinikebs CamoaWres

128

kareniti da qserqsene, mcire armeniis mosazRvre nawilebi~

(straboni, geografia, XI, 14, 5).

armenielebma iberebisagan miitaces pariadres mTiswineTi, xorZene

da gogarene anu istoriuli arian qarTlis miwa-wyali, azonis mamis

mamuli. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, cnobas gogarenes adgilsamyofelis

Sesaxeb TviTon iZleva straboni.

gugarqisgan gansxvavebiT gogarene mdebareobda ara mtkvris

marjvena, aramed marcxena sanapiroze, anu mtkvris iqiT, `meore

mxares~- rogorc ambobs straboni.

rogorc mravaljer aRiniSna, strabonis cnobiT, gogarene mtkvris

marcxena sanapiroze unda veZioT da es cnoba dagvexmareba xorZenes

adgilsamyofelis gansazRvrisas, is strabonis cnobidanve Cans, rom

pariadresa da gogarenas Soris mdebareobda. radganac gogarenas

sazRvravda md. mtkvari, amitomac unda vifiqroT, rom xorZene

pariadresa da mtkvars Soris mdebareobda da is (xorZene), unda iyos

istoriuli arian-qarTlis ZiriTadi nawili, esaa teritoria

pariadresa da mtkvars Soris, araqsis xeobiTurT.

mitacebis Semdgom am mxareebSi daiwyo qarTvelebis armenizacia,

sxvadasxva saukuneSi sxvadasxva donisa.

armenizaciis procesi Senelda IX-X saukuneebSi da amave dros aq

daiwyo qarTuli identobis daufaravi warmoCena da aRorZineba.

dasavleT armeniis eTnikuri saxe (Zv. w. II s-dan)

(n. adoncis kvleva wignSi _ armenia iustinianes epoqaSi,

1908, rus. enaze)

bizantiis imperiis administraciul olq `dasavleT armeniaSi~

moeqca is qarTuli mxareebi, romelnic jer kidev qristeSobamde

129

armeniam CamoaWra iberias, pariadres mTis mimdebare qveyana da xor-

Zenes nawili.

strabonis cnobiT am mxareebTan erTad iberebisagan gogarenac

miutacebia somxeTs. marTalia, qarTvelTa samefom gogarena ukan

daibruna, magram aRniSnuli mxareebi (pariadres mTis mimdebare

qveyana da xorZene) aRarasodes dabrunebia saqarTvelos.

aseTi politikuri gadanawilebis Sedegad, bizantiur epoqaSi, am

mxareebSi mcxov­rebi mkvidri qarTvelebi ormxriv asimilacias

ganicdidnen. erTdroulad isini cxovrobdnen bizantiaSic da mis

olq `armeniaSic~, am qarTvelebs Sesabamisad hqondaT ormagi _

berZnuli da somxuri politikuri da kulturuli zewola.

amis Sedegad cxadia, mimdinareobda qarTvelebis asimilacia,

magram, sabednierod, es procesi sakmaod mcire xans gagrZelda,

imdenad, rom rodesac tao-klarjeTis samefom da Semdgom

gaerTianebulma saqarTvelom Tavisi politikuri sazRvari vanis

tbamde miitana _ iqaur qarTvelebs jer kidev axsovdaT TavianTi

eTnikur-erovnuli vinaoba.

vinaobaaRorZinebuli qarTvelebi qmnidnen kidec erovnul qarTul-

qalkedonur saepiskoposoebs am `somxur~ qveyanaSi, romelTac Cveni

Tanamedrove somexi istorikosebi `somxur-qalkedonur~

saepiskoposoebs uwodeben, magram n. adoncis kvlevac ki aCvenebs, rom

dasavleT armenia _ qarTuli warmoSobis qveynebisa da

mosaxleobisagan Sedgeboda.

n. adoncis sityviT, somxuri zewolis Sedegad mkvidri qarTuli

mosaxleobis erTi nawili, jer kidev qristeSobamde qarTuli

miwebis mitacebis dros, daZrula Tavisi sacxovrisidan da ufro

CrdiloeTiT gadasaxlebula _ «к северу были оттеснены также колхи,

мосхи и другие народности» (n. adonci, gv. 395).

`am duRilSi Camoyalibda somexTa nacionaluri saxe~ _ wers n.

adonci (iqve, gv. 395).

somxuri erovneba, misi sityviT, Camoyalibda qristeSobamde

ramdenime saukuniT adre _ somxuri erovnebis maformirebeli

frigielebis (balkanelebis), aseve arameuli tomebisa da armeniaSi

istoriulad mkvidri adgilobrivi qarTveluri tomebis _ mosxebis,

matienebis, sasperiebis, alaridielebis da sxvebis urTierTSereviT.

n. adoncs mohyavs strabonis cnoba, rom antioqos didis (223-187)

orma mxedarmTavarma artaqsiam da zariadram erTmaneTs Soris

130

gainawiles armenia da gamoacxades damoukidebloba, Tumca somexTa

mefeebi iqamdec iyvnen cnobilni.

n. adonci wers _ `somxuri erovneba formirda sxvadasxva tomebisa

da aseve sxvadasxva rasebis elementTa urTierTSereviT. aqemenidTa

teritoria, romelsac Semdgom armenia ewoda, dasaxlebuli iyo

sxvadasxva erovnebebiT, somxebTan erTad. am Sav zRvamde gadaSlil

msxvil sparsul satrapiaSi cxovrobdnen matienebi, sasperiebi da

alarodebi. qserqses laSqrobisas armenielebi frigielebTan erTad

idgnen, xolo alarodebi da sasperiebi erTad, maTTan gverdiT _

mosxebi da tibarenebi, makronebi, mosinikebi, marebi da kolxebi,

utielebi da mikebi _ erTad. 10 aTasi berZnis ukan daxevis dros _

fasianebisa da esperitebis, e.i. saspeirebis, aseve taoxebis miwa _

ukve armeniad iTvleboda da sxva armeniisagan gansasxvaveblad

dasavleTi ewodeboda. mmarTveli anu satrapi erTi nawilisa iyo

tiribazi, meorisa _ oronti (qsenofonte, anabazisi, III, 5,17, IV, 3,4 da

4,4, VII 18,25). mezobeli tomebi am dros sargeblobdnen

damoukideblobiT, kerZod _ karduxebi, xalibebi, qaldeebi,

makronebi, kolxebi, mosinikebi, koiotebi da tibarenebi (iqve, VII, 8,

25). nawilobriv an mTlianad es erovnebebi iqcnen mkvidr

mosaxleobad im teritoriisa, romelic Semdgom eWira armenias~ (n.

adonci, gv. 394).

rogorc vxedavT, TviT adoncis cnobiT, kolxebi, karduxebi,

qaldeebi da sxva qarTvelTa winapari tomebi iyo mkvidri

mosaxleoba dasavleT armeniisa, maT srul asimilacias somex

xalxSi aferxebda romis da bizantiis imperiis siaxlove armeniis

centralur nawilTan, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs is garemoeba, rom

dasavleT armenia umeteswilad aRniSnuli imperiebis xeldebuli

qveyana iyo.

Zalze sainteresoa n. adoncisave cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom somxeTis

Zveli mkvidri mosaxleoba, CamoTvlili tomebi, iyvnen erTi

warmoSobisa, maT hqondaT `sisxlis siaxlove~ (n. adonci, armenia

iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, rus. enaze gv. 394).

rogorc erovnebebi am tomTagan mravali gaqra istoriis asparezi-

dan, magaliTad, alarodebi, saspeirebi, taoxebi, fasianebi, magram ma-

Ti saxelebi daerqvaT maT yofil sacxovris qveynebs, rac asaxa

geografiulma saxelwodebebma _ airarati, speri, tao, basiani (iqve,

gv. 394). maSasadame, n. adoncis azriT _ airarati _ alarodielebis,

131

speri _ saspeirebis, tao _ taoxebis, xolo basiani _ fasianebis

qveyana iyo.

es momenti imiTaa saintereso, rom konstantinopolur noticiebSi

lazikis eparqiaSi gvxvdeba saeparqio saxelwodebani _ fasiani da

sxva saxelebi _ fas, bas fuZeebiT. maSasadame, isini, n. adoncis

mosazrebiT, basianis qveyanaSi mdebareobdnen. marTlac,

pravoslavnaia enciklopedias statiis `somexi qalkedonitebi~

TandarTul rukaze spersa da basianSi mravali eparqiaa aRniSnuli

konstantinopolis sapatriarqos trapezuntis samitropolitoSi.

n. adoncis mixedviT, zariadras da artaqsias dros Camoyalibda

erTiani somxuri ena, romelic xelmisawvdomi iyo mTeli

xalxisaTvis, es gadamwyveti momenti iyo somexi xalxis formaciisa

(iqve, gv. 395).

iberebs im dros armeniam waarTva pariadres mTiswineTi _ tao da

speri, xorZena da gogarena, xalibebisa da mosinikebisagan miitaca

kareniti da darusena, aseve sxva xalxebisagan miwebi (iqve, gv. 395). am

epoqaSi, n. adoncis sityviT _ `CrdiloeTisaken iqnen gandevnilni

aseve kolxebi, mosxebi da sxva xalxebi~ (n. adonci, armenia

iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, rus. enaze, gv. 395).

somxeTs miusakuTrebia aseve kapadokiaSi mcxovrebi kataonebis

miwebi.

saerTod, kapadokielebs siriul samyaros miakuTvneben, berZnebi

maT sirielebs uwodebdnen _ kerZod, TeTr sirielebs sxvebisgan

gansasxvaveblad. kapadokia eTnikurad semitebs ukavSirdeboda (iqve,

gv. 395). strabonis cnobiT, sirielebi cxovrobdnen babilonidan

evqsinis pontomde anu Sav zRvamde (iqve, gv. 396).

n. adonci fiqrobs, rom somxebi ori rasis _ semiti arameelebis

(romelTac semiti kapadokielebi enaTesavebodnen) da frigielebis

urTierTSereviT Camoyalibdnen, aseve SeZles sxvadasxva

adgilobrivi xalxebis asimilireba (iqve, gv. 396).

ioseb flaviusi kapadokielebs mesxebad miiCnevda.

n. adoncis sityviT, `Tavdapirvelad armenia dasaxlebuli iyo

sxvadasxva satomo jgufebiT _ karduxebiT, mosxebiT, saspeirebiT da

sxva. Zv.w. VII s-Si kimerielebis Semosevam Tavisi sacxovrisidan

daZra frigieli somxebi, maT gadalaxes evfrati da Seuties

adgilobriv mosaxleobas, romelTa nawili darCa CrdiloeTSi,

nawili ki samxreTSi. maT Sua mcxovrebi damorCilebuli zoli

132

Seeria gamarjvebul frigiel somxebs. Semosulebisa da mkvidrebis

urTierTSereviT Seiqmna somxuri erovnebis birTvi~ (n. adonci,

armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, rus. enaze, gv. 398).

n. adonci SeniSnavs, rom somxeTis samxreTiT da CrdiloeTiT

mcxovrebi kardu-karduxi-kordusioni-gorduen-qarTu-qarTueli-

qarTveli _ erTi eTnikuri warmoSobis xalxis saxelia (n. adonci,

armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, gv. 398, SeniSvna 1).

amasTanaveo, wers adonci _ `amJamad uaryofilia mosazreba

TiTqosda karduxebi qurTebis winaprebi iyvnen. qurTebi Zvelad

ixsenieboda sxva saxeliT~ _ da ganagrZobs armeniis CrdiloeTiT da

samxreTiT mcxovreb tomTa saxelebis msgavsebaTa Sesaxeb msjelobas

_ CrdiloeTiT cxovrobdnen xalibebi, samxreTiT xaldebi,

strabonTan ixsenieba ori olqis saxeliT _ sasperitebi, erTi speri

_ Woroxze (herodotes sasperitebi, qsenofontes _ esperitebi), xolo

meore _ samxreTSi, tigrosis axlos _ Tanamedrove Supria. yvela am

xalxebma tigran didis imperiaSi SeZles gaerTmniSvnelovneba

imdenad, rom mTeli mosaxleoba laparakobda saerTo (somxur) enaze

(gv. 399).

saerTo-erovnuli enis SemuSaveba gardamtexi etapi iyo im

qveynisaTvis, sadac iqamde aseTi simravle iyo tomebisa da

erovnebebisa (gv. 399).

adamianis mdgomareoba sxvadasxva tomobriv garemoSi albaT isa-

zRvreboda sisxlismieri naTesaobiT ama Tu im sagvareulos mimarT.

n. adoncis cnobiT, somxurma sagvareulo saxelwodebebmac ki

SeinarCunes Tavisi pirvelqarTuli warmomavloba.

magaliTad, cnobili sagvareulos xorxorunebis sagvareulo

tituli iyo `malxazi~, rac saerTod mflobels, Tavads niSnavs. es

tituli, n. adoncis sityviT, amodis qarTuli sityvidan `saxli~,

fuZe `axl~, amave fuZidanaa somxuri `alaxin~ _ moaxle (n. adonci,

armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, rus. enaze, gv. 400). [Sdr. gvari

okribaSi _ xorxomeliZe].

bagratidebis meore sagvareulo tituli iyo _ aspet. n. adonci mas

miiCnevs qarTuli uflis, sparsuli sepuris (uflis wulis)

gadmonaSTad.

WaneTis, speris da taos Tavdapirveli didebulebis mamikonianebis

sagvareulo termini iyo `mamiki~, rac ukavSirdeba qarTul sityva

`mamas~, e.i. saxlis mama, mamasaxlisi.

133

faustis cnobiT, mamikonianebs TavianTi sagvareulo gamohyavdaT

Wenebidan, anonimis sityviT, WeneTi iyo CineTi. TiTqos iqidan mo-

xvdnen isini taoSi. sinamdvileSi `Tavdapirveli tradiciiT, WeneTis

qveS igulisxmeboda ara Cinelebi, aramed Wanebi, taosTan _

mamikonidebis sagvareulo olqTan axlos mcxovrebni (gv. 403). maTgan

iyvnen gamosulni orbelianebi (gv. 404). es araa sakvirveli, radganac

bagratidebi speridan iyvnen saqarTveloSi gadasulebi (n. adonci,

armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, rus. enaze, gv. 404).

somxuri `ter~ da sxva terminebi n. adoncs qarTuli sityvidan

`ufali~ (mamaufali, dedaufali, mefe, mamfali) gamohyavs.

zemoCamoTvlili terminebi (malxazi, arpeti, mamaki, ter) somxeTis

iberiuli zolis naxararTa wridanaa aRebuli.

aqedan Cans, rom dasavleT armenia da sxva ufro didi olqebic _

qarTuli warmoSobis tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, romelTac kvali

daaCnies somxur enas.

maT TavianTi warmoSoba icodnen kidec.

n. adonci wers armeniis qarTvelebis Sesaxeb _ `rogorc ar unda

asimilirebuliyvnen isini, saboloo jamSi, mainc inarCunebdnen

TavianT kolorits~ (gv. 415).

Cveni azriT, n. adoncisTvis `koloriti~ iyo armenizebul

qarTvelTa TviTSemecneba imisa, rom isini eTnikurad qarTul wres

ekuTvnodnen, miTumetes V-VII saukuneebSi, roca maTi asimilacia ar

iyo Zalze Sors wasuli. am mizezis gamo armeniis garSemo

Camoyalibda oTxi TavisTavadi mcire politikuri sxeuli _

bdexSebis samflobeloebi _ maT Soris gogarena da arzanena (gv. 416).

gogarena qarTul saxes inarCunebda.

armeniis samxreTiT mcxovrebi kurtebi (qurTebis winaprebi) da

karduxebi (qarTvelTa monaTesaveni) n. adoncis sityviT, somxebis

gavlenis qveS aRmoCdnen (gv. 418). aseve maTi mezobeli matienebi

kaspiis zRvisken.

gelebis da karduxebis gverdiT cxovrobdnen utiebi, isini

(karduxebi) Tavdapirvelad utiebis samxreTiT cxovrobdnen, Semdeg

CrdiloeTiT, maTTan erTad CrdiloeTiT gelebic gadasaxldnen (n.

adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, rus. enaze, gv. 420).

n. adoncs albaneTis somxur olqad miaCnia siuni-sivnieTi, Tumca

isini somxebisgan gansxvavdebodnen (gv. 423).

utielebis mezoblad cxovrobdnen mTidan Camosuli gargarebi,

isini gardmanTanac cxovrobdnen. sabolood, yvela am eTnojgufis

134

`infiltracia~, e.i. armenizacia mimdinareobda SemdegSic (n. adonci,

armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, rus. enaze, gv. 425).

n. adoncis gamokvlevebidan Cans, rom somxeTis gare mxareebi, mi-

Tumetes dasavleT armenia, sadac trapezuntis lazikis

samitropolitos saepiskoposoebi mdebareobdnen _ qarTvelTa

istoriuli sacxovrisi iyo, maTma mniSvnelovanma nawilma SeZlo

eTno da erovnuli vinaobis SenarCuneba, rogorc nerse somexTa

kaTalikosis dros, ise mis Semdeg: tao-klarjeTis qarTvelTa

samefos Zliereba am Segnebas efuZneboda.

istoriuli qarTuli olqebi armeniaSi

(n. adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, rus. enaze)

1. `qveyana CrdiloeTisa~ (IV s.)

romis imperia administraciuli mmarTvelobis mxriv IV s-sTvis

iyofoda oTx prefeqturad. prefeqti Tavis xelSi aerTianebda

samoqalaqo da samxedro uwyebebs.

n. adoncis sityviT, romis imperiis msgavsad, sparseTic oTx

`kustad~ _ administraciul erTeulad iyofoda (n. adonci, armenia

iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, rus. enaze, gv. 217). eseni iyvnen

`aRmosavleTi~, `dasavleTi~, `samxreTi~ da `CrdiloeTi~.

CrdiloeTis anu kavkasiis kusti (mxare) Tavis mxriv 13 qveynad

(Saxrad) iyofoda, maT Soris iyo iberia, anu sparsulad _ `varjani~,

albaneTi anu `rani~, somxTi anu `armenia~.

ase rom, qarTul wyaroebSi xSirad naxsenebi `CrdiloeTis qveyana~

unda gulisxmobdes sparseTis imperiis kavkasiis mxares da kerZod,

ki mis erT nawils, am SemTxvevaSi _ saqarTvelos.

iberias zaqaria ritori uwodebs gurzans.

gurzani-varjani (gorjani, gurjani, gorgani) da gurzani

etimologiurad axlosaa erTmaneTTan da maTi saerTo fuZe-Ziri aqvT

135

_ `gr~, `rg~. igive fuZe-Ziri `gr~ udevs safuZvlad qarTul mxareTa

saxelebs _ `egrisi~, `gugarqi~, `gogarena~, `guria~, `argveTi~,

aqedanaa berZnuli saxeli _ `georgia~ da sxva yvela dasaxeleba, rac

ki mezobelma da ucxo erebma daarqves qarTvelTa qveyanas,

maSasadame, fuZe-Ziri `gr~ an `rg~ qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodebis

eTnofuZea.

zaqaria ritori wers, rom `CrdiloeTis mxareebSi xuTi morwmune

xalxia, maT 24 episkoposi hyavT da maTi kaTalikosi dvinSi

cxovrobs. sparsuli armeniis dedaqalaqSi, mis Semdegaa gurzani _

armeniis qveyanaSi, romelTa ena berZnuls miagavs, maT qristiani

mTavari hyavT, romelic sparseTis mefes emorCileba. Semdeg aranis

qveyanaa, armeniis qveyanaSi, Tavisi eniT, xalxi monaTlulia, Semdeg

sisakanis qveyanaa, Tavisi eniT, morwmuneni, maT Soris warmarTebic

arian, Semdegi qveyana bazguni, Tavisi eniT, kaspiis zRvasTan~ (n.

adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, rus. enaze, iqve, gv. 219).

2. gogarena, korduena da basiani (V-VII ss.)

(n. adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, rus. enaze)

n. adoncis sityviT, I aTaswleulis somxur saerisTavo siebSi

erisTavebi (naxararebi) pativis mixedviT arian Camowerilni. maT

Soris aRiniSnebian erisTavi bagratunebi, taSiris erisTavebi da

sxvani.

nerses kaTalikosis dros, 555 wels Semdgar krebas eswreboda 32

erisTavi. sebeosis somex mefeTa erisTavebis siaSi ixsenieba taos

erisTavi da aseve basianis erisTavi.

xorenacis cnobiT, somexTa mefe gansakuTrebiT ajildovebda

bagratun erisTavebs.

st. orbeliani mogviTxrobs, rom somxeTis mefem daniSna Tavisi

qveynis oTxi bdexSi _ aRmosavleTSi iyo siunis bdexSi Tavisi _ 21

erisTaviT, CrdiloeTSi _ gogarenisa (`gogaris~) _ 22 erisTaviT,

dasavleTiT `kordu~-sa _ 21 erisTaviT da samxreTiT angelenis

(`angelis~) bdexSi _ 22 erisTaviT (n. adonci, armenia iustinianes

epoqaSi, 1908, rus.enaze, gv. 254).

gogarena (somxurad gogari) da korduena (somxurad `kordu~) _

qarTuli qveynebi iyo, misi qarTuli mosaxleoba iqamdec da

Semdgomac somxdeboda, qarTvelobis SenarCuneba somxuri samefos

SigniT uZnelesi da TiTqmis SeuZlebeli saqme iyo (iqve, n. adonci,

gv. 292).

136

faustis cnobiT, taos olqs marTavdnen mamikonianebi, _ xorenacis

mixedviT somexTa mefis mTavarsardlebi. Semdeg, IV s-dan, isini

taronSi gadavidnen, sadac, Cans, ukve cxovrobda qarTulenovani

mosaxleoba, radganac xorenacisave sityviT, maStocis mier qarTuli

anbanis Sesaswavlad Camoyalibebul qarTvel bavSvTa jgufs

aswavlida taroneli muse, cxadia qarTuli enis mcodne.

berZen-romaeli avtorebi icnoben `fasians~ (basians) da isini

basians fasianad moixseniebdnen.

basianis erTi nawili iyo vanandi da mas, xorenacis sityviT, zemo

basiani erqva (n. adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, rus. enaze,

gv. 300).

basians Tavisi erisTavi marTavda.

airarati mefis domeni iyo, bagrevandi _ bagratidebs ekuTvnoda.

n. adoncis sityviT _ `kotaia cnobili iyo ptolemeosisaTvis, mag-

ram is somxur literaturaSi pirvelad gvxvdeba sebeosTan VII s-Si~

(n. adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, rus. enaze, gv. 302).

kotaia iyo gavari, anu qveyana airaratis provinciaSi. kotaias

amJamad zangibasari hqvia. is aris md. razdan-zangis xeobaSi.

safiqrebelia, rom tao xorZenas nawili iyo.

sityva `xorZena~ etimilogiurad axaloa sityva `arzenasTan~,

romelsac konstantine porfirogeneti uwodebda arzrum-artanujis

mxares.

safiqrebelia, rom sityva `xorZena~ Semdeg, X saukunisTvis, sityva

`arzenad~ iqca, is erqva taos momijnave mxareebs. xorZena strabonis

cnobiTac iberebis istoriuli mxare iyo, Sesabamisad qarTvelebiT

dasaxlebuli somexTagan mitacebis Semdegac. strabonis dros is

gacilebiT didi, gogarenamde (mtkvramde) ganvrcobili qveyana iyo

(aRsaniSnavia, rom stabonis epoqaSi gogarena mtkvris iqiTa anu

marjvena sanapiros teritorias erqva, xolo adoncis wyaros cnobiT,

gogarena ufro vrcel teritoria moicavda).

137

3. iveria, persarmenia da persiberia (IV-VI ss.)

(n. adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, rus. enaze)

sparsuli armeniis sazRvrebi IV-VI ss-Si e.w. `marzpanobis~ dros

aseTi iyo:

persarmenia moicavda Semdeg provinciebs _ taiqi, taroni,

airarati, vaspurakani da siuniqi.

taroni da vaspurakani mdebareobdnen vanis tbasTan, airarati –

sparsuli armeniis centrSi, xolo mis dasavleTis mxares _

persarmeniis `iveria~ anu tao (taiqi) mdebareobda, am iverias

dasavleTiT esazRvreboda lazika.

arsebobda aseve `Tavisufali iveriac~, is persarmeniis iveriis

CrdiloeTiT mdebareobda. misi nawilebi iyo _ kola, artaani,

javaxeTi, gugarqi.

taiqis samxreT-dasavleTiT `I armenia~ mdebareobda (ix. ruka prav.

encikl., I, gv. 75).

maSasadame, iveria or nawilad iyo gayofili _ tao persarmeniaSi

Sedioda, kola, artaani, javaxeTi da gugarqi qmnida sxva,

`Tavisufal~ iverias da sadavo iyo bizantia-sparseTs Soris.

n. adonci `marzpanuls~ uwodebs arSakidebis Semdegdroindel

somxeTs, radganac qveyanaSi ijda sparseTis Sahis warmomadgeneli _

marzpani. misi dedaqalaqi iyo qalaqi dvini, romelsac aRmosavleT

somxeTisTvis iseTive mniSvneloba hqonda, rogorc dasavleT som-

xeTisTvis Teodosiopolissa da iq mjdar romis warmomadgenels _

komits.

CrdiloeTiT marzpanuli somxeTis sazRvari aRwevda kangaramde,

`Tavisufali iberiis~ sazRvramde. lazaris cnobiT, sparseTTan

mebrZoli iberiis mefe vaxtangi aq eloda damxmare somxebs. vaan

mamikonidi daexmara vaxtangs, somxuri jari mivida iveriis mefesTan

da banaki dasca kangaris kantonSi. kangari gugarenis olqSi

138

Sedioda, maSasadame, gugarena somxeTis gareT mdebareobda _

iberiaSi (n. adonci, armenia..., gv. 222).

imJamad, dasavleTiT somxeTs esazRvreboda kolas olqi,

sasazRvro punqtad iTvleboda kola, xolo tao (taiki) mTlianad

somxeTSi Sedioda.

tao, mis gverdiT mdgar qarTul provinciebTan erTad, Seadgenda

persarmeniaSi Semaval `arasuverenul iverias~ da imyofeboda

mZlavri somxuri saeklesio-kulturuli gavlenis sferoSi. misi

iveriuli mosaxleoba mxolod Sinaur-saojaxo wreSi axerxebda

qarTuli identobis gamJRavnebas, sazogadoebriv-administraciul

sferoSi ki, viTarca persarmeniis mcxovrebi, armenielad miiCneoda.

arSakidebis dros albaneTis mxares somxeTis sazRvari iyo md.

mtkvari. marzpanobis dros sazRvari q. xalxalTan gadioda. xalxali

albaneTSi mdebareobda mtkvris marjvena mxares (n. adonci, armenia

iustinianes epoqaSi, gv. 223).

sparsul jars albaneTidan xalxalamde mtkvari unda gadaevlo.

n. adoncis azriT, xalxali aris md. zagemze mdebare amJamindeli

TaTruli sofeli xilxila. maxloblad arsebobda aseve meore

msgavsi saxelis punti _ `xilxala~, romelic iv. javaxiSvilis 1923

wlis rukis mixedviT mdebareobda nuxpato-SeqTan axlos, amJamindel

sofel `filfilasTan~ axlos. (saxeli filfila albanur tom

`lfinebis~ saxelTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli). aqvea punqti

xalxali da aqve unda yofiliyo punqti gulgula.

aRsaniSnavia, rom hereTis sazRvrad vaxuSti batoniSvils miaCnda

punqti gulgula. saxelebi filfila, xalxali/xilxila,xilxala/ da

gulgula msgavsni arian. vaxuStis masze aTasi wlis winandeli

punqtis adgilmdebareoba rom ganesazRvra ara TelavTan, aramed

filfila-xalxalTan, maSin hereTis sazRvari gadaiwevda

aRmosavleTiT da daemTxveoda albaneTisas.

n. adoncis sityviT, IV s-Si somxeTma dakarga mravali ganapira

mxare, Cveni azriT, amis ZiriTadi mizezi iyo am mxareTa mosaxleobis

eTnikuri gansxvaveba somxebisagan. isini (ganapira mxareebi) _ ar

iyvnen somxuri olqebi, rogorc mravaljer iTqva.

marzpanuls n. adonci aseve uwodebs meore saxels _ tanuteruli

somxeTi. mas aseve vaspurakanulsac uwodebs.

vaspuri _ erqva sparseTis cnobil gvarebs, aqedan vaspurakani. n.

adoncis sityviT, _ `armeniis Tanatoli administraciuli sidideebi

139

iyvnen iberia, albaneTi, atropatena, adiabena, da aravastani~ (iqve, gv.

221).

misive sityviT, musulmani avtorebi `armeniis~ qveS igebdnen ara

mxolod armenias, aramed aransa da saqarTvelos (n. adonci, armenia

iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, rus. enaze, gv. 242). e.i. aransa da iverias, am

iveriis qveS ki ZiriTadad `arasuverenuli iveria~ anu tao-basiani

miiCneoda. aRsaniSnavia, rom persarmeniaSi mdebareobda olqi

persiberia, rac Cans Cvenamde moRweuli III msoflio krebis

masalebidan. am krebaSi monawileobas iRebda persiberieli `ieremia

urhaeli, qarTveli marTlmadidebeli~, nestorianobasTan mebrZoli,

iberiis sparsuli nawilidan, anu persiberiidan (k.kekeliZe, etiudebi,

I, 52-62).

persiberia, anu `sparsuli iberia~ unda rqmeoda imJamad

persarmeniaSi Semaval tao-basiansa da mimdgom mxareebs.

4. somxebis gadasaxleba persarmeniidan

bizantiur somxeTSi V-VI ss.

(n. adonci)

arian-qarTlis miwebis didi nawili iustinianes epoqaSi

persarmeniad iwoda.

n. adonci wers _ `imperiuli TvalsazrisiT, imperiis interesebis

dacvis mizniT somxebis gadasaxleba dasavleTiT Zalze sasurveli

iyo. TviT imperatorebi axalisebdnen am moZraobas. magaliTad,

imperatori mavrike. somxebis CasaxlebiT imperiam didad isargebla,

somxebi bizantias emsaxurebodnen TavganwirviT. samSoblos

politikuri cxovrebis SeboWili CarCoebidan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg

mTeli maTi Zalebi ifurCqneboda. somxebma saxeli gaiTqves

saxelmwifo cxovrebis bevr sferoSi, samxedrosa Tu samoqalaqoSi.

maTgan gamovidnen saxelganTqmuli pirebi, romlebsac imperiis

winaSe Zalze mniSvnelovani damsaxurebebi hqondaT. mravali somexi

brwyinavda TviT saimperatoro taxtze da saTaveebic ki daudes axal

dinastias (somxuri cxenosani jari ibrZoda imperiis Soreul

mxareebSi saxelmwifos samxedro didebisTvis). Zalze mniSvnelovani

iyo somxebis roli kulturul-sulier cxovrebaSi, imperiisTvis

140

mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli istoria _ xatmebrZoluri moZraoba

daiwyo imperiis aRmosavleT mxareebSi didwilad somxebis simpaTiiT

da mfarvelobiT.

imperiaSi somxebis gansaxlebam TviT somxeTs naklebi sikeTe

moutana, radganac somxeTi icleboda adamianuri resursebisagan.

imperiaSi midiodnen unariani, mxne Zalebi, iseTi niWis mqone pirebi,

romelTac SeeZloT imperiis mRelvare talRebze Tavis daWera.

somxuri aristokratiis naRebi, naxararebis ojaxebi eSurebodnen

dedaqalaqSi da alamazebdnen saxelmwifo moRvaweTa rigebs~ (n.

adonci, somxeTi iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, gv. 205).

imperiaSi somxebi iseT Zalas warmoadgendnen, rom zogjer TviT

imperatoris winaaRmdeg awyobdnen SeTqmulebebs imperiisave

dedaqalaqSi da aryevdnen kidec saimperatoro taxts, magaliTad, n.

adoncis sityviT, 548 wels somxebma moawyves SeTqmuleba

dedaqalaqSi imperator iustinianes winaaRmdeg. SeTqmulebas

meTaurobda somexi mxedarTmTavari artavani, romelmac bizantias

dideba moupova liviis omSi, roca mokla tirani honorisi. n.

adoncis cnobiT, prokofi kesarieli artavanis motivs xsnis imiT,

rom misi samSoblo armenia dapyrobili iyo, amitom mas somxebi

sayvedurobdnen umoqmedebas. meore somexi didebuli narsesi

iustinianes epoqis udidesi figura iyo, Tavisi gamarjvebebiT

daCrdila valerianes samxero geniac ki.

somxuri problemebis gamo Sewuxebuli iustiniane sparseTis Sahs

Txovda, maT Soris mcxovrebi somxebi rogorme daemorCilebinaT

saerTo ZaliT. is werda _ `somxebi daumorCilebeli xalxia, da

marad Cveni mtrebi arian, maTgan mudam SeSfoTebulebi varT~ (iqve,

gv. 206).

qarTizaciis Teoriis momxreTaTvis ismis kiTxva, Tuki somxebis

sulier-erovnuli siZliere or imperias aSfoTebda, maSin ase Zlieri

xalxi rogor `qarTveldeboda~ somxeTisave gavlenis qveS myof

taoSi, anda klarjeTSi?

pasuxi aseTia _ somxebi somxeTSi ki ar gaqarTveldnen, aramed,

sinamdvileSi armeniis iberiul zolSi mcxovrebma armenizebulma

qarTvelema armeniis dasustebisas arabobis epoqaSi gabedes da

sajarod aRiares TavianTi eTnikur-erovnuli vinaoba, TavianTi

qarTveloba, anu somxebi ki ar gaqarTveldnen, aramed armeniaSi

mcxovrebma qarTvelebma Tavi daaRwies TavianTi armenizaciis

saukunovan process, srulad aRidgines erovnuli cnobiereba.

141

`oTxi armenia~ xalibebis yofil miwaze (IV-VI ss.)

(ПЭ, I)

somxebi iustinianes epoqaSic mravlad esaxlebodnen

persarmeniidan bizantiur somxeTSi. dasavleT armenia ZiriTadad

qarTuli tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. es tomebi ar iyvnen

gaerTianebulni, erTmaneTs ebrZodnen kidec, somxebi ki maTTan

SedarebiT erTiani da mizandasaxuli xalxi iyo, amitomac

gauadvildaT regionSi dominant eTnosad qceva. aman Tavisi asaxva

pova kidec regionis im saxelebSi, romelic iustinianem daarqva maT,

esenia pirveli, meore, mesame da meoTxe armeniebi.

IV-VI ss-saTvis bizantiuri armenia iyofoda oTx did nawilad.

`pirveli armenia~ iyo bizantiuri provincia Savi zRvis samxreT-

aRmosavleT sanapiroze _ trapizonis qvemoT, romlis dedaqalaqi

iyo Teodosiopolisi, igive karini (qarTuli karnu-qalaqi), mas

CrdiloeTiT esazRvreboda tao (iveria) da nawilobriv lazika.

dasavleTiT Savi zRva, aRmosavleTiT sparsuli provincia `sparsuli

armenia~ (persarmenia), samxreTiT `meore armenia~ da aseve `meoTxe

armenia~.

`meore armenia~ (`armenia meore~) mdebareobda `pirveli armeniis~

samxreTiT, md. evfratis marjvena sanapiroze.

`mesame armenia~ (`armenia mesame~) mdebareobda evfratis marjvena

sanapiroze, mas marjvnidan esazRvreboda bizantiuri provincia

`mesopotamia~.

`meoTxe armenia~ mdebareobda `pirveli armeniis~ samxreTiT vanis

tbis siaxloves, am yvela `armeniebis~ Sua.

`persarmenia~ moicavda araqsis xeobas da mis garda somxur-

sparsul provinciebs taiqs, tarons da airarats. persarmenia

politikurad VI saukunis bolosaTvis orad iyofoda _ bizantiuri

persarmenia (saeklesio centri avani) da sparsuli (dvini). sparsulSi

Sedioda siuniki da vaspurakani (pravoslavnaia enciklopedia, I, gv.

75, rus. enaze).

persarmeniis taos aseve uwodebdnen iverias.

142

`armeniebis~ erTi nawili somexTa garda erTmaneTTan mebrZoli

mkvidri qarTuli tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, armenielebi maT

qveyanaSi misuli fena iyo, ufro urTierTSekavSirebuli da Zlieri,

qarTvelebi ki ar iyvnen konsolidirebulebi, miuxedavad amisa maTSi

imdenad mZafri yofila eTnoidentobis SegrZneba, rom arabTa

batonobis Sesustebisas tao-basianma da sxva mxareebma SeZles

qarTul-erovnuli vinaobis aRdgena. tao (taiqi) _ `pravoslavnaia

enciklopedias~ somxur-sparsul provinciad miaCnia, sinamdvileSi ki

is airaratTan da Cans, taronTan erTad sparselTa da somexTa

politikur-saeklesio gavlenis sferoSi iyvnen moqceulni

iustinianes dros.

143

Tavi IV

qarTuli TviTSemecnebis aRorZineba Crdilo

da dasavleT armeniaSi

dasavleT armeniis xalxSi eTnoidentobis

Ziebis Sedegi (IX-X ss.)

kvleva erovnuli identobisa rTuli saqme iyo Sua saukuneebSi.

zogjer xdeboda ise, rom erT romelime xalxSi ikveTeboda

jgufi, romelic sabolood iqceoda xolme sxva xalxad da Sordeba

Zvel ers. amis mizezi SeiZleba sxvadasxva yofiliyo. SeiZleba

ramdenime magaliTis dasaxeleba. osmaleTis uzarmazari

saxelmwifos mosaxleoba `berZnebs~ uwodebda slavuri warmoSobis

xalxebsac (maT Soris vTqvaT bulgarelebs, vlaxebs da a.S.). mizezi

amisa iyo is, rom Camoyalibebis Semdeg ramdenime saukunis manZilze

osmaleTis imperiam Tavisi kanonebis Tu adaTis Sesabamisad

`berZnul TemSi~, mileTSi, gaaerTiana yvela marTlmadidebeli da

isini erT centrs _ konstantinopolis berZnul sapatriarqos

dauqvemdebara, sabolood puSkinis epoqaSi rusuli wreeebi (XIX s.

dasawyisSi) saerTaSoriso asparezze avrcelebdnen mtkicebulebebs,

rom sinamdvileSi osmaleTis `berZnebis~ umravlesoba, ara eTnikuri

berZnebi aramed `slavebi~ iyvnen. SemdegSi ki marTlac moxda am

slavebis TviTgamorkveva da am religiuri `berZnebidan~ TandaTan

gamoikveTnen bulgarelebi, serbebi Tu vlaxebi.

amJamadac, rogorc cnobilia, qristiani lazebi TavianT Tavs `ber-

Znebs~ uwodeben, magram Tu ki raime mizezis gamo maTSi daiwyeba

eTnikuri identobis Ziebis procesi, SesaZloa berZnebis am

nawilisagan axali `lazi xalxi~ Camoyalibdes, miTumetes, rom

arseboben musulmani lazebi, romelnic saerTod ar Tvlian TavianT

Tavs berZnebad.

msgavsadve, SesaZlebelia amJamindeli laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi

Sida identobis Ziebis Sedegad gamoikveTos indielTa axali xalxebi

144

anda eTnojgufebi, romelnic SemdgomSi warmoCndebian, rogorc

damoukidebeli nacionaluri xalxebi.

daaxloebiT msgavsadve `dasavleT armeniis~ mkvidrma mosaxleobam

IX-X saukuneebSi, eTnoZiebis Sedegad daaskvna, rom isini iyvnen ara

eTnikuri somxebi, aramed iberielebi, eniT, kulturiT, warsuliT da

sxva erovnuli TvisebebiT. tao-baianisa da axlo mxareebis

mosaxleobam eTno-TviTgamorkveviT aRidgina qarTul-erovnuli

eTnoidentoba da ara e.w. `qarTizaciis~ Segegad.

qarTvelTa TviTSemecnebis aRorZineba

dasavleT armeniaSi

VIII-IX ss-Si tao-basianisa da mimdebare kuTxeTa mcxovrebT

qarTuli identoba CamouyalibdaT ara e.w. qarTizaciis procesis

Sedegad, rogorc miiCneva sabWoTa epoqis istoriografiis gavleniT,

aramed iqamde minavlebuli erovnuli TviTSemecnebis aRorZinebis

Sedegad. qarTvelebi tao-basiansa da e.w. dasavleT armeniaSi

armenielebis dasaxlebamdec cxovrobdnen, amas, rogorc mravaljer

aRiniSna, miuTiTebs strabonis cnobili cnoba pariadres, xorZenasa

da mtkvrisiqiT mdebare gogarenas iberiulobis Sesaxeb.

kidev erTxel gavixsenoT strabonis cnoba, is wers: `amboben, rom

Zvel dros mcire qveyana armenia gaizarda artaqsiasa da zariadrias

omebis Sedegad... maT erTobiT gaafarToves TavianTi samflobelo

imiT, rom irgvliv mcxovreb xalxebs CamoaWres olqebi, kerZod

midielebs waarTves kaspiana, favritida da basoropeda, iberebs _

pariadris mTiswineTi, xorZena da gogarena, romelic mdebareobs md.

kiris meore mxares. xalibebsa da mosinikebs _ kareniti da qserqsena,

romelic esazRvreba mcire armenias da misi nawilia...~ (str. XI, 14, 5),

(straboni, geografia, gamomcemloba `nauka~, 1964, rus. enaze, gv.498).

ukve armeniaSi mcxovreb am qarTvelebs marTalia Zalze

SeusustdaT erovnuli cnobiereba, maTi armenizaciis procesis gamo,

magram ara sabolood. saqarTvelos maxloblad (tao-karin-vanand-

basianSi) mcxovrebma qarTvelebma xelsayreli politikuri momentis

dadgomisas Tavi daaRwies somxur kulturul-saeklesio gavlenas da

aRidgines qarTuli cnobiereba. patkanov-maris Teoriis Tanaxmad ki

145

TiTqosda isini qalkedoniti somxebi iyvnen da moxda maTi

qarTizacia. am Teoriis sawinaaRmdegodaa dawerili Cveni mTeli

nakvlevi.

m.TamaraSvili wers- `Zalian gvwydeba guli... unda mogaxsenoT: n.

mari yvelafris armenizacias axdens, saqarTvelos miwis, misi

Zeglebis, enis, literaturisa da sxva... iserigad, rom armenizaciaSi

bevraT aWarbebs somex patriotebs, TviT yvelaze gadametebulTac

ki~ (m. TamaraSvili, qarTuli eklesia, 1995, gv. 275).

lazikis eparqia _ dasavleT armeniisa da persarmeniaSi

Semavali persiberiis (istoriuli, yofili arian-qarTlis)

qarTvelobis gamaerTianebeli

Tanamedrove saqarTvelos samxreTiT mdebare istoriuli arian-

qarTlis vrceli miwa-wyali sinopidan da trapezuntidan TiTqmis

vanis tbamde qarTuli tomebiT yofila dasaxlebuli, rogorc

qsenofontes dros, ise mis Semdgom. am teritoriebis did nawils

moicavda lazikis eparqia XI s-Si. qarTuli tomebi iq armenielTa

dasaxlebamde cxovrobdnen.

kiros didis epoqamdec qarTuli tomebi kardux-gordienebi,

fasianebi, xalib-qaldebi da sxvani, am teritoriis momcvel XVIII da

XIX satrapiebSi cxovrobdnen, xolo armenia sxva, XIII satrapias

erqva maT mezoblad.

SemdgomSi armeniuli tomebi SeWrilan karduxTa, fasianTa,

xalibTa, aseve sxva qarTul tomTa miwa-wyalze da maTgan saukeTeso

adgilebi, saxnav-saTesad vargisi miwebi miutacebiaT, amitomac

qsenofontes anabazisidan SeiZleba gavigoT, rom mtroba da

brZolebi iyo gaCaRebuli armenielTa da am qarTul tomebs Soris,

igive qsenofonte Tavis sxva naSromSi `kiropedia~ aRwers, rom TviT

kiross gamoukvlevia Tu ra iyo am gauTavebeli omebis mizezi da

misula daskvnamde, rom, xalibebs saxnav-saTesi miwebi ar hqondaT,

xolo armenielebi saukeTeso miwebze cxovrobdnen.

gansakuTrebiT mravali qarTuli tomi aRwera am mxareebis

zRvispireTSi strabonma, am mxriv ufro mniSvnelovania strabonis

cnoba, rom swored am mxareTa erTi nawili, romelTac Semdgom

146

dasavleT armenia da persarmenia ewodaT, Tavdapirvelad iberTa

miwa-wyali iyo da es teritoriebi, kerZod ki pariadres kalTebi,

xorZena da gogarena Zv.II s.-Si armeniam miitaca iberielTagan.

marTalia, Semdgom, am mitacebis gamo, am teritoriebs armenia

ewoda, magram is kvlav didxans yofila dasaxlebuli iberielebiT

anu qarTvelebiT, romelTa armenizaciis procesi sxvadasxva olqSi

sxvadasxva xarisxis iyo, miuxedavad amisa X s-Si, mravali ucxouri

wyaros, maT Soris konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT, sazRvari

iberiasa da armenias Soris mainc md. araqsze iyo gavlebuli.

qarTvelebi rom cxovrobdnen ara mxolod araqsis dasavleT

nawilSi (maT Soris dvinis da avanis sanaxebamde), aramed

aRmosavleT nawilSi _ vanis tbis mimarTulebiT, miuTiTebs is, rom

TviT bizantielTa mier teritorias trapezuntidan vanis tbamde

ewoda `eparqia lazikaSi~, xolo vrcel miwa-wyals Teodosiopol-

arzrumidan yarsisa da anisis mimarTulebiT ewoda `iberiis Temi~.

mas Semdeg, rac somxeTis saxelmwifoebrioba daemcro,

gansakuTrebiT X s-idan armeniis mkvidr qarTvelobas saSualeba

mieca erovnul-qarTuli TviTSemecneba daufaravad ganecxadebina.

arabTa Semdgom epoqaSi am mxareebSi qarTvelTa ricxvis mkveTri

zrda gamowveuli iyo ara `somex-qalkedonitTa~ gaqarTvelebiT,

rogorc am faqts xsnis oficialuri istoriografia, aramed iqauri

mosaxleobis iqamde dafaruli qarTuli erovnuli TviTSemecnebis

aRorZinebiT.

`trapezuntis samitropolito lazikaSi~ moicavda yofili

romauli armeniis miwa-wyals, da aseve yofili persarmeniis

nawilsac, romelic mniSvnelovnad qarTuli mosaxleobiT iyo

dasaxlebuli. es miwa-wyali IX-XI ss-Si arabTagan gaaTavisufla

imperiam da iq Tavisi saeklesio iurisdiqcia ganaxorciela _

lazikis eparqiis saxeliT, xolo TviT qveyanas ki iberiis Temi

ewoda, rac, rogorc aRiniSna, iqauri mkvidri mosaxleobis erovnul-

qarTuli TviTSemecnebis aRorZinebis Sedegi iyo.

iqamde qarTveli xalxi, mcxovrebi istoriul xorZenasa da

gugarqSi iZulebuli iyo Segueboda somxur saxelmwifoebriobasa da

eklesias, isini saukuneTa manZilze erTgulebiT atarebdnen maT

qveyanaSi gabatonebulTa uRels, magram xelsayreli momentis

dadgomis Semdeg aRidgines erovnul-qarTuli vinaoba. maTi qveyana _

pariadres kalTebi, xorZena da gogarena xom, rogorc mravaljer

iTqva, jer kidev qristeSobamde II saukuneSi CamoaWra armeniam

147

iberias, ris gamoc iberiis am yofil olqebSi dominant eTnosad

somxebi gadaiqcnen, somxuri eniTa da kulturiT, qarTuli ena am

mxareebSi, Cans, mxolod saSinao, ojaxur enad gadaiqca, da is iyo,

rogorc erTi wyaro wers damaluli (`damarxuli~) da `dawunebuli~.

am mxareebidan gamosul zogierT qarTvel saxelovan meomrebsa da

cnobil adamianebs ucxoelebi `armenielebs~ uwodebdnen, maT qveyanas

ki armenias, Tumca ki aseTi `armenielebi~ sinamdvileSi iberebi anu

qarTvelebi iyvnen, rac kargad gamoCnda IX, X, XI saukuneebSi, roca

maTma STamomavlebma gabedes da erovnuli vinaoba daufaravad

gamoacxades.

560 wlis politikuri rukis mixedviT, sazRvari bizantiis

imperiasa da sparseTs Soris orad hyofda `armeniad~ saxeldebul

qveyanas. dasavleT, anu romaul armeniaSi Wanur da lazur olqebTan

erTad moeqca mesxuri mosaxleobis nawili da isini berZnul

saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi imyofebodnen. sparsul armeniaSic mravali

qarTuli olqi moeqca. 591 wlis xelSekrulebiT, tao, Woroxis

xeobis erTi monakveTi (dasavleT sanapiroc), gugarqi, basianis didi

nawili da, e.w. zemoni qveyanani sparsul armeniad saxeldebul

mxareSi moeqca.

sparsul armeniaSi saeklesio-sarwmunoebrivi TvalsazrisiT sxva

viTareba iyo, gansxvavebuli dasavleT armeniisagan. kerZod, sparsul

armeniaSi IV-V saukuneebidanve idevneboda berZnulenovani

RvTismsaxureba. amis gamo persarmeniis qristianuli mosaxleoba

sparsulma xelisuflebam daavaldebula RvTismsaxureba somxur

enaze hqonodaT, an asuruli SemoeRoT. amis Sedegad somxurenovani

RvTismsaxureba Camoyalibda da gaZlierda. unda vifiqroT, rom am

dros persarmeniis qarTvelobam erTgvari iZulebiT miiRo

somxurenovani RvTismsaxureba, magram mainc adgilobriv qarTvelebs

SenarCunebuli hqondaT somxebisagan erovnuli gansxvavebulobis

Segneba. es gamoCnda gansakuTrebiT gugarqSi, roca mkvidrma

qarTvelobam kirionis mowodebis Semdeg gabeda eklesiebSi

qarTulenovani RvTismsaxureba somxurTan gaeTanabrebina. yofili

persarmeniis mkvidr qarTvelobas SenarCunebuli da zogjer ki,

devnis gamo, gamZafrebulic ki hqonda erovnuli TviTSemecneba, rac

gamoCnda Sesabamisi politikuri momentis dadgomisTanave gugarqisa

da tao-klarjeTisa da mimdebare mxareebis mkvidri mosaxleobis

qarTuli cnobierebis gansakuTrebuli gamovleniT.

148

unda iTqvas, rom dasavleT armeniaSic idevneboda qarTuli ena

eklesiuri TvalsazrisiT, amitom aqauri qarTveloba ganaTlebas

iRebda berZnulad, aseve, zogjer somxurad. aseTi warmomavlobis

somxurenovani qarTvelebi berZnul monastrebSic ki cdilobdnen

TavianTi qveynis saeklesio warsulisadmi pativi ecaT. rogorc

iTqva, amis erTi magaliTia is, rom berZnuli monastris, `somex-

qalkedonit~ berebs wmida ninos Sesaxeb cnobebi Sehqonda TvenSi,

rac Zalze mniSvnelovani momenti iyo (fidaniani).

qarTuli kulturisadmi aRniSnuli mosaxleobis ltolvis

gamoxatulebad unda miviCnioT is, rom sarwmunoebrivi Ziebisas

armeniis mkvidri qarTveloba miemxro qalkedonitobas, anu Tavisi

erovnuli qveynis (saqarTvelos) sarwmunoebriv mimarTulebas da

Seecada Tavisi damokidebuleba saeklesio arqiteqturaSic ki

gamoexata _ amis magaliTad unda miviCnioT qalkedonituri saekleso

centris _ avanis da rifsimes eklesiis arqiteqtura _ gameoreba

mcxeTis jvris tipisa.

ucxouri wyaroebi megrelTa da svanTa iberielobis

Sesaxeb

(`iverTa avtokratori~ anu trapezuntis imperatori da `iverTa

xelmwife~ anu samegrelos mTavari (levan II dadiani)

cnobilia, trapezuntis vrcel regions XI s. qarTul wyaroebSi

ewodeboda `sofeli megrelTa~, xolo berZnuli wyaroebi

trapezuntis imperators `iverTa avtokrators~ uwodebdnen,

mosaxleobis saxelis mixedviT, Sesabamisad, qveynis mosaxleobas

erTdroulad erqva megrelebica da iverebic.

1282 wlidan trapezuntis imperatoris tituli iyo _ `qriste

RmerTis mier mefe da avtokratori sruliad aRmosavleTisa,

iverebisa da zRvisiqeTisa, didi komnini~ (didi komninebi,

marTmadidebluri enciklopedia, VII, gv. 444. rus. enaze).

aRsaniSnavia, rom 1282 wlamde bizantiis imperatorebs sxva

titulatura hqondaT _ isini TavianT Tavs moixseniebdnen msgavsad

bizantiis imperatorebisa, _ `mefe da avtokratori romeebisa~,

149

1182 wlidan mixeil VIII paleologTan kompromisis Semdeg maT

(trapezuntis imperatorebma) miiRes aRniSnuli tituli `mefe

aRmosavleTisa da avtokratori iverebisa~.

В сент. 1282 г. в результате компромисса с Михаилом VIII Палеологом В.

К. приняли титул: «Во Христе Боге верный царь и автократор всего Востокая

иверов и Заморья (Ператии) Великий Комнин» (didi komninebi,

marTmadidebluri enciklopedia, VII, gv. 444. rus enaze).

sazogadod berZnuli sityva avtokratori Sesatyvisia laTinuri

sityvisa `imperatori~.

«С 629 г. использовался наряду с титулом василевс (basileuz) в офиц.

языке Византии, обозначая главного правящего императора в отличие от

императора-соправителя. В X в. возрождается широкое употребление этого

титула, окончательно утвердившегося в офиц. титулатуре визант.

императоров» (marTmadidebluri enciklopedia, I, gv. 202).

bizantiisa da trapezuntis imperatorebs oficialurad

`avtokratori~ erqvaT, magram pirveli romaeli xalxis, meore ki

iverTa imperatorad anu avtokratorad iwodeboda.

zogadad, imperatorTa titulaturebSi ixsenieboda is xalxebi,

romelTa qveyanasac marTavdnen.

konstantinopolis imperatorebi TavianT Tavs `romaelTa

(romeebis) mefeebad~ miiCnevdnen, amitomac ar surdaT aseTive

titulatura hqonodaT trapezuntis imperatorebs.

amitomac, trapezuntis imperatorebi iZulebulni gaxdnen Tavian

titulaturaSi im xalxis saxeli moexsenebinaT, romelTa qveyanasac

isini realurad marTavdnen _ es xalxi iyo iverebi anu iberebi.

trapezuntis anu iverTa imperatorebi (avtokratorebi) marTavdnen

qaldeasa da mimdebare olqebs.

maSasadame, Cans, trapezuntis imperatorebi TavianT Tavs imitom

uwodebdnen `iverebis TviTmpyrobels~, avtokrators, rom mas miaCnda,

rom misi imperiis mosaxleobis sazogado saxeli iyo _ `iverebi~.

es faqti imiTaa saintereso, rom maT imperiaSi ZiriTadad

cxovrobdnen qaldevelebi, Wanebi da sxvadasxva tomebi, maT Soris

makronTa, sanTa da sxvaTa STamomavlebi, maTi zogadi saxeli _

`iverebi~ yofila, maTi imperatoris titulis mixedviT. qarTuli

wyaroebi maT qveyanas uwodebdnen `sofeli megrelTa~ anu

zogadqarTvel­TaTvis isini iberi (qarTveli) xalxis megruli jgufi

iyo. iwodebodnen _ ucxoelTaTvis iberebad, xolo qarTvelTaTvis

megrelebad.

150

aseve es faqti sainteresoa imiTac, rom ucxoelebi trapezuntis

imperators xan kolxTa mefes, xanac ki `qaldevelTa mefes~,

`megrelTa mefes~ anda `lazTa mefes~ uwodebdnen, maSasadame

kolxebic, lazebica da qaldebi (Wanebi~ _ yvelani saimperatoro

saxlis gansazRvrebiT _ `iverebi~ iyvnen. aseTi mosazreba

gamonaklisi rom araa da megrelTa xelmwifeebs oficialurad

`iverTa mefeebs~ uwodebdnen, Cans samegrelos mTavris levan II-is

magaliTiTac, mas `iveriis mefes~ anda `iveriis xelmwifes~

uwodebdnen (ix. ruseTis mefis aleqsi mixailoviCis mimarTvebi).

trpezuntis `samegrelos~ imperatorsa da Semdgomi epoqis

samegrelos mTavars _ erTnairi titulebi hqondaT. orTaves

erTnairad uwodebdnen _ `iverTa avtokratori~, `iveriis mefe~.

faqtebis urTierTSejerebiT SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom megrelebs

_ iverebs uwodebdnen TviT maTi mmarTveli oficialuri wreebi. am

mxriv niSneulia, rom n. mari, gr. yifSiZe da sxvebi _ megrelebs

iverielebs uwodebdnen, megruls ki iveriuls.

`megrelebi~ _ iverielebi arian am TvalsazrisiT. igive SeiZleba

iTqvas svanebis Sesaxebac. straboni werda, rom svanebs `zogierTebi

iberielebs uwodeben~, zogierTebis qveS is Zveli msoflios

istorikosebs gulisxmobda.

straboni wers svanebis iberielobis Sesaxeb:

`im xalxTa Soris, romelnic Tavs iyrian dioskuriadaSi arian

ftirofagebic, romlebmac es saxeli miiRes usufTaobis da WuWyis

gamo. maT axlos cxovroben soanebi, romlebic arafriT

Camouvardebian maT usufTaobiT, magram sjobnian ZlierebiT, da

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom isini TiTqmis yvelaze kargi meomrebi da

Zlierebi arian yvelasTan SedarebiT, yovel SemTxvevaSi isini

batonoben yvela xalxze, romelTac kavkasiis maRlobebi uWiravT

dioskuradis garSemo. maT yavT mefe da sabWo 300 kacisagan, rogorc

amboben SeuZliaT 200 000 kacisgan Semdgari jaris gamoyvana,

marTlac mTeli xalxis masa brZolisunariania, Tumca

araorganizebuli Zala, maT qveyanaSi rogorc gadmoscemen mTis

nakadebs CamoaqvT oqro da barbarosebi iWeren faceriT da bewviani

tyaviT aqedan, amboben warmoiSva miTi oqros sawmisze. zogierTebi

maT agreTve uwodeben iberielebs _ dasavleTelebis msgavsad, oqros

silis gamo, romelic orive qveyanaSia~ (straboni, XI, II, 19).

«Некоторые называют их также иберийцами – одинаково с западными - от

золотых россипей, находяшихся в обеих странах» (straboni, XI, II, 19).

151

maT aseve iberielebs uwodeben _ «называют их также иберийцами».

maSasadame, ori aTasi wlis winac ki svanebs iberielebs

uwodebdnen, im dros saerTod, cxadia fuZe, saerTo qarTuli ena ar

iyo ise diferencirebuli da daSlili im xarisxiT, rogorc amJamad,

Sesabamisad strabonis epoqaSi svanuri da iberiuli dialeqtebi erT

enobriv mTlianobas qmnidnen, amis gamo, Cans strabonis epoqis

istorikosebis erTi wyeba svanebs iberielebad miiCnevda.

igive, oRond ufro meti xarisxiT iTqmis egriselebis Sesaxeb,

amitomac trapezuntis lazikis mosaxleobas anu egriselebs iberebs

uwodebdnen, amitomac unda hqonoda trapezuntis imperators `iverTa

avtokratoris~ anu iverTa imperatoris tituli. erTi sityviT

svanebica da egriselebic (`sofeli megrelTas~ anu trapezuntis

olqis mcxovrebni) zogad iberebad iwodebodnen, isini qarTvelebad

ganixilebodnen Zveli qarTuli wyaroebis mierac, risi mtkicebanic

mravladaa Cvens naSromSi.

trapezuntis imperatoris titulSi naxsenebia erTaderTi xalxis -

`iverebis~ saxeli, rac miuTiTebs, rom trapezuntis olqis mravali

sxvadasxva tomi, maT Soris Wanebi da qaldebi _ zogadad iverebi

iyvnen, bizantiis samefo sasaxlis politikosebisaTvis.

trapezuntis imperiis gaqrobis Semdeg XVI saukuneSi `sruliad

aRmosavleTisa da iveriis xel­mwifes~ Tavis Tavs uwodebda samcxis

mTavari mzeWabuki. marTlac is antioqiis patriarqis doroTeosis

`wignis~ qarTul TargmanSi moxseniebulia, rogorc `yovlisa

aRmosavleTisa xelmwife~ (m. zaldastaniSvili, `kidev erTxel

aTabagTa gankerZoebis Sesaxeb~, macne, istoriis seria, 2012, 2, gv. 57),

amave `wignSi~ mzeWabuki ixsenieba, rogorc `mTeli zemo iberiis

TviTmpyrobeli~ (iqve, gv. 58).

maSasadame, `aRmosavleTi~ da `iveria~ erqva tao-basian-samcxesa

da mis mimdebare vrcel regions X-XVI saukuneebSi.

cnobilia, rom daviT kurapalatis epoqiT (1001 w.) TariRdeba

parxlis eklesiis warwera `qarTlisa da yovlisa aRmosavleTisa

patriarqi iovane~.

parxlis eklesiis kedlis warweraSi naxsenebi `aRmosavleTis

patriarqi~, unda iyos ara mcxeTeli mamamTavari, aramed sasuliero

pirvelierarqi tao-basianisa da im `aRmosavleTisa~, romelic

gamovikvlieT. es `aRmosavleTi~ ixsenieba XI s. qarTvel mefeTa

titulaturaSic. esaa, rogorc aRiniSna tao-basiani da misi

mimdebare qveynebi qaldea-trapezuntidan TiTqmis vanis tbamde,

152

iberebis is sacxovrisi `xorZena, gogarena da pariadres kalTebi~,

romelsac strabonic ixsenebs. aseve araqsispira is miwebi, romelnic

ara mxolod iberebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, aramed konstantine

porfirogenetis cnobiT iberiis saxelmwifos gamgeblobaSic iyo

(kerZod, araqsis marcxena sanapiros miwebi). albaT aq SesaZlebelia

SeniSvnis saxiT iTqvas, rom TavianT Tavs megrelebi iverebs

uwodebdnen ara mxolod levan II dadianis epoqaSi, aramed XIX

saukuneSic, sabWoTa saistorio skolis ideebis damkvidrebamde, ro-

melmac megrelebSi Canerga azri, rom isini ara iberebi, aramed

kolxebi arian, magaliTad, XX s-is dasawyisSi cnobili saeklesio

moRvawe Rirsi mama aleqsi SuSania werda: ufro sworad ki

evedreboda RvTismSobels exsna misi wilxvedri saqarTvelo, iveria

_ `iverTa dedav, Senia, Seni, Senda aRrCeul qarTvelTa eri, amaT

gargebda wilT-ganaCeni, pirovan eri, Sen Sesaferi. moxede dedav

iveriisa, zamTari didi adgia Wirad... Sen mouvline xsna da saSveli

... Cveni naTesav qalwuli nina, Sengan nugeSad qarTls moevlina...

Seni Sewevnis gvaRirse smena, ersa axare ukvdavebani... ismine Cveni

Sendami vedri... gvixsen ganmryvneli mgelebisagan~ (mitropoliti Sio,

`yovladwmida RvTismSoblis TayvaniscemisaTvis senakis savaneebSi~

saerTaSoriso konferenciis masalebi, 2014, 3-10 maisi).

mitropolit Sios moyavs sityvebi qadagebisa wm. aleqsi SuSaniasi,

romelic man warmoTqva samegrelos sofel senakis TeklaTis

monasterSi RvTismSoblis xatis win _ `xati dedisa RvTisa mosruli

aToniT, mis wilxdomil iveriaSi~. esaa TeklaTis RvTismSoblis

xati. aleqsi SuSanias am sityvidan Cans, rom iveriis nawilia

samegrelo, iveria erTiani qveyanaa, misi erTi nawilia samegrelo,

iveria igive qarTlia, samegrelo qarTlis erTi nawilia _ ase

esmodaT es sakiTxi aTeisturi istoriografiis gabatonebamde. iqve

ambobs xatis win wmida aleqsi SuSania _ `Cven sawyalni iverielni~.

`sawyali iverielebi~ mTeli qarTveli xalxi iyo, im dros,

avtokefaliisa da qveynis Tavisuflebis aRdgenamde. zemoT naxseneb

`mglebSi~ ki eris daSla-danawevrebis msurvelebs Tvlida.

153

brZola erovnul-qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis

aRdgenisaTvis `zemo qveynebSi~ (X-XVI ss.)

arabTa Zliereba Sesustda IX-X saukuneebSi, ramac tao-basian-

karinisa da mimdebare mxareebis mkvidr qarTul mosaxleobas

SedarebiT Tavisufali cxovrebis saSualeba misca, am dros maT

qalaqebsa da soflebSi TviTmmarTvelobis ufleba moupovebiaT.

erTi aseTi qalaqi, Cans, Teodosiopolis _ karini iyo.

konstantine porfirogenetis epoqaSi, roca am mxareebSi arabTa

nacvlad bizantielebma gadawyvites gabatoneba, mkvidrma

qarTvelobam didi winaaRmdegoba gawia.

X saukunis II naxevarSi sazRvrad bizantiasa da saqarTvelos

Soris daido mdinare araqsi.

konstantine porfirogeneti aRgviwers zavis Sedegs _ `iyves

Tanaxmad iberielTa moTxovnisa da fasianis sazRvrad md. eraqsi anu

fasisi da marcxena mxare iberiisken mimarTul epyraT iberebs, xolo

marjvena, rac Teodosiopolisken aris, rogorc cixeebi, ise

soflebi, iyves Cveni meufebis qveS, maSasadame, orive sazRvrad

mdinare iqneba~ (georgika, IV, naw. II, gv. 272).

konstantine porfirogeneti dawvrilebiT wers, Tu bizantielebi

gamudmebiT rogor arbevdnen Teodosiopolisis Semogarenis

soflebsa da qalaqebs, TviTon es mTavari qalaqi garemoculi

hyavdaT da sursaT-sanovage ar SehqondaT, raTa qalaqis mosaxleoba

damSeuliyo.

imperatori werda: `TeodosiopolelTa yvela es soflebi Cveni

samefos jarebma tyvevnes da cecxls misces, iberebs ar

gaunadgurebiaT igi, aramed mudam hyavdaT megobrebad da maTTan

erTad moqmedebdnen~ (georgika, IV, naw. II, gv. 272).

eTnikur-erovnuli solidarobis gamo qarTvelTa jari cdilobda

produqtiT moemaragebinaT bizantielTa mier SimSiliT sasikvdilod

gametebuli es sofel-qalaqebis mosaxleoba (iqve, gv. 265), imperatori

xSirad wers: Cvenma jarebma `moarbies mTeli fasiani... moarbies misi

midamoebi... cixeebi moisra~ (iqve, gv. 262-265).

154

kidev ufro sastiki iyo adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mimarT

imperatori basili bulgarTmmusvreli da Semdeg keisari

konstantine, xolo Semdeg ki romanozi.

am mxareebis qarTvelTa mxardaWeriT saqarTvelos mefe giorgi I

SeebrZola basili keisars da Tavdapirvelad gaimarjva kidec.

`kualad Semoiqca basili, movida basians da iTxovda qveyanaTa da

cixeTa~ (q. c., t. I, 282).

qarTulma jarma, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mxardaWeriT,

gaaTavisufla vrceli miwa-wyali basianidan vanis tbamde, qarTvelTa

gamarjvebiT gulmoklulma imperatorma mematianis sityviT, jvris

Tayvaniscemazec ki uaris Tqma gadawyvita, Tu qarTvelebs ar

daamarcxebda.

man ubrZana `moyvanebad Zelisa cxovrebisa da mandili wmida

dadva qveyanisa zeda da Tqua: `ukueTu mimce xelTa mtrisiTa, arRara

viyo Tayvanismcemel Sendami ukunisamde~ (q.c. I, gv. 287).

meore omSi gamarjvebis Semdeg basili II-m _ `kualad uborotesad

SurisgebiT moaoxra qveyanani igi~, anu iberia.

XI saukuenSi saqarTvelom es mxareebi dakarga, aq saqarTvelos

eklesiis iurisdiqciac daemcro da aRniSnuli mxare eklesiurad

daeqvemdebara konstantinopols, romelmac aq `lazikis

samitropolito~ daaarsa, centriT trapizuntSi.

`zemo qveynebis~ mosaxleoba saqarTvelos gamoeTiSa,

saxelmwifoebrivad bizantiaSi Seiyvanes, magram, Cans, TviT xalxs

Tavisi erovnuli vinaoba kargad Seunaxavs, rac gamoCnda Turq-

seljukTa Semosevebis Semdeg. am dros damarcxebulma bizantiam es

qveyana datova, magram mkvidrma, musulmanebTan mebrZolma

mosaxleobam, SeZlo kvlav aRedgina erovnul-qarTuli

saxelmwifoebrioba da is Sevida samcxe-saaTabagos samTavroSi,

kerZod, saqarTveloSi kvlav Sevida basianis, taos, ispiris, artaanis,

SavSeTis da sxva olqebi. amis gamo qarTuli eklesia Tavis

iurisdiqcias kvlav axorcielebda valaSkertis, anisisa, yarsisa da

sxva adgilobrivi mosaxleobis saepiskoposoebze, romelnic cxadia

qarTulenovanni iyvnen. TviT Turqul dokumentebSi am olqebis

momcvel qveyanas `saqarTvelo~ ewodeba.

magaliTad, 1515 wlis dokumentiT roca osmaleTis did vezirs

sinan faSas adgilobrivi, e.i. aRniSnuli qveynebis dalaSqvra

daevala, am qveynebs (e.i. basians _ taos CaTvliT) gurjistani

155

ewodeboda (`Turquli wyaroebi samcxe-saaTabagos istoriisTvis~,

1983, gv. 9).

imave 1515 wlis osmaluri dokumenti samcxe saaTabagos mTavris

Sesaxeb aRniSnavs _ `seraqiri manuCari gaxda saqarTvelos

damoukidebeli fadiSahi~ (iqve, gv. 11). am `saqarTveloSi~ (anu samcxe-

tao-basianSi) mravali cixe da sofeli iyo, romelTa ricxvi aTass

aRwevda (iqve, gv. 32). maTi didi nawili `azonis Svilebad cnobili

aznaurebisaa~ _ wers Turquli dokumenti (iqve, gv. 34). tao-basianisa

da mimdebare qarTuli mxareebis aznaurebs `azonis Svilebi~ erqvaT,

radganac iyvnen STamomavlebi farnavaz mefis wina azon mefis

dadebulebisa. maT es xsovna XVI s-mde hqoniaT SenarCunebuli.

es mxareebi dampyrobelTa cvalebadobis miuxedavad qarTuli

qveynebi iyvnen, romelTa erovnul TviTSemecnebas jer kidev azon-

farnavazis dros Caeyara safuZveli, qristeSobamde IV-III saukuneebSi.

rogorc adre armenielebma da bizantielebma, osmalebmac daipyres

TorTumi, fanaskerti, arzrumi, artaani da sxva mxareebi, banasa da

xaxulis eklesiebis olqebi, qarTvelTa denacionalizacia kvlav

gagrZelda. osmaluri wyaros cnobiT, am process aadvilebda is, rom

rogorc osmaluri wyaro werda _ qarTvelebi `erTmaneTTan

brZolaSi da erTimeoris xocvaSi arian gamudmebiT~ (iqve, gv. 48).

156

Tavi V

`armeniis~ qarTvelTa sarwmunoeba

`berZnuli da qarTuli qristianoba~

konstantinopolis sapatriarqos lazikis eparqia, rogorc

aRiniSna, XI s.-Si moicavda vrcel miwa-wyals trapezuntidan vanis

tbamde, amitomac cxadia, mis saepiskoposoebSi wirva-locvis ena iyo

berZnuli. eparqiis mosaxleoba e.w. `berZnul qristianobas~ eziara. m.

berZniSvili werda _ `berZnebTan dapirispireba didi erovnuli saqme

iyo, qarTulma feodalurma urTierTobam rom gamoiwvia, amanve

gamoiwvia somxebisagan gaTiSva... qarTuli feodaluri urTierTobis

niSania qarTuli qristianoba, romelic somxurs (aRmosavlurs)

gamoeTiSa da dasavlurs (berZnuls) ar SeuerTda~ (n. berZeniSvili,

saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, masalebi saqarTvelos istoriuli

geografiisaTvis, Tb., 1990, gv. 252).

n. berZeniSvili wers saqarTvelos saeklesio enis Sesaxebac:

`ueWvelia enisaTvis aseTi didi mniSvnelobis micema didi

kulturuli brZolisa da Zlieri kulturis maCvenebelia. es jer

kidev qristianobis Semosvlidan Cans, roca kulturulad

dawinaurebulma iberiam qarTuli qristianoba moiwyo (bizantiam amis

saSualeba ar misca lazikas...), man Semdgomac daicva is da kidev

meti: Seetoqa berZnul qristianobas (lazikaSi) da ara marto

berZnuls, aramed somxurs (somxeTSi, taoSi, sperSi, SirakSi),

albanurs (hereTSi)~ (iqve, gv. 415).

`qarTuli qristianobis~ erT-erTi umTavresi saZirkveli iyo

saeklesio qarTuli ena _ gasagebi yvela qarTuli tomisaTvis,

radganac am enis gamoyenebis sawyis epoqaSi jer kidev sustad

diferencirebuli yofila fuZe-qarTuli ena. welTaRricxvaTa

mijnaze _ anu I-II ss-Si T. gamyreliZe _ g. maWavarianis cnobiT, jer

kidev arsebobda e.w. `zanur-qarTuli~ enobrivi mTlianoba, rac,

rogorc Cans, safuZvlad iqca saeklesio, anu Zveli qarTuli enisa.

157

k. kekeliZe wers _ `qarTuli saeklesio mwerloba dawyebula

bibliuri wignebis gadmocemiT... mTargmnelebi iZulebulni xdebodnen

SeeguebinaT TavianTi Targmani warmarTuli azrovnebisaTvis,

ramdenadac es mosaxerxebeli iyo da gamoeyenebinaT maragi

warmarTuli sakraluri enisa. axali ideebi, axali azrebi, axali

filosofiur-religiuri da moraluri Sexedulebani xSirad

gadmoicemian am TargmanSi iseTi sityvebiTa da terminebiT, iseTi

formebiTa da saxeebiT, romelnic uSualod warmarTuli

wyaroebidan modian da romelnic pirvelyofil qarTul

qristianobas sinkretul xasiaTs aZleven~ (k. kekeliZe, etiudebi, I,

1956, gv. 186).

XI s-Si samxreT taos yofili samefos mosaxleoba

konstantinopolis sapatriarqoSi moeqca, iqamde is qarTul

saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi imyofeboda. amitomac cdilobda berZnul

eklesiaSic SeenarCunebina qarTulenovani wirva-locva. episkopos

zaqaria valaSkertelisa da aToneli mamebis didi Zalisxmevis

miuxedavad, maT es mxolod nawilobriv SeZles.

wmida ninos jvari dasavleT armeniaSi (VI-XI ss.)

vaxtang gorgaslis anZianZorSi da karnu-qalaqSi laSqrobis

miuxedavad, iberiam ver SeZlo xorZenesa da pariadris, iberebis

istoriuli teritoriebis, ukan dabruneba, radganac ori imperia _

158

sparseTi da bizantia erTmaneTs ecileboda ukve armeniad

saxeldebul am miwa-wyals. sabolood maT armenia erTmaneTs Soris

gaiyves.

bizantiur anu dasavleT armeniaSi moeqca pariadre da xorZenes

erT nawilTan erTad, meore nawili ki xorZena-gogarenisa

persarmeniaSi moeqca.

dapyrobil armeniis qveyanaSi stabilurobis miRwevis mizniT,

bizantia cdilobda somexi xalxis gulis mogebas da mis im

pretenziebs akmayofilebda, romelic xels ar uSlida imperiis

uSiSroebas.

aseT viTarebaSi dasavleT armeniaSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi

iZulebulni iyvnen CarTuliyvnen Sidasaqveyno saqmianobaSi da

TandaTanobiT ufro Rrmavdeboda maTi armenizaciis procesi, magram

dasavleT armeniaSi mcxovreb qarTvelebs erovnuli cnobiereba

mTlianad rom ar daukargavT, kargad Cans im sasoebis gamoxatviT,

romelic maT hqondaT wmida ninosa da misi jvris mimarT.

wmida nino erTgvarad maTi erovnulobis sayrdeni Ruza iyo,

romelic gulebSi Rrmad Camarxul erovnul vinaobas

anarCunebinebda.

somxeTis qarTvelTa gansakuTrebuli siyvaruli saqarTvelos

mimarT, gamoixateboda wmida ninos jvris pativiscemiT.

maT isic ki SeZles, rom wmida ninos jvari moepovebinaT. is

sasoebiT gadaasvenes e.w. armeniis mxareebSi (sinamdvileSi ki

qarTvelTa istoriul samSobloSi, vanandis mxareSi, yarsSi da

maxlobel mxareebSi).

armeniis am nawilSi wmida ninos jvari ramdenime saukunis

manZilze inaxeboda _ is ki Tavisi madliT TiTqos iyo Suqura

armeniis qarTvelTa erovnulobis gamosabrwyineblad armenizaciis

burusidan.

wmida ninos jvari VI s-Si samxreT saqarTvelodan anu gugarqidan

taronSi wausvenebiaT da wm. lazares taZarSi dausvenebiaT, iqidan

ki sperSi, saidanac is qarTuli warmoSobis (Wan) somxeTis erisTavs

grigol mamikonians kapuetis anu lurj cixeSi gadausvenebia, riTac

man gamoxata siyvaruli Tavisi mamulebis (sperisa da taos)

ganmanaTleblis mimarT. marTlac movses xorenaci wmida ninos

klarjeTis mqadagebels uwodebs `iqadaga klarjeTidan

159

masquTebamde~ _ werda is. vaxuStis cnobiT tao-speri klarjeTis

nawils warmoadgenda.

istoriuli klarjeTi ki vaxuStis cnobiT moicavda sxva

mxareebTan erTad sper-tao-TorTomsac, romelTac imJamad

mamikonianTa ojaxi marTavda. maT Cans kargad icodnen TavianTi

qarTuli warmoSoba (rasac miuTiTebs adonci) da amitomac uvlidnen

da mtkice SemarTebiT icavdnen wmida ninos jvars.

wmida ninos Sesaxeb berZnul-qalkedonur monastrebSi

Sekedlebuli is kulturulad armenizebuli qarTveli berebic ki

werdnen, romelTac wera-kiTxva icodnen somxurad da Seswavlili ar

hqondaT qarTuli mwignobroba. maT, movses xorenaciseuli cnoba

wmida ninos Sesaxeb, SehqondaT eklesiis sakiTxav TvenSi. isini

qalkedonitur somxur eklesias mikedlebuli eTnikuri anu

armenizebuli qarTvelebi iyvnen, Tumca ki maT amJamad somexi

istorikosebi `somex-qalkedonitebs~ uwodeben.

rogorc aRiniSna, cnobili somexi mkvlevari `pravoslavnaia

enciklopediiis~ erT-erT statiaSi wers: На одном из (e.i. XI s.

Tvenis) его листов записана «история Нуне», что свидетельствует об участии

Арм-Халк. В Арм. Литератури. (ПЭ. III, c. 32).

sinamdvileSi ki es faqti gviCvenebs, Tu rogor gafacicebiT

hkrefdnen gasomxebis piras misuli dasavleT armeniis qarTvelebi

(Tumca ki wevrebi somxur-qalkedonuri eklesiisa) cnobebs wmida

ninosa da qarTuli eklesiis istoriis Sesaxeb da isini somxur-

qalkedonur saeklesio wignebSic SehqondaT, radganac araviTari

saSualeba ar hqondaT monawileoba mieRoT qarTul saeklesio

cxovrebaSi, amasTanave im mxareebSi imJamad qarTuli eklesia-

monastrebi arc arsebobdnen.

wmida nino _ armeniis qarTvelebis

erovnuli droSa (IX-X ss.)

IX-X ss-Si, somxuri eklesiisagan Tavis daxsnis epoqaSi, `zemo

qveynebidan~ da tao-klarjeTidan gamosuli wmida mamebi Zalze

160

xSirad xazgasmiT aRniSnavdnen wmida ninos Rvawls da mis mimarT

TavianT madlierebas.

XX s-Si qarTul mecnierebaSi is azric ki warmoiSva, rom

TiTqosda `ninos kulti qarTvelTa Soris Camoyalibda IX-X ss-dan~

(aseTi iyo imJamindeli terminologia), sinamdvileSi ara mTel

qarTul eklesiaSi, aramed mxolod im qarTul mxareebSi, romelnic

IX-X ss-mde armeniaSi iyvnen moqceulni, daiwyes miTiTeba wmida ninos

Rvawlis Sesaxeb. amiT qarTvelebi, anu yofil armeniaSi mcxovrebi

qarTvelebi, TavianT Tavs eTnikurad mijnavdnen iqve, maT gverdiT

mcxovreb somex qalkedonitebisagan.

rac Seexeba somex qalkedonitebs, maT TavianTi Tavi miaCndaT ara

wmida ninos, aramed TavianTi eTnikuri saeklesio winaprebis memkvid-

reebad. amis Sesaxeb sruliad samarTlianad miuTiTebs v. aruTinova-

fidaniani, romelic wers _ «Армяне - халкидониты, считали себя насле-

дниками Саака Партева, Месропа Маштоца и Нерсеса Великого. Арм. Язык

был богослужебным языком Арм. халк.-ов даже в тех случаях, когда они

подвизались в Греч. монастырях (Православная Энциклопедия, Т.3, 2001, стр.

328).

aruTinova-fidaniani samarTlianad wers, rom somexi

qalkedonitebi TavianT Tavs grigol ganmanaTleblis da sahak

parTelis, maStocis memkvidreebad miiCnevdnen da ara wmida ninosi,

rom maTi saRvTismsaxuro ena mudam iyo somxuri.

maTgan gamocalkevebis, e.i. somex-qalkedonitebisagan gamijvnis

mizniT qarTveli qalkedonitebi TavianT Tavs miiCnevdnen qarTvelTa

ganmanaTlebel wmida ninos memkvidreebad da ara aRniSnuli grigol

somexTa ganmanaTleblisa, sahak parTelisa Tu sxva somxuri

eklesiis damaarseblebisa.

amitomac, wmida ninos xseneba erTgvari niSani iyo eTnikurobis

gamovlenisa.

wm. nino lazikaSi (IV s.)

(sotiropoli, lazia, alania)

lazeTis mitropolitma germanem moskovSi XVII s-Si ruseTis

xelmwifes werilobiT moaxsena, rom misi sakaTedro taZari qalaq

ofSi (xofSi) agebulia iverTa miwebis ganmanaTleblis mier _

«строила святая Ирина, ею же Иверская земля приводена во святое крещение»

161

(pavle ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, 1954, gv. 262). am dokumentidan Cans,

rom Zveli epoqis saeklesio ierarqTa mier lazeTi iveriis erTerT

nawilad miiCneoda da lazeTi erqva ara dasavleT saqarTvelos,

aramed samxreT-dasavleTs.

p. ingoroyvas mier moskovis mTavari arqividan amoRebuli am

masalidan Cans, rom xofas eklesia augia iverielTa miwebis

gamaqristianebel qals irinas, cxadia, igulisxmeba wm. nino. p.

ingoroyvac wers, rom wmida nino am dokumentSi irinad iwodeba.

am dokumentis Sedgenamde didi xniT adre igives, rom am mxareebis,

e.i. samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos gamaqristianebeli iyo wm. nino,

miuTiTebda V saukunis somexi istorikosi m. xorenaci:

is werda _ `wm. ninom iqadaga klarjeTidan masquTebamde~,

maSasadame, klarjeTSi, V s. am avtoris cnobiT, wmida ninos

uqadagia.

xofa klarjeTis nawili iyo, radganac wyaroebSi ixsenieba _

`bolo klarjeTisa, zRvispiri~, xofa _ klarjeTis bolo anu

zRvispira nawilis dasawyisSi mdebareobda.

es miwa-wyali igive lazeTia, lazikaa. amitomac hqonda xofas

eparqiis xelmZRvanels tituli `lazeTis mitropolitisa~, masSi

Sedioda miwa-wyali of-rizedan vidre md. Woroxamde.

p. ingoroyvas rukis mixedviT, aRniSnuli xofi anu ofi (igive

sotiropoli _ sotrapela) mdebareobda trapezuntidan aRmosavleT

zRvispirze, misgan daaxloebiT 25 km daSorebiT, romelsac mosdevda

q. rize.

ofsa da rizes Sua punqti `axali banakebi~ (`kene parambole~)

yofila.

rizedan aTenamde punqti kordvili, xolo aTenadan biwemde

tamburi (zRvis piri hamamaSeni);

biwes mosdevda arqabi, xufaTi, afsarosi da gonia (ix. p.

ingoroyvas ruka, gv. 272).

zemoT moyvanili cnobidan Cans, rom q. ofi (da rize) IV s-Si

Sedioda qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi, romlis ganmanaTlebeli

iyo wm. nino da romelsac augia ofis taZari, radganac IV s-Si

zRvispireTis es teritoria iberiis anu qarTlis samefoSi Sedioda

(aq SeiZleba gavixsenoT, rom berZnul-romauli wyaroebiTac am

adgilebSi mcxovrebi Zidritebis tomi I s-Si iberiis mefe farsmans

emorCileboda).

162

iberiis samefos, V s-Si, e.w. bizantia-lazikis omis dros

daukargavs zRvispireTis teritiriis nawili ofidan-xufaTamde.

klarjeTis erisTavi gubaz I, romelsac bizantielebi `lazTa

mefes~ uwodeben iZulebuli gamxdara daedo bizantiasTan zavi,

romlis Semdegac sazRvarma ofidan xufaTSi gadmoiwia.

wmida ninos lazikaSi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb wers gelasi kesarieli,

V s-is avtori. is wers `tyve qalma iqadaga iberTa da lazTa Soris~,

xolo movses xorenaci aseve V s-Si werda, rom wm. ninom iqadaga

klarjeTSi (klarjeTidan masquTebamde), klarjeTi ki berZnuli

wyaroebis lazika anu samxreT egrisia.

sotiropolis kaTedris saxeli ukavSirdeba aseve alaniis

samitropolitos.

imis gamo, rom gaqristianebul alanebs esaWiroebodaT TavianTi

episkoposi, magram maT (alanebs) ar gaaCndaT mudmivi sacxovrebeli

adgili nomaduri (momTabaruli) cxovrebis gamo, konstantinopols

gadauwyvetia kavkasiis zRvispira romelime Tavis iurisdiqciis qveS

myof qalaqSi daesva alanebisaTvis saWiro episkoposi. es yofila q.

sotiropolisi p. ingoroyvas kvleviT (dasax. naSr. gv. 259).

marTlac, sotiropolisis CrdiloeTiT mTeli SavizRvispireTi

vidre nikofsiamde saqarTvelos saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda,

xolo nikofsias iqiT SavizRvispireTSi ar iyo mSvidobiani

cxovreba.

amitomac konstantinopoli iZulebuli iyo alanebisagan Zalze

moSorebiT daearsebina alaniis kaTedra.

konstantinopoluri dokumenti iuwyeba _ `alaniis mitropolias

sruliad ar aqvs sakuTari samRvdelmTavro kaTedra, radgan aqauri

xalxi momTabareobas, nomadur cxovrebas eweva~ (dasax. naSr. gv. 259).

ai, es yofila mizezi, rom alaniis mitropolia XII saukuneSi

gauerTianebiaT sotiropolis saeklesio olqTan, romelic am dros

konstantinopolis sapatriarqoSi Sedioda.

aq, sotiropolis zonaSi iyo am epoqaSi `sazRvari bizantiasa da

saqarTvelos Soris~ (iqve, gv. 260).

XIII s-Si saqarTvelos (mesxeTis samTavros) SeuerTebia trapizonis

aqeTi qveynebi, maT Soris, sotiropolisi.

amis gamo konstantinopols sotiropolis kaTedra gadautania

trapizonSi.

alaniis samitropolito XIII-XVI ss-Si osmalebis gabatonebamde

Sedioda saqarTvelos sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi, kerZod, mas

163

Semdeg, rac q. sotiropolis mxare daukavSirda saqarTvelos

samefos mesxeTis samTavros me-13 saukunidan, eklesiuradac is

Sevida saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi, da Seadgina qarTuli

saeklesio olqi _ ofis anu laziis mitropolitis meTaurobiT,

romlis kaTedra XVI s-Si guriaSi _ satrapelaSi mdebareobda. mas

alaniis mitropolitis titulic hqonda. magaliTad, afxazTa

kaTalikosis mier 1646 w. nakurTx laziis mitropolits germanes (gv.

263).

am Zalze mniSvnelovani faqtidan gamomdinare alaniisa da laziis

samitropolitoebis sulieri memkvidreoba ekuTvnis saqarTvelos

eklesias da ara ruseTis eklesias, radganac swored saqarTvelos

eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi jer kidev XVI saukuneSi Semovida alaniisa

da laziis samitropolitoebi konstantinopolisa da trapezuntis

imperiebis daqcevis Semdeg.

amis aRniSvna saWiroa, radganac `pravoslavnaia enciklopedia~

miiCnevs, rom alaniis eparqiis memkvidre aris ruseTis eklesia, rad-

ganac alaniis eparqiis iurisdiqciis qveS mdebare miwebi amJamad ru-

seTSia.

kidev erTxel rom gavimeoroT, faqtebiT ar mtkicdeba amJamad

oficialurad miRebuli debuleba, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo

eklesiurad bizantiis xelqveS iyo da aq berZnuli wirva-locva iyo

gavrcelebuli.

numizmatikuri da arqeografiuli masala sxvas miuTiTebs _

dasavleT saqarTvelo iyo qarTlis samefos safinanso da eklesiuri

nawili.

SeuZlebelia, am mxriv kidev erTxel ar gavixsenoT somxuri

wyaros cnoba, rom kirioni `Zveli wesis Sesabamisad egrisis

arqiepiskoposic iyo~.

По сведениям арм. историка католикоса Ованнеса Драсханакертци, в к. VI в.

К., «согласно прежним законам», был возведен в сан католикоса «иверов,

гугаров и эгров [лазов в визант. источках.— Авт.]» (Ованнес Драсханакертци

«История Армении», Ереван, 1984. Перевод с древнеармянского М.О. Дарбинян-

Меликян. Глава XVI, ст. 55).

X saukuneSi somexTa kaTalikosma ioanem somxur-qarTuli

saeklesio ganxeTqilebis udidesi daZabvis dros, mkiTxvels miawoda

cnoba qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi egrisis Semavlobis Sesaxeb,

`mcxeTis kaTalikosi kirioni egrsis arqiepiskoposic iyo winandeli

wesis Tanaxmado~.

164

kirionis `winandeli drois wesebis~ qveS albaT VI saukuneSi

arsebuli viTareba igulisxmeba.

kidev ufro adre V s-Si samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi

(klarjeTSi) qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciis Sesaxeb werda movses

xorenaci.

rogorc iTqva, xorenaci wers _ `wmida ninom iqadaga klarjeTidan

masquTedamde Tavisi advilad gasagebi eniT~.

maSasadame wmida ninos klarjeTSic uqadagnia, dasturdeba Tu

ara es cnoba sxva romelime cnobiT?

lazeTis mitropoliti germane adasturebda, rom wmida ninom

iqadaga lazeTSi.

rogorc aRiniSna, lazeTis mitropoliti germane 1651 wels

ruseTis mefisadmi wardgenili angariSSi wers, rom lazeTis

mitropolitis samyofeli q. ofis taZari wmida ninos dauarsebia da

mis epoqaSi sazRvrad saqarTvelosa da bizantias Soris miiCneoda

ofi, rizesTan axlos. am ofsac _ xofi erqva. aq yofila aRmarTuli

qvis sasazRvro didi sveti, am adgilebSi, saqarTvelos teritoriaze

dauarsebia wmida ninos ofis anu xofis kaTedra. amitomac

SemdgomSi, xelsayreli momentis dadgomisas aRsdga Tavdapirveli

mdgomareoba da aqauri lazeTis mitropoliti aRsdga qarTuli

eklesiis ierarqiaSi.

rogorc aRiniSna, gelasi werda _ wmida ninos mier `RmrTis

mcneba miiRes pontos gaswvriv mdebare miwa-wyalze mcxovrebma

iberebma da lazebma~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, gv. 227).

IV saukuneSi, wmida ninos dros, rize-xufaTis regions lazika rom

erqva, rogorc iTqva, miuTiTebs lazeTis mitropolit germanes 1651

wels ruseTis mefisadmi wardgenili angariSi, rom lazeTis

mitropolitis samyofeli q. ofis taZari wmida ninos dauarsebia.

lazeTs Cvenc im qveyanas vuwodebT, romelsac qarTul wyaroebSi

ewodeba `klarjeTi, bolo klarjeTisa, zRvispiri~. swored, aq

dauarsebia wmida ninos ofis kaTedra _ lazeTis mitropolitis

cnobiT, xolo xorenacis cnobiT wm. ninom klarjeTSic iqadaga,

amitomac, Cans wmida ninos mosvlis periodSi xsenebuli mxare

klarjeTis erisTavs eqvemdebareboda.

wmida ninos lazikaSi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb arsebuli berZnuli

wyaroebi, ratomRac Cvens istoriografiaSi miuRebelia. gelasi

kesarielis cnobiT xom tyve qalis mier miiRes qristianoba iberebma

165

da lazebma, rac mitropolit germanes mier naxseneb mxares

gulisxmobs sadacaa ofis (xofas) kaTedra.

lazeTi, berZeni avtoris TqmiT, mdebareobda `pontos gaswvriv~.

pontos sazRvarTan mdebare miwa-wyali, romelic iwodeboda lazi-

kad (ofis regioni), igivea, rac qarTuli wyaros `klarjeTis zRvis

piri~, maSasadame, xorenacis cnobas, rom wmida ninom iqadaga

klarjeTSic adasturebs aseve V saukunisve berZnuli wyaroebi da

lazTa mitropoliti XVII saukunisa. am cnobaTa urTierTSejerebiT

irkveva, rom klarjeTi igive lazikaa.

aRsaniSnavia, rom xorenacis garda wmida ninos klarjeTSi

moRvaweobis Sesaxeb cnoba hqonia agaTangelozsac, amis Sesaxeb TviT

xorenaci wers.

ratom ar aisaxa qarTul wyaroebSi cnoba wmida ninos lazeTSi

moRvaweobis Sesaxeb?

unda iTqvas isic, qarTlis samefos daSlis Semdeg, rac mis

teritoriebze sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulebi Camoyalibda

(Tbilisis saamiro, taSir-Zorakertis samefo, afxazTa da qarTvelTa,

kaxTa da herTa samefoebi), Cans moxda axali redaqtireba wmida

ninos cxovrebisa (albaT VIII-X saukuneebSi) epoqis suliskveTebis

gaTvaliswinebiT.

axal, arabTa epoqaSi naredaqtirev, anu Cvenamde moRweuli wmida

ninos cxovrebis mixedviT, is ar qadagebda arc lazeT-klarjeTSi,

arc kaspiispira vrcel mxareSi `klarjeTidan masquTebamde~

(rogorc werda m. xorenaci), is axla ukve im patara qarTlis

ganmanaTlebelia, romelic arabTa batonobis Sedegad warmoiqmna

`yoveli qarTlis~ damcrobis Semdeg, am patara qarTlis sazRvrebic

damcrobilia, is javaxeTidan bodbemde TuRa aRwevs.

axali redaqtirebis nakvalevi Cans sxva mxrivac. magaliTad, axal

redaqtorebs ukve aRar sjeraT wmida ninos qarTulenovneba.

Tu ki wmida ninos epoqis movses xorenacisaTvis wmida nino

qarTveli xalxisaTvis advilad gasageb enaze, e.i. qarTul enaze,

qadagebda, axali IX-X-XI saukuneTa redaqtorebisaTvis wmida ninos

ukve Tarjimani _ berZnuli enis mcodne esaWiroeba qarTvelebTan

urTierTobisaTvis, kerZod `sefeqalma SroSanam ixila igi (nino)

xesa mas qveSe, gankvirda da moiyvana berZnulad metyveli dedakaci

da hkiTxa gza misi~ (qarTuli mwerloba, 1987, gv. 78).

166

Tuki xorenacs V saukuneSi ar eeWveboda wmida ninos epoqaSi

qarTuli enis arealis ganfena klarjeTidan vidre kaspiis zRvis

piras mdebare masquTebamde, axla arabobis Semdeg qarTuli enis

areali Semcirebuli Cans. gelasi kesarielsac ar eeWveboda wmida

ninos qadageba iberTa da lazTa Soris, radganac aqac erTiani

enobrivi areali unda yofiliyo.

safiqrebelia, rom erTiani qarTlis saxelmwifos rRvevam (rac

gansakuTrebiT gagrZelda arabobis dros), gamoiwvia aseve iqamde

erTiani saerTo - fuZe qarTuli enis diferenciaciac, albaT

warmoiqmna kidec axal saxelmwifo erTeulebSi iqamde erTiani enis

kiloebi Tu dialeqtebi.

unda aRiniSnos, Cveni wyaroebis miTiTeba, rom iqamde saerTo

qarTul enas TiTqmis aTaswlovani saxelmwifoebrivi tradicia

hqonda. SemTxveviTi araa, mematianis naTqvami, rom aRmosavleT-

dasavleT saqarTvelos mpyrobel farnavazis epoqaSi `arRara

izraxeboda sxva ena Tvinier qarTulisa~, anu klarjeT (lazeT),

dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi erTi ena _ saerTo-saxalxo

qarTuli ena funqcionirebda.

qarTuli wyaroebisave cnobiT farnavazis Semdeg qarTlis

samefoSi Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebidan TiTqmis yovelTvis Sedioda

klarjeTi da aseve, dasavleT saqarTvelo vidre VI s-is bolomde,

amitom qarTul enas ganvlili hqonia saerTo saxelmwifoebriv-

kulturuli cxovrebis TiTqmis aTasi weli. amitomac, arabobis

epoqaSi misi (saerTo saxalxo qarTuli enis) daSla-diferenciaciam

ver moaxdina mniSvnelovani gavlena da is kvlav saerTo-saeklesio-

kulturis enad darCa axal saxelmwifoebriv erTeulebSi afxazTa

samefoSi, kaxeTis saqorepiskoposoSi, herTa samefoSi, tao-

klarjeTSi _ Tumca ukve dabali socialuri fenebi albaT ukve

iwyebdnen dialeqtur doneze metyvelebas.

armeniis iberiuli zolis saunjeni (`qebaY da didebaY

qarTulisa enisaY~ da wmida ninos jvari)

a. armeniis qarTvelTa saunje (VI_X ss).

167

VI-VIII ss-Si, mas Semdeg, rac gugarqsa, taosa Tu basianSi

mcxovrebi mkvidri qarTvelebi politikurad aRmoCdnen persarmeniasa

Tu romaul armeniaSi da moeqcnen somxur saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi,

am mxareebSi daiwyo qarTuli enis totaluri devna _ es

gansakuTrebiT iTqmis persarmeniaSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa Sesaxeb.

daiwyo qarTvelTa armenizaciis TiTqmis Seuqcevadi procesi.

qarTvelTa armenizacia SedarebiT neli tempiT mimdinareobda

`romaul~, anu dasavleT armeniaSi imis gamo, rom aq eklesiebSi

RvTismsaxureba berZnulenovani iyo. amis gamo aq mosaxleobis

armenizaciis procesi ver dasrulda.

maxloblad mcxovrebma (e.i. taos, kolas, basianis da sxva

kuTxeebis) qarTvelebma icodnen, rom isini erovnulad qarTvelebi

iyvnen, magram rogorc bizantiur (berZnul-romaul), aseve somxur

(sparsul, Semdeg arabul) olqebSi maT mSobliur qarTul enas

devnidnen, aviwrovebdnen, ar aZlevdnen saxelmwifoebriv da

saeklesio enis funqcias. amis gamo, VI-VIII saukuneebSi armeniis

iberiul zolSi qarTuli ena iqca `mdabal da dawunebul enad~,

mxolod imedi asuldgmulebdaT iqaur vinaobaSenarCunebul

qarTvelebs. icodnen, odesme dadgeboda iseTi dRe, roca qarTuli

ena Tavis uflebebs aRidgenda. am kuTxis qarTvelebis imedi sinas

mTis berma Segvinaxa. iq daculi qarTuli xelnaweriT _ `qebaY da

didebaY qarTulisa enisaY~.

b. `qebaY da didebaYs~ saeklesio safuZvlebi (VI-X ss.)

sinas mTis qarTul xelnawerTa Soris daculi pirveli

aTaswleulis qristianuli Zegli `qebaY da didebaY qarTulisa

enisaY~ mkveTrad gansxvavdeba msoflio eklesiaSi danergil

kanonikuri teqstebisagan da ufro apokrifuls emsgavseba, magram

rogorc aRmoCnda mas aqvs Tavisi saeklesio safuZvlebi qarTul

enasTan dakavSirebiT.

`qebaY da didebaYs~ qristiani avtori saeklesio safuZvlis gareSe

ar miscemda Tavis Tavs nebas ganecxadebina teqstSi naTqvmi sityvebi,

rom qarTuli ena `Semkulia da kurTxeulia uflis saxeliT~,.

aseTi safuZveli ki gaxldaT Zalze amaRelvebeli momentebi

asureli mamebis cxovrebidan, roca maT uflis mier miiRes codna

qarTuli enisa (msgavsad imisa, rogorc wmida mociqulebma

168

sulTmofenobisas miiRes sxvadasxva enebis codna), rac miuTiTebda

qarTuli enis sazepuroobas,

Zvel saqarTveloSi ganuzomlad didi iyo avtoriteti asureli

mamebisa, maT wmida ninos Semdeg qarTlis anu saqarTvelos axal

ganmanaTleblad miiCnevdnen (Cans VI saukuneSi monofizitebisa da

cecxlTayvanismcemlebis mZlavrobis gamo, romelTa winaaRmdegac

isini ibrZodnen).

isini iyvnen pirveli aTaswleulis qarTuli eklesiis udidesi

wmidanebi. sinas mTaze, iq, sadac pirvel aTaswleulSi `qebaisa da

didebais~ mravali teqsti gadaiwera, moulodnelad, XX saukuneSi,

aRmoCnda iqamde daviwyebuli sinas mTis berebis uZvelesi

xelnawerebi, romelTa Sorisaa asureli mamebis cxovrebani,

`moqcevaY qarTlisaYsasTan~ erTad.

es miuTiTebs imis Sesaxeb, rom asureli mamebi qalkedonitebi

iyvnen da eklesiis wmidanebi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi pirveli

aTaswleulis msoflio mniSvnelobis marTlmadidebelTa centrSi _

sinas mTis monasterSi maT `cxovrebebs~ ar gamoiyenebdnen saeklesio

praqtikaSi (k.kekeliZe maT monofizitebad miiCnevda).

asureli mamebi iyvnen ara mxolod marTlmadidebeli eklesiis

wmidanebi, aramed qarTuli enis aRorZinebis mamebi, misi uflismieri

damcvel-mepatroneni.

arsebobs qarTuli enis dasacavad maTze gardamosuli zegardamo

mfarvelobis faqtebi da gvaqvs Sesabamisi ueWveli da uZvelesi

wyaroebi, esaa TviT am wmidaTa `cxovrebani~.

vin iyvnen asureli mamebi da ra kavSiri hqondaT maT qarTul

enasTan? warmoSobis mixedviT araviTari, maT Tavdapirvelad

saerTod arc icodnen qarTuli ena da arc ki smenodaT qarTlis

qveynis Sesaxeb. amas mogviTxroben TviT am wmidaTa cxovrebani.

ioane zedazneli, romelic iyo meTauri asureli mamebisa,

erovnebiT asuri iyo, asureTSi mcxovrebi da iq dabadebuli. mas

gagonilic ki ar hqonda imis Sesaxeb, rom arsebobda qarTvelTa

qveyana da qarTuli ena. gamoxda xani, mas mieca uflismieri brZaneba,

rom unda eqadaga qarTvelebis qveyanaSi. marTlac is mowafeebTan

erTad Semovida qarTlSi da qarTuli eniT daiwyo xalxis

damoZRvra.

rogor? man Seiswavla qarTuli ena? ara, mas sagangebod ar

Seuswavlia qarTuli ena da arc dro dauxarjavs mis Sesaswavlad.

169

moxda didi saswauli, am enasTan dakavSirebiT, iseTi saswauli da

Tanac yvelasaTvis gasagebi, rom mis garSemo myofi adamianebi am

saswauliT didad SeSindnen da amasTanave gakvirdnen kidec.

ra moxda? wmidanis cxovrebis Tanaxmad ufalma ineba, rom rogorc

wmida mociqulebs miecaT sulTmofenobisas enebis codna (saqme, 2-14),

aseve suliwmidis mier `erT wamSi~ anu elviseburi siswrafiT asu-

rel mama wmida ioane zedaznels mieca qarTuli enis codna: misi

mematiane wers _ `moeca ioanes enaY qarTulad metyveli... ese

saswauli, Zmano, mimsgavsebul ars sions gardamosvlasa sulisa

wmidisasa wmidaTa zeda mociqulTa da ganyofasa enaTasa

cecxlisasa... suliTa wmidiTa wamsa Sina aRatyua sityviTa zraxvad

ioane, romeli arca odes asmioda, araTu eswava ... romelni maSin mun

iyvnes yovelni zarganxdilni da gankvirvebulni adidebs RmerTsa,

moqmedsa sakvirvelebaTasa~ (`cxoreba da moqalaqoba RirsTa mamaTa

CuenTa Siosi da evgaresi~, 2005, gv. 29).

maSasadame:

1. suliwmidis mier ioane zedazneli qarTulad ametyvelda;

2. mas qarTuli enis codna mieca `wamsa Sina~, anu myisierad;

3. ioanes iqamde arasodes uswavlia qarTuli ena da arc ki

smenoda mis Sesaxeb;

4. ioanem maSinve daiwyo `sityvaTa zraxvad~ anu is ukve qarTuli

eniT warmoTqvamda frazebs da saerTod is qarTulad srulyofilad

ametyvelda, maSasadame unari mieca qarTulad qadagebisa;

5. es udidesi saswauli moxda sxvebis TandaswrebiT, ramac maT

SiSis zari dascaT da amave dros gaukvirdaT;

6. iq myofma adamianebma maSinve daiwyes RmerTis dideba, radganac

swored isaa (e.i. RmerTia) - `moqmedi sakvirvelebaTa~, anu saswauli

mxolod misgan momdinareobda.

7. saswauli Tavisi arsiT identuri iyo sulTmofenobisas

`cecxlis enaTa ganyofisas~ mociqulebze suliwmidis gardamosvlisa

da maTi sxvadasxva enebze ametyvelebisa (cxovreba Siosi da

evagresi, 2005, gv. 29).

aRsaniSnavia, rom ioane zedaznelis aRniSnuli saswaulis dros

mis gverdiT iyo misi mowafe Sio mRvimeli.

saswaulis mniSvneloba gaorkecda imiT, rom Sio mRvimelzec

gadmovida madli suliwmidisa da isic ametyvelda qarTulad.

Sio mRvimelis cxovrebis aRmweri wers, rom wm. Sio `iyo

naTesaviT asuri... odes iovane, moZRvari misi uwyebiTa RmrTisaiTa

170

qveyanad qarTlisa miiwia, eseca netari mis Tanave mogzaur iqmna da

mis Tanave mociqulebrivi qadagebai aRasrula, romelTa RmerTman

misca enai qarTulad metyveli~ (`xsenebai sakvirvelmoqmedisa

wmidisa mamisa Siosi~, 2005, gv. 113).

maSasadame:

1) Sio mRvimeli iyo eTnikuri asuri;

2) misi moZRvari ioane `RmrTis uwyebiT~ movida saqarTveloSi;

3) ioanem da Siom aRasrules mociqulebrivi qadageba;

4) maT RmerTma uboZa qarTuli enis codna _ `romelTa RmerTman

misca enai qarTulad metyveli~.

aRniSnulTa garda arsebobs agreTve Sio mRvimelis mokle

cxovrebac, romelSic kerZod naTqvamia _ `warmoemarTnen wmidanni da

movidnen qarTlad.... kaTalikozsa evlabiozs gamoecxada angelozi

uflisai da auwya mosvla maTi da wina miegeboda... netarman iovaneca

wamsa Sina iswava ena qarTvelTa sulisa mier wmidisa~ (cxorebaY Sio

mRvimelisa mokled naTqvami, 2005, gv. 107).

wm. Sios `mokle cxovrebac~ imasve imeorebs, rac aRniSnulia

sxvaganac, rom ioane zedaznelma `wamsa Sina iswava ena qarTvelTa

sulis mier wmidisa~.

am cxovrebaTa SejerebiT naTeli xdeba, rom ioane zedaznelma,

Sio mRvimelma da Cans sxva mamebmac RmrTis nebiT, suliwmidis mier

myisierad miiRes codna qarTuli enisa da RmerTis uwyebiT

gamoemarTnen saqarTveloSi, xolo `angelozi uflisa~ afrTxilebda

da amzadebda saTanado pirebs maTTan Sesaxvedrad.

marTlac, sruliad gamorCeuli, unikaluri da albaT erTaderTia

msgavsi saswauli _ rac gameorebaa wmida mociqulebze suliwmidis

madliT enaTa dauflebisa, oRond am SemTxvevaSi, qarTul enazea

RvTis madli daSvebuli.

cxadia, es momenti ancvifrebda Zvel qarTvel mamebs da unergavda

maT Tvalsazriss qarTuli enis gansakuTrebulobis Sesaxeb,

miTumetes iseT regionebSi, sadac qarTuli ena `dawunebuli~ iyo

RvTismsaxurebisaTvis saeklesio sferoSi da ar gamoiyeneboda

eklesia-monastrebSi (igulisxmeba yofili persarmeniis regioni, tao-

basianis mxareebi) TiTqmis IX-X saukunemde da Semdegac.

asurel mamaTa aRniSnuli cxovrebani warmoadgendnen oficialur

sakiTxavebs, romelnic eklesiebSi xmamaRla ikiTxeboda wirva-

locvebis saTanado momentebis dros. mrevls odnavadac ki eWvi ar

epareboda mosmenilis sinamdvileSi.

171

es ambavi namdvilad rom ar momxdariyo arc aRwerdnen da arc

miiCnevdnen RmrTis sadidebel sakvirvel saswaulad.

sazogadod, locvis enas Zvel qristianul samyaroSi

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda, radganac `axali aRTqmis~

qadagebiT ena RvTiuri niSniT iyo aRbeWdili. es sagangebod euwyaT

sulTmofenobisas mociqulebsa da Sesabamisad pirvelqristianebs,

roca `aRivsnen yovelni suliTa wmidiTa da iwyes sityvad ucxoTa

enaTa, viTarca suli igi miscemda maT sityvad~ (saqme, 2, 4).

amiT moixsna is enobrivi barieri, romelic pirvelmqadagebel

mowafeebs SesaZloa SexvedrodaT, roca isini wavidnen dasamoZRvrad

warmarTebisa mTel msoflioSi.

aseTi enobrivi barieri elodaT asurel mamebsac saqarTveloSi,

magram, rogorc iTqva, suliwmidis mier maT (asurel mamebs) miecaT

ara zogadad codna sxvadasxva enebisa, aramed konkretulad,

mxolod qarTuli enisa.

qarTuli enis aseTi gamorCeva uflis mier, rac iyo Tvalxiluli

faqti ara mxolod asureli mamebis gverdiT mdgomTaTvis, aramed

qarTveli erisaTvisac, cxadia bunebrivi siamayiT avsebda qarTvel

mamebs.

aRiwereba iseTi momentic, roca magaliTad qarTlis kaTalikosi

Seegeba asurel mamebs asuruli eniT, magram maT qarTulad upasuxes.

asureli mamebi qarTulenovani mqadageblebi iyvnen, ufro metic,

qarTulenovani mwerlebic ki, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs Sio mRvimelis

qarTulenovani leqsebi.

asurel mamebze uflis mier gardamovlenili es enobrivi momenti,

Cans, aZlierebda kirion I kaTalikosis Tavisi enobrivi reformis

gatarebisas gugarqSi.

rogorc cnobilia, gugarqi, TviT `epistoleTa wignis~ mixedviTac,

warmoadgenda mcxeTeli kaTalikosis iurisdiqciaSi Semaval

eparqias, sadac adgilobrivi qarTuli mosaxleobisaTvis IV

saukunidanve qarTul enaze aResruleboda wirva-locva (amas

bolnisis sionis warwerebi da sxva epigrafikuli masalac aCvenebs),

amis miuxedavad VI s-Si sparselTa myrobelobisas (romelic somxur

monofizitur eklesias Zlier uWerda mxars), gugarqSi qarTuli

mrevlisaTvis eklesiebSi danerges somxurenovani msaxureba, iseve,

rogorc taosa da basianSi.

sparsTa Zlierebis SesustebisTanave, roca bizantiis sazRvarma

gadmoiwia da moadga Tbiliss, kirionma gabeda da ineba

172

qarTulenovani RvTismsaxurebis aRdgena gugarqis qarTuli

mrevlisaTvis, ramac Zalze aRaSfoTa somxuri eklesiis mesveurebi,

maT maSinve daabezRes kirioni sparsTa winaSe, romlebmac kirioni

taxtidan Camoagdes da ucxoeTSi gandevnes.

rogorc iTqva, kirionis am didi brZolis mamxnevebeli iyo

qarTuli enis uflismieri mfarveloba, romelic asureli mamebze

gancxadda. kirions ufali amxne­vebda asurel mamebze movlenili

saswauliT.

safiqrebelia, rom qarTuli enis aseTi gamorCeuloba uflis mier

(rac, rogorc vTqviT faqti iyo), warmoadgenda erT-erT saeklesio

wyaros winaswarmetyvelebisa, romelsac `qebai da didebai

qarTulisa enisai~ ewodeba.

mas, rogorc Cans, sxva saeklesio wyaroebic hqonda uflismieri

niSniT aRbeWdilni.

erT-erTi, unda iyos ilarion qarTvelis cxovrebis epizodi.

IX saukuneSi wmida ilarions aukrZales qarTulenovani locva-

RvTismsaxureba berZnebma olimpos mTis monasterSi.

maSinve, berZen mamasaxliss gamoecxada yovladwmida RvTismSobeli

da ganucxada `mravalni damkvidrebad arian mTasa amas maTisa enisa

metyvelni da cxonebad arian da romelni maT ar Seiwynareben, mter

Cemda arian~ (s. yubaneiSvili, qrestomaTia, 1946, gv. 172). aq `maTisa

ena~, niSnavs qarTul enas, radganac ambavi qarTvelebs exeboda. `maTi

eniT~ anu qarTuli eniT locviT cxoneba SesaZlebelia, es iyo

saRmrTo brZaneba _ gadmocemuli yovladwmida RvTismSoblis mier.

yovladwmidam miuTiTa cxonebis Sesaxeb, es ki iyo yoveli

qristianis, maT Soris gansakuTrebiT monastris berTa saboloo

mizani da amave dros miuTiTa, rom qarTuli eniT locviT

SesaZlebelia cxoneba.

RvTismSoblis es sityvebi cxadia udidesi stimuli iyo qarTveli

mamebisaTvis, maT kidev erTxel irwmunes qarTuli enis uflismieri

gamorCeuloba.

yovladwmida RvTismSoblis gancxadebam, rom qarTuli ena

cxonebis enaa (`mravalni damkvidrebad arian mTasa amas maTisa enisa

metyvelni da cxonebad arian, da romelni maT ara Seiwynareben, mter

Cemda arian~), cxadia sulieri sasicocxlo stimuli misca da kidev

ufro ganumtkica qarTvel morwmuneebs (maT Soris Cvens SemTxvevaSi

qarTvel berebs) Tvalsazrisi, rom qarTuli ena uflismieraa

rCeuli.

173

amasTanave, kidev ufro amaRlda maT TvalSi ara mxolod qarTuli

enis sulieri mniSvneloba, aramed ganmtkicda erovnuli identobac

(RvTismSoblis gancxadebam, `vinc ar Seiwynarebs qarTulad metyve-

lebs, isini Cemi mtrebi arian~), saerTod RvTismSobelis es Cveneba,

misi sityvebi gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis datvirTvisaa qarTuli

kulturis Semdgomi aRmavlisaTvis.

safiqrebelia, rom IX-X saukuneTa qarTuli xelovnebisa da

kulturis ayvavebas, aseve qarTvelTa identobis saocar

ganmtkicebisa da gamoRviZebas tao-basianis vrcel qveynebSi am

gamocxadebebis sulierma mniSvnelobamac daudo safuZveli (asureli

mamebidan eqvTime mTawmidelamde).

maSasadame, Cvens xelTaa I aTaswleulis ori saeklesio

datvirTvis mqone wyaro, romelic safuZvlad unda dadeboda `qebaY

da didebaYs~ frazas _ `ese enaY Semkuli da kurTxeuli ars

saxeliT uflisaTa~.

safiqrebelia isic, rom aRniSnuli wyaroebis Taviseburi gageba

safuZvlad unda dadeboda frazas _ rom qarTuli eniT meored

mosvlisas yvela enas (e.i. ers) am eniT `amxels~ anu ganikiTxavs

ufali _ `damarxul ars enaY qarTuli dRedmde meored mosvlisa

misisa sawameblad, raiTa yovelsa enasa RmerTman amxilos amiT

eniTa~.

cxadia, `qebai da didebais~ uTuod gaaCnda sxva wyaroebic (vTqvaT

imis Sesaxeb Tu ratom unda rqmeoda qarTul enas saxarebaSi

`lazare~, maTes saxarebis dasawyisis (Tavis) mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb

qarTul enasTan dakavSirebiT da sxv.) magram Cven SegviZlia

gamovTqvaT mosazreba aRniSnulTa garda am teqstis sxva frazebis

saeklesio wyaroTa Sesaxeb _ esenia Semdegi frazebi

1) `damarxul ars enaY qarTuli~;

2) `ese enaY mZinare ars~;

3) `megobrobaY amisTvis Tqva~;

4) `axalman nino moaqcia da helene dedofalman, ese arian orni

dani, viTarca mariam da marTa~;

5) `ese enaY... mdabali da dawunebuli~.

am frazebis mixedviT `qebaYs~ teqstis Sedgenis dros qarTuli ena

savalalo mdgomareobaSi yofila, is teqstis avtoris qveyanaSi iyo

`mdabali da dawunebuli~, `mZinare~, `damarxuli~ da a. S.

romeli qveyana iyo es?

174

sad idevneboda qarTuli ena, sad ar hqonda mas saxelmwifoebrivi

funqcia, saeklesio da samoqalaqo datvirTva?

romeli iyo aseTi qarTuli qveyana VIII-X ss-Si da ufro adre?

afxazTa samefoSi qarTuli ena didad pativcemuli iyo imiT, rom

is iq iyo erTaderTi saxelmwifo, saeklesio da samoqalaqo-

administraciuli ena, iseve ka­xeTsa da samcxe-javaxeTSi, magram sul

sxva mdgomareobaSi iyo qarTuli ena taosa, gugarqsa da basianSi.

wina saukuneebSi iq (gugarqsa, taosa Tu basianSi) mcxovrebi

mkvidri qarTvelebi politikurad aRmoCdnen persarmeniasa Tu

romaul armeniaSi da moeqcnen somxur saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi, ris

gamoc rogorc aRvniSneT, iq daiwyo qarTuli enis totaluri devna

_ rogorc dasavleT armeniaSi ise persarmeniaSi da es procesi

Semdgom saukuneebSic gagrZelda.

aseT dros iqaur qarTvelTa Soris (gugarqsa, taosa Tu basianSi)

gavrcelda cnoba, rom dawunebuli ena, Turme kurTxeuli yofila

uflis saxeliT _ `ese enaY Semkuli da kurTxeuli ars saxeliT

uflisaTa~, ramac dabada grZnoba _ marTalia amJamad Cveni qarTuli

ena gaZevebulia saeklesio da sazogadoebrivi moqmedebis sferodan,

is `dawunebuli da dadablebulia~, `damarxulia~ imiT, rom mxolod

saojaxo da saSinao moxmarebis sferoebi darCa saasparezod, magram

es droebiTia, radganac `damarxul ars enai qarTuli dRedmde

meored mosvlisa misisa sawameblad, raiTa yovelsa enasa RmerTman

amxilos amiT eniTa~.

qarTuli enis mniSvneloba da tao-basianis qarTvelebis erovnuli

identoba am momentma kidev ufro gamokveTa.

albaT SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom VIII-IX saukuneebSi dawyebuli didi

moZraoba taoelTa da maxlobel kuTxeTa qarTvelebis erovnuli

identobis aRorZinebisaTvis msgavsi suliskveTebiT gamsWvaluli

patriotul-eklesiuri Txzulebebis Sedegic iyo.

marTlac, tao-basianel qarTvelTa erovnuli identobis aRorZi-

nebam maT qveyanaSi da ufro CrdiloeTiT (hereTsa da gugarqSi)

iqamde `mdabali da dawunebuli~ qarTuli enac _ aaRorZina X

saukunisaTvis, Tumca am mxriv yofil xorZenesa da pariadres

qarTvelebs ar gaumarTldaT.

g. `qebaY da didebaY qarTulisa enisaYs~

daweris dro da adgili (X s.)

175

Cvenamde moRweulia `qebaY da didebaY qarTulisa enisaYs~ oTxi

xelnaweri e.w. sinur ZeglebSi _ yvela aris X saukunisa, kerZod ki

X saukunis meore naxevrisa.

riT iyo aRsaniSnavi xelnaweris daweris dro?

imiT, rom axlovdeboda qristesSobidan aTasi weli, samyaros

cvlilebisa da saSineli samsjavros Jami.

am TariRs mTeli qristanuli msoflio eloda SiSiT da imediT,

kerZod qristesSobidan meaTase wlisTavze elodnen qristes meored

mosvlas.

es iyo Zalze mniSvnelovani TariRi, ara mxolod saeklesio

wreebi, aramed sazogadod mTeli xalxi, mrevli, mdidari Tu Raribi,

moxuci, axalgazrda, patronebi Tu ymebi, seniorebi da vasalebi,

erTi sityviT yvela sofeli Tu qalaqi eloda qristeSobis meaTase

wlisTavs.

amis Sesaxeb msjelobdnen, kamaTobdnen, loculobdnen da ase

grZeldeboda TaobaTa manZilze mTel meaTe saukunis ganmavlobaSi,

Sesabamisad warmoiSva mravali miTi, Teoria, mosazreba, idea Tu

winaswarmetyveleba maTi samomavlo bedisweris Secvlis Sesaxeb

meored mosvlisas, romelis xmac ukve ismoda, meaTase wlisTavi

axlovdeboda.

armeniaSi, yofili xorZenas, pariadresa da gugarqis qarTvelTa

Cagruli fena meored mosvlas imediT Sescqeroda, rom maTi

mdgomareoba Seicvleboda da sixa­ruliT aivseboda, ufro metic,

maTi `dawunebuli da damdablebuli~ ena anu erovneba sxvebze

amaRldeboda wmida sityvaTa Sesabamisad `ukanani wina da winani

ukan~.

mas Semdeg, rac strabonis cnobiT, armeniam iberiisagan miitaca

xorZenas, pariadresa da gogarenas qarTveli xalxiT dasaxlebuli

vrceli miwa-wyali, iq daiwyo qarTuli enis devna da Seviwroeba.

movses xorenaci Tavis istoriaSi aRniSnavs Tu rogor devnidnen

samxreTidan Casaxlebuli armenielTa mefeebi mkvidri mosaxleobis

enas. isini krZalavdnen somxuris garda sxva enis gamoyenebas. aseT

garemoSi qarTuli enac idevneboda. magram iqaur (mkvidr)

qarTvelobas mxneoba SeunarCunebia da devnis sapirispirod

wamouyenebia idea qarTuli enis SemdgomSi gandidebis Sesaxeb da is

daukavSirebia meored mosvlasTan.

armeniis mier mitacebul iberiis teritoriebze Camoyalibebula

winaswarmetyveleba Cagruli qarTuli enis saboloo gandidebis

Sesaxeb.

176

aseT winaswarmetyelebaTa rigSi unda CavayenoT Cvenamde moRweuli

Txzuleba _ `qebaY da didebaY qarTulisa enisaY~, romelic SesaZloa

wina saukuneebSi daiwera, magram gansakuTrebulad popularuli

iqaur qarTvelTa Soris gaxda meaTe saukuneSi.

ras exeboda winaswarmetyveleba? rom male, qristes mosvlis Jams,

ramdenime weliwadSi (meaTase wlisTavze) qriste ganikiTxavs mTel

kacobriobas da gankiTxvis ena ki iqneba qarTuli!

ratom qarTuli? am kiTxvis pasuxiT Cven SevecdebiT warmovaCinoT

am Txzulebis SeTxzvis adgili.

ras elodnen pirveli aTaswleulis bolos anu meored mosvlis

Jams?

Raribebi _ xsnas da sixaruls,

Cagrulebi _ tvirTis axsnas,

cudi mdidrebi _ damdabldebas,

glaxakebi _ maTze amaRldebas,

yvela Cagruli gaTavisufldeboda da gamoCndeboda mTeli Tavisi

Sinagani sikeTiT.

radganac, winaswarmetyveleba Seexeboda qarTul enas, mis

mimarTac igive unda aRsrulebuliyo - anu es ena (`enis~ qveS misi

matarebeli xalxic igulisxmeba) armeniis iberiaSi Cagruli,

`mdabali da dawunebuli~ unda warmoCinebuliyo da gandidebuliyo.

amitomac daiwera, rom isic, iseve rogorc sxva Cagrulebi, `moelis~

meored mosvlas.

qarTuli ena (da qarTuli identoba) iqamde damdablebuli iyo

vrcel miwa-wyalze Teodosiopolisidan Tbilisamde da vanis tbamde.

tao da basiani am qveynis mTavari nawili iyo _ mis samxreTiT (e.i.

yofil xorZenas, pariadrsa da gugarqSi) cxovrobdnen is TiTqmis

armenizebuli qarTvelebi, romelTac verafriT SeZles somxuri

saeklesio uRlisagan Tavis arideba da axla mxolod meored

mosvlis JamisaTvis elodnen qarTuli enisa da qarTvelobis

RvTaebriv aRorZinebas.

moaxloebuli 1000 weli zogadad qristianebisaTvis Zalzed

mniSvnelovani iyo. is gulisxmobda ara axali aTaswleulis

dasawyiss, anda pirveli aTaswleulis bolos, aramed hqonda

gacilebiT ufro Rrma sarwmunoebrivi datvirTva. kerZod, ioanes

gamocxadebis Tanaxmad, wmida werili morwmuneebs auwyebda, rom

mxolod 1000 wlis manZilze iqneboda dedamiwaze gamefebuli

177

amqveyniuri tanjva-vaebani, romelic momdinareobda RvTis mtrisagan,

rom 1000 wlis Semdgom is dasruldeboda da dadgeboda sasufevlis

epoqa. albaT, ase esmoda ioanes gamocxadeba im epoqaSi morwmuneTa

erT nawils. marTlac, ioane Tavis gamocxadebaSi gamokveTilad

miuTiTebs 1000 wlis Sesaxeb. Zveli qarTuliT misi teqsti aseTia:

`1. da vixile angelozi, gardamomavali zeciT, da aqunda klite

ufskrulisaY da jaWK didi Pelsa missa.

2. da Seipyra veSapi igi _ gueli dasabamisaY, romeli ars eSmaki

da satana, romeli acTunebs yovelsa sofelsa, da Sekra igi aTas

wel.

3. da STaagdo igi ufskrulsa Sina da dahPSa kari da dahbeWda mis

zeda, raYTa verRara acTunebdes warmarTTa, vidremde aResrulos

aTasi weli. Semdgomad amisa jer-ars ganPsnaY misi mcired Jam.

4. da vixilen saydarni, da dasxdes maT zeda, da saSjeli mieca

maT da sulni igi moklulTani wamebisaTKs iesuYsa da sityKsaTKs

RmrTisa, da romelTaca ara Tayuanis-sces xatsa mas mPecisasa da

arca miiRes beWedi misi SublTa zeda, anu PelTa maTTa, da cxovndes

da sufevdes qristes Tana aTassa mas welsa.

5. da sxuani igi mkudarni ara cxovndes aTassa mas welsa. ese ars

aRdgomaY igi pirveli.

6. netar ars da wmida, romelsa aqundes nawili aRdgomasa mas Sina

pirvelsa. maT zeda meoresa mas sikudilsa ara aqus PelmwifebaY,

aramed iyvnen mRdel RmrTisa da qristesa, da sufevden mis Tana

aTassa mas welsa.

7. da Semdgomad aTasisa mis wlisa ganiPsnas eSmaki

sapyrobilisagan TKsisa~.

(axali aRTqma, ioanes gamocxadeba, Tavi meoce)

axali qarTuliT ioanes gamocxadebis teqsti 1000 wlis Sesaxeb

aseTia:

1. vixile zeciT Camomavali angelozi, romelsac xelT epyra

ufskrulis gasaRebi da grZeli jaWvi.

2. da Seipyro urCxuli, dasabamieri gveli, romelic aris eSmaki

da satana, da Sekra igi aTasi wliT.

3. ufsrulSi Caagdo da Sig gamomwyvdeuli beWdiT dabeWda, raTa

aRar acTunebdes xalxebs, vidre ar gasruldeba aTasi weli, ris

Semdegac mciredi xniT daixsnis Tavs.

178

4. vixile taxtni da maTze msxdomareni, romelTac mieca

xelmwifeba msjavris aRsrulebisa, da iesos mowmobisa da RvTis

sityvisaTvis TavmokveTilTa sulebi, romlebic arc mxecs eTayvanen,

arc mis xatebas, da ar miiRes misi niSani TavianT Sublsa Tu xelze;

amitomac gacocxldnen da qristesTan erTad sufevdnen aTas

weliwads.

5. danarCeni mkvdrebi ki ar gacocxlebulan aTasi wlis

gasrulebamde. es aris pirveli aRdgoma.

6. netari da wmidaa yvela, visac wili udevs pirvel aRdgomaSi.

meore sikvdilis xelmwifeba ar vrceldeba maTze, aramed iqnebian

mRvdlebi RvTisa da qristesi, visTan erTadac imefeben aTas

weliwads.

7. xolo aTasi wlis gasrulebis Semdeg satana Tavs daixsnis

sapyrobiledan.

(axali aRTqma, ioanes gamocxadeba, Tavi XX)

179

kari meore

saeklesio erTeulebi

istoriuli arian

qarTlis miwaze

Tavi VI

`meore iveriis~ qarTuli mrevli somxuri

eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi IV-VIII ss-Si

somxuri eklesiis Tavdapirveli

iurisdiqcia (IV-V ss.)

istoriuli arian-qarTlis umTavresi nawilebi _ xorZene, gogarena

da pariadres kalTebi, araqsis xeobasTan erTad qristesobamde

armeniis SemadgenlobaSi moeqca, roca istoriul saqarTvelos,

strabonis cnobiT, aRniSnuli mxareebi CamoaSores, ukve armeniaSi

mcxovrebi am mxareTa mkvidri qarTvelebi gaqristianebis Semdeg

somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi aRmoCdnen. yofil iberiaSi somxuri

eklesiis mrevlad gadaqceuli qarTvelebi, saeklesio TavlsazrisiT,

somxurenovanni iyvnen, im mxriv, rom wirva-locvisa da liturgiis

ena maT eklesiebSi somxuri iyo, Sesabamisad maTi ganaTlebisa Tu

administraciis enac somxuri iyo. somxur eklesiaSi imJamad, IV-VII

180

ss-Si aRniSnul mxareTa qarTvelTa garda albanelebis nawili da

sxva eTnojgufebic iyo moqceuli. qarTvelebi somxuri eklesiis

erTguli da aqtiuri mrevli iyo sarwmunoebrivi siwmidis

siyvarulis gamo. rogorc ki gavrcelda xma, rom somxurma eklesiam

gadauxvia sarwmunoebriv siwmides monofizitobis aRiarebis gamo,

qarTvelTa Soris zogma myisierad, zogierTma qarTulma regionma ki

odnav mogvianebiT gawyvita kavSiri somxur eklesiasTan da SeuerTda

deda qarTuli eklesiis wiaRs VII-VIII saukuneebSi. am droisaTvis am

mxareTa armenizaciis xarisxi imdenad Rrma iyo, rom mxolod

saSinaod mosaxmaradRa Tu gamoiyeneboda qarTuli ena. sabednierod

istoriuli arian-qarTlis erTi mniSvnelovanma nawilma _ tao-

basianma da mimdebare arem, manaskertis cnobili 726 wels Semdgari

krebis rezonansiT gamofxizlebulma, Tavi daaRwia armeniul

saxelmwifoebriobasa da eklesias da TviTve aRidgina qarTuli

saxelmwifoebrioba da eklesia IX-X ss-Si. iqamde maT gamofxizlebas,

safuZveli daudo didi kirion kaTalikosis mier momzadebulma

somxuri eklesiisagan e.w. `ganyofam~ VII s-is dasawyisSi.

iqamde, rogorc aRiniSna am mxareTa qarTuli mrevli yofil

iberiaSi anu istoriuli arian-qarTlis yofil miwaze cxovrobda,

romelsac imJamad ukve armenia erqva.

n. adonci wers _ `armenia, IV s-is dasawyisidan mezobel imperiaTa

mier mis dayofamde (IV s. bolomde), umetes wilad imperiis

proteqtoratis qveS imyofeboda da amitom somxur-bizantiuri

saeklesio urTierTobac mWidro iyo. grigoli iyo imperiis

mfarvelobis qveS myofi somxeTis saxelmwifos episkoposi. wm.

grigols, kesariaSi xeldasxmuls, kesariis taxtTan iseTive

ierarqiuli damokidebuleba hqonda, rogorc sxva episkoposebTan,

magaliTad, melitenis, sevastiis da sxva qalaqebis kaTedrebTan,

xeldasxmis gamo kesarias masTan ufro meti formaluri urTierToba

hqonda~ (n. adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, gv. 360).

mas Semdeg rac somxeTi erTmaneTs Soris gainawiles sparseTma da

bizantiam gaCnda ori saeklesio mimarTuleba _ erTi bizantiuri,

meore ki erovnul-nacionaluri.

n. adoncis cnobiT, sparsul somxeTSi aRorZinda erovnul-

nacionaluri eklesia, xolo dasavleT armeniaSi _ imperiul-

bizantiuri.

181

n. adonci wers _ `gayofis Semdeg aRmosavleT somxeTi daadga

eklesiis nacionalizaciis gzas mtkiced, kerZod, avtonomiuri

ierarqiis dafuZnebiT (e.i. berZnul-bizantiuri ierarqiisgan

gaTavisuflda), xolo dasavleTi somxeTi rCeboda imperiul

politikaze damokidebuli~ (iqve, gv. 361).

erovnuli eklesiuri saxe somxurma eklesiam moipova bizantiis

eklesiasTan kavSiris gawyvetis Semdeg papis mefobis dros,

episkopos nersesis Semdeg.

mefe papma mis adgilze daniSna episkoposi usiki, sparsuli

orientaciis piri Zalze gavleniani albianis ojaxidan.

kesariis mitropoliti (mas n. adonci patriarqs uwodebs)

gaanawyena somexTa mefis TviTneburma gadawyvetilebam.

amis gamo Sedga kesariis eparqiis episkoposTa kreba da krebam

miwera mrisxane werili mefe paps.

am werilSi kesaria moiTxovda, rom somxeTSi aRaravis gaebeda

episkoposis kurTxeva, aramed episkoposi mxolod kesariaSi an

romelime mezobel berZnul saepiskoposoSi unda kurTxeuliyo,

kerZod masSi, romelic somxeTis berZnul nawilTan erTad bizantiis

imperiis Sesabamis administraciul olqSi Sedioda (e.i. radganac

somxeTis bizantiuri nawili administraciulad ponto-kesariaSi

Sedioda, amitomac mxolod aq (ponto-kesariaSi) unda kurTxeuliyo

episkoposi).

marTlac, bizantiur somxeTSi damkvidrda kidec es wesi da iqauri

somexi episkoposi kurTxevas berZnul samitropolitoSi

(sapatriarqoSi) iRebda.

n. adonci wers _ `mtkiceba, rom somexi episkoposebi

ekurTxebodnen kesariaSi, sworia, magram is exeba mxolod bizantiur,

anu dasavleT nawils somxeTisas~ (iqve, gv. 363).

sul sxva mdgomareoba iyo sparsul somxeTSi (persarmeniaSi), iq

somxuri sakaTalikoso sistema arsebobda da Sesabamisad

episkoposTa kurTxeva adgilzeve xdeboda.

persarmeniis somex kaTalikoss dasavleT armeniis episkoposebi ar

eqvemdebarebodnen, amitomac V saukunis cnobil somxur movlenebSi

dasavleT armeniis episkoposebi ar monawileobdnen (iqve, gv. 363).

basianis somexi episkoposebi

basianSi somxur eklesias Tavisi episkoposebi hyavda im epoqaSi,

roca is (basiani) somxeTis politikuri da eklesiuri gavlenis qveS

iyo. magaliTad, naxarar ordunebis samkvidrebeli maTi amowyvetis

182

Semdeg darCa basianis olqis episkoposs (n. adonci, somxeTi

iustinianes epoqaSi. 1908, rus. enaze gv. 312).

agaTangelozis _ grigol ganmanaTleblis istorikosis cnobiT,

wm. grigolma xeli daasxa somxeTis sxvadasxva kuTxeebis 400

episkoposs. sxva cnobiT, man mxolod 30 saepiskoposo taxti daaarsa.

maT Soris, orbelianis cnobiT, pirveli iyo basianis episkoposi. is

ijda grigolis gverdiT (iqve, gv. 328).

grigols basianis episkoposad gaugzavnia evTali.

basianis saepiskoposo naxsenebia 450 wlisa da aseve 505 wlis

nusxebSi (gv. 330).

imperiis mosazRvre somxeTis mxareebSi _ vanandSi, basiansa da

mardaliaSi 505 wlisTvisac naxsenebia saepiskoposoebi (iqve, gv. 332).

grigol ganmanaTleblis cxovrebis arabuli versiis araswori Targmna n. maris mier

(ara `afxazeTi~, aramed `arzanena~)

agaTangelozis Txzuleba `wm. grigolis cxovreba~ somxuridan

arabulad uTargmniaT VII-VIII ss-Si.

arabulad SemorCenili es redaqcia garkveulwilad gansxvavdeba

amJamad arsebuli somxuri redaqciisagan.

kerZod, somxuri redaqciiT, wm. grigolma mxolod somxeTSi

iqadaga da iqve daniSna episkoposebi, arabuli redaqciiT ki, wm.

grigolma episkoposebi iveriasa da sxva qveynebSic daniSna.

agaTangelozis wm. grigolis cxovreba, Cans, arabulad Targmnilia

somxeTSi mcxovrebi qarTveli armenizebuli qalkedonitis mier,

radganac masSi uamravi qarTuli sityvaa, vTqvaT, iseTi sityvac ki,

rogoricaa `goWi~ da sxva. is Targmnili unda iyos 726 wlamde.

sazogadod, iqamde, e.i. 726 wlamde, taos, basianis, sperisa da

klarjeTis gasomxebuli qarTveli ierarqebi da saeklesio mwerlebi,

roca ver malavdnen TavianT namdvil eTnikur warmomavlobas, anu

qarTvelobas, saWirod miiCnevdnen TavianTi yofna somxur eklesiaSi

gaemarTlebinaT imiT, rom TiTqosda grigol ganmanaTlebelma

qristianoba gaavrcela qarTul qveynebSic da, aqedan gamomdinare,

somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciis qveS qarTvelTa qveynebis (mag. taos

an basianis) yofna gamarTlebuli iyo.

183

magaliTad, agaTangelozis wm. grigolis cxovrebis somxuri

versiiT, grigolma gaaqristiana somxeTi kididan-kidemde. qaldeas

axlos myofi q. satalidan (klarjeTis axlo adgilebidan) _ alanTa

karamde, kaspiis sazRvramde _ paitakaranis CaTvliT, q. nizibinis

axlo mdebare agadidan _ midiamde, atropatenamde.

imave cxovrebis arabuli versiiT, wm. grigolma aRniSnul mxareTa

garda episkoposebi gagzavna ara mxolod somxeTis miwebze, aramed

iveriaSi, durzukebis mxareSi da alanebSi.

n. maris mier gamocemuli arabuli versiiT _ `iveriaSi gaagzavna

ibirbzxua, abxazeTSi _ sofroni, alaniaSi _ Toma, aseve somxeTis

mimdebare, samxreTis mxareebSi~ (n. adonci, armenia... gv. 327-328).

n. adonci wers, rom n. maris mier gamocemul arabul versiaSi n.

maris mier daSvebulia Secdoma, radganac dedanSi naxsenebia ara

`abxazeTi~ (`gaugzavna abxazebs~), aramed arzanena. n. adoncis

kvleviT arabuli teqstis arasworma wakiTxvam gamoiwvia es Secdoma

(iqve, gv. 328, SeniSvna 2).

amasTan dakavSirebiT n. adonci wers: `afxazebi somxeTidan

daSorebiT cxovrobdnen da araferi akavSirebdaT somxeTTan~ (iqve,

gv. 328).

ase, rom grigols ara afxazeTSi, aramed arzanenaSi, iberiaSi da

alaniaSi gaugzavnia mociqulebi.

iberiis qveS am `cxovrebaSi~ Cans moiazreba ara mcxeTis qarTli,

aramed tao-basiani da misi mimdebare mxareebi.

Cans, aqaurma qarTvelebma Targmnes kidec arabulad grigolis

cxovreba, amitomacaa masSi mravali qarTuli sityva.

maSasadame, dedanSia _ `iberiaSi gaagzavna ibirbzxua, arzanenaSi _

sofroni, alaniaSi _ Toma~, alaniis nacvlad albaniasac

kiTxuloben.

184

Tavi VII

kirion I-is Rvawlis Sedegebi armeniis

iberiul zolSi

kirionismieri erovnuli gamofxizleba

dasavleT armeniis qarTvelobisa

Tanamedrove qarTveli istorikosebis azriT gugareTi (anu

gugarqi) moicavda miwa-wyals javaxeTidan xunanamde da mtkvris

marcxena Senakad ZegamCaimde, somexi istorikosebis cnobiT ki

iberiis nawili gugarqi iwyeboda Woroxis marjvena sanapirodan.

masSi Sedioda miwebi taos zemo nawilidan (iSxanisa da banas axlo

CrdiloeTidan) arcaxamde. maSasadame, klarjeTic gugarqSi

moiazreboda.

es momenti imiTaa CvenTvis saintereso, rom qvemo qarTlSi

(gugarqis erT nawilSi) kirionis cnobili Rvawli qarTuli enis

Tavis Zvel uflebebSi dasabruneblad, uTuod mTeli gugarqis (maT

Soris taosa da klarjeTis) qarTvelebisaTvis impulsis mimcemi

iqneboda.

gugarqi rom Woroxis aRmosavleT sanapirodan iwyeboda, amis

Sesaxeb wers n. adonci. is armeniis iberiul zols uwodebs im miwa-

wyals, romelsac qarTul wyaroebSi `zemoni qveyanani~ ewodeba.

sparseTsa da bizantias Soris dadebuli SeTanxmebis Sesabamisad,

sazRvari am or imperias Soris gadioda Woroxidan nizibinamde ise,

rom tao da gugarqi sparseTSi moeqca, Sesabamisad isini e.w.

persarmeniis nawilad miiCneoda, Sesabamisad iberiis es miwebi

sparsul armeniaSi moeqca.

VI s-Si qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmebis kvaldakval,

sparseTi yovelmxriv aviwroebda bizantiuri orientaciis (e.i.

qalkedonuri mimarTulebis) qarTul eklesias, Sesabamisad tao-

klarjeT-gugarqSi SeizRuda qarTulenovani wirva-locva da mis

185

nacvlad qarTvelTa Soris dainerga saeklesio-somxurenovani

RvTismsaxureba. gugarqis qarTvelobas klarjeTidan utikamde Tavisi

qveynis bedis Sesabamisad eklesiebSi aukrZales qarTulenovani

RvTismsaxureba da mis nacvlad somxurenovani wirva-locva

daunerges.

qarTvelebs araviTari protestis gamoTqmis saSualebac ki ar

hqondaT, imdenad mWidro iyo somxur-sparsuli kavSiri (ix.

`saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria~, t. I).

sabednierod, 591 wlis SeTanxmebiT Seicvala sasazRvro xazi

sparseTsa da bizantias Soris, imdenad, rom sazRvari am or imperias

Soris mcxeTasa da Tbiliss Soris gadavida, mcxeTa bizantiur

nawilSi moeqca, Tbilisi ki sparsulSi. bizantielTa mxardaWeriT

gaZlierebulma mcxeTelma kaTalikosma kirion I-ma gabeda da Tavis

mrevls, gugarq-qvemo qarTlSi mcxovrebT, aRudgina qarTulenovani

RvTismsaxureba, rac mouTmeneli iyo somxuri eklesiisTvis, Tumca

sabolood kirionis Rvawlis Sedegad, TandaTanobiT, jer (VI-VII ss-

Si) qvemo qarTlis, Semdeg ki (VIII-X ss-Si) taosa da aseve Crdilo

armeniis mkvidri qarTveloba daubrunda saeklesio qarTulenovnebas.

qarTuli ena _ qalkedonitobis simbolo da qarTvelTa erovnuli

cnobierebis sayrdeni gaxda.

enobrivi viTareba gugarqSi

rogorc cnobilia VI saukunis Semdeg VII-VIII-IX da X saukuneebSi

saqarTvelo sxvadasxva qveynebad anu politikur erTeulebad iyo

daSlili, qarTveli xalxis arc Tu mcire odenoba cxovrobda

186

araerovnul politikur erTeulebSi. magaliTad, Tbiliseli

qarTvelebi _ arabul saamiroSi, qvemo qarTlis qarTvelebi _ taSir-

Zorakertis somxur samefoSi da sxva.

kirionamde, VI saukunis sparseTis mier dapyrobil qvemo qarTlSi,

rogorc iTqva, qarTvel mrevlSi danerges somxurenovani RvTismsa-

xureba.

magram, qvemo qarTli mxolod erTi nawili iyo Zalze vrceli

qveynisa, romelsac somxebi `gugarqs~ (qarTvelTa qveyanas)

uwodebdnen. rogorc iTqva, gugarqi, somxuri wyaroebis mixedviT

gadaWimuli iyo Woroxidan vidre Tbilisamde da bardvamde, gugarqis

vrcel qveyanas samxreTidan esazRvreboda tao. aRsaniSnavia, rom tao

didi xnis manZilze Sedioda somxur saxelmwifoebriv da saeklesio

sistemaSi. 726 wlis manaskertis krebam TiTqosda gamoafxizla

taoeli qarTvelebi, radganac am krebaze somxurma eklesiam

sabolood miiRo monofizituri platforma da nacionaluri saxe,

anu is eTnikuri somxebis eklesiad iqca.

xSirad, yofili persarmeniuli mxareebidan warmoSobili qarTve-

lebis erTma nawilma ar icoda qarTuli wera-kiTxva, radganac maT

ganaTleba somxurad hqondaT miRebuli, magram wmida ninos

aRiarebiTa da misi Rvawlis warmoCinebiT aCvenebdnen TavianT

eTnikur vinaobas.

kirion I

kirion I qarTlis (saqarTvelos) kaTalikosi iyo daaxloebiT 599-

614 wlebSi.

daibada javaxeTis sofel skutrSi. bavSvobidanve izrdeboda da

ganaTleba miiRo trapezuntis maxlobel koloniis provinciis qalaq

nikopolisSi. am regionis ZiriTad mosaxleobas berZnebTan erTad Se-

adgendnen mkvidri qarTvelebi _ lazebi, qaldebi (xalibebi) da sxva

qarTuli jgufebi, qarTvelTa mravalricxovnobis gamo, SemdgomSi,

trapezuntis imperiis meTaurs _ `iverTa avtokrators~ uwodebdnen

187

(didi komninebi, marTmadidebluri enciklopedia, VII, gv. 444. rus

enaze).

qarTvelebi aseve Seadgendnen ZiriTad mosaxleobas mezoblad mde-

bare taos, basianisa da sxva regionebisa dvinis mimarTulebiT

(amitomac, SemdgomSi am teritoriaze bizantiis imperiam `iberiis

Temi~ Camoayaliba). Cans, eTnikur qarTvelTa siWarbis gamo,

ganaTlebis miRebis Semdeg kirionma am regionSi moRvaweoba ineba,

man daikava airaratis gavaris qorepiskoposisa da dvinis mTavari

`kaTolike~ monastris winamZRvris xarisxebi.

mcxeTis sakaTalikosos gareT, ucxoeTSi, aRniSnul regionebSi

(ponto, imiertao-basiani, airarati) mcxovrebi qarTuli mrevli

imJamad (VI-VII saukuneebSi) gayofili or nawilad berZnul da

somxur eklesiaTa Soris. aRsaniSnavia, rom straboni am teritorias

iberTa uZveles sacxovrisad moixseniebs.

artaqsia da zariadri qristeSobamde 188 wels mefeebi gaxdnen da

brZolebiT gaafarToves TavianTi samflobelo, kerZod xalibebis

CamoaWres kareniti _ karinis (karnu qalaqis, anu arzrumis) olqi,

iberebisagan miitaces pariadres mTiswineTi, xorZene da gogarene.

pariadres adgilsamyofeli cnobilia, is axlos mdebareobda

kolonias provinciasTan, sadac aRizarda kirion I, xolo cnobas

gogarenes adgilsamyofelis Sesaxeb TviTon iZleva straboni.

gugarqi, romlis kaTalikosi SemdgomSi gaxda kirioni, da

gogarene ar iyo erTi da igive qveyana, kerZod gugarqi somxur

wyaroebSi zogadad erqva aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, ufro xSirad ki

qvemo qarTls, mtkvris marjvena sanapiroze. gogarene, misgan

gansxvavebiT, strabonis cnobiT, mdebareobda ara mtkvris marjvena,

aramed marcxena sanapiroze, anu mtkvris iqiT, `meore mxares~.

pariadresa da gogarenes Sua (anu pariadredan mtkvramde)

airarati, istoriuli xorZene mdebareobda. am miwawylis iberiuli

mosaxleoba qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdeg VIII-IX ss-mde somxuri

eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi moeqca (igulisxmeba imier taos, basianisa

da airaratis mkvidri iberebi. kirionis epoqaSi VI-VII ss-Si maTi

armenizaciis procesi grZeldeboda da ZiriTadad jer kidev ar iyo

dasrulebuli). am mizezis gamo qarTvelebi somxuri eklesiis

wevrebi da zogjer ierarqebic iyvnen. rogorc aRiniSna, kirionic

qalaq nikopolisidan dvinSi gadavida da Tavisi damsaxurebis

Sesabamisad airaratis gavaris qorepiskoposisa da dvinis kaTolike

(mTavari sakrebulo) eklesiis winamZRvris xarisxiT dajildovda.

188

VI s-is bolos (airaratsa da dvinSi moRvaweobis mexuTe

wlisTavze), Tavisi gamorCeulobis gamo kirioni qarTls daubrunda

da igi mcxeTis sakaTalikoso taxtze aiyvanes.

iv. javaxiSvili wers: kirionis dros `qarTuli eklesiis

sazRvrebi vrclad yofila gadaWimuli: dasavleT-samxreTiT igi

klarjeTsac moicavda da sazRvrad aq taos saepiskopozo yofila,

romelic am dros somxeTis eklesias kuTvnebia (iv. javaxiSvili,

Txzulebani, 1, gv. 340).

dasavleTis mimarTulebiT qarTuli eklesiis sazRvari Sav

zRvamde aRwevda - `somexTa istorikosis ioane kaTalikosis cnobiT,

kYrioni winandeli wesis Tanaxmad, qarTvelTa, gugarelTa da

megrelTa arqiepiskopozad iqmna xeldasxmuli. gugareTi qarTlis

kaTalikosis samwysos ekuTvnoda. kirionis megrelTa kaTalikosadac

aRniSvnis cnoba imis momaswavebelia, rom qarTlis, anu mcxeTis

kaTalikosis samwysos ukve dasavleT saqarTveloSic hqonda

asparezi mopovebuli da sakaTalikosos sazRvari lixT imereTSic

iyo gadaweuli. imier-amier saqarTvelos politikur gaerTianebas win

uswrebda da niadags umzadebda gacilebiT ufro adre momxdari

saeklesio erTobisa da mTlianobis procesi~ (iqve, gv. 341-342).

ioane kaTalikosis cnobiT, kirioni VI saukunis bolos dausvamT

`qarTvelTa, gugarelTa da megrelTa kaTalikosad, iseve rogorc

winandeli wesi moiTxovda~. aqedan Cans, rom qarTuli eklesiis

iurisdiqcia, vrceldeboda dasavleT saqarTveloze, ara mxolod VI

saukuneSi, aramed adrec, e.i. V saukuneSi _ `winandeli wesis

Tanaxmad~.

qarTuli eklesiis wiaRSi myof egrisSi (dasavleT saqarTveloSi),

maleve, afxazeTis samefos daarsebisas, Camoyalibda saqarTvelos

eklesiis erTerT samitropolito olqi afxazeTis sakaTalikosos

saxelwodebiT. es daastura saxelmwifo xelisuflebam. wyaro wers _

`aman bagrat 830 w-s ganaCina kaTalikosi afxazeTs~ (qarTlis

cxovreba, I, 1955, gv, 72).

iv. javaxiSvilis gamokvleviT, V s-s Sua wlebisa da meore

naxevrisaTvis saqarTveloSi 21 saepiskoposo yofila. `juanSeri

qarTlis kaTalikosis samwysoSi vaxtang gorgaslis dros Semdeg

saepiskopozoebs ixseniebs: mcxeTis saepiskopozos, klarjeTSi

axizisas, artaanSi eruSeTisas, javaxeTSi _ wundisas, qarTlSi

niqozisas, manglisisas, bolnisisas, kaxeT-hereTSi _ rusTavisas.

189

ninowmindisas, ujarmoisas, karisas, Weremisas, CelTisas,

xornabujisas, agarakisas, anu xunanisas. amgvarad, sul Teqvsmeti

saepiskopozo gamodis, magram es sia, cxadia, sruli ar aris~ (iv.

javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, I, gv. 339).

iv. javaxiSvili am sias umatebs curtavisa da samefo saxlis

episkoposebs, agreTve ruisis an urbnisis, wilknisa da samTavisis

saepiskoposoebs. `...maSin 21 samwyso iqmneba da V s-is Sua wlebisa da

meore naxevrisaTvis es ricxvi daaxlovebiT swori unda iyos.

ueWvelia V s-is damlevisaTvis metic unda yofiliyo. 506 wels

albanelTa, somexTa da qarTvelTa gaerTianebul saeklesio krebas

saqarTvelodan kaTalikosianad sul 24 episkopozi daswrebia...

radgan SesaZlebelia, am krebas yvela ver daeswro, amitom unda

davaskvnaT, rom VI s-is damdegs qarTuli eklesia sul cota 24

saepiskopozos Seicavda. marTlac, cnobili asureli monofiziti

moRvawis simeon beT-arSamelis (VI s-is damdegs) sityviT, mis dros

henotikoni Seiwynares da mis aRsarebas misdevdnen qarTlis eklesiis

33 episkopozi mefiTa da aznaurebiTurT da sparseTis somxeTis 32

episkopozi da marzpani. maSasadame, VI s-is damdegs aRm.

saqarTveloSi 33 episkopozi yofila~ (iqve, gv. 339-340).

`qarTuli eklesiis Sedgenilobis Semdegi cnoba VII s-is

damdegisaa, saxeldobr, 607 wels daweril Tavis meore sapasuxo

epistoleSi kirion qarTlis kaTalikosi abraam somexTa kaTalikoss

swerda, qarTlis sakaTalikosoSi sul 35 episkopozi ariso. erTi

saukunis ganmavlobaSi qarTul eklesias mohmatebia 2 saepiskopozo.

es garemoeba qristianobis warmatebuli winsvliT unda

aixsnebodes...~ (iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, I, gv. 341).

gamokvleulia, rom qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi im

droisaTvis taoc Sedioda, Tumca is somxur saepiskoposoTa

siaSicaa. SesaZlebelia, tao or nawilad iyo gayofili, erTi nawili

Sedioda qarTul eklesiaSi, xolo meore nawili somxurSi.

VI da VII saukuneebis, kirionis epoqis, qarTuli eklesiis istoria

gadmocemulia TxzulebaSi, romelsac ewodeba `ganyofisaTYs

qarTvelTa da somexTa~. avtoroba miewereba IX s-is moRvawe arseni

mcxeTel kaTalikozs.

`ganyofaY somexTa qarTlisagan ueWuelad aRvwere wignsa amas

Sina~ _ wers avtori (arseni safareli, ganyofisaTKs, gv. 78).

190

aq yuradReba unda mieqces avtoris ideologiur pozicias _ ara

qarTli da qarTvelebi ganSordnen somxebs, aramed piriqiT, somxebi

ganSordnen qarTls _ marTlmadideblobas, aramarTlmadideblebi

gaxdnen. saqarTvelo marTlmadidebeli iyo da iseTive darCa.

arseni safareli wers:

`sparsTa mefem (igulisxmeba xosro I) ganucxada somxebs: `erTi

orTagan gamoirCieT _ an miiReT asurelTa sarwmunoeba anda

datoveT Tqveni qveyana. somxebi Zlier Sewuxdnen, maT arc

sarwmunoebis Secvla surdaT da arc qveynis datoveba. am saqmis

gadawyveta miandes nerse kaTalikoss (548-557), romelsac mijini erqva.

moiwvies kreba qalaq dvinSi 551 w., miiRes xaCecari da gandgnen

marTali (berZnuli) da WeSmariti sarwmunoebisgan. amis gamo isini

mowyvetil iqnen wmida didebul kaTolike da samociqulo msoflio

eklesiisgan. iqve dvins ganaweses arajori, da Tqves _ es aris

pirveli dRe Cveni sarwmunoebisao (somxuri welTaRricxva iwyeba

dvinis am krebiT 551 wels). somxeTi ganSorda berZnul sjulsa da

ierusalims. amis gamo yoveli qarTli da somxeTis meoTxedi

ganeyenen somexTagan mRvdlobis xeldasxmas, xolo herni da

sivnielni erT periodSi ganSordnen da Semdeg kvlav Seerivnen

(yoveli qarTli aq ewodeba tao-basiansa da mibdebare regions,

somxeTis meoTxedis qveS igulisxmeba _ airarati da mimdebare

regionebi, romlebic midrekili iyvnen qalkedonizmisadmi). nerse II

kaTalikozma da aznaurebma brZanes meore didi krebis Catareba

dvinSi _ meore wels (553-54 wlebSi). am krebaze SeaCvenes qalkedonis

kreba, uwodes nestorianuli, miiRes erTbunebianoba da xorciTa da

ukvdavi bunebiT qriste jvarcmulad iqadages. gansazRvres

SeCvenebiT gandgoma marTali sarwmunoebisgan. am krebam somxuri

eklesia Camoacila oTx msoflio sapatriarqos, amiT ki dairRva

wmida grigol ganmanaTleblis anderZi. qarTvelma kaTalikosma

kirion mcxeTelma (591-615) da herTa kaTalikosma abazma (552-596)

ixiles, rom somxuri eklesia kvlav dvinis im krebis erTgulia,

romelmac wmida msoflio sayovelTao kaTolike eklesias Camoacila

somxuri eklesia. roca aseTi praqtika kvlav aRorZinebuli ixiles

kirion kaTalikosma, herTa kaTalikosma abazma da sivnieTis

episkoposma grigorma, Seiqna didi dava somxeTsa da qarTls Soris.

qarTvelni ambobdnen, rom saberZneTidan mogveca Cven sarwmunoeba,

romelic Tqven dauteveT, abdiSo asurs da sxva borot mwvaleblebs

daemorCileniT. am mxilebis Semdeg somxebma qarTli daabezRes

191

sparsTa mefesTan, rom qarTvelebs romaelTa sarwmunoeba aqvTo. dava

iyo qarTvelTa da somexTa Soris sakaTalikoso taxtze mjdom

abraamis drosac iseve, rogorc nerse II-is dros. am dros gandevna

qarTlis kaTalikosma kirionma mose curtavis episkoposi Tavisi

eparqiidan, romelic wmida SuSanikis saflavze iyo. Txova abraamma

kirions es eparqia, xolo man ar misca. da gadidda maT Soris

ciloba. abraamis Semdgom dajda kaTalikosad komitasi (607-629),

ufro metad moZule qalkedonis krebisa. misca Svidi saepiskoposo

herTa kaTalikoss da SeierTa is. misca jvris tarebis pativi

sivnieTis episkoposs. aseTi xerxiT mTeli somxeTi gaaerTiana

qalkedonis krebis sawinaaRmdegod. aTargmnina monofizit da sxva

mwvalebel eresiarqTa wignebi, gaavrcela da am tyuiliT mTeli

somxeTis qveyana daajera. Secvala Tavdapirveli saeklesio wesebi

da kanonebi, TviTon ki axali mrudeni SemoiRo. am dros aiSala

Zveli da axali ki ver daamtkices (ar dainerga). amis gamo dRemde

yoveli kaci somxeTSi Tavis mier Seqmnil-gamogonebul saeklesio

kanonebs iyenebs (arsen safareli `ganyofisaTKs qarTvelTa da

xomexTa, 1980, gv. 22).

VI da VII saukuneebis, kirionis epoqis, qarTuli eklesiis istoria

gadmocemulia aseve TxzulebaSi, romelsac ewodeba `epistoleTa

wigni~. masSi Semonaxulia kirion kaTalikosis werilebi, romelnic

man saeklesio davisas miwera somxuri eklesiis meTaurebsa da sxva

pirebs, iqvea pasuxebi da mimarTvebi. `wigni~ somxur enazea

Semonaxuli. qarTuli dakargulia.

epistoleTa wignSi mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba mose curtavis

episkoposs.

curtavi da misi saeparqio olqi _ gugarqi (qvemo qarTli) mcxeTis

iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda, aq Tavdapirveladve (IV-V saukuneebSi)

qarTul enaze mimdinareobda wirva-locva, rac dasturdeba bolnisis

sionis eklesiis kedlebze amotvifruli V saukunis qarTuli

warwerebiTa da sxva msgavsi masalebiT.

VI saukuneSi qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis rRvevam, dampyrobeli

sparseTis mier bizantiuri mimarTulebis, anu qalkedonituri

qarTuli eklesiis devnam, amavdroulad ki mis mierve antibizantiuri

sarwmunoebrivi mimarTulebis mqone somxur-monofizituri eklesiis

gaZlierebam, xeli weuwyo sparseTis mosazRvre qarTul regionebSi

(maT Soris curtavSi) `qalkedonituri~ (am SemTxvevaSi qarTuli)

wirva locvis akrZalvasa da mis nacvlad somxurenovanis SemoRebas.

192

curtavis eparqiaSi somxurenovani RvTismsaxureba pirvelad wm.

SuSanikis saflavis eklesiaSi danergila. curtavis saeparqio

mmarTveloba monofizitobis mxurvale mxardamWerad iqca, amitomac,

mose curtavelma episkoposma miatova Tavisi eparqia, roca Seityo

kirionis (qarTuli eklesiis) mtkice qalkedonitobis Sesaxeb da Tavi

somxeTs Seafara. am devnis mizezad moses miaCnia is, rom man

`amxila~ qarTlSi arsebuli sarwmunoebrivi mimarTuleba.

Zalze sayuradReboa, rom mosem erT regionSi (curtavSi) `amxila~

qalkedonitoba da mas myisierad daemuqrnen sruliad qarTlis

mTavrebi da episkoposebi, amas TviTonve acxadebs _ `...xma avimaRle,

mteri gavxdi kaTalikosad wodebulisa, yvela mTavrisa da im

qveynisa da bolos videvne~ (epistoleTa wigni, 1968, gv. 2). aqedan

unda davaskvnaT, rom curtavi qarTlis ganuyofeli nawili iyo.

`epistoleTa wignSi~ moyvanilia qarTlidan ltolvili mose

episkoposis epistole curtavis eklesiis `somxurenovani~ Temisadmi,

is gmobs qalkedonitobas da afrTxilebs Tavis `somxurenovan~

mrevls, frTxilad iyos. `qurdulad Semoacoces da SemoiRes

mwvalebloba...~ (iqve, gv. 11) _ wers is. `aw ese yoveli viciT ra,

sayvarelno, viaroT sameufeo gziT, nurc marjvniv gadavuxvevT da

nurc marcxniv~ (iqve, gv. 12).

`epistoleTa wignSi~ motanilia meore epistole, sadac moses `qar-

TvelTa episkoposi~ ewodeba (iqve, gv. 15). (am epistoles sruli

saTauria `mizezi orbunebianTa meoTxe krebisa, mose qarTvelTa

marTlmadidebeli episkoposisa~). am saTauridanac Cans, rom mose

curtaveli episkoposi aris erovnebiT qarTvelTa episkoposi. mas

uwodeben `mose qarTvelTa marTlmadidebel episkoposs~. epistoleTa

wignSi `marTmadideblebad~ monofizitebs moixseniebdnen. mose

`marTmadidebeli~ anu monofizitia da amave dros aris qarTvelTa

episkoposi. am epistoles mixedviTac moses eparqia qarTvelebiTaa

dasaxlebuli.

aqedanac Cans, rom curtavis `somxurenovani~ Temi qarTvelebis

Temia, oRond am qarTvelebs somxuri tipikoni aqvT miRebuli, isini

saeklesio daniSnulebisTvis somxur wignebs xmaroben, amitomac

`somxurenovanni~ arian. TviT somxuri eklesia maT qarTvelebad

miiCnevs da ara somxebad, amitomac maTi episkoposi mose `qarTvelTa~

episkoposia. es aris ueWveli faqti, dadasturebuli

pirvelxarisxovan wyaroSi _ `epistoleTa wignSi~, amitomac am

faqtis ignorireba ar SeiZleba.

193

sabednierod, politikuri viTareba VI-VII ss-Ta mijnaze kavkasiaSi

Seicvala, aq gamaval saomar frontze bizantiam SeZlo sparselebze

gamarjveba da sazRvari am or imperias (bizantiasa da sparseTs)

Soris daido TbilisTan axlos. am politikuri momentiT marjved

isargebla kirionma da gugarq-curtavis mrevls eklesiebSi aRudgina

qarTulenovani msaxureba. am momentma kidev ufro aRaSfoTa meore

mxare, rac Semdegma epistolem asaxa.

kirionisadmi gagzavnil Tavis epistoleSi somexTa kaTalikos

abraams sikvdilze uaresad miaCnia somxurenovani saeklesio

msaxurebis nacvlad qarTulenovani msaxurebis danergva qvemo

qarTlis centr curtavSi. `...somxuri msaxureba wmida SuSanikisgan

dadgenili, mesmis, rom SegicvliaT, Cven sikvdilze ufro

uborotesad miviCnieT eg saqme~ (epistoleTa wigni, 1968, gv. 67).

aqedanac Cans, rom curtavSi somxurenovani msaxureba

qristianobis miRebis Semdeg, e.i. IV saukunidan ki ar iyo danergili,

aramed V saukunis bolodan, an VI saukunis dasawyisidan, wmida

SuSanikis saflavze eklesiis aSenebis Semdgom. yovel SemTxvevaSi

curtavis eklesiaSi somxurenovani msaxureba wmida SuSanikis

Semdgom dadgenilad iTvleboda. magram abraamis epistole Seexeba

ara mxolod curtavis eklesias, aramed mTlian qarTul eklesias

(iqve, gv. 67).

kirionTan xangrZlivi mimoweris Semdeg Tavisi warumateblobiT

imedgacruebul abraami sayovelTao mrgvlivmosavlel epistoles ag-

zavnis mTel somxeTSi, romelSiac gadmoscems sarwmunoebis

monofizitur mrwamss da gmobs qalkedonitobas. qalkedonitoba

mTel qveyanaze gavrceldao, wers is, _ `...miaRwia qarTls da

albaneTs, romelTac myrali Tesli didebiT Seiwynares, Tvis Soris

daamtkices. kirionma curtavis episkoposi gandevna

marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis gamo... wmida SuSanikisgan

dadgenili somxuri msaxureba, Cvens sawinaaRmdegod rom amxedrda,

Secvala, amisaTvis mivwereT...~ (iqve, gv. 120).

Semdeg wers `...Cvenc vbrZaneT qarTvelTa Sesaxeb: sruliad ar

eziaroT maT arc locvaSi, arc Wamasa da smaSi. arc megobrobaSi,

arc dedamZuZuobaSi, arc salocavad wasvliT jvarSi, romliTac

ganTqmulia mcxeTis midamoebi, arc manglisis jvarSi, nurc Cvens

eklesiaSi miiRebT maT, aramed maTTan qorwinebiTac sruliad

194

ganeSoreT, mxolod iyideT da mihyideT viTarca uriebs, igive

brZaneba ucvlelad rCeba albanelTaTvisac...~ (iqve, gv. 122).

ase damTavrda qarTuli eklesiis Tavdadebuli brZola

qalkedonuri sarwmunoebis dasacavad spars dampyrobTa Zaladobis

periodSi (rogorc aRiniSna, sparselebi monofizitobas

antibizantiur sarwmunoebad miiCnevdnen da mtkiced uWerdnen mxars).

kirionma SeZlo im etapze qarTulenovani tipikoni aRedgina Tavis

erTerT eparqiaSi _ curtavsa da mis olqSi.

XX saukuneSi, sabWoTa periodSi, Camoyalibda da gavrcelda

umarTebulo Talsazrisi, TiTqosda kirionma curtavel da

sazRvrispireTSi mcxovreb somxebs eklesiebSi qarTulenovani

msaxureba daunerga da amiT isini `gaaqarTvela~. es mosazreba

wyaroebis pirdapiri CvenebiT ar dasturdeba, piriqiT, rogorc

vaCveneT wyaroebi miuTiTebs, rom kirionma curtavis eklesiebSi

aRadgina qarTulenovani msaxureba, radganac sparsTa iZulebiT mis

nacvlad am regionSi somxurenovani msaxureba iyo danergili, is

Tavdapirvelad wm. SuSanikis saflavis eklesiaSi SemoiRes, Semdeg ki

sxvaganac. safiqrebelia, rom radganac wm. SuSanikis saflavs

politikur-religiuri mniSvneloba mieniWa da mas monofizitobis

centrad ayalibebdnen, amitomac, es rom ar momxdariyo, wm. SuSanikis

gvami TbilisSi iqna gadasvenebuli, qalkedonitobis centrSi.

qarTizaciis sabWouri Teoriis sqema arc am mimarTulebiTaa

marTebuli. VI-VII saukuneebSi, sparsTa mpyrobelobisas, Sahebi

somxur eklesias saxelmwifoebriv doneze uWerdnen mxars, maT mier

devnil bizantiuri orientaciis qarTul eklesias politikurad

araxelsayreli garemos gamo ar SeZlo sxva, miTumetes imJamad

gamarjvebul-gabatonebuli somxuri eklesiis samwysos misakuTreba,

Tavis wiaRSi Seyvana, piriqiT, imJamad qarTvelTa armenizaciis

procesi iyo gaRrmavebuli, maT Soris tao-basiansa da qvemo

qarTlSic. imJamindeli Sahi sparseTisa xosro II farvizi (g. 628 w.),

gansakuTrebiT mfarvelobda somxur eklesias, man ierusalimisaken

laSqrobisas moiwvia mTeli Tavisi imperiis qristianul eklesiaTa

e.w. `sparsuli kreba~ da daavaldebula isini mieRoT `somxuri

sarwmunoeba~ anda imperiis sazRvrebi daetovebinaT (mitropoliti

anania, saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria~, t. II, 2012, gv.

126). spars didebulTa erTi gavleniani nawilic ki ukmayofolo iyo

da SeSfoTda somxur eklesiasTan xosros ukiduresi daaxloebis

195

gamo, amitomac maT isargebles herakle keisris sparseTSi SeWris

momentiT _ xosro II taxtidan Camoagdes da mokles 628 wels, magram

iqamde, kirion II sastikad daisaja somxur eklesiasTan davisaTvis,

mas, rogorc Cans, 614 wlisaTvis daatovebines sakaTalikoso taxti.

kirioni Tavisi brZolis dros efuZneboda wmida msoflio eklesiis

erTianobis Zalasa da avtoritets, amis gamo mas uwyveti werilobiTi

urTierToba hqonda msoflio saeklesio centrebTan. mimowera hqonia

ierusalimisa da sxva eklesiebis meTaurebTan, romis papTan.

kirion I saqarTvelos wmida eklesiis udidesi moRvawea, Tu ara

misi Tavdadeba da Tavganwiruli brZola qalkedonitobis dasacavad,

Seqmnili politikuri viTarebis gamo, qarTuli mrevlis didi nawili

dakargavda erovnul identobas da armenizdeboda somxur eklesiaSi

iseve, rogorc moxda armenizacia albanuri mosaxleobisa VII-VIII ss-

Si, mas Semdeg rac isini somxur eklesiaSi gaerTiandnen da maT

albanur eklesia-monastrebSi somxurenovani RvTismsaxureba

dainerga.

armeniis qarTvelTa didi gamofxizleba

kirionma aanTo pirveli naperwkali erovnuli gamofxizlebisa,

romelic aitaca e.w. dasavleT armeniis mkvidrma qarTulma

mosaxleobam gugarqSi, kolaSi, taoSi da kidev ufro samxreTiT,

vidre TiTqmis vanis tbamde, romlis sanapirosTan axlos mcxovrebma

qarTvelebma valaSkertis saepiskoposo daaarses. tao centrad iqca.

taos gareTac, erovnebaaRorZinebulma qarTulma mrevlma

Camoayaliba sxva qarTuli saepiskoposoebic _ anisisa, karisa

(yarsisa), dadaSenisa da sxva qalaqebisa, TviTSemecnebulma, anu

somxuri asimilaciisagan gaTavisuflebulma qarTvelebma miiwvies

TavianT miwa-wyalze taos mefe didi daviT kurapalati, romelmac

qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi erTeuli `qarTvelTa sakurapalato~

ganavrco vanis tbamde mcxovrebi am mkvidr qarTvelTaTvis.

sixaruli da erovnuli siamaye vinaobaaRdgenili qarTvelebisa

ganuzomeli iyo, rac gamomJRavnda gansakuTrebiT aTonis mTaze. am

mxareebidan wamosuli iverielebis mier, yovladwmida RvTismSobeli

eweoda imiT, rom qarTul enasa da qarTul sityvas mfarvelobda.

196

swored aseTi saswaulebrivi gamocxadebis Semdgom mieca myisierad

qarTuli enis codna patara eqvTime mTawmindels.

erovnuli identobis aRorZinebis sixarulma aagebina saocari

taZrebi taosa da klarjeTSi mkvidr qarTvelebs, eseni iyvnen niSan-

svetebi maTi erovnuli gamofxizlebisa, somxuri eklesiisagan didi

gaqcevisa, misi uaryofisa da vinaobis aRdgenisa. am gaTavisuflebis

didma Zalam aago swored am kuTxeebSi es arqiteqturis Sedevrebi,

rogorc dagubebul wyalSi grovdeba didi Zala da energia,

romelic vlindeba misi gaTavisuflebis Semdeg, aseTi ZaliT

afeTqda qarTuli kultura samxreT saqarTveloSi.

kirionis `gamofxizlebis~ proeqti

qarTuli enis dasacavad kirionis cnobilma kamaTma somxur

eklesiasTan da am sakiTxis gamo ganxeTqilebam gamoafxizla

samxreT kavkasiis provinciaTa is qarTveloba, romelnic iqamde

somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi imyofebodnen.

sad ganxorcielda kirionis gamofxizlebis proeqti? anu romel

provinciebSi gaTviTcnobierdnen iqamde somxuri wirva-locvis qveS

myofi qarTvelebi da aRidgines qarTulenovani wirva-locva?

gugarqis garda, basiansa, klarjeTsa da taoSi qarTuli enis

aRdgenas rom mistirodnen somexi RvTismetyvelebi, es Cans uxtanesis

wignidan, romelmac uzarmazari Sroma, savse moTqma-vaebiTa da

wuxiliT miuZRvna am sakiTxs (uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa

qarTvelTa somexTagan, 1975).

kirionis `gamofxizleba~ mxolod qvemo qarTls ar Sexebia, aq

uxtanesis dros isedac somxuri taSir-Zorakertis samefo hyvaoda

somxuri saeklesio eniT, uxtanesi mistiris kirionis mier basianis,

tao-klarjeTisa da mezobel olqTa qarTvelebis mier erovnuli

identobis aRdgenas.

gamofxizlebis ori mTavari stimuli (IV-X ss.)

197

jer kidev ilia WavWavaZe SeniSnavda, rom istoriuli somxeTis

miwa-wyali armenielebis Semosvlamde qarTuli tomebiT iyo

dasaxlebuli. mas faqtiurad eTanxmeba n. adonci, romelic mraval

wyaroze dayrdnobiT gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom istoriulad

qarTvelebis sacxovrisi vanis tbidan qarTlamde Suaze gahkveTes

armenielebma, amitom armenielebis rogorc samxreTiT, ise

CrdiloeTiT qarTvelTa qveynebi moeqca.

magaliTad, n. adoncis azriT, vanis tbis samxreTiT mdebare qveyana

kordueni da CrdiloeTiT mdebare qarTli _ qarTvelTa qveynebi

iyvnen.

rac Seexeba qarTvelebis dasaxlebas armeniis dasavleTiT, is

xeluxleblad iqna SenarCunebuli _ igulisxmeba qaldevelTa anu

WanTa qveyana.

qaldu anu `kardu~ _ iv. javaxiSvilis kvleviTac qarTvelTa

istoriuli samSoblo yofila, romlis saxeli qarTvelTa samive

Stos _ svanebs, megrel-lazebsa da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

qarTvelebs hqoniaT Semonaxuli.

dasavleT da Crdilo armeniaSi moqceul iberiis yofil miwebze

xorZenasa, pariadresa da gogarenaSi qarTvelTa armenizaciis

procesma gaqristianebis Semdeg religiuri saxe miiRo, rac imiT

gamoixata, rom am qarTvelTa saojaxo ena kvlav qarTuli iyo (an

misi dialeqtebi), magram somxuri maTTvis RvTis sadidebeli da

saRvTismsaxuro enad iqca (Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom

qarTvelTa arc Tu mcire nawili, romelnic konstantinopolis

iurisdiqciaSi iyvnen moqceulnni _ berZnulenovanni gaxdnen

saeklesio TvalsazrisiT).

armeniis qarTvelebi somxuri enis, kulturis, eklesiis, Semecnebis

da kulturis zegavlenis qveS eqceodnen.

qarTvelTa armenizaciis procesi somxeTis dasavleT da Crdilo

mxareebSi ver dasrulda arabTa Semosevebis gamo.

somxuri kulturuli centrebis Zlierebis moryevisas _ arabTa

Semosevebis epoqaSi, aRmoCnda, rom dasavleT armeniasa da aseve

basiansa, taosa da mimdebare mxareebSi qarTvelebis erT nawils,

sabednierod, jer kidev hqondaT SenarCunebuli erovnuli

cnobiereba, nawilobriv ki codna qarTuli enisa da sayofacxovrebo

wes-Cveulebebisa _ erTi sityviT, kulturuli TavisTavadoba, rac

safuZvlad gadaiqca taosa da basianSi qarTvelTa TviTSemecnebis

198

aRorZinebisa, erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis warmoqmnisa da misTvis

qarTuli saxis miniWebisa.

aseT epoqaSi qarTul enas siwmindis funqcia mieniWa.

es movlena iyo namdvili kulturuli revolucia qarTuli

cnobierebis aRorZinebisaTvis.

tao-basianis mxareebSi qarTuli Semecnebisa da enis aRorZinebis

safuZveli unda yofiliyo _

1) kirionis mier qarTuli enis aRorZineba gugarqSi da

2) 726 wlis manaskertis monofizituri kreba, ramac somxuri

eklesia mononacionalur eklesiad aqcia, sadac aRar iyo eTnikur

qarTvelTa (qalkedonitTa) adgili, da ramac eklesiurad

gamoafxizla qarTveloba. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom

monofizi­turis gverdiT ufro gamoikveTa somxur-qalkedonuri

eklesia, romelSic qarTvelebi mrevlad iyvnen gaerTianebulebi,

somxuri qalkedonituri eklesiis qarTuli frTa mniSvnelovani iyo,

aqedanac qarTvelTa erTi nawili eTnikuri niSniT ganSorda somxur-

qalkedonur eklesias da SeuerTda mcxeTis dedaeklesias.

erovnulad identobaaRorZinebulma qarTvelobis erTma nawilma

male zurgi Seaqcia somxurqalkedonur eklesiasac da deda

qarTuls daubrunda.

wm. daviT da tariWani, isaaki da iosebi

wm. daviT da tariWani, qarTuli eklesiis wmidanebi, uwamebiaT VII

saukuneSi, taos qveyanaSi, nerse somexTa kaTalikosis samwysoSi,

sofel duvSi. `cxovrebis~ mixedviT, maT kavSiri hqondaT somexTa

qveyanasTan. miuxedavad amisa somxuri eklesiisaTvis isini ucnobebi

arian, isini ar arian somxuri eklesiis wmidanebi, da arian, rogorc

aRiniSna qarTulisa. ra iyo amis mizezi?

199

arsebobs meore msgavsi magaliTic, miCneulia, rom arzrumi,

yofili Teodosiopoli, romelic qarTulad karnu qalaqad

iwodeboda somxeTis qveyanaSi mdebareobda, 808 wels aq uwamebiaT

isaaki da iosebi, maTi eTnikuri vinaobis Sesaxeb gvauwyebs

zedwodeba `qarTvelni~.

saqarTvelos saeklesio kalendarSi 16 seqtembers ixseniebian

`mowameni isaak da ioseb qarTvelni, karnu qalaqis wamebulni 808

wels~, unda vifiqroT, rom isini karnu-qalaqelni iyvnen, eTnikuri

qarTvelebi, romelnic IX s-Si arabebma awames. XI s-Si konstantine

porfirgenetis cnobiT karnuqalaqelebi did winaaRmdegobas

uwevdnen bizantielebs, ris gamoc alyaSi moaqcies da moqalaqeebi

SimSiliT sikvdilisaTvis gaimetes, qarTvelTa jari ki maT icavda

bizantielTa alyiT gamowveuli SimSilobisas, amaragebda sursaT-

sanovagiT.

aqedanac Cans, rom rogorc IX ise X saukuneSi arzrumi (karnu-

qalaqi) qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, arzrumi `karinis~ qveynis

mTavari qalaqi iyo. am qveyanaSi hqonda mamulebi Tornike erisTavs,

somexi istorikosebis azriT Tornike am qveyneli iyo, aqve

mdebareobda cnobili qarTuli skriptoriumi erT-erT qarTul

monasterTan.

maSasadame, isaaki da iosebi qarTvel wmindanTa rigSi moxvdnen

TavianTi eTnikuri vinaobis (qarTvelobis) wyalobiT, msgavsadve

daviT da tariWani wamebis Semdeg qarTvel wmindanTa rigSi Caweres,

radganac isinic eTnikur qarTvelebad, qarTuli eklesiis wevrebad

miiCneodnen, radganac ara mxolod tao, aramed karini da basianic

qarTvelTa qveynebad miiCneoda IX-X ss-Si.

axali era somxeTis eklesiis istoriaSi

726 wels Sedga manaskertis kreba ioane oZunelis dros. am krebam

axali era Seqmna somxuri eklesiis istoriaSi (n. adonci, somxeTi

iustinianes epoqaSi. 1908, rus. enaze gv. 338) da hqonda

pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba (gv. 338). `aRadgina somxuri

saeklesio tradiciebi darRveuli VII s-Si qalkedontebis mier ~

(iqve, gv. 338).

200

meore mxriv, rac CvenTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, Cveni azriT, am

krebam gamoafxizla somxeTis qarTveloba.

kirionis dauviwyari Rvawli saeklesio msaxurebisas qarTuli enis

gamoyenebis Sesaxeb kvlav gaixsenes am krebiT SeSfoTebulma qar-

Tvelebma.

isini, taosa da basianis qarTveloba, ZiriTadad qalkedonitebi

iyvnen da amitom maT somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi yofna mxolod

im SemTxvevaSi miaCndaT dasaSvebad, Tuki somxuri eklesia

qalkedonituri mimarTulebisa iqneboda, 726 wlis krebam ki am

eklesiis monofizituri mimarTuleba daadgina. amitomac, maT daiwyes

gzebis Zieba somxuri eklesiisagan Tavis dasaxsnelad.

kirionis brZanebani qarTuli enis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, winapris

mowodebad iqca _ mowodebad, raTa somxeTis qarTveloba

ganSoreboda ukve araqalkedonitur somxur eklesias da

dabruneboda erovnul qarTuls _ marTlmadideblurs.

arseni safareli qarTul-somxuri saeklesio

urTierTobebs Sesaxeb VI-VII saukuneebSi

(`ganyofisaTvis qarTvelTa da somexTa~)

ubrZana berZenTa mefem somxeTis kaTalikos moses elivardels

(574-604) da mis episkoposebs, raTa misuliyvnen konstantinopolSi da

kvlav gamowvlilviT gamoeZiaT sarwmunoebrivi simarTle, marTali

ki daemtkicebinaT. xolo mose kaTalikosi ar daemorCila da ar

wavida, aramed uTxra berZenTa mociqulebs: ar gadaval mdinare

azatze, romelic sazRvaria sparsTa da berZenTa Soris, ar SevWam

201

berZenTa furnids da ar Sevsvam berZenTa Termons (furnids afuebul

purs ewodebda, Termons wyliT gazavebul Rvinos), aseve upasuxes

vaspuraganis episkoposebmac, romelnic sparsTa saxelmwifos

emorCilebodnen. arc maT inebes wasvla. xolo taos episkoposi da

sxva berZenTa morCili somexi episkoposebi saswrafod Cavidnen

konstantinopolSi. kvlav gamoiZies da meored daamtkices

qalkedonis krebis siswore mavrik mefis winaSe. yvelam erTobiT

aRiara qristes WeSmariti ori buneba. daweres fici berZnebTan

erTobis Sesaxeb da wamovidnen. roca somxeTSi movidnen, maTi

sarwmunoeba ar Seiwynara mose kaTalikosma da misma sxva

episkoposebma, romelnic sparsTa mier dapyrobil nawilSi

cxovrobdnen da gaiyo somxeTi sarwmunoebrivad. qalkedonitebma

daidgines kaTalikosad ioane kogoviteli (590-611).

V muxli _ qarTvelma kaTalikosma kirion mcxeTelma da herTa

kaTalikosma abazma ixiles, rom somxuri eklesia kvlav dvinis im

krebis erTgulia, romelic abdiSo asuris xeliT Caatares da

romelmac wmida msoflio sayovelTao kaTolike eklesias Camoacila

somxuri eklesia. am krebam somxuri eklesia Camoacila oTx

msoflio sapatriarqos, amiT ki dairRva wmida grigol

ganmanaTleblis anderZi kesariis eklesiisadmi, rom somxuri eklesia

ukunisamde ar ganSordeboda kesariis eklesiaSi somexi

episkoposebis xeldasxmas (somxeTi ki kesariis eklesiaSi xeldasxmas

ganSorda imis gamo, rom sparsTa mefisgan miiRo brZaneba, TviT

somxeTSive xeli daesxaT episkoposebisaTvis). roca aseTi praqtika

kvlav aRorZinebuli ixiles kirion kaTalikosma (591-615), herTa

kaTalikosma abazma (552-596) da sivnieTis episkoposma grigorma,

Seiqna didi dava somxeTsa da qarTls Soris. qarTvelni ambobdnen,

rom wmida grigolma saberZneTidan mogvca Cven sarwmunoeba,

romelic Tqven dauteveT, misi wmida anderZi uaryaviT da abdiSo

asurs da sxva borot mwvaleblebs daemorCileniT. am mxilebis

Semdeg somxebma qarTli daabezRes sparsTa mefesTan, rom qar-

Tvelebs rom-saberZneTis sarwmunoeba aqvTo. aseTive dava iyo

qarTvelTa da somexTa Soris nerse II-is drosac. aseve iyo mis

sakaTalikoso taxtze mjdom abraamis drosac. am dros gandevna

qarTlis kaTalikosma kirionma mose curtavis episkoposi Tavisi

eparqiidan, romelic wmida SuSanikis saflavze iyo. Txova abraamma

kirions es eparqia, xolo man ar misca. da gadidda maT Soris

202

ciloba. mouxmo abraamma araratis provinciis samRvdeloebas da

uTxra maT: an SeaCveneT qalkedonis kreba, an gadiT Cveni

samkvidrebelidan. zogierTi daemorCila da SeaCvenes wmida kreba,

zogierTi ki ar daemorCila da ganidevnen.

VI muxli _ abraamis Semdgom dajda kaTalikosad komitasi (607-

629), romelic Zalze mdidari iyo, Sesamoslis moyvare, bivrilis

patiosani TvlebiT amkobda kverTxis Tavebs. es ufro metad moZule

iyo qalkedonis krebisa. misca Svidi saepiskoposo herTa kaTalikoss

da SeierTa is. misca jvris tarebis pativi sivnieTis episkoposs.

aseTi xerxiT mTeli somxeTi gaaerTiana qalkedonis krebis

sawinaaRmdegod. gamoZebna vinme dawyevlili ioane mairagomeli,

aRWurva qalkedonianobis sawinaaRmdego wignebiT da aRuTqva mis

Semdeg sakaTalikoso taxti. aTargmnina monofizit da sxva

mwvalebel eresiarqTa wignebi, gaavrcela da am tyuiliT mTeli

somxeTis qveyana daajera. Secvala Tavdapirveli saeklesio wesebi

da kanonebi, TviTon ki axali mrudeni SemoiRo. am dros aiSala

Zveli da axali ki ver daamtkices (ar dainerga). amis gamo dRemde

yoveli kaci somxeTSi Tavis mier Seqmnil-gamogonebul saeklesio

kanonebs iyenebs. yvelaferi es komitas kaTalikosma gancofebuli

ioane mairagomelis xeliT gaakeTa. Semdeg sakaTalikoso taxtze

qristefore dajda (628-630), romelic mairagomelis mteri iyo.

gamwarda suliT ioane, Semdeg ki gaixara, radganac kaTalikosi

gadaayenes, magram mas mainc ar misces sakaTalikoso taxti.

kaTalikosad ezra (630-641) dajda. ufro Sewuxda mairagomelis

mzakvari suli. aseTi mzakvareba pirvelad moxsenebuli komitasis

gamo moxda, Sedegad mairagomelis wvalebis swavlebiT aivso mTeli

somxeTi.

aqedan Cans, rom somxur eklesias araratis olqic ganSorda VII s-

is dasawyisSi, Cans, eTnikur-religiuri niSniT, radganac, im epoqaSi

araratis anu araqsis xeobis mkvidr qarTvelTa armenizaciis

procesi jer kidev ar iyo dasrulebuli (Sesabamisad, qarTveli

kirioni araratis olqis saeklesio mmarTveli iyo), Tumca maleve es

procesi dasrulda.

203

Tavi VIII

e.w. somex-qalkedonitTa vinaoba

araswori Teoriebi iberebisa da somexi qalkedonitebis

Sesaxeb

vikipediasa da zogadad saerTaSoriso samecniero wreebSi amJamad

damkvidrebulia umarTebulo, araswori Tvalsazrisi, TiTqosda

iverebi (ivirebi) ewodebodaT ara mxolod qarTvelebs, aramed somex-

qalkedonitebsac da amasTanave iberiis Temis mcxovrebTac (iberiis

Temis mcxovreblebad rogorc wesi eTnikur somxebs miiCneven).

rogorc wesi aRniSnuli mosazrebis wyaroebad uTiTeben ara Zvel

avtorebs, aramed ZiriTadad v. aruTinova-fidanianis Sromebs,

(magaliTad: mis grigol pakurianis tipikons, erevani 1978, anda nina

garsoians, romelmac 1977 wels niu-iorkSi gamosca Tavisi wigni).

somexi qakedonitebis iverebad moxseniebas safuZveli daedo XIX s-

is bolosa da XX s-is dasawyisSi, roca niko marma pirvelad uwoda

egreTwodebuli somex kalkedonitebs iverebi. v. fidanianis sityviT

niko marma somexi qalkedonitebi gamoiyvana legendebis sferodan,

kerZod TiTqosda niko mars mougrovebia yvela cnoba. aseve

epigrafikuli da arqeologiur monacemebi da ase dauweria somexi

qalkedonitebis Sesaxeb Tavisi naSromi, romlis safuZvelzec taos,

misi mimdebare regionebis, aseve klarjeTis mkvidri qarTveloba

cxaddeba somex qalkedonitebad, Sesabamisad am mxareTa qarTuli

kultura, eklesia-monastrebi somxurad. da am mxareebidan gamosuli

wminda mamebi da moRvaweebi eTnikur somxebad, (ioane da eqvTime

mTawmindelebi, Tornike erisTavi da misi sagvareulo

Cordvanelebisa. grigol bakurianis Ze da sxva qarTveli didebulebi

eTnikur somxebad cxaddebian, maTi mtkicebiT isini qarTvelebi

iyvnen ara eTnikurad, aramed mxolod saeklesio-kulturuli

TvalsazrisiT, maTi marTlmadidebluri aRmsareblobis gamo). cxadia

es aris Teoria romelic amJamad iwodeba `qarTizaciis Teoriad~.

yvela statiaSi romelic ki somex qalkedonitebs eZRvneba

204

sainterneto sferoSi aRniSnulia, rom niko marma Tavisi es

aRniSnuli Teoria pirvelad wamoayena statiaSi _ «аркаун Монголъское

Название христиан в связи с вопросом об армянах – халкидонитах» (1906 w.).

am statiaze dafuZnebiT Sesabamis cnobarSi weren _ `somexi _

qalkedonitebis fenomeni pirvelad aRmoaCina akademikosma n.i. marma~

(`somexi _ qalkedonitebi~, fond `haiazgis~ enciklopediis masala).

iqve aRniSnulia `gamoCenilma aRmosavleTmcodnem (n.marma) Tavis am

naSromSi gamoikvlia, rom somxeTSi qalkedonizmi iyo cocxali,

progresuli religiur-kulturuli moZraoba da somexi

qalkedonitebi aqtiurad monawileobdnen saeklesio, politikur da

kulturul cxovrebaSi. somxeTSi marTlmadidebluri Temis

istoriisa da kulturis Seswavla gagrZelda mTeli XX saukunis

manZilze sxvadasxva mkvlevarebis mier. somex-qalkedonitebis Sesaxeb

werdnen, v. aruTinova-fidaniani, p. xaranisi, r. bartikiani, p.

muradiani. n. maris mravali Sroma mieZRvna somxur-qalkedonitur

Zeglebs, romelnic somxuridan qarTulad iTargmna. somexi

qalkedonitTa mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb werdnen i.

abulaZe, n. akiniani, p. muradiani, a. kazariani. arsebobs Sromebi n.

adoncisa da i. akinianisa Cordvanelis, varaz vaCes, Tornikesa da

saerTod taoel somex-qalkedonitTa Sesaxeb da aseve sasuneli

Tornikianebis Sesaxeb~ (iqve gv. 2/2).

sabolood, mTeli msjelobani da mosazrebani CamoTvlili

avtorebisa midis iqamde, rom TiTqosda termini `iviri~

gamoiyeneboda ara mxolod eTnonimad, aramed iveriis Temis

mcxovrebTa aRsaniSnad da aseve gamoiyeneboda konfesionalurad,

kerZod ki ivirebad (iverebad) iwodeboda `rogorc wesi qarTul

eklesias mikedlebuli somexi _ qalkedonitebi~. amis TvalsaCinod

mohyavT Semdegi magaliTebi _

`1. ana komina araorazrovnad uwodebs grigol bakurians somexs,

didebulTa gvaridan, xolo maTeos urhaeci _ mas qarTvels uwodebs,

amave dros TviTon (grigol bakurianis) mier Sedgenili baCkovis

monastris wesdebaSi is Tavis Tavs eTnikur ivers uwodebs, maSin,

roca iqve naTqvamia, rom es wesdeba Sedgenilia romaelTa iverTa da

somexTa enebze da man xeli moawera somxuri asoebiT.

2. anisis taZris warweraSi bagrat vxkaci _ iverad iwodeba, amave

dros berZen avtorTa mier is somxad iwodeba. amave dros mis

(bagratis) Svils smbats maTeosi somexad moixseniebs, Cans,

205

mxedvelobaSi hqonda smbatis dabruneba somxuri eklesiis mimdevarTa

rigebSi.

3. maTeos urhaeli ambobs, rom, roca vasil apukapi dabrunda

edesaSi, somxebi xarobdnen, aqedan Cans, rom is somexi iyo, magram is

(maTeos urhaeci) vasils pirdapir romaels uwodebs, mxedvelobaSi

hqonda an misi administraciuli funqciebi, anda qalkedonitoba.

4. am aRniSnuli vasilis Zma _ farsmani iverad iwodeba siklicas

mier, xolo atalaiteti mas somexs uwodebs~ (somxuri forumi

`vardananqi~, gverdi `iverebi~).

am magaliTebidan umarTebulod askvnian, rom, magaliTad `maTeos

urhaeci mraval wminda sisxlis somexs `romaels~ anda `ivirs~

uwodebs, am dros mxedvelobaSi aqvs, rom isini somexi

qalkedonitebi arian, mikedlebulni an berZnul, anda qarTul

marTlmadidebel eklesias~ (iqve gv. 2/3).

iqve am gverdze amateben Semdegs _ `eTnikonma `ivirma~ veraviTar

SemTxvevaSi ver gamoaZeva termini `somexi~ (iqve gv. 2/3) magaliTad

kvlav grigol bakurianis Ze mohyavT, TiTqosda is iyo somexi,

romelmac qarTuli icoda. maTmier srulad gabaTilebulia maTeos

urhaecis cnoba, romelic grigol bakurianis Zes tomiT qarTvels

uwodebda, da rac mTavaria, TviT grigolisave cnoba, romelSic is

Tavis Tavs iverTa brwyinvale gvariSvils uwodebs, da mas Tavi moh-

qonda, rom is mTeli cxovrebis manZilze mxne qarTveli meomari iyo.

samxreT saqarTvelosa da mis mimdebare regionebSi, ZiriTadad

tao-klarjeTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis somex-qalkedonitebad

gamocxadeba gaamyara, Zalze didi saerTaSoriso avtoritetis mqone

organom `pravoslavnaia enciklopediam~. vikipediis statia `somexi-

qalkedonitebi~ amis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs amonarids am organodan _

`saqarTvelos mosazRvre somxeTis raionebSi mcxovrebi somexi

marTlmadideblebi xdebodnen saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli

eklesiis kanonikuri daqvemdebarebis qveS~ _ `pravoslavnaia

enciklopedia~ (t. III, moskovi, 2001, gv. 326).

aqve aRniSnulia `XI s-is meore naxevarSi Turq-selCukebis

Semosevebma, romlebmac bizantiur yofnas armeniaSi bolo mouRo,

aiZula somexi qalkedonitebi TandaTanobiT gadasuliyvnen

saqarTvelos sakaTalikosoSi da XIII s-Si maTi saepiskoposo

kaTedrebi ukve `qarTulad~ miiCneodnen~ (pravoslavnaia

enciklopedia, t. III, moskovi, 2001, gv. 327).

206

am Tvalsazrisis umarTebuloba Tundac a. lastivertecis

Sromidan Cans, roca anisis jvris lursmnebi~, rogorc is ambobs

basianelma qarTvelebma~ Seuracxyves, rac a. lastivertecisve

sityviT, mizezi gaxda maTi dasjisa, roca basili bulgarTmmusvreli

SeiWra iberiaSi (e.i. tao-basianSi) da sastikad dasaja, daxoca

didZali mosaxleoba da daangria iqamde ayvavebuli iverTa qveyana

(tao-basiani, saerTod daviT kurapalatis yofili samefo), TviT amave

avtoris lastivertecis sityviT, maSasadame Turq-selCukebamde am

regionSi, mravali qarTvel-qalkedoniti cxovrobda da maT,

Sesabamisi qarTuli saepiskoposoebic eqnebodaT, Tumc ki wyaroebi

maT Sesaxeb jer kidev ar aris saTanadod Seswavlili. es xels ar

uSlis am organos (pravoslavnaia enciklopedias), raTa oSki _

somex-qalkedonitTa monastrad warmoadginos, xolo fotoze,

romelsac miwerili aqvs sityvebi _ `avanis eklesia~, sinamdvileSi

mcxeTis jvris eklesiaa gamosaxuli. pravoslavnaia enciklopediaSi

somex-qalkedonitebis Sesaxeb dastambuli statiis avtoria v.

aruTinova-fidaniani.

v. aruTinova-fidaniani `pravoslavnaia enciklopediis~ statiaSi

`somexi-qalkedonitebi~ TviTve aRniSnavs _ `somex-qalkedonitTa

Seswavlis sirTule aixsneba wyaroTmcodneobiTi bazis siZneleebiT:

somex-qalkedonitTa Sesaxeb cnobebi moipoveba sxvadasxva enovan

(somxur, berZnul, qarTul, siriul da arabul) wyaroebSi da aseve

sxvadasxva heterogenur wyaroebSi (istoriul qronikebSi, wmidaTa

cxovrebebSi, saRvTismetyvelo da polemikur traqtatebSi,

epigrafikasa da a.S). Tumca ki arcerT maTganSi ar arsebobs raime

pirdapiri anda obieqturi informacia somex-qalkedonitTa Sesaxeb.

saerTod somex-qalkedonitTa kuTvnili nawarmoebebi cota SemorCa,

esenia sinas mTis wm. ekaterines monasterSi aRmoCenili

antimonofizituri saRvTismetyvelo dokumentebi, istoriul

polemikuri Txzuleba `Txroba somexTa Sesaxeb~, somexi _ anonimi

avtorisa (VII s. I naxevari) da grigol bakurianis (XI s. ) tipikoni

da sxva nawarmoebebis rigi~ (v. aruTinova-fidaniani, somexi-

qalkedonitebi, pravoslavnaia enciklopedia).

aqedan kargad Cans, rom TviT yvelaze tendenciuri v. fidanianis

aRiarebiTac ki somex-qalkedonitTa Sesaxeb ar miuTiTebs arcerTi

wyaro. am mizezis gamo wyaroTa saocar ar qonas avseben magaliTad

iseTi TxzulebiT, rogoricaa petriwonis tipikoni, romelic somxur

qalkedonitur Txzulebad cxaddeba usabuTod.

207

a. fidanianis tendenciurobisa da arakoreqtulobis Sesaxeb

kargad miuTiTa Tavis ramdenime naSromSi istorikosma stepanenkom

`bizantiiskii vestnikis `59-e tomSi. am tomSi dabeWdilia v.

stepanenkos naSromi romlis saTauria: `somexi-qalkedonitebi XI s-is

bizantiis istoriaSi (v. aruTinova-fidanianis wignis gamo)~.

am naSromSi stepanenkom mkacrad gaakritika v. aruTinova-

fidanianis wigni `somxur-bizantiuri sakontaqto zona (X-XI ss).

kulturaTa urTierTqmedebaTa Sedegi~ (moskovi, 1994, rus. enaze).

stepanenko wers _ `fidanianis am naSromma ufro meti kiTxva

warmoSva, vidre gasca pasuxebi, misi mizezia, ara mxolod mkvlevaris

sakuTari Secdomebi, romelnic naTelia, aramed is, rom ar arsebobs

saerTod aRiarebuli gasagebi aparati eTnokulturuli procesebis

Sesaswavlad, saWiroa sxva midgomebi, sxva meTodika da ara is, rac

demonstrirebulia v. aruTinova-fidanianis wignSi~. (В.П. Степаненко

Армяне-халкедониты в истории византи XI в. Византииский временик. Т. 59, с.

60).

stepanenko agrZelebs _ `saWiroa monacemTa bazis Seqmna somexi

qalkedonitebis Sesaxeb bizantiasa da saqarTveloSi, imis

gaTvaliswinebiT, rom qarTuli teritoriebis nawili X s-Si

aRmoCnda imperiis SemadgenlobaSi. es mkveTrad Seamcirebs

istoriuli konteqstebidan amoglejili informaciiT manipulirebis

SesaZleblobas. fesvebi eTnopolitikuri situaciisa, romelic

Seiqmna imperiis aRmosavleT sazRvrebTan X s-Si, unda veZioT misi

istoriis ufro adrindel periodebSi~ (v. stepanenko, dasax, naSr, gv.

61) .

IX-XI ss-Si imperiis aRmosavleTiT (istoriuli saqarTvelos

samxreTSi) Seqmnili eTnopolitikuri da eTnokulturuli situaciis

fesvebs, piradad Cven veZebT ara mxolod VI-VIII saukuneebSi, aramed

gacilebiT adreul periodSi. am sakiTxebis rkvevas exeba Cveni wigni

`arian-qarTli~. saWiroa wina saukuneTa periodebis kvleva aRniSnul

e.w. `somex-qalkedonitTa~ sakiTxis Sesaswavlad. samwuxaroa, rom

qarTveli filologebis da istorikosebis elitam mTlianad

gaiTavisa n. maris `qarTizaciis~ Teoria. isini, rogorc Tundac v.

stepanenko, darwmunebulebi arian, rom imperiis aRmosavleTis e.w.

`sakontaqto~ zona eTnikuri somxebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, romelTa

gaqalkedonitebiT, TiTqosda maTi gaqarTveleba xdeboda. aseTi

mosazreba ki warmoiqmneba `istoriuli konteqstebidan amoglejili

informaciis manipulirebiT~.

208

rogorc aRiniSna, TviTon v. aruTinova-fidaniani wers, rom ar

arsebobs raime wyaro, romelSic pirdapiri da obieqturi informacia

iyos imis Sesaxeb, rom iverebi (ivirebi) eTnikurad somxebi iyvnen.

sinamdvileSi, kidev erTxel, rom vTqvaT, istoriuli saqarTvelos

samxreT nawilSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi anu iverebi somex-

qalkedonitebad gamoacxades istoriuli konteqstebidan

amoglejili informaciis manipulirebis Sedegad, pirveli magaliTi

maT niko marma misca, roca grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis cnobili

fraza (`qarTlad friadi qveyana aRiracxebis~, sadac qarTuli eniT

wirva-locva xdeba), gaaukuRmarTa, masSi im azris CadebiT, TiTqosda

vincki qarTuli eklesiis wevri xdeboda, yvelas qarTvels

uwodebdnen. aseve esmis es fraza amJamindeli filologebisa da

istorikosebis did nawils. sinamdvileSi ki jer kidev bizantielTa

mier imier taosa da mimdebare qarTuli miwebis aneqsiamde, iq

Camoyalibda qarTuli saeklesio erTeuli, romlis saxelwodebac

iyo `aRmosavalis~ anu `meore iveriis sakaTalikoso~, romelsac

Tavisi TavisTavadi kaTalikosi hyavda. am ukanasknelT qarTul

samyaroSi `aRmosavalis kaTalikosebs~ uwodebdnen, `aRmosavals~ ara

konstantinopolidan, aramed antioqia ierusalimis

sapatriarqoebidan hqondaT TavisTavadoba miniWebuli da Sesabamisad

maT mirons iqidan ugzavnidnen. grigol xanZTelis mowafem efremma

izruna da iRvawa, raTa am meore iveriis anu `aRmosavalis~

kaTalikosebs mironi mieRoT ara antioqia-ierusalimidan aramed,

TviTve, adgilzeve ekurTxebinaT, radganac es qveyanac igive qarTlia.

meore iveriac, qarTlia, qarTvelebis qveyanaa, aqac qarTulad

aRevlineba wirva-locva, rogorc mcxeTis qarTlis vrcel qveyanaSi.

albaT, ase unda gavigoT es aRniSnuli cnobili fraza. TviT v.

fidanianic exeba sakiTxs, rom `iveriis Tems~ _ `aRmosavleTs~

uwodebdnen _ «Сведения нарративных источников приводит к тому что

востоком объявляется фема иверя» (К. Юзбашян Армианское государства... с

185.193).

maSasadame, iveriis Tems anu im miwa-wyals sadac es Temi (fema)

warmoiqmna `aRmosavleTi~ erqva qarTul wyaroebSi, Sesabamisad mis

qarTvel kaTalikosebs `kaTalikosni aRmosavalisani~ erqvaT,

aRmosavalis qarTuli sakaTalikosos saeklesio TavisTvadoba VIII s-

Si aRiara antioqiam (es sakiTxi ganxilulia am wignis sxva TavebSi),

mas Seexeba grigol xanZTelis cnoba `qarTlis qveynis friadobis~

anu sididis Sesaxeb. mcxeTis iveria am meore iveriasTan erTad

209

marTlac didi qveyana iyo, qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi. isic

(meore iveriac) qarTlia, isic didi qarTlis nawilia, amis

magaliTad giorgi merCules mohyavs is rom aqac qarTulad

aRevlineba wirva-locva. aseTi unda iyos n. maris manipulirebis

Sedegad sastikad damaxinjebuli cnobili frazis paTosi da ara is,

rom somxebi qarTveldebodnen anu iverielebad iqceodnen

qalkedonitobis aRiarebiT. es mosazreba imdenad aris gamjdari, rom

samwuxarod v. stepanenkoc ki miiCnevs, rom am mxaris mosaxleoba

warmoSobiT somxuri iyo, romelnic Semdeg mTlianad gaqarTvelda,

mis mier aruTinova-fidanianis kritika ki imiT gamoixateba, rom am

ukanasknels uwunebs kvlevis meTodebs, amCnevs mis Secdomebs,

arakoreqtulobas, sicrues sxvadasxva faqtebis gadmocemisas da

sxva. sabolood ki cdilobs ufro maRal simaRleze aiyvanos `somex-

qalkedonitTa~, istoriis kvlevis saqme. Sesabamisad, stepanenko v.

fidanianis mimarT xSirad xmarobs frazebs _ `misi mtkiceba

dausabuTebelia, «бездоказательно» (iqve, gv. 48), `avtors pasuxi ara

aqvs~ _ «ответа на даннии вопрос автор не дает» (iqve, gv. 50). kerZod,

sakiTxi Seexeba v. fidanianis mtkicebas TiTqosda arsebobda `somex-

qalkedonitTa eTnosi~. sinamdvileSi es eTnosi iyo iverebi anu qar-

Tvelebi, romelnic iqamde anu taos samefos daarsebamde Seadgendnen

mrevls somxuri eklesiisa da manaskertis 726 wlis krebis Semdeg ki

daurbundnen dedaqarTul eklesias. stepanenko agrZelebs fidanianis

kritikas aseTi sityvebiT _ `mcdaria~ _ ошибочно» (iqve, gv. 51) . anda

`dausabuTebelia _ «представлятся необоснованным» (iqve, gv. 53). (kerZod

sakiTxi Seexeba imas rom TiTqosda e.w. bizantiur `sakontaqto~

zolSi `ZiriTadad erTmaneTs xvdeboda ori eTnikuri masa _

somxebisa da berZnebis~ stepanenkos azriT aq iyo mesame eTnikuri

masa _ qarTvelebisa). aseve uwodebs fidanians _ `arakoreqtuls~ da

wers _ «К сожалению предложенное ислетователъницои решение проблемы:

Армяне-халкидонити историко- кулътурный феномен контактной зоны,

представляется нам некорректным».

fidaniani Tavis gamokvlevebSi aRniSnavs, rom iqamde sagangebod

ar iyo gamokvleuli eTnikuri TviTSemecneba somexi-qalkedonitebisa,

rom somex-qalkedonitTa ganmasxvavebeli niSania maTi

marTlmadidebloba, magram aviwydeba, rom marTlmadidebloba

ZiriTadad bizantiuri fenomenia, amitomac ismis kiTxva

marTlmadidebeli somxebi bizantiaSi, marTlmadidebelTa umTavres

samyaroSi, ratom uwodebdnen TavianT Tavs `tomiT warmoSobiT,

210

naTesaviT qarTvels~! Tu marTlmadidebeli mrwamsi gansazRvravda

eTnikur vinaobas, maSin marTlmadidebel somxebs bizantiaSi

TavianTi Tavi berZnebad unda warmoedginaT da ara qarTvelebad.

fidaniani amtkicebs, TiTqosda somexi-qalkedonitebi `uaryofdnen

somxur enasa da RvTismsaxurebas~, Tumca sxva naSromSi is aRniSnavs,

rom somexi qalkedonitebi amayobdnen TavianTi (somxuri)

STamomavlobiT, sad aris marTali am SemTxvevaSi mkvlevari, somexi

qalkedonitebi uaryofdnen Tu ara somxur enasa da kulturas?

sinamdvileSi ki somxur enas mxolod am mxareTa is eTnikurad

iberieli anu qarTveli pirebi uaryofdnen, romelTac 726 wlis

Semdeg gadawyvites SeerTebodnen mSobliur-qarTul eklesias, xolo

eTnikuri somxebi an SeuerTdnen somxur monofizitur eklesias, anda

SeinarCunes siyvaruli TavianTi somxuri warsulis mimarT rasac

SeniSnavs kidec mkvlevari.

samwuxarod, 1071 wlis Semdegac, rac maTi miwa-wyali Turq-

selCukebis xelSi gadavida, mravali qarTveli, anu eTnikuri iveri

yofili iberiis Temidan gadasaxlda kilikiaSi, sadac kvlav

gagrZelda maTi armenizaciis procesi (aq bakurianis Zeebis nawilic

ki gadasaxlebula), amasTanave adgilzeve (yofil iberiis Temis

miwaze) darCenili eTnikuri iverebic kvlav moiqcnen somxuri

monofizituri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi, rasac maTi saRvTismsaxuro

wignebic miuTiTebs. rasac ikvlevda, oRond Taviseburad r.

bartikiani. miuxedavad amisa am wignebSi am kidev erTxel

armenizebuli iverebis qarTuli fesvebi Turme mainc naTlad Cans.

aseve miuTiTeben evfratispireTSi iberebis cxovrebas. aRsaniSnavia,

rom edesaSi qarTuli koloniis arseboba dastureba v. goilaZis

kvlevebiT. fidanianis azriT iberiis TemSi wirva-locva TiTqosda

qarTul enaze aResruleboda e.w. `somex-qalkedonitTa~ Soris, da

mxolod amis gamo maT `iverebi~ ewodebodaT, sinamdvileSi, rogorc

Cveni gamokvleva aCvenebs, iberiis TemSi wirva-locva iyo ara

qarTul enaze, aramed berZnulad, Tumca Zalian ecadnen qarTveli

mamebi da didxans ibrZoles raTa bizantias neba daerTo, raTa

iveriis TemSi wirva-locva qarTul enaze yofiliyo. amisTvis

iRvwoda zaqaria valaSkerteli, aTonis mTis mamebi, magram uSedegod,

iveriis TemSi, sabolood, wirva-locva berZnulad iyo. miuxedavad

amisa, iveriis Temis mosaxleoba Tavis Tavs `iverebs~ uwodebda.

rogorc es mravali mxridan Cans, fidanianis Tvalsazrisi am mxriv

usafuZvloa. bizantiaSic cnobil iberebs, magaliTad grigol

211

bakurianis Zes, wirva-locva Tavisi mravali laSqrobisas, cxadia

berZnulad hqonda, magram is mainc Tavis Tavs `qarTvels~ uwodebda.

fidanianis apelireba mxolod wirva-locvis enaze _ usafuZvloa. am

xalxs didi qarTuli warsuli hqonda, maT TviTonve es kargad

icodnen, Tumca ki isini `armeniaSi cxovrobdnen~. aRniSnaven, rom

mravali aseTi `iviri~ iyo bizantiur aristokratiaSi, cxadia maTi

saeklesio ena berZnuli iyo miuxedavad amisa, isini TavianT Tavs

qarTvelebs uwodebdnen, maTi mematianeebic maT `iverebs~ uwodebdnen.

iveriis Temidan bizantiaSi CasulT TiTqosda yvelas `iviri~ erqva.

iveriis Temi am olqs, misi mosaxleobis udidesi nawilis, maTi

eTnikuri iverielobis gamo ewoda. isini iyvnen vinaoba aRdgenili,

iqamde armenizebuli mosaxleoba. cxadia, maT iverebi erqvaT maTi

eTnikuri warmomavlobis gamo.

stepanenko wers, rom fidaniani faqtebiT umarTebuloT

manipulirebs (iqve, gv. 57). kerZod, saqme exeba CordvanelTa

sagvareulos, Tornike erisTavs, aseve grigol bakurianis Zes (masala

faqtiurad arc ki gaaCniaT, magram faqtebis gayalbebiT

saerTaSoriso asparezze danerges TavianTi Tvalsazrisi).

Codvanelebis sakiTxi (sxva statiaSi) sagengebod gamoikvlia v.

stepanenkom. aruTinova-fidanianis daskvniT grigol bakurianis Ze

iyo eTnikurad somexi, radganac man TiTqosda Tavis tipikons xeli

somxuri asoebiT moawera, amasTanave TiTqosda tipikoni somxur

enazec daiwera, Tundac ase iyos es mainc eTnikuri vinaobis

gansazRvris saSualebas ar iZleva. magaliTad, ilia WavWavaZe da

olRa guramiSvili (misi coli) erTmaneTs werilebs rusul enaze

werdnen da amis gamo isini rusebad unda CaiTvalon, anda Tavis

sabanko wesdebas igive ilia WavWavaZe radganac rusul enaze werda

is amis gamo rusia?

somxuri wera-kiTxvis codnasTan dakavSirebiT, Cven am naSromSi

gamovikvlieT, rom VII-VIII ss-Si, roca aRniSnul mxareTa iverebi

aRmoCndnen somxur-qalkedonur saeklesios samrevloSi, codna-

ganaTlebas iRebdnen somxurad, amis gamo maT kargad icodnen

somxuri wera-kiTxva, magram TandaTanobiT swavlobdnen qarTuls.

726-iani wlebis pirvel xanebSi, anu IX-X saukuneebSic am mxareebidan

gamosulma mravalma qarTvelma icoda da zogjer ukeTesadac

somxuri wera-kiTxva, iseve rogorc magaliTad XIX saukunis

qarTvelma sasuliero pirebis erTma nawilma rusuli wera-kiTxva

ufro ukeT icoda vidre qarTuli, amis mizezi iyo am dros Seqmnili

212

politikur-eklesiuri viTareba. aseve iyo iberiis Temis miwazec mis

dapyrobamde da Semdegac _ es areali somxur-monofizituri

eklesiiT uZlieresi zegavlenis qveS iyo, iqaurma qarTvelebma

mxolod erT periodSi SeZles Tavis gaTavisufleba misgan, es iyo

daviT kurapalatis epoqa, bizantiuri saCuqari, axali miwebis Sesvla

qarTul saxelmwifoebriobaSi, amiT aRfrTovanebuli adgilobrivi

mosaxleobis mier myisierad Tavisi eTnoerovnuli vinaobis

gamovlena da erovnuli dauokebeli sixaruli (mCagvrelTa mxridan)

da eklesiuri gaTavisuflebis gamo, rac aRwerilia Cvens wignSi.

n. maric da v. fidanianic ara mxolod taos da iveriis Tems

exebian, klarjeTic ki somex-qalkedonitTa qveyanad warmoadgines,

rac TviT v. stepanenkosac ki aRaSfoTebs, radganac daskvnebs

akeTebs wyaroebis pirdapiri Cvenebebis gareSe. fidanianis azriT

mTeli zedafena mmarTveloba samxreT saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebSi

TiTqosda somxuri iyo. Tu es ase iyo amiT misi xalxi unda

gasomxebuliyo, is ki `somexTa gaqarTvelebis~ Sesaxeb saubrobs.

iberiis Temisa da mimdebare teritoriebidan gamosuli cnobili

pirebis qarTvelobis Sesaxeb naTlad weren somexi qronistebi (e.i.

somxuri wyaroebi), rogorc amas v. stepanenko miuTiTebs. somxuri

wyaroebi maT eTnikur `qarTvelebs~ uwodeben. aRniSnuli mkvlevarebi

am wyaroebs `arasakmarisad miiCneven~ da maT pirdapir Cvenebebs

gangeb amaxinjeben da abundovaneben.

v. stepanenkom sagangebo Sroma miuZRvna Tornike erisTavisa da

misi CordvanelTa ojaxis eTnikuri vinaobis kvlevas (В. П. степаненко.

Чортванели Торники и Торониты в бизантии (к вопросу о сушествовании Т. Н.

Таикскои ветви Торникианов) 1999).

mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom axali qarTuli istoriografiiT

Tornike qarTvelia, xolo somxuriT (n. adonci, n. akiniani, v.

ariuTinova) _ somexi. maTgan erTni `Tornikianebs~ miiCneven somexi

bagratidebis STamomavlad, sxvani ki mamikonianebad. maTi azriT

somxuri sagavreulo _ Cordvanelebi flobdnen xaltoi-ariws da

Cormairs, iyvnen mTavrebi derjanisa da taronisa~.

v. stepanenko msjelobs _ `VIII s-mde tao (taiqi) Sedioda armeniis

SemadgenlobaSi, domeni iyo mamikonianebis naxararuli

sagvareulosi. mis mosaxleobis umetesi nawili TiTqosda somxebi

iyvnen, misi azriT taos somxuri warsuli Semoinaxa toponimikam da

arqiteqturis naSTebma, magaliTad bana da iSxanis eklesiis absida,

iSxanis ageba ukavSirdeba nerse kaTalikoss (aRmaSenebel

213

stepanenkos cnobiT CubinaSvili banas somxur VII-VIII ss.

arqiteqturasTan akavSirebda (radganac aq `qarTvelebi ufro gvian

gamoCdnen~). maSin roca sumbat daviTis ZiT bana aago aSot kuxma 918

wlamde, `SesaZloa aRadgina Zveli somxuri Zegli~).

v. stepanenkos azriT grigol xanZTelis cxovreba TiTqosda

adasturebs rom tao mosaxleobisagan daclili iyo, roca iq

qarTvelebi Casaxldnen. aseTi Tvalsazrisi sayovelTaod gaavrcela

n. marma, magram mainc unda iTqvas, rom aseT cnobas TviT giorgi

merCule ar iZleva, tao qarTvelebiT odiTganve iyo dasaxlebuli,

da aq somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi myofi qarTvelebi

cxovrobdnen, radganac VII-VIII s-Si, 726 wlamde, somxuri eklesia

qalkedonuri iyo da mis mrevlad yofna qarTvelebs SeeZloT

(rogorc magaliTad XIX s-Si saqarTveloSi qarTveloba iyo rusuli

eklesiis mrevli, misi marTlmadideblobis gamo), grigol xanZTelis

cxovrebaSi mxolod isaa aRniSnuli, rom mtris mier taos eklesia-

monastrebis dadumebis Semdgom aq RvTismsaxurebis ricxvi Zalze

damcrobili iyo. cxadia, xalxis raodenobac Semcirdeboda, magram

qarTvelTa iq Casaxlebis Sesaxeb araferia aRniSnuli, aq mxolod

qarTveli erTeuli mamebi midian, radganac 726 wlis Semdeg

adgilobriv qarTvelebs maTTan surdaT urTierToba da ara ukve

monofizit somxebTan.

fidanianis miRebuli daskvniT, TiTqosda taoSi cxovrobda somex-

qalkedonitTa eTnikuri, gancalkevebuli jgufi, iverebad

saxeldebuli, aseTi eTno hibridis arseboba Zveli qarTuli da

somxuri wyaroebisaTvis ucnobia.

stepanenko kargad amxels n. adoncisa da n. akinianis Secdomebs,

romlis mixedviTac Tornikesa da misi ojaxis somxobas TiTqosda

miuTiTebdes anissa da karinSi mdebare somxuri xaCkarebi.

anisis somxur xaCkarze, adoncis sityviT, TiTqosda weria sityva

`varazvaCe~, stepanenkom gamoikvlia TviT am xaCkaris teqsti da

daaskvna rom n. adoncma dauSva Secdoma, am xaCkarze es saxeli ar

weria, Sesabamisad am xaCkaris gamoyeneba TornikeTa ojaxis somxobis

samtkiceblad _ miuRebelia. amis miuxedavad, aruTinova-fidaniani

mainc am xaCkars miuTiTebs Tornike erisTavis sagvareulos somxobis

samtkiceblad. msgavsadve v. stepanenkom Kkarin-Teodosiopolisis

SemogarenSi mdebare somxuri xaCkari gamowvlilviT gamoikvlia da

daaskvna, rom es xaCkari arafers uTiTebs Tornike erisTavis Sesaxeb.

214

aqedanac Cans, rom somexi-qalkedonitebis `iverebad~ saxeldebas

cdiloben sxvadasxva ukadrisi meTodebiT, ararsebuli da

gamogonili warwerebiT da stefanoz taroneli, cnobili somexi

avtori Tornike erisTavis epoqisa, pirdapir wers, rom Tornike _

qarTveli, iverieli iyo erovnebiT, da man iverTa jari Sekriba

saimperio saWiroebisaTvis (Степанос Таронеци Всеобшая исторя с. 134).

stepanenkos daskvniT `Tornikianebis taos Stos arsebobis

mtkiceba aris Secdoma n. adoncisa~. (gv. 143). (saerTod somxeTsa da

bizantiaSi cxovrobda e.w. `tornikianebis~ sagvareulo, romelTanac

stepanenkos daskvniT Tornike erisTavs araferi akavSirebda _ is

CordvanelTa sagvareulodan iyo). Tornikes `somxobis~ mtkicebebi

faqtiuri siyalbea anda Secdomis Sedegia wers stepanenko (gv. 144),

Tumca ki stepanenko cdeba, roca miiCnevs , rom TiTqosda Tornike

marTalia qarTveli iyo, magram mas da mis sagvareulos `somexi

winaprebi hyavda~. (iqve, gv. 144), es daskvnac ar eyrdnoba araviTar

wyaros da mxolod mkvlevaris analizis Sedegia. am analizis dros

ki ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli rom tao-basiani da mTeli

araqsispireTi eTnikuri iberebis qveyana iyo, romelic mxolod

qristeSobamde II saukuneSi Sevida armeniis SemadgenlobaSi, roca

artaqsiam da bzariadrem iberebisagan miitaces xorZene, gogarena da

pariadres kalTebi, xolo xalibebisagan karinis qveyana. aq, am miwa-

wyalze mitacebis Semdegac cxadia sacxovreblad darCnen iberebi

anu qarTvelebi, Tumca ki IV saukunidan somxuri eklesiis

iurisdiqciaSi, romlis uReli gadaigdes 726 wlis krebis Semdeg.

stepanenkos azriT aqaur qarTvelebs somexi winaprebi hyavdaT, am

mosazrebas uaryofs Cveni naSromi `arian-qarTli~.

iverebis somex-qalkedonitebad gamocxadeba Secdomaa, romlis

gamosworebazec unda izrunos qarTulma istoriografiam, romelic

amJamad `qarTizaciis Teorias~ emxroba, rac misi dabrkolebis

lodia.

01.06.2014

215

v. stepanenkos sqema, eyrdnoba iveronis xelnawerTa kolifons

(Lefort Actes d Iviron p. 8-10).

216

somxur-qalkedonuri eklesiis qarTuli frTa

(qarTvelebi somxeTSi)

somxeTSi Zalze didi raodenobis mkvidri qarTuli mosaxleobis

cxovreba, rogorc aRiniSna, gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom jer kidev

qristeSobamde II saukuneSi iberebisagan armeniam miitaca _ xorZene,

gogarena da pariadres kalTebi. cxadia es regionebi qarTvelebiT

iyvnen dasaxlebulni.

somxuri eklesiis daarsebis Semdeg somxeTis mkvidri qarTveloba

gadaiqca somxuri eklesiis mrevlad, magram maT qarTuli

eTnoSemecneba SenarCunebuli hqondaT, gansakuTrebiT somxeTis

CrdiloeT da dasavleT nawilebSi.

kirion kaTalikosis moZraobam qarTuli enis dasacavad,

erTgvarad SeanjRria da gamoafxizla gugarqisa da taos

qarTveloba.

a. karaSevi Tavis wignSi `msoflio saeklesio krebebi~ aRniSnavda,

rom aRmosavleTSi, zogjer, aRmsareblobis gaTaviseba xdeboda

eTnikuri niSniT, magaliTad, misi azriT bizantieli berZnebisagan

aRmosavleTis qristianuli xalxebi gancalkevebas cdilobdnen imiT,

rom iRebdnen antibizantiur saeklesio aRmsareblobas. amis gamo,

miiRo TiTqos egviptis, siriisa da armeniis mosaxleobam

monofizitoba, riTac gaberZnebisgan daicves Tavi.

Sesabamisad vfiqrobT, rom armeniis qarTvelebic cdilobdnen

Zlieri somxuri kulturuli gavlenisgan Tavis dacvas msgavsi

qmedebebiT.

SeiZleboda albaT amiTac agvexsna qarTvelTa survili somxuri

eklesiisagan gancalkevebisa jer kidev VI saukuneSi sparsTa

mmarTvelobisas. monofizitur armeniaSi qalkedonuri sarwmunoeba

qarTvelTa bunebrivi safari iyo erovnulobis SesanarCuneblad VI

saukuneSi da VII s-is dasawyisSi.

male viTareba Seicvala, herakle keisris sparseTSi laSqrobis

Semdeg TviTon somxuri eklesiis centrma Sekra `unia~ bizantiur ek-

lesiasTan. somxeTSi mravali qalkedonuri saepiskoposo warmoiqmna.

somxur-qalkedonuri saepiskoposoebis ricxvi Zalze didi iyo (70-ze

meti) da isini ganfenilni iyvnen uzarmazar teritoriaze vanisa da

urmiis tbebidan trapezuntamde da _ antioqiamde.

amis gamo, somxeTis am mxareebis qarTul-qalkedonuri mrevli, VII

s-Si, moeqca somxur-qalkedonur eklesiaSi, isini ZiriTadad

217

dasavleT armeniasa da gugarqSi (Woroxidan Tbilisamde)

cxovrobdnen.

qarTveli moRvaweebi TavianTi ganswavlulobisa da Sromis

moyvareobis gamo somxur eklesiis umaRlesi ierarqebic ki

xdebodnen. herakle keisramde aseTi iyo airaratis qorepiskoposi

Semdeg ki qarTveli kaTalikosi kirioni, aseve eTnikuri qarTveli

unda yofiliyo somexi-qalkedoniti kaTalikosi nerses III mSenebeli.

man devnilobis dros Tavi Seafara Tavis mSobliur kuTxes taos,

sadac saepiskoposo centri daaarsa iSxanSi. somxur-qalkedonuri

eklesiiis eTnikur qarTuli frTa mcire, magram mniSvnelovani

nawili iyo.

patriarq nikoloz mistikosis miTiTeba

tao-basianis qarTvelTa da aseve

albanelTa Sesaxeb (X s.)

(werilidan Cans, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo arasodes yofila

konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi)

konstantine porfirogenetis Tanaxmad, imperatoris leon VI-is

(886-912) dros, taronis samTavros bagratuni mmarTvelebi

cdilobdnen bizantiasTan dakavSirebas.

X saukunis 20-iani wlebidan bizantiam SeZlo arabebis (mahmadia-

nebis) winaaRmdeg Seteva zemo evfratis aRmosavleTiT mdebare miwa-

wyalze. bizantiis jarma ioane kurkuasis meTaurobiT daapira dvinis

aRebac, magram mas winaaRmdegobas uwevda somexTa mefe aSot II

erkaTi (914-929), romelic dvinis amiras uWerda mxars. aSotma

xalifasgan miiRo SahinSas tituli.

dvinTan warumateblobis Semdeg ioane kurkuasma mahmadianebisgan

gaaTavisufla qalaqi xlaTi da 931 wels bizantielTa jarebi

Sevidnen xlaTsa da berkrSi, vaspurakanis samefo bizantielTa

gavlenis sferoSi aRmoCnda.

978 wels barda skliarosis damarcxebis jildod daviT

kurapalats gadaeca sxva regionebTan erTad harkis da apahuniqis

olqebi q. manaskertTan axlos. es qalaqi am droisaTvis mahmadiani

amiras xelSi iyo (is daviT kurapalatma bizantielebs waarTva).

218

990 wels daviT kurapalatma dalaSqra manaskerti da alyis

Semdeg aiRo. aq mas Causaxlebia didi raodenobiT qarTvelebi da

somxebi. amis gamo, Tavrizis amiras didZali jarebi dauZravs daviT

kurapalatis winaaRmdeg, daviTs gverdiT amoudgnen qarTvelTa mefe

bagrat II, anis-Sirakis mefe gagiki da vanandis (yarsis) mefe abasi.

daviTi da misi mokavSireebi q. valaSkertSi dabanakebulan.

997-998 wlebSi qarTvelebi ibrZodnen xlaTTan, magram ver aiRes,

Tumca sastikad daamarcxes Tavrizeli amira da misi mokavSireebi.

eklesiurad, rogorc Cans, konstantinopolis sapatriarqo

ewinaaRmdegeboda qarTvelebis saeklesio iurisdiqciis gavrcelebas

taodan vanis tbamde _ daviT kurapalatis mier gaTavisuflebul

miwa-wyalze, magram TviTon, Cans, am periodSi ver axerxebda Tavisi

iurisdiqciis ganvrcobas an SenarCunebas am regionSi, albaT amitom

Tanaxma yofila iq somxuri eklesiis uzenaesoba ecno. es Cans ioane

drasxanakertelis naSromidan, sadac Semonaxulia konstantinopolis

patriarqis nikoloz mistikosis werili.

berZeni patriarqi werda somex kaTalikoss: `Seni

RvTismoyvarebisaTvis vgoneb ar aris gaugebari Cveni gulis didi

wuxili da daunelebeli tkivili somexTa, qarTvelTa da alvanelTa

Sendami rwmunebuli erToblivi samwysosaTvis Wiris gamo, romelic

Tavs dagatydaT sarkinoz ismaitel moZaladeTagan. aw Tu Tqveni

uwmidesoba marTebulad miiCnevs, upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa

RmrTis moxilvis da SebralebisaTvis mTeli guliT

yovlismpyrobeli RmrTis mimarT vedreba. somexTa, qarTvelTa,

alvanelTa Seni samwysosTvis, aRar Seeguo maT daRupvas da izrune,

rom ganswavlo isini yvelaferSi saRmrTo metyvelebiT. Cven werili

gamovugzavneT mag kurapalatsac da afxazTa meTaursac da vurCevdi,

rom maT esminoT Tqveni darigeba~ (ioane drasxnakerteli, somxeTis

istoria, cagareiSvilis gamocema, 1965, gv. 189-193).

Tu es werili sandoa, masSi Cans, rom patriarqi nikoloz

mistikosi (852-925) somxur eklesias ar miiCnevs eTnikuri niSniT

Seqmnil samamamTavrod, radganac mis mrevlad somxebTan erTad

miiCnevda qarTvelebic da alvanelebic. am werilSi orjer xazgasmiT

aRniSnavs kidec _ `somexTa, qarTvelTa da alvanelTa Sendami

kuTvnili samwyso~.

erTi SexedviT ise Cans, TiTqosda `qarTvelTa~ qveS am werilSi

igulisxmeba sruliad saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, magram es ase araa,

radganac Tanamedrove saqarTvelos imJamad `afxazeTs~ uwodebdnen,

219

Sesabamisad `qarTvelTa qveyanas~ taosa da mis mimdebare regionebs

uwodebdnen, mis mosaxleobas ki _ `qarTvelebs~.

am werilSi `qarTvelTa~ qveS igulisxmeba im miwa-wylis mrevli,

romelic imJamad bizantiis interess warmoadgenda, kerZod, tao-

basianis, Teodosiopolis (karin-arzrumis) qristianebi, vidre

vaspurakanamde. Semdgomi iveriis Temis mosaxleoba.

karin-evfratis mosaxleoba, VII s-Si taos mrevlic ki somxuri

eklesiis iurisdiqciis qveS imyofeboda. igive iTqmis amave regionis

momijnave albanur olqebzec. ase rom, nikoloz mistikosis am

saqmiani weriliT konstantinopoli cnobda ara sruliad

saqarTvelos mrevlze somxuri eklesiis uzenaesobas, aramed

mxolod arzrum-vanis tbis qarTul segmentebze. mizezi unda

yofiliyo survili, raTa Zlier somxur eklesias xeli ar SeeSala

bizantiuri jarebis winsvlisaTvis vanis tbisken.

am damamSvidebeli weriliT konstantinopoli acxadebda, rom is

ar iyo somxuri eklesiis metoqe am regionSi, e.i. Teodosiopolidan

_ vaspurakanamde.

marTlac, amave werilSi naxsenebia kurapalati (e.i. qarTvelTa ku-

rapalati) da afxazTa meTauri (e.i. afxazTa mefe), romelTac

TiTqosda mouwodebda, rom maT esminaT somxuri eklesiis meTauris

darigeba, magram es albaT diplomatiuri CanarTia, Tumca am

sityvebidan Cans, rom bizantiur iurisdiqciaSi arasdros yofila

dasavleT saqarTvelo, xolo tao saWiroebda zewolas, raTa iq

somxuri saeklesio damokidebuleba aRdgeniliyo.

Tuki dasavleT saqarTvelo iyo bizantiis iurisdiqciaSi da is

bizantiuri iurisdiqciisagan swored nikoloz mistikosis epoqaSi

(IX-X ss-Si) gamovida, (rogorc amtkicebs qarTizaciis Teoria), maSin

konstantinopolis patriarqi somxuri eklesiis meTaurs imas ki ar

miwerda _ `Seni darigeba isminos afxazTa mefemo~, aramed albaT

miwerda _ `Cemi saeklesio miwa-wyalia dasavleT saqarTvelo da

afxazTa mefem aq Cemi uflebamosileba ar unda SebRaloso~.

am werilidanac Cans, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo arasodes yofila

konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi.

am werilidan Cans, rom `qarTvelTa qveyana~ tao-karini, aseve

vaspurakanis segmentebi, anu `zemo qveyanaTa~ meti nawili somxebTan

erTad dasaxlebuli iyo qarTveli xalxiT, da isini somxuri

eklesiis iurisdiqciis qveS imyofebodnen. am mosazrebas adasturebs

220

meore arapirdapiri, Tumca mniSvnelovani cnoba, romelic aseve

konstantinopolis patriarqs exeba.

konstantinopolis patriarqs wmida fotis (857-867, 877-886)

miakuTvneben cnobas keisar basili I-is (867-886) somex arSakunTagan

warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. a. abdalaZis sityviT, am Tvalsazriss ar

uaryofdnen basil I-is memkvidreebi, radganac erT-erT maTgans,

konstantine porfirogenets (912-959) es azri Seutania Tavis

TxzulebaSi `basilis cxovreba~. Cveni azriT, marTali unda

yofiliyo wmida foti aseTi cnobis gavrcelebis dros, erTi

qarTuli wyaroc am Tvalsazriss amarTlebs, kerZod, wmida ilarion

qarTvelis cxovrebaSi nabrZanebia, rom basili keisarma (866-886)

Tavisi Svilebis moZRvrebad daayena wmida ilarionis mowafeebi,

romelTac daavala imperatoris vaJebisTvis qarTuli ena

eswavlebinaT. wmida ilarion qarTvelis mowafeebs `mohgvara mefeman

orni Zeni leon da aleqsandre da rqua _ `locva yavT amaTTvis

wmidano mamano da aswaveT amaT enai da wigni Tqveni~, (Zveli

qarTuli literaturis qrestomaTia, I, 1946, gv. 175).

vfiqrob, aqedan Cans Semdegi _ basili I keisari an misi winaparebi

warmoSobiT iyvnen `armeniidan~, anu im mxaredan mcire aziisa,

romelic armeniad iwodeboda, magram basili I keisris winaprebi

eTnikurad ara somxebi, aramed qarTvelebi, radganac basilim brZana

Tavisi SvilebisTvis, momavali imperatorebisTvis eswavlebinaT

qarTuli ena da qarTuli mwignobroba (da ara somxuri). sxva saqmea

is, rom am mxareebs, miuxedavad misi mosaxleobis qarTuli

warmomavlobisa, erqva armenia. basilis winaprebi aqedan makedoniaSi

gadasaxlebulan, magram basilis, Cans, hqonia cnoba Tavisi qarTuli

warmomavlobis Sesaxeb da amitomac daavala qarTvel mamebs misi

SvilebisaTvis qarTuli ena da mwignobroba eswavlebinaT.

basilis memkvidreebis dros, kerZod, konstantine porfirogenetis

dros, am armeniis iberiuli mxareebis arabebisagan

gasaTavisufleblad bizantielebTan erTad yvelaze aqtiurad

qarTvelebi ibrZodnen.

am mxareTa mkvidrma qarTvelobam gaTavisuflebis Semdeg (X-XI

saukunidan) _ gaimyara erovnul-qarTuli TviTSemecneba da

cdilobda eklesiuradac ganSoreboda somxur eklesias, Tumca

nikoloz mistikoss es sadavo mrevli, politikuri mosazrebiT

somxuri eklesiisaTvis miukuTvnebia Semdegi sityvebiT: `Sendami

rwmunebuli somexTa, qarTvelTa da alvanTa samwyso~.

221

aseTi viTarebis gamo, bizantiaSi armeniis iberiul mxareTa

mkvidri qarTvelebi yvelas arwmunebdnen, rom isini eTnikuri

warmomavlobiT, gvar-tomobiT qarTvelebi iyvnen. erTi aseTi iyo am

mxareTa mkvidri, taoeli grigol bakurianis Ze. is, Cans, iyo aseve

vanandis olqis memamulec, anu is Cans ufro vanandeli (kareli) iyo,

vidre taoeli.

armeniaSi mcxovreb iberielTa TviTSemecnebis aRorZinebis

procesma gamoiwvia iqamde polieTnikuri somxuri eklesiis daSla.

somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi moqceulma qarTvelebis nawilma

erovnul-eTnikuri niSniT datova somxuri eklesia da qarTuli

eklesiis wiaRs daubrunda.

wmida mamebi eqvTime mTawmideli,

stefane mtbevari da sxvani somxuri eklesiis

mZlavrobis Sesaxeb

erovnul-eklesiuri gaTavisufleba, rac jer kidev kirionma

daiwyo, gugarqis qarTvelTa Soris gagrZelda Semdeg saukuneebSic

`e.w. armeniis iberiaSi~.

tao-basianisa da sxva regionebis qarTveloba~ VIII-IX saukuneebSi

Tavs iTavisuflebda somxuri eklesiis uRlisagan, romlis qveSac

maTi winaprebi aRmoCdnen istoriuli kataklizmebis Sedegad.

`zemo qveynebis~ mkvidr qarTvelTa erovnul-patriotul sulis-

kveTebas kargad gamoxataven ZiriTadad am mxareebidan gamosuli

somxuri saeklesio uRlisagan gaTavisuflebuli qarTvelebi,

kerZod, is berebi, romlebic Seadgendnen umravlesobas aTonisa an

sinas mTis qarTuli saZmoebisas.

222

maTi gulanTebuli erovnuloba maTi locvebidanac Cans,

magaliTad, sinas mTis qarTveli berebi SesTxoven ufals _ `qriste

Seiwyale... yovelni Zmani da yovelni qristianeni da ufrois

yovelTasa yovelni qarTvelni~ (Zveli qarTuli literaturis

qrestomaTia, I, 1946, gv. 86).

maTi locva Sesmenil iqna, rasac asaxavs XII s-is somexi moRvawe:

`SexedeT Cvengan gamoyofili qarTvelTa naTesavi dRiTi dRe rogor

brwyindeba qristes mimarT~ (a. abdalaZe, dasax. naSr. iqve, gv. 87)

somxuri eklesiis uRlisagan gaTavisuflebis Sedegad qarTulma

eklesiam did brwyinvalebas miaRwia gaTavisuflebul mxareebSi.

sabWoTa epoqaSi aRorZinda XIX s-Si peterburgis universitetis

armenologiis kaTedraze Camoyalibebuli Teoria, romlis

mixedviTac tao-basianis mkvidri somxuri mosaxleoba TiTqosda

`gaqarTvelda maTi gaqalkedonitebis Sedegad~, sinamdvileSi ki am

regionSi somxuri eklesia mZlavrobda rogorc bizantiis imperiis,

ise arabTa batonobisas. amis gamo, Zlieri iyo rogorc somxur-

qalkedonuri, ise somxur-monofizituri eklesia.

VII s-Si herakle keisris Semdeg somxuri `uniaturi~ eklesia

mravali qalkedoniti kaTalikosis mier imarTeboda, rac masSi

qalkedoniti mrevlis siWarbes gulisxmobs.

arabTa Semosevebma garkveulwilad gaaZliera somxuri monofizi-

turi eklesia, magram iq mainc ar gamqrala qalkedoniti mrevli,

qalkedonur sarwmunoebaze moqceula somexTa kaTalikosi vahan I

(968-69) da sxvani, romelTa ricxvi ise didi yofila, rom asoRikis

cnobiT, jer kidev vahan I-mde, kaTalikos ananias (946-68) dros

somxur eklesiaSi daudgeniaT `qalkedonanTa wesiT monaTlulis

xelaxla monaTvla~ (iqve, gv. 91).

qalkedonit somexTa didi ricxvis gamo n. maris mosazreba, rom

xdeboda maTi denacionalizacia-gaqarTveleba, arasworia, radgan

qalkedoniti somexi kaTalikos-patriarqebi qarTvelebad ar

gadaqceulan, iseve, rogorc maTi samwyso. sinamdvileSi,

mravalerovani somxuri eklesia VIII saukunis Semdeg daiSala

eTnikuri niSniT (isic mxolod nawilobriv), kerZod, qalkedonituri

aRmsareblobis eTnikuri somxebis nawili mSobliuri somxuri (e.i

monofizituri) eklesiis wiaRs daubrundnen, xolo eTnikuri

qarTvelebi, romelnic sarwmunoebiT qalkedonitebi iyvnen,

cdilobdnen Tavi daeRwiaT aramSobliuri somxuri eklesiisagan, da

SeerTebodnen deda qarTuli eklesiis samwysos.

223

unda iTqvas, rom am epoqaSic ki qarTvelTa umravlesobam,

miuxedavad xelsayreli viTarebisa, mainc ver SeZlo somxuri

eklesiis datoveba da darCa am eklesiis wevrad, sabolood ki

gasomxda.

somxur saeklesio wiaRSi qarTvelTa armenizaciiT didad

dazianda da dazaralda raodenobrivad da zneobrivad qarTveli

xalxi.

aRniSnuli adgilebidan, kerZod, taodan iyo warmoSobiT eqvTime

mTawmindeli.

tao somxuri saeklesio batonobis qveS imyofeboda ramdenime

saukunis manZilze, amitomac aqurma wmida mamam, eqvTime

mTawmindelma, kargad icoda im erovnuli gadagvarebis safrTxis

Sesaxeb, rac eloda somxuri eklesiis wevr qarTvelobas.

eqvTime mTawmindeli amitomac Seagonebda am mxareTa (tao-basian-

valaSkertis) mamebs, sasuliero qarTvelobas _ `somexTa ekrZale, nu

asvindikozeb, nurc amzaxeb qarTvelTa _ ukanono ars~, anu `somexTa

ekrZale, nu moanaTvlineb da nu daunaTesaveb qarTvelebs _ ukanono

aris~ (iqve).

qarTvelTa masobrivi gasomxebiT SeZrwunebul eqvTime mTawmidels,

imisTvis, raTa SemdgomSic ar gagrZelebuliyo es procesi, grigol

nazianzelis erT-erT TxzulebaSi naTqvami sityvebi somexTa Sesaxeb

ase uTargmnia _ `ars naTesavi igi somexTa ara wrfeli, aramed

mzakvari da gularZnili da boroti... sxvaY uc gulsa da siwrfoeba

maT Tana ara ars~ (a. abdalaZe, dasax. naSr. gv. 106). sityva `naTesavi~

eTnikur warmoSobas gulisxmobs da ara sarwmunoebriv

aRmsareblobas.

stefane mtbevaric Tavisi gamocdilebiT, raTa Tavidan aicdinos

qarTvelTa kvlav armenizacia, grigol nazianzelis msgavsad afasebs

somxebs. amis saSiSroeba ki realuri iyo. magaliTad, roca

eTnikurma qarTvelma `taSiris mamfalma~ `qarTuli rjuli~

aRidgina, is sastikad dausjia taSir-Zorakertis mefes daviTs (996-

1049) (iqve, gv. 109).

amave periodSi wmida dinara dedofalma SeZlo Tavisi hereTis

samefos gamoyvana somxuri ekelsiis iurisdiqciidan, riTac hereTis

qarTveloba gasomxebis safrTxes gadaarCina.

basianis mxare da mimdebare olqebi mkvidri eTnikuri qarTvelebiT

(da ara gaqalkedonitebuli somxebiT) rom iyo dasaxlebuli, TviT

224

somxuri wyaroebidanac Cans. magaliTad, asoRikis cnobiT, X s-is

bolos cnobili somexi vardapeti (moZRvari) hovhanesi sicocxles

gamoesalma `gacofebuli qarTvelTa tomisagan maxviliT da daimarxa

savaneSi, romelsac askigomi ewodeba, basianis gavarSi~ (iqve, gv.110).

asoRiki wers _ `qarTvelTa tomi~, da gulisxmobs im basianelebs,

romelTac somexi moZRvari mokles, e.i. miuTiTebs eTnikuri qarTve-

lebis Sesaxeb. isini qalkedoniti somxebi rom yofiliyvnen,

miuTiTebda kidec. aristakes lastiverteci ki wers valaSkertis

qarTuli saepiskoposos da am eparqiis mRvdelmTavris zaqaria

valaSkertelis Sesaxeb (aristakes lastiverteci, gv. 45-51).

is eTnikuri somexi rom yofiliyo, lastiverteci amas uTuod

miuTiTebda.

am mxareTa mflobel somexTa mefe aSot I-s IX s-is bolos arabTa

xelisuflebam mianiWa: `somexTa da qarTvelTa mTavarTa mTavari~,

xolo 922 wels somexTa mefe aSot erkaTs arabebma uboZes tituli _

`somexTa da qarTvelTa SahinSa~. am titulSi moxse­niebul

qarTvelTa qveS tao-basianis qarTveloba igulisxmeba.

ioane drasxanakertelis cnobiT, somxeTis mezobeli mahmadiani

mmarTvelebi ukmayofiloni iyvnen imis gamo, rom maT qveynebSi da maT

samTavro karzec ki somxuri eklesia didi qrTamis gaRebiT

axerxebda `somxuri qristianobis gavrcelebas~ (ioane

drasxnakerteli, somxeTis istoria, 1905, gv. 92-94), miTumetes,

somxuri eklesiisaTvis gacilebiT advili iqneboda maTi

saxelmwifoebrivi gavlenis sferoSi, kerZod taSir-Zoragertis

samefosa da tfilisis saamiroSi moqceul qarTul mxareebSi (qvemo

qarTli, taSiri, gugarqi, da aseve karinidan vanis tbamde) qarTvelTa

Soris somxuri qristianobis gavrceleba.

Sida qarTlic garkveul dros am sferoSi moqceula.

ioane drasxanakertelis sityviT, somexTa mefe smbatis

sabrZanebelSi Sedioda tao-klarjeTi da sxva qarTuli mxareebi da

mas taos `qarTvelTa mefed~ daudgenia adarnase.

drasxanakerteli taos `ZvelisZvel qarTul~ provinciad,

`qarTvelTa mefis~ adarnases mamulad Tvlida (iqve, gv. 90),

amasTanave, Zveli somxuri saxelmwifos nawilad miCnevda, e.i. misi

azriT _ tao armeniis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda, magram

is eTnikuri qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, iseve, rogorc taSir-

Zorakertis samefo, eTnikuri qarTvelebis qveyana, romelsac somxuri

eklesiis wevri mmarTvelebi hyavda.

225

vanandis somxur, anu yarsis samefoSi qarTvelTa wili

mniSvnelovani iyo. qarTvelTa mkvidrobis Sesaxeb anis-Sirakis

somxur samefoSi miuTiTebs anisSi qarTuli saepiskoposos arseboba,

qarTvelTa patriarqs aq, anisis axlos, sxva qarTuli eklesiebic

ukurTxebia, da isini nakurTxni iyvnen ara `gaqarTvelebuli

somxebisaTvis~, rogorc miiCnevs sabWoTa istoriografia, aramed im

mkvidr qarTvelTaTvis, romelnic saerTod aq, istoriulad md.

araqsis marcxena sanapiroze cxovrobdnen.

somxur qveynebSi cxovrebisas (igulisxmeba bizantiuri armenia,

persarmenia da Semdeg arabuli armenia) mkvidri qarTvelebi masiurad

rom somxdebodnen, somexi istorikosebis mierac dadasturebulia,

magaliTad cnobili somexi istorikosi a. alpoaWiani wers _

`selCukebis asparezze gamosvlis droisaTvis saqarTvelo

sanaxevrod gasomxebuli mxare iyo~ (a. abdalaZe, dasax. naSr. gv. 242).

gasomxebisagan Tavisi eris dasacavad iyo mimarTuli stefanoz

mtbevaris, eqvTime da giorgi mTawmindelebis, giorgi mcires,

Rrtilis krebis mamebis da sxvaTa gamonaTqvamebi somexTa eklesiis

`mtaceblobis~ Sesaxeb, yvelani isini aRniSnuli mxareebidan iyvnen

da kargad icnobdnen TavianTi mxareebis cxovrebas.

yofili armeniis erovnebiT qarTveli qalkedonituri mrevli, ro-

melmac Tavi daaRwia somxur eklesias, didwilad ver daubrunda

mSobliur qarTul eklesias, radganac maTi qveynis mpyrobelma

bizantiam maTTvis e.w. lazikis samitropolito daaarsa (centriT

trapezuntSi).

yofili armeniis qalkedonituri mrevli berZnul

saepiskoposoebSi gaaerTianes (Ш. Диль, Основные проблемы Византииской

истории, М., 1947, c. 31, 58).

safiqrebelia, rom maleve Turq-seljukebis Semosevis gamo

ukandaxeul bizantielTagan upatronod mitovebuli lazikis

samitropolitos marTlmadidebeli mrevlis erTi nawili, kvlav

somxurma eklesiam miisakuTra, risi Zlieri unaric mas Seswevda

saukuneTa manZilze, erTi nawili ki deda qarTul eklesias

daubrunda.

rogorc iTqva, am mxareebidan, `zemo qveynebidan~ da taodan

gasuli qarTvelebi IX-X-XI ss-is ucxoeTis qarTuli monastrebis

berebis mniSvnelovan ricxvs warmoadgendnen, magram radganac am

miwa-wyals bizantiaSi arabobamde `armenia~ ewodeboda, zogjer am

226

adgilebidan gamosulebs aseve `somxebs~ uwodebdnen. Tumca ki, aseTi

`somexi~ berebi TavianT Tavs `gvar-tomobiT qarTvelebs~ uwodebdnen.

am viTarebis Sedegi unda yofiliyo giorgi mcires cnobaSi

asaxuli faqti imisa, rom antioqiis patriarqis winaSe `somxebi~

uwodes Savi mTis monastris qarTvel berebs _ `ar viciT, isini

somxebi arian Tu qarTvelebio~, iCivles maT patriarqTan, rasac

giorgi mTawmindelma saTanadod upasuxa. saqme isaa, rom Turme es

qarTveli berebi sakuTari samosiT, e.i. sagangebo samRvdelo

Sesamoselis gareSe aRasrulebdnen zogierT wess, es ki cotaodeni

xniT adre aikrZala saeklesio krebis mier, cnoba akrZalvis Sesaxeb

am `soflur mamebamde~ miRweuli ar yofila. `qveyanasa mas

somxiTisasa Tvinier Sesamoselisa xucesni aRasruleben wirvasa

Tvisive SesamoseliTa da ese didi wvaleba ars~ _ werda am ambamde

cota xniT adre `mcire sjulis kanonSi~ eqvTime mTawmindeli (mcire

sjuliskanoni, 1972, gv. 33-77). e.i. `qveyanasa mas somxiTisasa~

uwodebda saeklesio kreba qarTvelTa im uZveles sacxovrisebs,

romelnic imJamad armeniaSi iyvnen moqceulni.

XI saukunis 60-iani wlebisaTvis bizantielebis xelSi iyo mTeli

e.w. istoriuli somxeTis miwa-wyali, masSi Semavali qarTuli `zemo

qveynebi~ lazikis eparqiis centralur nawilad iqca.

iqamde anis-Sirakis mefem Tavisi samflobelo XI s-is I naxevarSi

anderZiT gadasca bizantielebs iseve, rogorc ufro adre daviT

kurapalatma. bizantielTa xelSi yarsis (vanandis) samefoc moeqca,

am mxareebSi bizantiuri mflobeloba dakanonda imperator basili

II-s Semosvlisas, romelmac saqarTvelos mefe giorgi I daamarcxa da

CamoarTva misi samefos samxreTi mxareebi XI s-is dasawyisSi, Tumca

bizantia anisisTvis 1045 welsac ibrZoda. taSir-Zorakertis mefec ki

Tavis Tavs bizantiis vasalad miiCnevda.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoc ibrZoda anisisa da taSir-

ZorakertisaTvis, 1045 wels is dakarga bagrat IV-m, magram 1064 wels

anisidan bizantielebi gandevnes Turq-selCukebma. iqamde, taroni (966

wlidan), tao (1001 wlidan), vaspurakani (1021 wlidan), anis-Siraki

(1045 wlidan), vanandi (yarsi) (1065 wlidan) _ bizantielebs

ekuTvnodaT.

somxuri eklesiis polieTnikuroba, anu mravalerovnuloba da

somxuri eklesiis batonoba arasomxur mosaxleobaze unda yofiliyo

im mwvaleblobaTa warmoSobis mizezi, romelnic aRmocendnen

227

istoriul armeniaSi X-XI saukuneebSi (iqamdec da mis Semdegac),

magaliTad, Tondrakeloba, pavlikianoba da sxva.

somxur monofizitur eklesias sastikad ebrZodnen Tondrakelebi.

istorikos lastivercis cnobiT, Tondrakeloba aRmocenda harkis

gavarSi da mravalni Seacdina, harki mdebareobda basianis samxreTiT

vanis tbisaken. TondrakelTa mier somxuri eklesiis wes-Cveulebebis

sruli siZulvili gvafiqrebinebs, rom Tondrakeloba gavrcelda im

arasomxur mosaxleobaSi, romelTac surdaT gasvla somxuri

monofizituri eklesiidan, magram amis saSualeba maT ar misca

Zlierma somxurma eklesiam.

sapasuxo protesti, Cans, gamoixata imiT, rom warmoiSva seqta,

romelic swored somxur eklesias uaryofda. seqtantebi

gansakuTrebiT monofizitur somxur eklesias da mis wes-Cveulebebs

ar cnobdnen (aristakes lastiverteci, istoria, e. cagareiSvilis

gamocema, 1974, gv. 114-125). somxeTis saero da sasuliero

xelisuflebam X-XI saukuneebSi ver SeZlo Tondrakelobis

aRmofxvra, imdenad mZlavri da sicocxlisunariani iyo is (a.

abdalaZe, dasax. naSr. gv. 92).

am periodSi, anu XI saukuneSi, unda daarsebuliyo da, Cans, amave

saukuneSive, (Turq-selCukTa Semosevis gamo) gaqra kidec lazikis,

anu trapezuntis samitropolito, Tumca mahmadianur garemoSi

teritoriulad damcrobili saxiT is SesaZloa Semdgomac axerxebda

arsebobas.

`somex-qalkedonitTa~ namdvili vinaoba

(aRmsarebloba da ena)

n. adonci wers: `lazikis mTavari qalaqebi iustinianem I armeniaSi

Seiyvana~. adoncisaTvis lazika iyo ara dasavleT saqarTvelo,

aramed ZiriTadad trapezuntis regioni, mimdebare mxareebiT, qaldea-

WaneTiT. bizantiaSi Semaval am miwa-wyalze saimperatoro karma

kidev ramdenime `armenia~ daafuZna. Tumca, trapezuntis mTebSi

mcxovrebi mosaxleoba eTnikuri qarTuli tomebi iyvnen da ara

somxebi.

228

n. adonci Civis, rom dasavleT armeniaSi somxur-qalkedonituri

saepiskoposoebis mrevli berZnulenovani RvTismsaxurebis danergvis

Sedegad berZndeboda, es SeiZleba sadavo iyos, radganac somxebi

axerxebdnen berZnuli iurisdiqciis qveSac wirva-locvis ena

somxuri yofiliyo, amis Sesaxeb adonci TviTve miuTiTebs. Tumca ki

samarTlianad wers _ `nacionaluri ideisa da grZnobebisaTvis

konfesionaluri sakiTxebi arcTu mcire safrTxes warmoadgendnen,

romelnic drois msvlelobasTan erTad ise iZabebodnen, rom

SeeZloT erovnuli interesebis CaxSoba. aRmsareblobiTi

gansxvavebebis mixedviT im droisTvis isazRvreboda enis gamoyeneba~

(n. adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908. gv. 202).

rogorc aRiniSna, n. adonci werda _ `aRmsareblobiTi

gansxvavebuloba im dros gansazRvravda enis gamoyenebas ara

mxolod RvTismsaxurebisas, aramed saeklesio suliskveTebiT

gamsWvalul literaturaSic. amis Sesabamisad somxebi, romlebic

miekedlnen saimperio eklesias, unarmoklebulni aRmoCdnen SeeqmnaT

erovnuli damwerloba mcire armeniis sazRvrebSi. erovnuli

ganaTlebisa da literaturis ar arsebobisas, enis bedi da

erovnuli cnobiereba xdeboda aramyari. somxoba, somxuri

cnobiereba SeiZleba CaxSobiliyo mcire armeniaSi saxelmwifoebrivi

cxovrebisa da interesebis oromtrialSi, rom ara axali

sasicocxlo Zalebis mozRvaveba mezobeli somxeTis kuTxeebidan mas

rom ar ganeaxlebina axali suliT da ar gaeRviZebina mcire

armeniaSi erovnuli TviTSemecneba~ (n. adonci, armenia, gv. 202).

n. adonci Zalze wuxs, rom dasavleT anu mcire armeniaSi berZnul

eklesias `mikedlebul somxebs~ erovnuli Zala ar SeswevdaT

SeeqmnaT somxurenovani literatura da isini somxur enas

iviwyebdnen, magram, samwuxarod, ar warmoaCens sinamdviles, rom

imperiam mcire armeniis olqSi Seiyvana sxvadasxva warmoSobis

arasomxuri tomebi. sinamdvileSi, dasavleT armeniis, anu

trapezuntis aRmosavleTi SavizRvispireTisa da mis iqiT mTebSi

mcxovrebi mosaxleoba eTnikuri qarTuli tomebi iyvnen da ara

somxebi.

Teodosiopolisidan trapezuntamde vrceli regioni WanebiTa da

sxva qarTuli tomebiT iyvnen dasaxlebulni. isini VI-VII saukuneebSi

imperiam `armeniis~ erT-erT olqSi Seiyvana, iq arsebobda mravali

saepiskoposo. konstantinopolis patriarqis iurisdiqciaSi.

229

konstantinopolis sapatriarqos kaTedraTa nusxebSi dasavleT

armeniis olqSi mdebare cnobili qalaqebis bizanis, lerionis, Tu

paipertis saepiskoposoebi umizezod ar iwodebodnen `lazikis

qveyanaSi mdebare trapezuntis samitropolitos saepiskoposoebad~.

n. adonci xSirad axsenebs am saepiskopsoebs, magram arasodes

miuTiTebs, rom berZnuli saeklesio geografia am saepiskoposoebis

momcvel qveyanas lazikas uwodebs, Tumca ki administraciulad

isini namdvilad imyofebodnen erT-erT `armeniaSi~. n. adoncis

wuxili, rom dasavleT armeniaSi somxebi ar iyenebdnen somxur

damwerlobasa da literaturas, rom maTSi somxuri erovnuli

cnobiereba mimqrali iyo, araa gulwrfeli, radganac, sinamdvileSi,

dasavleT armeniis mkvidri mosaxleoba ver flobda somxur enas da

maTSi somxuri nacionaluri grZnobebi ar iyo imitom, rom isini

saerTod ar iyvnen am eris Svilebi (e.i. somxebi) .

Woroxis, evfratis da araqsis saTaveebSi da mis CrdiloeTiT,

dasavleT armeniis olqSi, mosaxleobis umravlesobas warmoadgenda

ara somxoba, aramed adgilobrivi mkvidri mosaxleoba, eTnikuri

qarTveli tomebi (Wanebi, lazebi, mesxebi), romlebsac n. adonci

somxebs uwodebs, romelnic, TiTqosda, `miekedlnen saimperio (e.i.

berZnul) eklesias da amis gamo isini unarmoklebulni aRmoCdnen

SeeqmnaT erovnuli damwerloba (n. adoncis azriT, somxuri) mcire

armeniis sazRvrebSi. erovnuli (n. adoncis azriT _ somxuri)

ganaTlebisa da literaturis ararsebobis gamo enis bedi da

erovnuli cnobiereba xdeboda aramyari~. TiTqosda, dasavleT

armeniis mosaxleobaSi, aRniSnulis gamo (e.i. berZnuli eklesiisadmi

daqvemdebarebis gamo) somxuri cnobiereba aramyari xdeboda,

sinamdvileSi ki adgilobrivTa umravlesobas Sinaganad arc

arasdros hqonia somxuri, e.i. maTTvis ucxo cnobiereba. maTi

cnobiereba kerZo tomobrivi (Wanuri, lazuri an mesxuri) iyo.

samwuxarod, maTi namdvili anu qarTuli cnobiereba didi xnis

Seryeuli iyo (igulisxmeba Woroxis, araqsisa da evfratis

saTaveebSi mcxovrebi qarTuli mosaxleoba, aseve maTi mezobeli

regionebis mkvidri qarTveloba), mizezi amisa iyo isa, rom maTi

samSoblo qveyana jer kidev qristeSobamde CamoaWra armeniam iberias,

strabonis cnobiT, Semdeg ki romaul-berZnuli mpyrobelobis dros

imperiam isini erT-erT somxur provincias miakuTvna. am faqtma

qarTuli da ara somxuri cnobiereba Searyia maTSi. maTi didi

nawili marTlmadidebeli iyo, amitomac berZnul eklesias

230

miekedlnen kidec (iberiis samefo sakmaod daSorebuli iyo maTgan,

gansakuTrebiT iustinianes epoqaSi), Tumca, mainc, isini Tavs

qarTvelebad, arasomxebad rom Tvlidnen, gamoCnda VIII-IX ss-dan,

roca bedis waRmarTi Semotrialebis Sedegad maTi gansaxlebis

axlos Camoyalibda tao-klarjeTis qarTvelTa samefo. am

politikurma movlenam armeniis mosaxleobis Sesabamis nawils

gauRviZa minavlebuli erovnul-qarTuli cnobiereba da uswrafesad,

erTbaSad siamayiT ganacxades qarTveli erisadmi TavianTi

kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb da saswrafod erovnul-qarTuli eklesiis

uerTgules mrevlad gadaiqcnen. ase rom, xdeboda ara e.w. `somexi

qalkedonitebis~ gaqarTveleba, rogorc es miRebulia sabWour

istoriografiaSi, aramed mkvidri, iqamde somxur-berZnuli eklesiis

(anu somxur-qalkedonituri) eklesiis wiaRidan TavdaRweuli

qarTvelebi daubrundnen mSobliurs.

aRniSnuli regionis mosaxleobis (Teodosiopolisidan

trapezuntamde) sacxovriss n. adonci somxeTs miakuTvnebs, xolo

berZnuli saeklesio geografia _ lazikas (aq iyo lerionis, bizanis,

paipertisa da lazikis sxva saepiskoposoebi). am mosaxleobis

eTnoistoria Zalze waagavs XVII-XIX ss-Si samcxe-javaxeTis mkvidri

kaTolike qarTvelebisas. kerZod, es ukanasknelni (axalcixis

regionis qarTveloba) osmaleTis imperiaSi cxovrebis dros

sarwmunoebrivad iyvnen e.w. `frangebi~ (kaTolikebi), eklesiebSi

somxurenovani wirva-locva (riti) utardebodaT, xolo

saxelmwifoebrivad mahmadianur qveyanaSi cxovrobdnen. ase rom, am

ukanasknelT, samcxis qarTvelebs osmaleTis imperiaSi, araviTari

qarTuli instituti ar gaaCndaT TavianT istoriul samSobloSi,

Sesabamisad, isini (es qarTvelebi) erTdroulad iyvnen frangebic,

somxebic da osmalebic. samcxeli kaTolikebis eTnocnobierebac

Sesabamisad iyo Seryeuli, maTi qarTveloba sammagi Sris iqiT iyo

Camaluli, gasomxdnen kidec, radganac kaTolikuri sarwmunoeba

maTSi somxurenovnebiT iyo Semofargluli, ganaTlebac, Sesabamisad,

somxuri gaaCndaT, samcxelTagan mxolod erTi mcire nawili

daubrunda qarTul cnobierebas mas Semdeg, rac rusebma osmalebi

gandevnes axalcixidan. XIX s-is bolos maTgan gamosulma ramdenime

sasuliero pirma gaixsena Tavisi bunebrivi erovnuli vinaoba.

saukuneebiT adre aseTive viTarebaSi imyofeboda trapezuntis

samitropolitos saepiskoposoebis mrevli `lazikaSi~. isini VI s-Si

da VII s-is dasawyisSi (iqamdec da Semdegac) bizantiis imperiis mier

231

somxuri regionisadmi iyvnen mikedlebulni, Tumca eklesiebSi

berZnulenovani wirva-locva hqondaT, Sesabamisad, somxdebodnen anda

berZndebodnen imis mixedviT, Tu romeli mxare gamoavlenda ufro

met dainteresebas maT mimarT.

Tu ra saxisa iyo mcire armeniis mkvidr mosaxleobaze somxuri

kulturuli Zaladoba, Tavisdauneblied kargad aRwers n. adonci _

`somxuri cnobiereba mcire armeniaSi sabolood Cakvdeboda, Tu ara

axali Zalebis mozRvaveba mezobeli somxuri olqebidan. isini

anaxlebdnen mkvidri mosaxleobis suliskveTebas da acocxlebdnen

maTSi erovnul (e.i. somxur) Semecnebas~ (n. adonci, armenia... 1908, gv.

202). e.i. mcire armeniis qarTuli tomebis saboloo armenizacias

somxeTidan axali migracia apirobebda.

rogorc iTqva, aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis mkvidri qarTuli

mosaxleoba romaul-bizantiuri administraciuli dayofis Sedegad

somexi eris hegemonobis qveS aRmoCda, rasac mudam Tan sdevda,

rogorc n. adonci uwodebs, aq Sida somxuri olqebidan somxur-

nacionaluri suliskveTebis gavrceleba, ris Sedegadac bizantiuri

imperiis xelqveS myofi qarTveloba ucxo-somxuri kulturis

zegavlenis qveS aRmoCda, amave dros am qarTvelebs arc erovnuli

eklesia gaaCndaT.

es procesi ki n. adoncs miaCnia `aRorZinebis dasawyisad~.

sinamdvileSi ki qarTvelTa Soris somxuri TviTSemecnebis

dasawyisad. is wers _ `is garemoeba, rom iustinianes provincialuri

reformisas mcire armeniis miwebma ara mxolod armeniis saxeli

SeinarCunes, aramed es saxeli gavrcelda maT mezobel miwebzec,

gvimtkicebs, rom aRorZinebis procesi iqamdec dawyebuli iyo~ (n.

adonci, armenia... gv. 202).

maSasadame, n. adoncis Tanaxmad, `aRorZinebis~, anu qarTvelTa

gasomxebis procesi iustinianemdec sakmao xnis dawyebuli iyo, da

amitomac maTi miwa-wyali moeqca kidec `mcire armeniis~ provinciaSi.

aqedan Cans, rom strabonis mier aRweril faqts iberiis miwebis

pariadres, xorZenesa da gogarenis mitacebas armeniis mier ukvalod

ar Cauvlia.

iustinianes epoqamde am qarTul miwa-wyalze ukve dawyebula

mkvidri qarTuli mosaxleobis gasomxebis procesi, rac

daufiqsirebia iustinianes Tavisi administraciuli reformiT, roca

iberiis es yofili miwebi (xorZene da pariadre) armenias miakuTvna.

232

n. adonci, marTalia arapirdapir, magram mainc aRiarebs, rom e.w.

mcire da didi armeniebis dasavleT periferiebze mcxovrebi

mosaxleoba qarTvelTa eTnojgufs warmoadgenda. magaliTad, is

aRniSnavs, rom saimperio dayofis Semdeg kapadokiac somxur miwa-

wyals miakuTvna iustinianem, am faqtis gamo n. adoncs axsendeba

movses xorenaci, romelic aRniSnavda, rom pontos miwa-wyali

somxeTis sazRvrebSi Sedioda. aq isic unda gaxseneboda n. adoncs,

rom ponto-maJaqis miwa-wylis mmarTvelad iverieli mTavari iqna

daniSnuli. saerTod ki, m. xorenacis Tanaxmad, aRniSnuli miwa-wyali

saerTod qarTvelebiT (iverielebiT) iyo dasaxlebuli, mas Tavisi

Teoriac hqonda am faqtis asaxsnelad. pontos anu Savi zRvis

aRmosavleTSi qarTvelebi qristeSobamde 600 wliT adre

nabuqodonosors dausaxlebia. amis gamo teritoria ponto-

kapadokiidan dasavleT saqarTvelos CaTvliT qarTvelebiT yofila

dasaxlebuli. am orive qarTul mxares (e.i. ponto-kapadokia-lazikas

da dasavleT saqarTvelos) erTi mmarTveli dinastiac _

mirdatianebi hyolia. m. xorenaci gugarqis pitiaxSebs pontos

mefeebis naTesaur maxloblebad miiCnevs _ `Saras naSiers, guSars

ergo kangarqi, naxevari javaxeTi, kolbi, wofi da Zori hnakertis

cixe-simagre. aSocis uflad da taSiris sepuhad valarSakma haikiani

guSaris STamomavali ganamwesa, xolo kavkasiis mTis mopirdapire

mxares, CrdiloeTiT ganmgeblad daadgina didi da Zlevamosili

gvari, romlis ufalT gugarelTa pitiaxSebi daerqvaT. isini iyvnen

STamomavalni darehis naxararis mihrdatisa, romelic wamoiyvana

aleqsandrem da mTavrad dausva nabuqodonosoris mier tyved

moyvanil iverielTa modgmas. amis Sesaxeb abidenosi ambobs:

`Zlevamosilma nabuqodonosorma, romelic herakleze ufro Ronieri

iyo, Sehyara jari da miaRwia libielTa, agreTve iverielTa qveynebs,

Semusra da daimorCila isini da maTi erTi nawili wamoasxa iqidan

da pontos zRvis marjvena mxares daasaxla~ (iveria qveynierebis

dasavleT sazRvarze mdebareobs). basianis did xevSi xelisuflad

daadgina ortuni, haikis Tesl-tomi~ (movses xorenaci, somxeTis

istoria, 1984, gv. 406).

m. xorenaci CamoTvlis qarTul qveynebs _ javaxeTs, kolbs, wofs,

Zors, aSocs, taSirs, `CrdileTs~, `pontos zRvis marjvena mxares~,

basians, maT ricxvSi, Cans, is ponto-kapadokiasac miiCnevda, radganac

ponto-kapadokiisa da misi dedaqalaqis maJaqis mmarTvelad

233

qarTvelTa samTavro saxlis Svili mihrdati iqna daniSnuli _

somxeTis mefe tigranma `mihrdats miando maJaqi~ (iqve, gv. 114).

Semdgom tigranma mas `aRar misca arc Tavisi samflobelo, arc

kuTvnili qarTvelTa qveyana~ (iqve, gv. 116).

`qarTvelTa qveyana~ kavkasiis mTebTan mdebare gugarqi da

dasavleT saqarTveloa aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTTan erTad, sadac

nabuqodonosorma Caasaxla isini, xolo ponto-kapadokia, marTalia,

somxuri administraciuli erTeulia m. xorenacis mixedviT, magram

misi marTva qarTuli samTavro saxlis wevris mier miuTiTebs, rom

albaT m. xorenacis ponto-kapadokiac qarTveli xalxiT dasaxlebul

mxared miaCnia da amitomac mis qarTvel mmarTvels raRac

mxardaWera eqneboda mosaxleobis mxridan.

xorenacidan erTi saukunis Semdeg iustinianes ponto-kapadokia,

armeniis administraciul erTeulSi Seuyvania. is wers _ `iustinianem

gaafarTova mcire armeniis miwebi mezobeli mxareebis xarjze da maT

miiCnevs armeniad, imperiis nawil didi armeniis Tanasworad~ (n.

adonci, armenia, gv. 203).

m. xorenacis Tanaxmad, rogorc iTqva, mTeli pontos anu Savi

zRvis aRmosavleTi mxare qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli uZvelesi

droidanve, yovel SemTxvevaSi nabuqodonosoris droidan. magram

imdenad Zlier Seryeula iqaur qarTvelTa cnobiereba

aRmosavleTidan Semosuli somxuri suliskveTebiT, rom VII s-is

dasawyisSi bizantiis imperias aq Camouyalibebia `armeniakonis Temi~

- axali administraciuli erTeuli (iqve, gv. 203).

`armeniakonis Temi~ ganvrcobili yofila kesaria-kapadokiidan Sav

zRvamde _ sinopidan fazisamde da evfratamde (iqve, gv. 203).

aRsaniSnavia, rom armeniakonis Temis sasazRvro mdinare `fazisi~

iyo ara rioni, aramed Woroxi. xufaTi _ sasazRvro punqti saqarTve-

losa da bizantias Soris axlos mdebareobda WoroxTan, anu `fazis-

Tan~, Cans aqamde aRwevda es Temi.

adoncis mixedviT mTel am mxareebSi gaZlierebula somxuri

elementi, somxuri suliskveTeba. is amas xsnis imiT, rom am mxareebSi

Sida somxeTidan gadasaxlda somxuri mosaxleoba. SesaZloa es

marTlac ase moxda da ponto-zRvispireTSi marTlac gadasaxldnen

somxebi, magram es miwa-wyali xom ar iyo ukacrieli mxare, iq xom

adgilobrivi mkvidri mosaxleoba cxovrobda. somxebis gadasaxlebis

gamo maT miatoves TavianTi miwa-wyali? cnobebi adastureben aseT

migracias?

234

somexTa mimarT mkvidri qarTveli mosaxleobis damokidebulebas

kargad gamoxatavs SavSeTis episkoposi mtbevari stefanozi, romelic

wmida gobronis cxovrebaSi aRwers im mZime suraTs, romlic am dros

qarTvelebs gasCeniaT somexTa mimarT. meore mxriv, gabatonebul

somxebsac CamouyalibdaT azri qarTvelTa Sesaxeb _ maTi azriT,

qarTvelebi, rogorc mdabali da daCagruli fena `ugunurebi~ arian

magaliTad, somexi istorikosi XIII saukunisa vardan arevelci qar-

Tvelebs `ugunurebs~ uwodebs, miuxedavad daviT aRmaSeneblis

politikuri warmatebisa, _ `is Zlier zrunavda ugunur qarTvel

xalxze~ (v. arevelci, msoflio istoria, Tb. 2002, gv. 140).

qarTvelebi SavizRvispirsa da Sida mxareebSi imyofebodnen

bizantielTa da arabTa xelqveS, orive dampyroblis epoqaSi isini

iyvnen pasiuri, inertuli, Sesabamisad, uunaro da `ugunuri~,

romelic aqtiuri da unariani somxuri mxaris mier

denacionalizaciis procesSi imyofeboda (kargavda erovnul

vinaobas da TviTSemecnebas).

qarTvelebi, rogorc monofizitebi, ise qalkedonitebi somxuri

eklesiis wiaRSi somxurenovnebi xdebodnen. es politikuri

bedukuRmarTobis Sedegi iyo.

sabednierod, klarjeT-SavSeTSi da Semdeg taoSic qarTvelobam,

ucxo politikuri uRlisagan gaTavisuflebisTanave, gaicnobiera

denacionalizaciis safrTxe da Sesabamisi Sefasebac mieca somxur

sulier mpyrobelobas, romelic politikurze ufro mZimea _ `rameTu

miwa igi somxiTisa ampartavan, uwyalo, uyvarul da yovliTa

ukeTurebiTaa savse~ (stefane mtbevari episkoposi, wameba wmidisa

mowamisa gobronisi, Zveli qarT. agiogr. lit. Zeglebi, I, 1964, gv. 175).

qarTvelebi Tvlidnen, rom somxebis qmedeba, romelic qarTvelTa

denacionalizaciisaken iyo mimarTuli, borotebas warmoadgenda, ami-

tomac werda qarTveli episkoposi _ `scoda boroti didman saxlman

somxiTisaman, viTarca Tqva ieremia, `sityviTa gmobisaTa Seawuxes

suli wmida da saqmiTa bilwebisaTa gardareulad ganarisxes

Semoqmedi Tvisi~ (iqve, gv. 174).

somexTa anu ufro zustad somex-qalkedonitTa, Tu somex-

monofizit saeklesio mesveurTa sulieri Zaladoba _ uwyaloebad da

uyvarulobad fasdeboda qarTvel episkoposTa mier. ase afasebda maT

arsen didi kaTalikosi wignSi `ganyofisaTvis somexTa da

qarTvelTa~ da episkoposi stefane (mtbevari) naSromSi `wameba

wmidisa gobronisi~ _ `uyvarul da yovliTa ukeTurebiTa savse,

235

romelsa Sina ara ipova Tavisa misadrekeli qristeisi, romelTaTvis

qriste cudad mokvda~ (Zveli qarTuli agiogr. lit. Zeglebi, I, 1964,

gv. 175).

ra igulisxmeba sityvebSi `misTvis qriste cudad mokvda~. esaa

iseTi kaci Tu sazogadoeba, romlisTvisac aSkara faqti, WeSmariteba

_ arafers niSnavs, romelic realobas sicruiT amrudebs. aseTni

yofilan ara mxolod stefane mtbevaris Tanamedrove zogierTi

somexi ierarqebi da swavlulebi.

somex swavlulTa mier ioane da eqvTime mTawmidelebi da grigol

bakurianis Ze somxebad cxaddebian, Tumca ki es moRvaweebi

sxvadasxvagvari xerxiT da miniSnebiT, pirdapir Tu arapirdapir

werdnen, rom isini arian naTesaviT e.i. eTnikuri qarTvelebi gvar-

tomobiT, CamomavlobiT, suliskveTebiT, cxovrebis wesiT, amasTanave

isini gmobdnen somxur Tu berZnul Zaladobas qarTvelTa mimarT.

somex-qalkedonitTa

ierarqiuli damokidebuleba imperiis eklesiis mimarT (VI-VII-VIII ss.)

n. adonci wers, rom sparseTs da bizantias Soris gayofil

somxeTSi warmoiqmna sxvadasxva ierarqiuli damokidebuleba.

236

kesariaSi Semdgari saeklesio krebis gadawyvetilebiT wmida

basili didis epoqaSi, bizantiuri somxeTis episkoposTa kurTxeva

uTuod unda momxdariyo kesariis samitropolitoSi. xolo sparsul

somxeTSi somxurma eklesiam miiRo erovnuli saeklesio xasiaTi

imiT, rom iq Camoyalibda sakaTalikoso _ ierarqiulad

damoukidebeli avtonomiuri sistema.

bizantiaze saeklesio daqvemdebareba gaRrmavda VI-VII ss-Si.

imperias SeuerTda Sida somxeTic. SemoRebuli wesis mixedviT

aqauri somxuri saepiskoposoebic damokidebulni gaxdnen imperiis

eklesiaze, imiT, rom misgan (e.i. bizantiuri samitropolitoebidan)

iRebdnen kurTxevas (n. adonci, somxeTi iustinianes epoqaSi. 1908, rus.

enaze. gv. 364). kerZod ki, maxlobeli umaRlesi taxtisagan (wina

saukuneebSi aseTi iyo kesariis eklesia), Sesabamisad, dasavleT da

Sua somxeTis saepiskoposoebi uSualod eqvemdebarebodnen

konstantinopolis patriarqs (n. adonci, gv. 364).

arabebis Semosevis Sedegad, rac bizantiis imperiam dakarga

gavlena somxeTis Sua nawilze, da, nawilobriv, dasavleT somxeTze

(romelSic eTnikurad qarTuli provinciebic Sediodnen), somxuri

erovnuli (monofizituri) eklesia arabTa xelSewyobiT TandaTan

gaZlierda da misi ierarqiuli avtonomiuroba kidev ufro gaizarda.

bizantiam VIII s-saTvis TandaTanobiT SeZlo arabebis mier dapy-

robili miwebis gaTavisufleba da bizantiam kvlav moiTxova Zveli

ierarqiuli damokidebulebis ganaxleba, magram, amis sapirispirod,

726 wlis manaskertis krebaze gaimarjva somxur-erovnulma

saeklesio mimarTulebam, amis Sedegad iqamde somxur-qalkedonuri

eklesiebi uars ambobdnen bizantiasTan ierarqiul damokidebulebis

ganaxlebaze da uerTdebodnen somxur-erovnul eklesias, anu somxur

sakaTalikosos.

am sayovelTao, somxur-erovnul eklesiasTan dabrunebis process

Tavi aarides bizantiis somxeTis arasomxurma qalkedoniturma

eparqiebma, kerZod ki qarTveli mrevlis saepiskoposoebma.

bizantiuri somxeTis eTnikurad qarTuli mrevlis erTi nawili

axal viTarebaSi SeuerTda ara somxur eklesias, aramed qarTul,

maTTvis erovnul, eklesias, imavdroulad, saqarTvelos moSorebiT

mcxovrebi bizantiuri somxeTis qarTuli mrevlis umetesma nawilma

umjobesad miiCnia berZnulSi darCena da kategoriulad ar Sevida

somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi.

237

mizezi amisa is iyo rom qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciis Zala ver

wvdeboda maT areals _ sacxovrebel olqs romelsac berZnebi

`lazikis qveyanas~ uwodebdnen. isini iyvnen trapezuntis

mitropolitis iurisdiqciis qveS. somxebi maT amJamad `somex-

qalkedonitebs~ uwodeben da somxur-qalkedonuri eklesiis nawilad

miiCne­ven. sinamdvileSi ki isini, rogorc iTqva, iyvnen eTnikurad

qarTveli qalkedonitebi, zogjer somxuri liturgikuli eniT,

oRond konstantinopolis iurisdiqciis qveS (rogorc aRiniSna,

somxuri erovnuli eklesia monofizitobas miemxro).

somxur-qalkedonuri eparqiebi lazikaSi

e.w. `somexi-qalkedonitebi~ lazikas ukavSirdebian. qarTuli

istoriografiis ori gadauWreli da, amasTanave, sakvanZo sakiTxi

erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli aRmoCnda. pirvelia e.w. somxur-

qalkedonuri eparqiebis sakiTxi, meore ki aris is, Tu sad

mdebareobda lazika.

qarTvel mecnierTa TvalsazrisiT, lazika dasavleT saqarTvelos

erqva, magram noticiebis mixedviT, `lazikis~ eparqiaSi mdebareobda

paipertis, lerionis, bizanis, olnutis da sxva saepiskoposoebi (ix.

georgika, IV, nakveTi II, 1952, gv. 185, noticiebi Xa da III).

aRniSnuli saepiskoposoebis adgilmdebareobis sakiTxi

ganxilulia `pravoslavnaia enciklopedias~ statiaSi `somexi-

qalkedonitebi~ da maTi adgilmdebareoba iqve darTul rukazea

238

datanili (ix. П. Э., 2001, t. III, gv. 328). am rukidan Cans, rom

lerionis, bizanas, olnutis da paipertis (baiberdis) da sxva

saepiskoposoebi moqceulni iyvnen trapezunt-vanis tbis SemaerTebel

gzaze, kerZod, trapezunt-giumiSxane-arzrum-manaskert-vanis tbis

SemaerTebel gzaze, am qveyanas somxebi uwodebdnen `dasavleT

armenias~, amitomac Tanamedrove somex mecnierebs miaCniaT, rom

aRniSnuli saepiskoposoebi iyvnen e.w. `somex-qalkedonitTa~

kaTedrebi. am qveyanas noticiebSi ewodeba `lazika~. esaa istoriuli

Wanika (WaneTi) _ basianis zoli, trapezuntidan vanis tbamde, uZveles

xanaSive qarTvelTa modgmis tomebis sacxovrisi.

ase rom, `lazika~, berZnuli saeklesio geografiis mixedviT, erqva

ara dasavleT saqarTvelos, aramed WaneT-basianis mxares, amJamad,

sakmaod daSorebuls saqarTvelodan, amitomac am erTian ekonomikur

da, SeiZleba iTqvas, erTian geografiul arialze Tanamedrove qar-

Tvelebs Zalze bundovani warmodgena aqvT, magram istoriulad, ro-

gorc berZnuli noticiebis miTiTeba aCvenebs, es yofila qarTvel-

ebiT dasaxlebuli qveyana, romlis saepiskoposoebic

eqvemdebarebodnen konstantinopols, mas berZnebi eklesiurad

`lazikas~ uwodebdnen, miuxedavad imisa, rom es mxare, Semavali

bizantiis imperiaSi, bizantiuri politikur-administraciuli

dayofis Sesabamisad `armeniad~ iwodeboda. miuxedavad amisa, am

qveynis mosaxleoba eTnikuri lazebi (qarTvelebi) iyvnen da

Sesabamisad mrevli maT qveyanaSi mdebare e.w. somxur-qalkedonuri

saepiskoposoebisa, amitom isini iyvnen ara `somexi-qalkedonitebi~

aramed eTnikuri `lazebi~.

239

Tavi IX

qarTuli warmoSobis ierarqi armeniis iberiaSi

wmida nerse iSxneli

nerse iSxnelis Sesaxeb misi epoqis sxvadasxva avtorebi weren,

esenia:

`daviT da tariWanis cxovrebis~ avtori, romelmac aRwera VII s-is

ambebi, is nerse iSxnels `wmidas~ uwodebs.

`iyo sanaxebTa maT soflisa somxiTisasa, JamTa netarisa didisa

nerse kaTalikozisa, ...xevsa basianisasa, dabasa onkom~ (saq. samociq.

ekl. istoria. 2009, gv. 531).

basianidan deda da Svilebi `warmoivltoda CrdiloiT kerZo

qveyanad tavoisa~ `nerse srbiT miiwia divris~.

`euwya saqme ese wmidasa mamasa Cvensa nerses kaTalikozsa

somxiTisasa~ (gv. 698).

valaSkertSi nerse somexTa kaTalikosma aago RvTismSoblis

eklesia, lastivertecis cnobiT, aq X s-Si `ijda qarTveli

episkoposi~ (n. adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, gv. 24).

arsen safareli wers _ `ezras Semdgom sakaTalikoso taxtze

RvTis nebiT avida nerse iSxneli. kaci Rirsi da marTlmorwmune~

(saq. samociq. ekl. istoria. 2009, gv. 378).

giorgi merCule _ `nebiTa RvTisaTa iqmna saba episkopos iSxans

zeda, netarisa nerse kaTalikozisa aRSenebulisa kaTolike

eklesiasa da saydarsa misisa, romeli weliwadTa mravalTa

daqvrivebul iyo~ (iqve, gv. 459).

qarTuli wyaroebi nerses uwodeben _ `wmidas~, `netars~, `Rirss~

da `marTlmorwmunes~.

bizantiis imperatori konstans (konstantine) II somxeTSi

imperatori konstans II me-7 saukunis Sua wlebSi akontrolebda

somxeTs da cdilobda somxuri eklesiis qalkedonuri frTis

240

gaZlierebas. somexTa kaTalikosi nerse III taoeli (641-661) iyo misi

moZRvari, Zalze daaxloebuli sasuliero piri bizantiis am

imperatorisa, romelic Tavis moZRvrisaTvis ar iSurebda saxsrebs,

konstans II-is saxsrebiT nerse taoelma aaSena cnobili zvartnocis

taZari wmida grigolis saxelze (v. goilaZe, bizantiis aRmosavluri

politikis asaxva qarTul epografikaSi, 2008, gv. 40).

somexi istorikos sebeosis cnobiT somexTa kaTalikosi nerse

sofel iSxnidan iyo warmoSobiT, axalgazrdobaSi Seiswavla

romaelTa ena da mwerloba, radganac bizantiaSi aRizarda, Sevida

samxedro samsaxurSi, gaecno mraval qveyanas, iyo marTlmadidebeli

qalkedoniti, magram Tavis am sarwmunoebas umalavda somxebs.

somxeTSi miaRwia saepiskoposo xarisxs da miwveuli iqna

sapatriarqo taxtze (iqve, gv. 41).

661 wels kaTalikosma nersem daasrula zvartnocis taZris mSe-

nebloba da mis kurTxevas daeswro imperatori konstans II, am taZris

mSenebloba 20 weli gagrZelda.

valaSkertSi nersesis mier agebuli yovladwmida RvTismSoblis

taZris Sesaxeb wers n. adonci. rogorc iTqva, valaSkertSi nerses

somexTa kaTalikosma aago RvTismSoblis eklesia, lastivercis

cnobiT, aq X s-Si ijda qarTveli episkoposi~ (n. adonci, gv. 24).

v. goilaZis varaudiT somexTa kaTalikosi nerse SesaZloa

yofiliyo tao-klarjeTis bagrationTa saxlis warmomadgeneli (v.

goilaZe, bizantiis aRmosavluri politikis asaxva qarTul

epografikaSi, 2008, iqve, gv. 42).

giorgi merCules cnobiT, nersess taoSi - iSxnis eklesia

auSenebia, romelic Semdeg arabTa Semosevebis dros daqvrivebula

(iqve, gv. 43).

ra iZleva safuZvels imisa, rom vivaraudoT nerse iSxnelis

somexTa kaTalikosis eTnikuri qarTveloba?

amis mizezi mravalia, erT-erTia is, rom e.w. somexTa da

qarTvelTa ganyofis Semdegac somxur eklesiaSi mravali eTnikurad

arasomexi eTnosi iyo gaerTianebuli (magaliTad, eTnikuri

albanelebi somxur eklesiaSi Zlier frTas qmnidnen). am gayofis

Semdegac somxuri eklesiis erTgul mrevls VII s-saTvis

warmoadgendnen taoeli, basianeli, spereli da Teodosiopoleli

qarTvelebi, im epoqaSi maTi sacxovrebeli are (e.i. tao, basiani,

speri da Teodosiopolis mxareebi) iwodeboda `iveriad~ (IX-X ss-Si)

da ara aRmosavleT saqarTvelo.

241

saqme is iyo, rom afxazTa samefos gafarToebis Sedegad IX-X

saukuneebSi, rac afxazTa samefom Tavisi sazRvrebi miitana

Tbilisamde, Sida qarTli mis nawilad, e.i. `afxazeTad~ iqca, amave

dros Tbilisis saamiros erT did nawilSi (qvemo qarTlSi) e.w.

`somexTa samefo~ (taSir-Zorakertisa) Camoyalibda. maSasadame,

Sesabamisad, am mxares somxiTi ewoda, xolo Tbilisis aRmosavleTiT

kaxeTis saqorepiskoposo Camoyalibda.

Sesabamisad, IX-X saukuneebSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelo politikuri

TvalsazrisiT `afxazeTad~, `somxiTad~ da `kaxeTad~ iwodeboda,

xolo iveria anu `qarTvelTa qveyana~ im epoqaSi tao-basian-sper-

Teodosopoliss erqva.

am politikurma terminologiam asaxva hpova bizantiaSi. kerZod,

konstantinopolSi saimperatoro karma `iberiis Temi~ uwoda swored

tao-sper-basian-Teodosiopoliss, xolo imave epoqis bizantieli

istorikosebi im qveyanas, romelsac Cven `saqarTvelos samefos~

vuwodebT, uwodebdnen ara iverias, aramed `afxazeTs~, mis mefeebs ki

`afxazTa mefeebs~.

maSasadame, im epoqaSi imJamindel saqarTvelos erqva `afxazTa

samefo~, xolo `iveria~ ewodeboda tao-basian-spersa da

Teodosiopolisis olqs.

rogorc iTqva, iqamdec e.i. VII da VIII saukuneebSi, iberebi (e.i.

tao-basian-sperelebi) da albanelebi somxuri eklesiis mrevlad

iTvlebodnen.

somxuri eklesiis mrevlad gadaqceuli albanelebi, iseve, rogorc

iberebi, cxadia ar iyvnen eTnikuri somxebi. somxeTSi mcxovrebi

iberebis eTnikur qarTvelobaSi mxolod patkanov-maris momxre

istorikosebsa da filologebs SehqondaT eWvi XX s-Si.

tao iyo iberiis erT-erTi umTavresi nawili, Tumca ki somxuri

eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda.

mxolod nerse kaTalikosis gardacvalebidan naxevari saukunis

Semdeg, 726 wlis manaskertis krebis Semdeg, TandaTanobiT gauCndaT

taoelebs survili gasuliyvnen somxuri eklesiis wiaRidan da

SeerTebodnen TavianTi eTnikuri TanamoZmeebis e.i. qarTvelebis

eklesias.

sababi amisa iyo is, rom manaskertis krebam dagmo qalkedonitoba

da aRiara monofizitoba.

es kargi sababi iyo taoeli qarTvelebisaTvis mxurvaled

SeenarCunebinaT qalkedonituri sarwmunoeba da qarTuli eklesiis

wiaRs SeerTebodnen.

242

maSasadame, `ganyofa~ somxuri da qarTuli eklesiebisa, romelic

kirionis dros, daiwyo gugarqSi, dasrulda VIII s-is 20-30-ian wlebSi

taosa da basianSi.

kirionis epoqaSi `ganyofis~ I etapma moicva mxolod qvemo qarTli

e.i. gugarqis vrceli qveynis erTi nawili, xolo ganyofis II etapma

VIII s-Si moicva tao, basiani da iveriis vrceli mxareebi araqsamde,

evfratis saTaveebamde, arzrumamde da SeiZleba vanis tbamdec ki,

radganac es vrceli mxareebi iberebis bunebriv sacxovriss

warmoadgenda qristeSobamdec. amis axsna Semdegia _ zogadad,

rogorc mravaljer iTqva, iberia anu `iberiis Temi~ moicavda

istoriuli arian-qarTlis miwa-wyals anu tao-klarjeT-basian-karin-

vanands. es iyo yofili e.w. `didi iberiis~ is nawili, romelic

strabonis cnobiT armeniam waarTva iberias. es momxdara

qristeSobamde II s-Si.

iqamdec, Zv. w. IV-III s-Si azonis mamis (iaredosis) epoqaSic, Cans,

SemoWrili somxebis samxedro warmatebam arian-qarTlSi aiZula

azoni axali politikuri centri eZebna ufro CrdiloeTiT _

Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi.

marTalia, Semdeg am mxareebs, anu arian-qarTlis erT nawils,

dasavleT armenia uwodes, magram iq darCenila Zveli iberebis didi

nawili, romelTac SeZles SemdgomSi, xelsayreli momentis

dadgomisTanave, taos anu `qarTvelTa samefo~ daaarses.

xelsayreli momentis dadgomisas aRniSnul `somxeTis miwa-

wyalze~ taoSi Camoyalibda `qarTvelTa samefo~, romelic swrafad

gaizarda.

aqedan Cans, rom sinamdvileSi VII-VIII saukuneebSic didi

dapirispireba iyo e.w. dasavleT somxeTis qarTvelebsa da Sida

somxeTis somxebs Soris. aman asaxva hpova sxvadasxva cnobebSi.

magaliTad, roca bizantiis imperatori konstans II nerse

kaTalikosis miwveviT mivida somxeTSi zvartnocis taZris

kurTxevaze monawileobis misaRebad, is jer, gzis Sesabamisad, Sevida

TeodosiopolSi (karinSi). aq masTan Sesaxvedrad mividnen am qalaqis

irgvliv mdebare iverTa miwebis didebulebi, kerZod `sperelebi,

bagratuni Tavadebi, didebulebi taosa da basianis provinciidan,

aseve sxva mxareTa didebulebi jarebiTa da TavianTi naTesavebiT.

imperatorTan Sesaxvedrad taodan Cavida kaTalikosi nersec~ (v.

goilaZe, bizantiis aRmosavluri politikis asaxva, 2008, gv. 44).

243

imperatoris irgvliv, bizantielTa mier `somxeTad~ saxeldebuli

qveynis qarTveli didebulebi Seikribnen, romelTac, rogorc Cans,

mtrobdnen somexi didebulebi, es mtroba gamoixateboda sxvadasxva

saxiT, magaliTad, imperatorTan misuli qarTvelebi mxars uWerdnen

somxeTis im sardals, romelsac mxardaWera ar hqonda Tanamemamule

somxebis mxridan, magram, roca man es mxardaWera moipova, mas qar-

Tvelebi ganudgnen (igulisxmeba sardali Teodoros rStuni).

maSasadame, somxeTis mniSvnelovan Tanamdebobaze qarTvelebi da

somxebi erTmaneTs edavebodnen.

somxeTSi somexTa da qarTvelTa urTierTqiSpi gadaizarda sar-

wmunoebriv urTierTbrZolaSi, rac bolos dasrulda saeklesio gan-

xeTqilebiT _ taoelebma da saerTod somxeTis qarTvelebma, rogorc

iTqva, SeinarCunes qalkedonitoba, xolo eTnikuri somxebi, maT

Soris qalkedonitebic (erTi nawili), SeuerTdnen somxur

monofizitur eklesias.

somxeTis qarTvelebisa da eTnikuri somxebis am mtroba-davis

dros nerse kaTalikosis mxares yovelTvis qarTvelebi idgnen.

magaliTad, aRmosavleTSi Tavisi erT-erTi yofnisas imperatorma

angariSi gauwia somex didebulebs (romelnic Zalze did Zalas

warmoadgendnen) da Tanamdebobidan gadaayena Teodoros rStuni

(romelTa mokavSireebi iyvnen qarTvelebi da albanelebi).

konstans II-m somxeTis cxenosani jaris sardlad daniSna muSel

mamikoniani, amave dros sagangebo macneebi gaagzavna iberiasa,

albaneTsa da sivnieTSi raTa maT Teodosos rStunTan kavSiri

gaewyvitaT (iqve, gv. 44).

konstans II, am dros, SeCerda q. dvinSi, kaTalikos nerses saxlSi.

nerse III-m isargebla am momentiT, moiwvia saeklesio kreba da

gamoacxada Tavisi qalkedonituri rwmena, marTalia imperatoris iq

yofnisas zogierTma somexma Tavi Seikava, magram umetesi nawili

aRSfoTda.

amis gamo, SeSfoTebuli nerse III Tan gahyva dvinidan ukan

dabrunebul imperators.

nersem Tavi Seafara taos, sadac misi damcvelebi iyvnen taoeli

qarTvelebi.

sebeosis TxrobiT nerses qalkedonitobiT aRSfoTda somxeTis

jari, maT miemxro Teodoros rStuni, miiRo arabebisagan damxmare

Zalebi, daiwyo omi bizantielTa winaaRmdeg da aiRo trapizoni.

244

rogorc iTqva, kaTalikosi nerse imperatorTan erTad

gamgzavrebula konstantinopolSi da dabrunda ukan taoSi da iq

darCa Teodosos rStunis gardacvalebamde.

6 wliani devnis Semdeg qarTvelebisa da imperatoris SewevniT

nersesi kvlav avida somxeTis sapatriarqo taxtze da daamTavra

zvartnocis qalkedonituri taZris mSenebloba, romlis kurTxevasac

imperatori daeswro (`istoria episkopos sebeosisa~ (rusul enaze),

erevani, 1939, gv. 119-127). somex monofizitebs es taZari ucxod,

araerovnulad miaCndaT.

maSasadame, nerse taoels mtrobdnen somexi didebulebi da is

imJamindeli somxeTis qarTvelebis mxardaWeriT sargeblobda. mis

dros somxeTis mravalma eTnikurma qarTvelma aRiara qalkedonitoba

taos gareTac.

rogorc iTqva, taoSi nerses, kerZod iSxanSi, episkoposobisas VII

s-is 30-ian wlebSi augia iSxnis imJamad mrgvali taZari (banasa da

zvartnocis tipisa).

saerTod, rogorc avanis, ise zvartnocis qalkedonituri da sxva

qalkedonituri taZrebi somxeTis qarTvelTa TavSesafars, maTi

eTnoidentobis sadgurebs warmoadgendnen. somxur eklesiaSi

TavianTi yofnis dros qarTvelebi cdilobdnen saeklesio

arqiteqturiTac gansxvavebuli yofiliyvnen eTnikuri somxebisagan.

qalkedonituri taZrebi avanisa da zvartnocisa warmoadgendnen

somxeTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis saeklesio TviTgamoyofis,

eTnoidentobis warmoCinebis niSan-taZrebs, amitomac uwodebdnen

zvartnocis mSenebel nerses qarTvelebi `wmidas~.

nerses garda qalkedonituri sarwmunoeba somxeTis sxva

kaTalikosebsac hqondaT, magram qarTvel mamebs isini wmidaTa rigSi

ar SeuyvaniaT, maTgan nersesi gamorCeuli iyo Tavisi eTnikuri

warmomavlobiT, is qarTveli iyo taoelTa msgavsad da amitomac

mudam daculi da pativcemuli Tanamemamuleebis (e.i. somxeTSi

mcxovrebi qarTvelebis) mier.

somex-qarTvelTa davis epoqaSi mcxovrebi arsen safareli, giorgi

merCule, daviT da tariWanis cxovrebis aRmweri da sxvebi, wmidas da

`RvTis kacs~ ar uwodebdnen somexTa araqarTvel kaTalikoss.

arsen safarelis cnobiT, sakaTalikoso taxtze nerse `RvTis

nebiT~ avida, is iyo `Rirsi da marTlmorwmune~, xolo giorgi

245

merCule mas `netars ~uwodebs. ufro metad ganadidebs maT daviT da

tariWanis cxovrebis aRmweri da uwodebs `Cvens wmida mamas~.

somxeTSi, rogorc aRiniSna IV-VIII ss-Si mravali qarTveli

sasuliero piri moRvaweobda. maT Soris, CvenTvis cnobilia kirion

kaTalikosi - somxeTis centraluri nawilis, airaratis episkoposi,

mose gugarqel qarTvelTa episkoposi (Tumca monofiziti), wmida

grigoris cxovrebis arabulad mTargmneli da albaT sxvebic,

romelTac momavali mkvlevarebi gamoavlenen.

somxur eklesiaSi, SemdgomSic, kerZod XVII-XVIII ss-Sic, uamravi

qarTveli monofiziti sasuliero piri moRvaweobda, rac Cans

matenadaranSi daculi maTi qarTulenovani werilebidan, zogierTis

qarTuli gvaric cnobilia. erT-erTi aseTia somxur eklesiaSi

droebiT moRvawe qarTveli sasuliero piri cnobili arqimandriti

ioane xelaSvili. ioane batoniSvils `kalmasobaSi~ aRwerili aqvs

aseTi ambavi: qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebiT anu qarTvelTa

umoqmedobiTa da uTavbolobiT ise aRSfoTda ioane xelaSvili, rom

man datova qarTuli eklesia da gadavida somxur eklesiaSi. maSinve,

erT-erT somxur monasterSi mas gauCines ulufa da misces Tavisi

senaki, sadac mis locvas aRwers kidec mwerali (ioane batoniSvili),

Semdgom ioane xelaSvili kvlav daubrunda mSobliur eklesias. ase,

rom qarTvelebi IV saukunidan XIX saukunis CaTvliT mravlad

iRwodnen somxur eklesiaSi.

rogorc iTqva, VII-VIII ss-Si somxur eklesiaSi gaerTianebulni iyo

ramdenime qarTuli Temi, maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani taoa.

mxolod qarTvelTa TviTSemecnebis gamoRviZebis Semdeg daubrunda

es mxare dedasamSoblos eklesiuradac.

vfiqrob, arzrum-lazistanis qarTvelTa eTnikuri

TviTgamoRviZebis procesi jerac ar damTavrebula, kerZod,

qristiani lazebi XVI-XIX saukuneebSi Seerivnen `urumebsa~ da

`romeosebs~ (berZnebs), xolo mahmadiani lazebi _ osmalo-Turqebs.

SesaZloa maTi TviTSemecnebis gamoRviZebis SemTxvevaSi isini kvlav

daubrundnen TavianT eTnoidentobas.

gugarqeli, taoeli, vanandeli da arzrumeli aznaurebi

somxuri eklesiis winaaRmdeg

246

mkvidri mosaxleobis Tvalsazrissa da nebas, rogorc wesi, Sua

saukuneebSi gamoxatavda mosaxleobis Tavisufali fena, anu

aznaurebi. dabali fena _ glexebi uufleboni da ZiriTadad

uidentoni iyvnen. aznaurebi _ mepatroneni iyvnen da qveynis eTnikur

saxesac warmoaCendnen.

sabednierod, gugarqSi somxuri eklesiis gaZlierebisas, mis

agresiul survils Tavis mrevlad gadaeqcia qarTuli mosaxleoba,

win aRudga mkvidri aznauroba anu gugarqelma aznaurebma qarTul

eklesias dauWires mxari kirion kaTalikosis dros (ix. a. jafariZe,

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t. II).

Tu ara maTi (mkvidri aznaurebis) mxardaWera, somxuri eklesiis

Semotevas imJamad dasustebuli qarTuli eklesia ver

daupirispirdeboda.

qarTuli eklesiis dasusteba ki gamoiwvia Cveni qveynis

dampyrobeli sparseTis Sahebis prosomxurma mikerZoebam, kerZod,

maTma monofiziturma saeklesio orientaciam.

sparselebi qarTuli eklesiis diofizitizms probizantiur

orientaciad miiCnevdnen da devnidnen.

roca mavrike keisarma SeZlo bizantia-sparseTis sazRvris Tbili-

samde motana, amiT zurggamagrebulma kirionma gabeda da nabiji

gadadga gugarqis mkvidr qarTvelebisaTvis wirva-locvis

qarTulenovnebis asaRorZineblad, ramac sastikad gaaRiziana

somxuri eklesia.

gugarqi _ kirionis samwyso iyo. am qveynis namdvili mflobelebi

ki, rogorc iTqva mkvidri aznauroba iyo, amitomac somexTa

kaTalikosma sagangebo epistoliT mimarTa gugarqis aznaurebs mxari

daeWiraT somxuri eklesiisaTvis kirionis nebis sawinaaRmdegod

iqauri mose kvlav episkoposad daebrunebinaT, is imJamad Tavs

somxeTs afarebda. swored am gadamwyvet momentSi gugarqelma

aznaurebma mxari dauWires qarTul eklesias, riTac Zlier

ganawyenda somexi kaTalikosi. `Cven es sarwmunoebac gvaqvs da egec,

Tu unda mose episkoposs, movides da kirions daemorCilos~ aseTi

iyo gugarqel aznaurTa pasuxi. aqedan kargad Cans maTi eTnikuri

vinaoba - isini saeklesio mTlianobas anu qarTuli eklesiis

gaubzarvelobas ufro did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen, vidre somexi

kaTalikosis mowodebas.

247

lastivertecis Tanaxmad, arzrumelma, taoelma da basianelma

aznaurebma gugarqel aznaurTa msgavsad dauWires mxari qarTul

eklesias (a. lastiverteci, istoria, 1974, gv. 44).

aq SeiZleba gavixsenoT, rom eTnikur somxur olqebSi aznaurebi

mxars somxur eklesias uWerdnen. magaliTad, `epistoleTa wignSi~

kargad Cans, rom vrkanis marzpani devnida qarTul eklesias da

mxars uWerda somxurs.

xolo eTnikur qarTul regionebSi aznaurebi, rogorc iTqva,

mxars qarTul eklesias uWerdnen, am faqtis kargi gamoxatulebaa

magaliTi taoel-vanandel-kareli didebulebisa: bakurianisZeebisa,

Cordvanelebisa, vanandeli aznaurebisa, Tornike erisTavisa da misi

Tanamosagre qarTveli didebulebisa _ isini iyvnen erTguli mrevli

qarTuli eklesiisa.

gugarqelma, taoelma, vanandelma da arzrumelma aznaurebma

kargad icodnen, rom Tu isini mxars dauWerdnen qarTul eklesias

qveyana SeinarCunebda qarTvelobas, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ki

gasomxdeboda.

basianis sofeli okomi

da anisis somxuri jvari

aristakes lastivertecis cnobiT, basiani da 12 axlo gavari

dasaxlebuli iyo qarTvelebiT, romelnic ebrZodnen somxur

eklesias. maT anisis somxuri jvris lursmnebi moaZvres da

gaiZaxodnen `am lursmnebisgan cxenis nalebs gavakeTebTo~,

qarTvelebi. avtoris azriT, amis gamo, daisajnen basili imperatoris

xeliT.

basili imperatorma, qarTvelTa qveynebi da soflebi moaoxra,

maT Soris iyo basianis erT-erTi centri da mTeli mxareebi okomi _

`mefe Zlier ganrisxda da brZana cecxliT, maxviliTa da tyveobiT

gaenadgurebinaT didi daba-qalaqi okomi da mis garSemo mdebare

soflebi, aoxrda miwis savargulebi, romlebic im mxareSi iyo,

xolo tyveebi waeyvanaT qaldiis gavarSi, TviTon ki basianisaken

gaemarTa da miaRwia vanandis gavars... mefem qveynis oTxive mxares

jari gagzavna marbieli mohfina, mkacri brZanebiT moiTxova, raTa ar

daendoT arc moxuci, arc axalgazrda, arc yrma, arc asakovani, arc

kaci, arc qali da saerTod arcerTi asakisa, amgvarad, man daangria

da moaoxra Tormeti gavari... gadaiwva, daingra, ganadgurda, maTi

248

patronebi maxviliT amowydnen... es Tavs gadaxdaT nacvlad imisa, rom

maT moglijes wmida kaTolike eklesiis karidan samefo niSnis mqone

jvris lursmnebi da Seuracxmyofelad gaiZaxodnen: cxenebisTvis

nali unda gavakeToTo. ase samarTlianad maT Tavs daatydaT

ubedureba.. vai mefis Seubralebel brZanebas... gaukacrielda

keTilmowyobili qveyana da dacarielda. magram ar vici risTvis

SeemTxva maT yovelive es, Wkuis darigebisTvis Tu qveynis

mosaxleobis aRviraxsnilobis gamo~ (aristakes lastiverteci,

istoria, 1974, gv. 47).

aqedan Cans, rom daba-qalaqi okomi, basiani da mis irgvliv 12 sxva

mxare _ qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, romelnic anisis `jvris

lursmnebis~ upativcemulobis gamo daisajnen _ wers a.

lastiverteci e. i. ar iyvnen somxebi, amitomac ar scemdnen pativs

somxur niSnebs.

anisis jvris lursmnebi

aristakes lastivertecis cnobiT, taoel da basianel qarTvel

aznaurTa jarma, romelic Tan axlda afxazTa mefe giorgi I-s, pativi

ar sca anisis jvars, misi lursmnebi daaZvres da waiRes.

`SahinSad wodebuli anisis mefis gagikis gardacvalebis Semdeg

memkvidreobisTvis erTmaneTs waekidnen misi Svilebi sumbati da

aSoti, saWiro Seiqmna sasamarTlo, maTTan viTarca mosamarTle

movida afxazTa mefe giorgi da mSvidobianad Seariga isini, sumbats

misca anisis cixe gavarebiTurT, xolo aSots qveynis Sida mxare,

romelic sparseTsa da saqarTvelos uyurebda~ (aristakes

lastiverteci, istoria, 1974, gv. 44).

maleve sumbaTma giorgi I-is es sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba

daarRvia, amitomac giorgi I kvlav Sevida anisSi damnaSavis

dasasjelad. anisidan gamosvlisas giorgis mxleblebma gaZarcves

sakaTedro taZris mokazmuloba, moglijes jvris lursmnebi da Tan

lanZRviT gaiZaxodnen `migvaqvs, raTa cxenebis nali gavakeToTo~

(iqve, gv. 44).

aristakes lastiverteci Semdgom ufro dawvrilebiT wers, rom

sumbats ergo qalaqi anisi Tavisi SemogareniT, xolo mis Zmas aSots

Sida mxare somxeTisa, anu anisis samxreTiT mdebare qveyana,

249

romelsac aRmosavleTiT sparseTi, xolo dasavleTis mxridan ki

`saqarTvelo~ esazRvreboda. am SemTxvevaSi is saqarTvelos uwodebs

tao-basian-vanand-karinis mxareebs, romelTac bizantielebi iverias

uwodebdnen. maSasadame, aristakes lastivertecisaTvis

`saqarTveloa~ ara anisis CrdiloeTiT mdebare qveyana, aramed am

qalaqis dasavleTiT mdebare, marTlac, anisis CrdiloeTiT

Tbilisis saamiro mdebareobda, xolo dasavleTiT ki tao-basianis

mxareebi, karinis (arzrumis) veli da vanandis nawili, saqarTvelos

mefis sagamgeo qveyana. am ambidan ramdenime wlis Semdeg am iverias _

saqarTvelos Semoesia imperatori basili bulgarTmmusvreli, da

dadga `karinis farTo velze~, Semdeg gadavida basianiSi da vanandSi

(yarsis mxares).

a. lastivertecis cnobiT, basili bulgarTmmusvrelma am qarTuli

qveynebis e.i. karinis, taos, basianis da vanandis `oTxive mxares jari

gagzavna, marbieli mohfina, mkacri brZanebiT moiTxova ar daendoT

arc moxuci, arc axalgazrda, arc yrma, arc asakovani, arc kaci da

arc qali arcerTi asakisa, amgvarad man daangria da moaoxra

Tormeti gavari... am drois borotmoqmedebani: sisxlSi amosvrili

moxucTa sapatio WaRara, maxviliT amowyvetili axalgazrdebi,

uricxvi brmebi, romelTac Tvalebi daubneles, vfiqrob, yovelive es

Tavs gadaxdaT nacvlad imisa, rom maT moglijes wmida kaTolike

eklesiis karidan samefo niSnis mqone jvris lursmnebi da

Seuracxmyofelad gaiZaxodnen: cxenebisaTvis nali unda gavakeToTo.

ase samarTlianad maT Tavs daatydaT ubedureba, rac sazarel

sanaxaobs qmnis - aznauri qalebi moedanze gamoiyvanes, moxades

Tavsaburavebi, ZuZumwovara yrmebs zogs dedis mkerdidan glejdnen

da qvebs urtyamdnen, nawils ki dedis mkerdze aklavdnen SubiT da

dedis rZes yrmebis sisxls urevdnen, sxvebs gzajvaredinebze

cxenebis CliqebSi agdebdnen da miT xocavdnen... vai mefis (bizantiis

imperatoris) Seubralebel brZanebas, magram ar dacxra misi risxva,

kvlav aRmarTa xeli, raTa yvela borotebisaTvis gadaeWarbebina,

aseTi saqmianobiT gaukacrielda qveyana, zamTris mosvlamde aoxrda

da dacarielda irgvliv yovelive~ (iqve, gv. 47).

basilma dasaja saqarTvelos mefis erTguli mosaxleoba, isini

eTnikuri qarTvelebi, iqedan Cans, rom isini ar aRiarebdnen somxur

sarwmunoebas da amitom maT, lastivertecis sityviT, Seuracxyves

anisis somxuri taZari. isini eTnikurad ucxoni iyvnen

250

lastivertecisaTvis, is am qarTvelebs miiCnevs ara Tavisi eris,

aramed sxva eris nawilad, ara `Cven~ jgufis identuri nawilad,

aramed sxva `imaTi~ erisa, amitomac wers _ `ar vici risTvis

SeemTxvaT maT yovelive es, Wkuis darigebisaTvis, Tu qveynis

mosaxleobis aRviraxsnilobis gamo~ (aristakes lastiverteci,

istoria, 1974, gv. 47).

maSasadame, basianis, taos, vanandisa da karinis mosaxleoba somex

istorikoss miaCnda sxva eTno jgufad _ qarTvelebad, romelnic

daisajnen aRviraxsnili cxov­rebisa da somxuri anisis eklesiis

gaZarcvis gamo. basilma sastikad dasaja jer didi daba-qalaqis

okomis mosaxleoba da mis garSemo soflebi `cecxliT, maxvilTa da

tyveobiT~ (gv. 45), Semdeg ki 12 vrceli qarTuli qveyana basiansa da

mimdebare qveynebisa.

olTisis (anu somxurad uxtiqis) Senobebi ki okomis sanacvlod

saqarTvelos mefes giorgis gadauwvavs.

olTisis mosaxleobis qarTvelobas miuTiTebs iqve lastiverteci

_ giorgim `ubrZana jarebs gadaewvaT lamazi nagebobebi, iavareyoT

misi mTeli saqoneli, magram xalxisaTvis vneba ar mieyenebiaT~ (iqve,

gv. 45).

xalxs ratom ar unda miayenos qarTvelma jarma vneba? iqneb imis

gamo, rom mosaxleoba qarTulia. nagebobebSi Senaxuli qoneba ki

mters ar unda gamoeyenebina, am mizeziT gadawva olTisi giorgi

mefem, am dros, Cans ramdenime eklesiac daiwva, ramac safuZveli

misca sabWoTa epoqis istorikosebs ganecxadebinaT rom TiTqosda

`giorgi mefem gadawva somxuri eklesiebi~.

rac Seexeba anisis jvris lursmnebis moments, isini daaZrves ara

sarwmunoebrivi uTanxmoebis gamo, aramed imitom, rom lursmnebze

amotvifruli yofila anisis mflobelis damnaSave sumbatis niSani,

mas didis didebiT Seumkia es jvari am niSnebiT, sumbatis

dasasjelad Sesul qarTvelTa jars, Cans sadac ki unaxavs sumbatis

niSani, mouxsnia da Tan wauRia, maT Soris jvris lursmnebic.

`moglijes eklesiis karidan samefo niSnis mqone jvris lursmani~

gasagebad wers mematiane, vfiqrobT am sakiTxSic araswori iyvnen

sabWoTa epoqis istorikosebi, magaliTad, i. abulaZe, romelic

olTisis eklesiebis gadawvisa da anisis jvarTan dakavSirebul

ambebs ise aRwerda TiTqosda es Zaladoba gamoiwvia qarTuli

eklesiis Zaladobrivma SeWram simxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciis

sferoSi, is wers _ `erTi eklesia iWreba meoreSi, eklesiaTa wva da

251

jvrebis msxvreva amas miuTiTebs~, TiTqosda qarTuli eklesia SeiWra

somxurSi, dawva somxuri eklesiebi da amaT taoeli da basianeli

somxebi `gaaqarTvela~, aseT yalb safuZvelze aigo e.w. `qarTizaciis~

Teoria.

maSasadame, anisis jvris lursmnebi ar mouxsniaT sarwmunoebrivi

gansxvavebis gamo da arc eklesiebi dauwvavT am niSniT. am mxriv,

sabWoTa epoqis istorikosebis naazrevs ewinaaRmdegeba aristakes

lastivertecis cnobebi. misi azriT, am qmedebebs eTnikuri safuZveli

hqonda.

aRsaniSnavia, rom imperatorma basilim, tao-basianis iveriis

ganadgurebiT faqtiurad xeli Seuwyo Turq-seljukebis mier tao-

basan-vanand-karinisa da sxva qveynebis dapyrobas, radganac man am

qveynebis mkvidri qarTveli mosaxleoba sastikad daasusta sakuTari

danaSaulebrivi qmedebebiT, romelTac lastiverteci

`borotmoqmedebebs~ uwodebs (gv. 46).

252

Tavi X

`aRmosavleTis~ sakaTalikoso

`iverTa~ (avanis) sakaTalikoso (VII s-is dasawyisi)

(`kaTalikosni aRmosavalisani~)

X-XVI ss-Ta qarTul samyaroSi `aRmosavleTi~ erqva samxreT tao-

basiansa da maT momijnave mxareebs. wina saukuneTa msgavsad sityva

`aRmosavleTi~ am mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba XVI s-is dokumentebSic.

saqarTvelos daSlis Semdeg samcxeli mTavris separatizmis

gamarTlebis mizniT konstantinopolSi berZnul enaze Seiqmna

Txzuleba e.w. `manuelis gardamocema~. `is asaxavs mzeWabukis

suliskveTebas _ mefobis survils samcxis miwa-wyalze~ (m.

zaldastaniSvili, kidev erTxel aTabagTa gankerZoebis Sesaxeb,

macne, istoriis seria, 2012, 2. gv. 57).

samcxis mTavari, imJamad, did teritorias flobda basianidan

trapezuntis regionamde.

separatisti mTavris dakveTiT antioqiis patriarq doroTeossac

gamoucia sagangebo `wigni~. `masSi mzeWabuki moxsenebulia, rogorc,

`yovlisa aRmosavleTisa xelmwife~ (qr. SaraSiZe, samxreT

saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi (XV-XVI ss.), 1961, gv. 96).

orive dokumentSi mzeWabuks `mTeli zemo iberiis TviTmpyrobeli~

ewodeba. maSasadame dokumentebSi `aRmosavleTis~ qveS moiazreba _

`zemo iberia~ anu samcxe, tao da basiani mimdgomi mxareebiT vidre

trapezuntis regionamde.

amave mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda sityva `aRmosavleTi~ wina

saukuneebSic.

mas Semdeg rac `zemoni qveyanani~ daviT kurapalatma Tavis

qarTvelTa samefos SeuerTa, mis politikur memkvidreTa

titulaturaSi gaCnda wodeba _ `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa

kurapalati~, rac aRniSnuli qveynebis flobis memkvidreobiTobas

miuTiTebda. am tituls flobdnen bagrat III, giorgi I da bagrat IV

253

(v. goilaZe, `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalatis~ wodeba, bizantia,

qarTuli wyaroebi, 2010. gv. 129).

`aRmosavleTi~ qarTvelTaTvis, rogorc aRiniSna, im periodSi,

tao-basianis regions erqva, gadaSlils vidre avanamde, im qveynebs,

sadac Semdgom bizantiam daarsa iberiis Temi.

Sesabamisad, `aRmosavleTis kaTalikosni~ da `aRmosavleTs

patriarqi~ erqva, im regionis qarTvel mamamTavars, romelic Semdgom

`iberiis Temma~ moicva.

jer kidev kirion II-m gamoTqva Tvalsazrisi, rom saqarTvelos

`aRmosavleTis~ provincias, anu imiertao-basiansa da mimdebare

olqebs hyavda Tavisi qarTveli kaTalikosi. mas `iverTa

kaTalikossac~ uwodebdnen, qveynis saxelis Sesabamisad, iveria ki,

rogorc somxur, ise berZnul wyaroebSi imJamad (VIII-X ss-Si) tao-

basianis regions erqva da amitomac aq, XI s-Si, bizantiam `iberis

Temi~ Camoayaliba.

saqme isaa, rom am periodSi, ukve TiTqmis IX saukunedan, mcxeTa-

Tbilisis regionis dasavleTiT mdebare regions ukve `afxazeTs~

miakuTvnebdnen, radganac Sida qarTli afxaz mefeTa miswrafebis

regionad iqca. rac Seexeba termin `iveria~-s, imJamad is tao-basiansa

da mis mimdebare mxareebs erqva.

VI s-is bolos (VII s-is dasawyisSi) avanis sakaTalikoso

sarwmunoebrivi niSniT gamoeyo dvinis sakaTalikosos. is Tavis

iurisdiqcias ZiriTadad avrcelebda qarTvelebiT dasaxlebul miwa-

wyalze, tao-basianze da agreTve gugarqad wodebul teritoriaze,

romelic somxuri geografiis mixedviT Woroxamde vrceldeboda. am

regions erqva rogorc `aRmosavleTi~, ise `iveria~, mas `qarTvelebi~

aRmosavleTs uwodeben, ucxoelebi ki `iverias~. es olqebi marTalia

qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, magram saukuneTa manZilze iyo

mitacebuli da somxeTis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda VI-VII saukuneebSi,

avanis sakaTalikosos arsebobisas, romelic maleve gaauqmes.

iqauri qarTveloba imJamad, somxuri kulturisa da eklesiis

gavlenis qveS iyvnen, Tumca eTnikur-erovnuli (qarTuli) identoba

bolomde dakarguli ar hqondaT.

am mosaxleobam SemdgomSic, kerZod VIII s-dan wamoiwyo udidesi

mniSvnelobis saqme: kerZod, rogorc ki SesaZlebeli gaxda, ganerida

somxuri saeklesio centris monofizitur aRmsareblobas da

qalkedonitoba aRiara Tavis sarwmuneobriv mimarTulebad 726 wlis

krebis Semdeg, tao-basiansa da maT gverdiTa olqebSi, iqamde, VI s-is

254

bolos, avanis sakaTalikoso sarwmunoebrivi niSniT, magram Sinagani

erovnulobis, Tavisi arasomxurobis (anu qarTvelobis) gamo

ganSorda somxur eklesias da Tavis sarwmunoebad qalkedonitoba

anu qarTul-erovnuli aRmsarebloba gamoacxada, aseve

mizandasaxulad miiRo qarTuli eklesiisaTvis sxva damaxasiaTebeli

niSnebic, magaliTad saeklesio arqiteqtura (avanis taZari mcxeTis

jvris aslia. avanis taZari erTi amosunTqviT aigo ioane

bagaranelis mier, radganac mas ukve hqonda nimuSi mcxeTis jvris

saxiT, rac Seexeba TviTon mcxeTis jvars, misi mSenebloba IV

saukunidanve daiwyo, aRwerilia mis centrSi mdgari xis wmida jvris

gumbaTiT gadaxurvis istoriac da mxolod VI-VII saukuneTa mijnaze

miiRo saboloo saxe mcxeTis eklesiam, avanisaTis is ukve

mzamzareuli nimuSi iyo, viTarca qarTul-qalkedonuri saeklesio

arqiteqturisa).

avanis sakaTalikoso, mas rom dacloda, aseve miiRebda saeklesio

da kulturuli saWiroebisaTvis qarTul enasac. avanis

sakaTalikoso maleve gaauqma somxurma eklesiam. avanis

sakaTalikosoSi tao-basian-airarati moiazreba.

SemdgomSi, rogorc aRiniSna, es dawyebuli saqme mainc gagrZelda.

daaxloebiT erTi saukunis Semdeg, gugarqis msgavsad, taosa da

basianis qarTvelobam TandaTanobiT aRidgina qarTulenovneba, anu

Tuki iqamde maTi wirva-locvisa da literaturis ena iyo somxuri,

axla is uaryofil iqna da mis nacvlad mosaxleobam qarTulenovneba

daibruna saeklesio saWiroebisas (e.i. maTi saSinao-ojaxuri

(qarTuli) ena axla ukve sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis saSualebad,

kulturis enad iqca).

`iberieli~ ioane bagaranelis delegacia antoqiaSi da

misi taZari avanSi

aristakes lastivertecis cnobiT iveria mdebareobda ara anisis

CrdiloeTiT, aramed mis dasavleTiT, radganac, rogorc aRiniSna,

misi periodis somxur saistorio geografiaSi `iveria~ ZiriTadad

erqva taosa da basians.

255

VI s-Si `iverTa mTavari~ taos mflobels erqva.

rac Seexeba Sida qarTlisa da anisis CrdiloeTis regions, VII-X

ss-Si, arabTa Semosevebis Semdeg, anisis CrdiloeTiT mdebare

saxelmwifoebriv warmonaqmnebs oficialurad ewodeboda ara

`iveria~ aramed Tbilisis saamiro da taSir-Zorakertis samefo,

xolo Sida qarTli sadavo qveynad iyo afxazeTis, kaxeTis,

somxeTisa da Tbilisis saamiro-samTavroTa Soris.

am drosac saxeli `iveria~ Zveleburadve erqva taos miwa-wyals

(basianTan erTad) da taos momijnave mxareebsac, anisis dasavleTiT.

am mizezis gamo, rogorc aRiniSna, XI s-Si, imier taos samefos

miwa-wyals bizantielebma misi dapyrobis Semdeg, `iveriis Temi~

uwodes da masSi anisic Seiyvanes.

bizantielebi `iverias~ konstantine porfirogenetis epoqamdec

uwodebdnen taos olqsa da mis momijnave mxareebs.

X s-Si aRniSnuli imperatoris cnobiT iverielebs araqsis

marcxena sanapiros qveynebi ekuTvnoda.

konstantine porfirogeneti bevrs saubrobs amis Sesaxeb.

maSasadame, araqsis dasavleT sanapiros qveynebi, sadac

mdebareobdnen TviT dedaqalaqebic ki somxuri administraciuli

erTeulebisa, mainc `iveriad~ iwodeboda da es wodeba (iveria) am

mxareebisaTvis ar iyo usafuZvlo:

amis mizezi iyo is, rom rogorc mravalgzis aRiniSna,

istoriuladac iverielebiT dasaxlebuli miwebi, Zv.w. II

saukunisaTvis, strabonis cnobiT, armeniam miitaca. strabonis

xorZena swored am mxareebSi unda veZioT.

somxuri eklesiis Camoyalibebis Semdeg, aRniSnul mxareebis

armenizaciis xarisxi jer kidev ar iyo yovlismomcveli.

Cans, am mizezis gamo, avanis sakaTalikoso gamoeyo somxuri

eklesiis mTavar centrs _ dvins.

am gamoyofis mizezad miiCneva sarwmunoebrivi momenti, magram mas

ufro metad eTnikuri safuZveli unda hqonoda.

kerZod, 588 wlidan (sxva azriT 591 wlidan) Zvel sofel avanSi

(Tanamedrove erevnis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT) rezidencia daido

armeniis marTlmadidebelma (qalkedonitma) patriarqma.

miiCneva, rom amas safuZveli daudo imperator mavrikes (582-602)

sazavo xelSekrulebam sparseTTan, ris Sedegadac avani da tao

bizantiis imperiaSi moeqca.

256

es faqti unda yofiliyo safuZveli (da ara mizezi), ramac

gaabedina adgilobriv, metwilad qarTuli warmoSobis taoel-

basianel da avanel mosaxleobasa da samRvdeloebas mieRoT im

sarwmunoebrivi mimarTulebis sapirispiro aRmsarebloba, romelsac

dvinis somxuri sakaTalikoso aRiarebda.

cnobili kanonisti kartaSevi, Tavis wignSi `saeklesio krebebi~

(parizi, 1963, rus.enaze), wers, rom VI saukuneSi egviptelebma,

sirielebma da somxebma monofizituri aRmsarebloba ZiriTadad

miiRes ara sarwmunoebrivi, aramed eTnikuri niSnis gamo. kerZod, maT

surdaT bizantiis centrisagan TavianTi eTnikuri gansxvavebulobis

sarwmunoebrivi saxiTac gamoxatva. amitomac roca bizantiis centrma

mtkiced dauWira mxari qalkedonitobas, periferiebma mis

sapirispirod _ monofizitoba aRiares.

Tu kartaSevis am mosazrebas mivusadagebT eTnikurad iseT rTul

regions, rogoric iyo tao-basian-avanis mxareebi, SeiZleba msgavsi

suraTi davinaxoT.

tao da basiani iyo arasomxuri mxareebi, misi mosaxleoba

`iverebad~ ZvelTaganve iwodeboda, Tumca ki somxuri saeklesio da

administraciuli uRelis qveS. airaratis provinciaSic mravali

mkvidri qarTveli cxovrobda da somexTa iq damkvidrebamde Zveli

tomis _ alarodielebis samSoblod iwodeba. qsenofontis cnobiT, aq

cxovrobdnen fasianebi, xalibebi da taoxebi, qarTuli tomebi,

alarodielebi qarTvelTa erT-erTi tomi unda yofiliyo, yovel

SemTxvevaSi airaratis provinciaSic VII s-is daswyisSi uamravi

qalkedoniti cxovrobda, romelnic miemxrnen avanis qalkedonis

kaTalikoss. amis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs arsen safarelic Tavis

TxzulebaSi `ganyofisaTvis somexTa da qarTvelTa~. is wers:

`ubrZana berZenTa mefem somxeTis kaTalikos mose elivardels (574-

604) da mis episkoposebs, raTa misuliyvnen konstantinopolSi da

kvlav gamowvlilviT gamoeZiaT sarwmunoebrivi simarTle, marTali

ki daemtkicebinaT. xolo mose kaTalikosi ar daemorCila da ar

wavida, aramed uTxra berZenTa mociqulebs: ar gadaval mdinare

azatze, romelic sazRvaria sparsTa da berZenTa Soris, ar SevWam

berZenTa furnids da ar Sevsvam berZenTa Termons (furnids afuebul

purs ewodebda, Termons wyliT gazavebul Rvinos), aseve upasuxes

vaspuraganis episkoposebmac, romelnic sparsTa saxelmwifos

emorCilebodnen. arc maT inebes wasvla. xolo taos episkoposi da

sxva berZenTa morCili somexi episkoposebi saswrafod Cavidnen

257

konstantinopolSi. kvlav gamoiZies da meored daamtkices

qalkedonis krebis siswore mavrik mefis winaSe. yvelam erTobiT

aRiara qristes WeSmariti ori buneba. daweres fici berZnebTan

erTobis Sesaxeb da wamovidnen. roca somxeTSi movidnen, maTi

sarwmunoeba ar Seiwynara mose kaTalikosma da misma sxva

episkoposebma, romelnic sparsTa mier dapyrobil nawilSi

cxovrobdnen. gaiyo somxeTi sarwmunoebrivad. qalkedonitebma

daidgines kaTalikosad ioane kogoviteli (590-611). qarTvelma

kaTalikosma kirion mcxeTelma da herTa kaTalikosma abazma ixiles,

rom somxuri eklesia kvlav dvinis im krebis erTgulia, romelmac

wmida msoflio sayovelTao kaTolike eklesias Camoacila somxuri

eklesia. roca aseTi praqtika kvlav aRorZinebuli ixiles kirion

kaTalikosma (591-615), herTa kaTalikosma abazma (552-596) da sivnieTis

episkoposma grigorma, Seiqna didi dava somxeTsa da qarTls Soris.

am mxilebis Semdeg somxebma qarTli daabezRes sparsTa mefesTan,

rom qarTvelebs romaelTa (saberZneTis) sarwmunoeba aqvTo. aseTive

dava iyo qarTvelTa da somexTa Soris nerse II-is drosac. aseve iyo

mis sakaTalikoso taxtze mjdom abraamis drosac. am dros gandevna

qarTlis kaTalikosma kirionma mose curtavis episkoposi Tavisi

eparqiidan, romelic wmida SuSanikis saflavze iyo. Txova abraamma

kirions es eparqia, xolo man ar misca. da gadidda maT Soris

ciloba. mouxmo abraamma araratis provinciis samRvdeloebas da

uTxra maT: an SeaCveneT qalkedonis kreba, an gadiT Cveni

samkvidrebelidan. zogierTi daemorCila da SeaCvenes wmida kreba,

zogierTi ki ar daemorCila da ganidevnen~ (arsen safareli,

ganyofisaTvis...).

arsen safarelis Txzulebidan Cans, rom avanis kaTalikosis

iurisdiqciaSi taosTan erTad airaratic Sedioda, amitomac

sparselTa mxardaWeriT dvinis kaTalikosma abraamma airaratis

qalkedoniti samRvdeloebac dasaja, amitomac mouxmo abraamma

araratis provinciis samRvdeloebas da uTxra maT: `an SeaCveneT

qalkedonis kreba, an gadiT Cveni samkvidrebelidan. zogierTi

daemorCila da SeaCvenes wmida kreba, zogierTi ki ar daemorCila da

ganidevnen~.

airaratis provincia, Cans, miuxedavad misi Rrma armenizaciisa,

mainc gansxvavebul olqad darCenila, es unda yofiliyo nakvalevi

imisa, rom sul ramdenime saukunis win is iberTa miwas warmoadgenda.

Cans, mas (airarats) straboni xorZenas uwodebda.

258

strabonis cnobiT, xorZena, pariadresa da gogarenasTan erTad,

armeniis mefeebma Zv.w. II saukuneSi iberebs waarTves da armenias Se-

uerTes. radganac gogarenas straboni aTavsebda `mtkvris iqiT~, anu

marcxena sanapiroze, amitomac xorZena mdebareobda pariadredan

vidre mtkvramde, anu Semdegdroindeli airarati strabonis epoqaSi

xorZenad iwodeboda. misi mosaxleoba, miuxedavad TiTqmis 500

wlovani armenizaciisa, Cans kvlav grZnobda Tavis TavSi iberiul

sawyisebs, amitomac, mis realizebas cdilobda sarwmunoebriv

sferoSi, mijnavda TavisTavs dvinis somxurnacionaluri eklesiidan

da cdilobda daaxloeboda mcxeTis qarTul eklesias. tao-basian-

airaratma xelsayreli politikuri momentis dadgomisTanave,

bizantiis imperatoris mxardaWeriT, myisve Seqmnes dvinis

sawinaaRmdegod saeklesio centri avanSi, qalkedonituri

sakaTalikosos saxiT, mkveTrad gamoxatuli qarTuli arqiteqturiT

agebuli eklesiebiTa da Cans, aseve sxva mravali qarTuli niSniT.

v. aruTinova-fidaniani ra Tqma unda, avanis arqiteqturas ar

akavSirebs qarTulTan da miiCnevs, rom `mas aqvs eCmiaZinis,

bizantiuri martiriumebis da konstantinopolis sofiis taZris~

gavlena (`pravoslavnaia enciklopedia~ t 1. moskovi, 2000, gv. 74 ).

avanis `arqiteqturuli ansambli somxuri arqiteqturis erT-erTi

pirveli miRwevaa, mis gverdiT mdebare sasaxlesTan erTad agebulia

588-597 wlebSi kaTolikos ioanes mier~ (iqve gv.74).

TiTqosda, jer is augiaT da Semdeg misi gegmiT mcxeTis jvari,

magram rogorc aRiniSna, qarTul wyaroebSi naTlad Cans, Tu rogor

miiRo saukuneTa manZilze mcxeTis jvarma Tavisi Camoyalibebuli

saboloo saxe, avanis agebis Sesaxeb aseTi cnobebi ar arsebobs.

kerZod, mcxeTis borcvze wminda ninos mier jer aRimarTa didi

zomis jvari, Semdeg ki es jvari gumbaTiT gadaaxurina rev mefem IV

s-is bolos, amave dros jvars garSemo gaukeTes `kubo~. anu is

SemosazRvres kedlebiT. e.i. mas hqonda kedlebic da saxuravic

(gumbaTi).

jvris taZris gumbaTis simaRle gansazRvra im xem, romelic

mokveTes wminda ninos dros da romlisganac Seamzades jvari.

matianeSi moTxrobilia: `viTarca naTel iRes mefeman da ...

yovelman erman, maSin dga xe erTi adgilsa erTsa... auwyes

episkopossa xisa misTvis, xolo episkoposman Tqva... `mis xisagan jer

ars Seqmnad jvari patiosani, romelsa Tayvani sces yovelma

simravleman qarTlisaman... mohkveTes xe igi... moaqvnda aTsa aTeulsa

259

kacsa... saswauliTa zecisaTa CvenebiT jvari patiosani mcxeTas

ipyres xeliTa kacobriviTa da mivediT borcvsa mas qveSe... xolo

xvalisa dRe aRvides kldesa mas zeda... mun aRimarTa jvari igi

didebiTa mefeTagan da modrka eri igi uricxvi da Tayvani sces

jvars... raodenisame dRisa Semdgomad, martvilisa ukan, ixiles

saswauli didi... sveti naTlisa, saxed jvarisa dga jvarsa mas zeda

da Tormetni igi varskvlavni saxed gvirgvinisa, garemos misa, xolo

borcvi igi kumoda saxed sulnelad da xedvides saswaulsa amas

yovelni da mravalni uRmrToTaganni moiqces... mere kualad ixilnes

sxva saswauli jvarisa, viTarca ra cecxli dga Tavsa zeda misa,

Svid wilad mzisa ubrwyinvalesi zeda daadgra mas da, viTarca

saxumilisa naberwyalni aRavlen, egresaxed angelozni RvTisani

aRvidodes da gardamovidodes mas zeda, xolo borcvi igi iZvroda

Zlierad... iqmnebodes saswauli igi wliTi wlad da yoveli eri...

movidodes Tayvanismcemad gulsmodgined. da mas Jamsa revis Zesa

mefisasa, esva ymawvili mcire da iyo sneul da miwevnul iyo

sikvdilad ... da moiRo da dadga igi winaSe jvarisa da cremliT

ityoda: `ukueTu miboZo yma ese cocxali aRvaSeno kubo sayudelad

Senda~ da munqvesve ganikurna yrma igi... movida (revi) aRnaTqvamisa

aRmasruleblad... da gulmodginebiT aRaSena kubo jvarisa mcxeTisa

rev, Zeman mefisaman... guaram kurapalati dadga morCilebasa zeda

berZenTasa... aman iwyo eklesia jvarisa patiosnisa da aqamomde jvari

velsa zeda iyo da qmna eklesia weliamdis oden... guaram

kurapalatsa esxnes Zeni... stefanoz da demetre. ...Zma stefanozisi

saxeliT demetre aRaSenebda eklesiasa jvarisa patiosnisa, rameTu

senica iyo mis Tana d aver SemZlebel iyo ganSorebad karsa

eklesiisasa~ (q. c., I, gv. 120-140).

stefanozi da demetre bagrationebi herakle keisarma

prosparsuli orientaciisaTvis taxtidan gadaayena, mis nacvlad

qarTlis taxti misca adarnase xosroians `...maSin mouwoda keisarma

Zesa bakurisasa, qarTvelTa mefisasa naTesavsa daCisasa, vaxtangis

Zisasa, romeli erisTaobda kaxeTs, romelsa erqva adarnase~.

matianedan Cans, rom mcxeTis jvris taZris mSenebloba daiwyo IV

s-is bolos rev mefem, man `kubo~ anu kedlebi da saxuravi (gumbaTi)

auSena jvars, mis gverdiT sxva eklesiis mSenebloba guaram

kurapalatis dros VI s-is bolos daiwyo.

Cans, rom rev mefis mier aSenebuli `kubos~ forma imeorebda

jvris frTebis formas.

260

jvris eklesias ukve meoTxe saukunis bolosve eqneboda jvris

ori frTis Sesatyvisi kedeli, romelmac sabolood tetrakonqis

saxe miiRo anu tetrakonqis mSenebloba gansazRvra taZris centrSi

aRmarTulma jvris formam.

imdenad misaRebi yofila qarTuli eklesiisaTvis jvris taZris

forma, rom ukve VI s-is Sua wlebSi mis Sesabamisad aages ninowmidis

eklesia. VI s-is bolos kvlav aRsdga jvris taZris mSenebloba

magram ara nebismieri arqiteqturiT, aramed im formiT, romelic

axsovda mosaxleobas da borcvze aRmarTuli am jvrisaTvis ukve

tradiciuli iyo. VII s-is jvris taZris arqiteqtura gaimeores

WyondidSi.

ase, rom mcxeTis jvris taZari saukuneTa manZilze Sendeboda da

man Tavisi arqiteqturuli saxe TandaTanobiT miiRo, xolo gumbaTis

forma qarTuli xalxuri arqiteqturisaganaa gadmoRebuli.

soflis saxlebSi mcxeTis jvris gumbaTis msgavs gumbaTebs XX s-

is dasawyisSic ki agebdnen. magaliTad, is (gumbaTi) gamoyenebulia

leCxumSi sofel sairmis sacxovrebeli saxlebis gadaxurvis

sistemaSi.

aqedan gamomdinare IV-VI ss-Si Camoyalibda jvris taZris

arqiteqtura, romelic gaimeores avanis arqiteqtorebma, radganac

qarTul-eTnikuri warmomavlobis gamo cdilobdnen avanis

arqiteqturaSic qarTuli elementebi SeetanaT.

rogorc iTqva _ tao-basians da mis mimdebare miwebs _ somxebic

da bizantielebic `iverias~ uwodebdnen.

amitomac unda vifiqroT, rom am regionis momcveli avanis

qalkedonuri sakaTalikoso _ `iveriis eklesiad~ iwodeboda

saerTaSoriso-saeklesio wreebSi.

Cans antioqiis sapatriarqo avanis sakaTalikosos da mis memkvidre

qalkedonur eparqiebs _ `iveriis eklesias~ uwodebda.

saqme isaa, rom Teodosiopolis-arzrumis regionSi antioqiis

iurisdiqciis qveS iyo ramdenime qalkedonuri saepiskoposo,

saerTod, es miwa-wyali _ antioqias Tavisi sapatriarqo

iurisdiqciad miaCnda. amitomac, SesaZloa avanis anu `iberiis

sakaTalikoso~ mas Semdeg, rac ganSorda dvins, Tavdacvis mizniT

SeuerTda Zlieri antioqiis sapatriarqos iurisdiqcias (anda is

romelime sxva eklesias unda mikedleboda avtokefaliis

saerTaSoriso dadasturebamde).

261

arabebis Semosevebis Semdeg kavSiri antioqiasa da avanis memkvidre

qalkedonur eparqiebs Soris gawyvetila, Semdeg ki Cans antioqiaSi

kvlav ganuxilavT am e.w. meore `iveriis eklesiis~ sakiTxi.

saqme isaa, rom marTalia avanis erTaderTi kaTalikosis ioane

bagaranelis (+609/10) Semdeg gauqmda avanis kaTedra, magram misi

qalkedonuri memkvidreoda miiRo taom, sadac VII saukuneSi

qalkedonuri saepiskoposo centri iSxnisa da sxva Camoyalibda.

somxurma eklesiam VII s-Si ukanve SeierTa qalkedonuri kaTedrebi,

riTic Cans antioqiac gaanawyena. antioqias miwa-wyali arzrumamde

Tavis iurisdiqciaSi Semaval `iberiad~ miaCnda.

somxuri eklesia VII s-Si Tavis saeklesio mTlianobas imiT

inarCunebda rom garkveul kompromisze midioda da saerTo somxur

saeklesio taxtze qalkedonit kaTalikosebsac svamda, rCeuli maT

Soris nerse III taoeli, Cans, eTnikuri qarTveli iyo, iseve, rogorc,

vTqviT, iqamde somxur eklesiaSi moRvawe airaratis qorepiskoposi

kirioni.

726 wels manaskertis monofizituri krebis Semdeg qalkedonuri

tao-basaini ganSorda somxur eklesias. am dros, Cans, aq, anu

`iveriaSi~, kvlav, gaixsenes antioqiis eklesia da misgan moiTxoves

avtokefalia, saeklesio TavisTavadobis saerTaSoriso dasturi. am

dros ara mxolod tao-basianSi. aramed mis gareTac qarTveli

qalkedonitebi aarsebdnen TavianT kaTedrebs, magaliTad

valaSkertSi.

valaSkertis mRvdelTmTavris wodeba `mamaTmTavari~ SesaZloa

niSnavdes, rom is erT periodSi iqca `iveriis qalkedonuri~

eklesiis memkvidred, romelsac saTave, Cans, aseve qarTuli

warmoSobis, ioane bagaranelma daudo.

e.w. antioqiuri qronikebis nawyvetebi iZleva kidec zemoT aRni-

Snuli mosazrebis safuZvels _ `qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobili

CanarTi unda exebodes avanis anu iverielTa (qarTvelTa)

qalkedonur eklesiasa da antioqias Soris urTierTobas da ara

mcxeTisa da antioqiisa: `da wargzavnes antioqias monazoni erTi

sakurTxevelad, rameTu ganwesebul iyo kurTxeva antioqiiT

kaTalikosisa da verRaravis xelewifeboda svlad gzasa

antioqiisasa... xolo dReTa Teofilaqte antioqiel patriarqisa

waravlines mociqulni.. da miuTxres... didsa Wirsa Sina arian

qristianeni, mkvidrni qarTvelTa soflebisani, rameTu dRiTgan

262

netarisa anastasi mRvdelmowamisaTa (VII s-is dasawyisi) ara

kurTxeul ars siZnelisaTvis gzaTasa. xolo man hyo kreba da

ganaCina... raTa Sekrbebodnen episkoposni simravlisa misisani da

akurTxevdnen kaTalikossa JamiTi-Jamad ... xeldasxmul hyo... erTi

movlinebulTa monazonTagani, saxeliT ioane... amas antioqiis krebasa

Sina gapatiosnda~ (q.c. I, gv. 226).

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ am CanarTis Sesaxeb jer kidev 1906 wels

gamoTqva Tavisi mosazreba kirion II kaTalikosma, rom es monaTxrobi

exeboda samxreT saqarTvelos tao-basianis mxareebis saeklesio

mowyobas, v. goilaZis azriT ki, aq, gadmocemulia afxazeTis

sakaTalikosos daarsebis cnoba. misgan gansxvavebiT, afxazeTis

sakaTalikosos daarsebis Sesaxeb cnobas gvawvdis qarTlis

cxovrebis sxva CanarTi - `aman bagrat ganaCina kaTalikosi afxazeTs~

(IX s-Si).

e.i zemoT aRniSnuli pirveli CanarTi qarTlis cxovrebis

mixedviT ar ukavSirdeba afxazeTs, amitomac swori unda iyos kirion

II, rom es CanarTi ukavSirdeboda tao-basianis (Sesabamisad avanis)

saeklesio mowyobis sakiTxs.

CanarTSi naxsenebia `qristianeni, mkvidrni qarTvelTa

soflebisani~ (q. c., I, gv. 226).

`qarTvelTa~ provincia erqva, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, tao-

basianis mxareebs da mis irgvliv teritorias, romelic droebiT,

armeniaSi mdebareobda.

am CanarTSi amitomac ganmartavs antioqiis patriarqi, rom saqme

Seexeba `qarTvelTa soflebis mkvidrT~.

aseT SemTxvevaSi qronologiuradac ufro dalagebulia msjeloba

_ anastasi antioqieli patriarqi TiTqmis Tanamedrove iyo avanis

qalkedoniti kaTalikosis ioane bagaranelisa, romelic 609 Tu 610

wels gardaicvala.

amis Semdgom, arabobis Semosevebis gamo, rTuli iqneboda

antioqiisa da tao-avanis saeklesio urTierToba.

avanis kaTedra marTlac umRvdelTmTavrod darCa da qalkedoniti

episkoposebi SeierTa somxurma eklesiam VII s-Si, magram es

mdgomareoba, anu eTnikuri mRvdelTmTavris gareSe yofna, ar

akmayofilebda tao-basianis qarTuli qalkedonituri soflebis

mrevls.

maT Cans, surdaT saerTaSoriso mxardaWeris mopovebiT gamoexsnaT

TavianTi Tavi somxuri eklesiisagan.

263

magaliTad, moRweulia iSxanis taZris minaweri, sadac

adgilobrivi mRvdelTmTavari trapezuntSi Cavida, raTa

konstantinopolis patriarqs daesxa misTvis xeli. amiT iSxnis

mRvdelmTavars surda Tavis daxsna somxuri iurisdiqciisagan.

arzrum-Teodosiopoli tradiciulad antioqieli patriarqis

samwysos ganeku­Tvne­boda da iqve mdebareobda kidec avanis memkvidre

tao-basianis qalkedonituri vrceli qarTuli samrevlo.

iberiis eklesiis pirvelierarqad antioqiam daniSna qarTveli

monazoni saxeliT ioane. aseve, ioane erqva VIII s-Si aRdgenil

iveriis avtokefaluri pirveli eklesiis meTaursac.

es niSneulia, radganac avanis pirvel kaTalikossac ioane erqva.

ase, rom avanis qalkedonituri kaTedris warmoSobis mTavari

mizezi unda yofiliyo eTnikuri gansxvavebulobis gamo qarTuli

mrevlis gamoyofa somxuri eklesiisgan da damoukidebel

sakaTalikosod Camoyalibeba.

aseT Tvalsazrisamde mivalT Tuki aRniSnul CanarTs

davukavSirebT samxreT saqarTvelos _ tao-basianis mxareebs.

samxreT taos samefo karze _ daviT III kurapalatis epoqaSi,

mravali ucxoeli avtori axsenebs qarTvel kaTalikoss Tu qarTvel

patriarqs. SesaZloa samxreT saqarTvelos am saeklesio erTeuls

marTlac mianiWa antioqiam avtokefalia, Semdeg aTaswleulSi ki es

cnobebi mcxeTis eklesias daukavSires da miiCnies mcxeTis eklesiis

avtokefaliis damadasturebel dokumentad.

taos (iberiis) samefos adgilze daviT kurapalatis memkvidreobis

dauflebis Semdeg, rogorc iTqva, bizantiam Camoayaliba

administraciuli erTeuli _ `iberiis Temis~ saxelwodebiT _ XI s-s

dasawyisSi.

maSasadame, SesaZlebelia, avanis sakaTalikoso ucxoelTaTvis,

kerZod ki antioqiis qalkedonitebisaTvis warmoadgenda ara somxur,

aramed qarTvelTa, anu `iverielTa~ eklesias. mizezi amisa iyo misi

mrevlis umetesi nawilis (tao-basianis) qarTuloba.

rogorc iTqva, ioane bagaranelis dros, somxur monofizitur

eklesias gamoeyo qalkedonituri frTa, romelmac damoukidebeli

sakaTalikoso daarsa. ismis kiTxva: ecdeboda Tu ara es eklesia

Tavisi damoukideblobis aRiarebas, anda dakavSirebas ucxoeTis sxva

marTlmadidebel sapatriarqoebTan, rogorc TavisTavadi eklesia?

Cans, aseTi urTierToba maT daumyarebiaT antioqiis

sapatriarqosTan netari anastasi mRvdelmowamis zeobisas, magram

264

Semdeg avanis eklesiis TavisTavadoba gauqmda. tao-basianis

iverielma mosaxleobam moiTxova kvlav eZebnaT TavisTavadi eklesiis

Camoyalibebis gzebi da misi saerTaSoriso aRiareba.

es mouxerxebiaT antioqiis patriarq netari Teofilaqtes dros _

Sesabamisad, Camoyalibda tao-basianis, anu daviT kurapalatis

samefos saeklesio samamamTavro, ukve qarTuli saeklesio erTeuli.

amiT iqamde somxurenovanma avanis sakaTalikosos memkvide

eparqiebma aRadgines qarTulenovaneba.

saerTod, unda aRiniSnos, rom III msoflio krebaSi (431 w.) monawi-

le iberieli (urhaeli) qarTveli episkoposi ieremia unda yofiliyo

istoriuli arian qarTlis miwaze mcxovrebi iberielebis episkoposi,

anu is Sedioda ara mcxeTis (qarTlis) eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi,

aramed e.w. sparsuli qarTlis saepiskoposoTa iurisdiqciaSi. es e.w.

sparsuli qarTli mdebareobda ZiriTadad araqsisi xeobasa da vanis

tbisaken mimarTul miwa-wyalze. es iyo qarTvelTa istoriuli

sacxovrisi.

431 wels efesos III msoflio saeklesio krebis momzadebaSi mona-

wile qarTlis e.w. `sparsuli nawilis~ episkoposi ieremia (v. goila-

Ze, qarTlis samefo. avtoreferati doqtoris xarisxis mosapoveblad,

1998 w., gv. 20), rogorc mas uwodeben, `iberieli ieremia~ yofila

nestorianelTa winaaRmdeg mebrZoli (k. kekeliZe, etiudebi I. 51, 62).

wm. grigol feraZis cnobiT, konstantinopolSi yofila `didaqes~,

anu `12 mociqulTa moZRvrebis~ kanonikuri mwerlobis erT-erTi

adrindeli Zeglis _ Targmani, gadaRebuli 1923 wels, vinme

feiqriSvilis mier. feraZis azriT, igi gadaTargmnilia berZnulidan

qarTul enaze V s-Si, ieremia iberielis mier. es ieremia Tavis Tavs

ase uwodebs: `ieremia urhaeli qarTveli marTlmadidebeli,

yaribobis gamo Tavisianebsa da samSoblos daSorebuli~ (k. kekeliZe,

ieremia iberieli antinestorianeli moRvawe V saukunisa, Tbilisis

universitetis moambe, #9, 1928 w. gv. 187, 198).

`sparsuli iberiidan~ warmoSobili ieremia q. urhaSi iyo

gadasuli samoRvaweod.

SesaZloa, ieremia iberielis samSoblo `sparsuli iberia~ is

teritoriaa, sadac Semdgom avanis sakaTalikosos iurisdiqcia

ganivrco, rogorc vTqviT, es iyo iberielebis sacxovrisi.

sabolood, kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom aq, mravlad cxovrobdnen

iberielebi, romelTa gamalebuli armenizacia mimdinareobda IV-V ss-

Si, mas Semdgom, rac am miwa-wyalze mZlavri somxuri eklesia

265

Camoyalibda. somxeTSi mcxovrebi iberielebi mudam cdilobdnen

eklesiurad rogorme gamoyofodnen somxur eklesias, rac mxolod

VI s-is Semdgom, sabolood ki VIII s-dan gaxda SesaZlebeli.

mamaTmTavar-patriarqi

daviT kurapalatis karze (X s.)

asoRikis cnobiT daviT kurapalatis karze iyo pirovneba

patriarqis wodebiT, magaliTad 1001 wels, rodesac daviTis

gardacvalebis Semdeg basili II mivida qarTvelTa qveyanaSi, erT-

erTi Sida SebrZolebis dros daixocnen taos didebulebi, maT

Soris iyvnen: `didi mTavarTmTavari patriarxi, oCopentres ori

Svili gabrieli da ioane, abulxabris SviliSvili Cordvaneli da

sxva mravalni~ (v. kopaliani, saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri

urTierToba 970-1070 wlebSi, 1969, gv. 76).

asoRikis cnobiT gardacvlili patriarqi taos didebulTa wres

ekuTvnoda.

iahia antioqielic aseve iZleva cnobas, rom daviT kurapalatis

karze namdvilad iyo kaTalikosi, romelic amave wres ganekuTvneba.

iahia antioqielis cnobiT, iqamde, ramdenime xniT adre `damarcxe-

bulma daviT kurapalatma kaTalikosi da didebulebi gagzavna bi-

zantiaSi, raTa maT erTgulebis fici miecaT basil keisrisaTvis~

(iqve, gv. 307).

maSasadame, sxvadasxva wyaro miuTiTebs, rom daviT kurapalatis

karze namdvilad iyo umaRlesi sasuliero pativis mqone piri

patriarqis an kaTalikosis wodebiT adgilobrivi warmoSobisa.

is basili II-sTan molaparakebisaTvis bizantiaSi gamgzavrebula,

xolo molaparakebis CaSlis Semdeg taoSi Semosul mters mouklavs.

daviT kurapalatis karze mcxeTeli kaTalikos-patriarqi

imyofeboda Tu adgilobrivi, taoSi Camoyalibebuli axali qarTuli

saeklesio-administraciuli olqis, axali qarTuli sakaTalikosos

meTauri?

iqneb daviT kurapalatma Tavis samefoSi administraciulad axali

qarTuli samitropolito olqi Seqmna, romlis meTaursac

266

mamaTmTavris wodeba hqonda afxazTa samefoSi Camoyalibuli

afxazeTis kaTalikosis msgavsd?

misi memkvidre xom ar iyo sakaTalikoso taxtze zaqaria

valaSkerteli? qarTuli wyaro miuTiTebs, rom zaqaria

valaSkertelsac hqonia `mamaTmTavris~ wodeba, rac, rogorc iTqva,

sityva patriarqis Sesatyvisia da Seesabameba samitropolito olqis

meTaurs.

zaqaria mamaTmTavari (iseve, rogorc 1001 wels mokluli taoeli

patriarqi) ganekuTvneboda taos (anu iberiis) ubrwyinvales

sagvareulos, kerZod zaqaria iyo grigol bakurianis biZis

Tevdrates naTesavi, aseve feris jojikis Zis naTesavi.

marTlac, wyaroebi iZleva SesaZleblobas imisa, rom davuSvaT

varaudi taoSi sakaTalikoso (samitropolito)-saeklesio olqis

Camoyalibebisa, amis varauds exmianeba faqti imisa, rom daviT

kurapalats Tavisi samefo srulyofili samoxeleo sistemiT

aRuWurvia: daviT kurapalatis karze iyvnen iseTi iSviaTi

moxeleTmTavrebi, rogoricaa _ `mweralTa mTavari~, an `meganZurTa

uxucesi~. aseve mis samefo karze yofila piri `mTavarTa mTavris~

wodebiT.

v. kopalians garkveuli aqvs, rom `somxeTis samefo karze

mTavarTa-mTavris tituls is piri atarebda, romelic pasuxismgebeli

iyo mefis winaSe yvela vasalis moqmedebaze~ (v. kopaliani,

saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba 970-1070 wlebSi,

1969 gv. 34). masve eqvemdebarebodnen sagadasaxado moxeleebi, igive

piri niSnavda cixisTavebs. farnavazis dros aseTi moxele qarTlis

samefoSi iyo spaspeti, mas erisTavebi emorCilebodnen. aseTi moxele

(mTavarTamTavari) daviT kurapalatis karze yofila cnobili

didebuli jojiki, mas Tavisi sakuTari `meganZurTa uxucesi~ _

gvirpeli hyolia.

aseTi srulyofili samoxeleo ierarqiis arseboba samxreT taos

samefo karze kidev ufro gvafiqrebinebs, rom zaqaria

valaSkertelis tituli _ `mamaTmTavari~ ar iyo SemTxveviTi saxeli,

rom rogorc mTavarTamTavris mimarT vasalebs ekisrebodaT

pasuxismgebloba, aseve zaqarias (viTarca mamaTmTavris) mimarT

episkoposebs gaaCndaT pasuxismgebloba, anu is episkoposTa mTavari

anu samxreT taos administraciulad TavisTavadi saeklesio olqis

mmarTveli iyo. misi winamosaydreni unda yofiliyvnen taos mefis

karze myofi patriarqi da kaTalikosi, erTerTi aseTi patriarqi

267

unda yofiliyo ioane (SesaZloa, misi saxelia warwerili X s-is

parxalis eklesiis kedelze, is qarTlis anu iveriis patriarqi

yofila anu taos samefoSi arsebuli samitropolito olqis

meTauri).

taos samamamTavros sazRvrebi (X s.)

aSot didi bagrationi _ tao-klarjel bagrationTa winapari _

`nebiTa berZenTa mefisaTa~ flobda teritoriebs vidre qsnamde,

sumbat daviTis Zis matianiT ki _ vidre bardvamde.

misi STamomavloba or samTavro saxlTa Soris gadanawilda _

taosa da klarjeTisa.

taos Sto rezidenciad irCevs banas, ukve adarnase I kurapalatis

droidan (888-923), is iyo pirveli `qarTvelTa mefe~ (narkv. II, gv. 455),

klarjeTis Sto artanujis cixe-simagres.

rogorc aRiniSna, taos (anu qarTvelTa) samefoc or nawilad

iyofoda, erTs X s-is meore naxevarSi `qarTvelTa mefe~ bagrat II

regveni marTavda, meores ki daviT kurapalati.

safiqrebelia, rom bagrat II regvenis gardacvalebis Semdeg `qar-

TvelTa mefis~ wodeba daviT kurapalatma miiRo, viTarca

`sagvareuloSi uxucesma~, daviT kurapalatis gardacvalebis Semdeg

ki `qarTvelTa mefis~ wodeba miiRo `uxucesma~ gurgen magistrosma

(bagrat II-is Zem, Cans 1001 wels), misgan ki misma Svilma _ bagrat III-m,

romelic iqamde ukve iyo afxazTa mefe.

amier tao bagrat qarTvelTa mefes ekuTvnoda, xolo imier tao,

Crdilo basianiTurT, TorTomi da speri X s-is 60-iani wlebidan

daviT didi kurapalatis samflobelos Seadgenda~ (v. kopaliani,

bizantia-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriidan. gv. 111).

imier taos samefo damoukidebeli saxelmwifo iyo iseve, rogorc

amier taos samefo da afxazTa samefo da mas yvelaze didi

Zlierebis dro daviT kurapalatis Jams daudga X saukunis meore

naxevarSi. misi saeklesio-administraciuli olqi _ taos eparqia _

uSualod emijneboda lazikis eparqias, tao qarTuli eklesiis

nawili iyo, xolo lazikis eparqia _ bizantiurisa.

`samxreT-dasavleTidan taos samefo uSualod bizantiis imperiis

samflobeloebs emijneboda da misi sazRvari md. araqsze gadioda~

(georgika IV, gv. 271-272).

268

samxreT-aRmosavleTiT taos samefos Turquli modgmis xalxiT

dasaxlebuli somxeTis miwa-wyali emijneboda, sadac am dros

mahmadianuri saamiroebi iyo Seqmnili.

taos qarTvelTa samefo eklesiur-eparqialuradac or nawilad

iyo gayofili TavianTi sakuTari mmarTvelebiT.

amier anu Crdilo taoSi ori umTavresi saepiskoposo kaTedra

arsebobda _ iSxnisa da banasi, xolo samxreT taom, Tavisi

sazRvrebi vrclad gadawia araqsisa da vanis tbis mimarTulebiT,

rac aseve misi momcveli eparqiis sazRvrebis zrdasac ganapirobebda.

is TandaTanobiT samamamTavrod yalibdeboda q. valaSkertis

kaTedris meTaurobiT.

taos samefos nawilad iqca e.w. bizantiis `zemoni qveyanani~,

karinis olqi, iqamde bizantiasTan sadavo samxreT basiani, Cor-

mairis Temi Woroxis saTaveebTan, cixe sevuki araqsTan, apapunis

provincia. am provinciebsve moicavda samxreT taos qarTuli

samamamTavro, romelic iseTive damoukidebel qarTul

samitropolito olqad yalibdeboda daviT kurapalatis dros,

rogoric iyo magaliTad afxazeTis sakaTalikoso.

Tuki samxreT taos eparqia Camoyalibda viTarca samitropolito

olqi, ris safuZvelsac warmoadgenda taos damoukidebeli

saxelmwifos arseboba, misi sazRvrebi saeklesio wesebis Tanaxmad

unda damTxveoda kidec saxelmwifo-administraciul sazRvrebs.

maSasadame, taos samamamTavro moicavda im provinciebs, romelnic

Sediodnen taos samefoSi. eseni ki, rogorc aRiniSna iyvnen TviT

`tao, orive basiani (zemo da qvemo), karinis olqi arzrumiTurT,

Cormairis Temi, sevuki araqsis saTaveebTan, haqsisa da apapunis

provincia aRmosavleT evfratis zemo xeobaSi (saq. ist. narkvevebi, II,

gv. 478). mas saxelmwifo sazRvrebis gafarToebasTan erTad kidev

unda Semateboda axali teritoriebi vanis tbis dasavleT

sanapiromde.

samitropolito olqis (anu qarTulad samamamTavros) arseboba Ta-

visTavad gulisxmobs saeklesio olqis meTaur mRvdelmTavars,

romelsac uSualod eqvemdebareba Tavisi episkoposebi. aseTi

samamamTavro olqebi qarTul eklesiaSi kidev sxvebic arsebobda,

aseTebi iyvnen magaliTad, afxazTa sakaTalikoso da qarTlis

sakaTalikoso. afxazTa sakaTalikosoSi adgilobriv kaTalikoss

uSualod eqvemdebareobdnen sakuTari anu dasavleT saqarTvelos

episkoposebi, qarTlis kaTalikoss ki aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

269

episkoposebi, Sesabamisad, klarjeTis saepiskoposoebi mcxeTel

kaTalikoss eqvemdebareboda, Cans aseve gagrZelda Semdgomac.

taoSi damoukidebeli samefos warmoqmnam, Seqmna pirobebi imisa-

Tvis, rom am, e.w. bizantiuri `zemo qveynebis~ eTnikurad qarTuli

mosaxleoba eklesiurad daqvemdebareboda ara berZnul-bizantiur

anda somxur qalkedonur centrebs, aramed maTi saxelmwifos _ imier

anu samxreT taos saeklesio olqs, rasac saeklesio kanonebic

moiTxovda. albaT, am politikurma siaxlem safuZveli Cauyara taos

samamamTavros. misi umTavresi kaTedra iyo banaSi, Semdeg ki

valaSkertis saepiskoposo iyo. Cveni kvleviT valaSkertis kaTedra

mdebareobda ara sofel CanglSi, aramed amJamindel qalaq

valaSkertSi, saerTaSoriso savaWro gzaze.

unda vifiqroT, rom taos samamamTavro TavisTavadi

samitropolito olqis saxiT arsebobda friad mcire xnis manZilze,

(`zemo qveynebis~ taos samefoSi yofnis periodSi).

rogorc viciT e.w. `zemoni qveyanani~ bizantiam daviT kurapalats

gadasca daaxloebiT 979-980 wlebSi, xolo 20-22 wlis Semdeg, misi

damoukidebloba Sewyda da basili II-m am miwebis erTi nawilis

xelSi Cagdeba SeZlo. amis Semdeg cxadia Semcirda taos sazRvrebi,

`zemoni qveyanani~ daikarga.

unda vifiqroT, am miwebis suverenitetis dakargvis Semdeg misi

qarTuli marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba bizantiam lazikis eparqiaSi

Seiyvana.

ase, rom albaT taos qarTuli samamamTavro daaxloebiT 20-22

weli arsebobda, taos suverenul samefoSi basilisa Tu romanoz

keisrebis dros misi mrevlis didi nawili lazikis eparqiaSi moeqca.

rogorc cnobilia, basili II-is Semdeg lazikis berZnuli

eparqiis (anu samitropolito olqis) sazRvrebi ganivrco

trapezuntidan vidre vanis tbamde. taos qarTuli samamamTavros

adgili am mimarTulebiT bizantiurma lazikis eparqiam daiWira

(iSxnis warweriT misi erT-erTi pirveli mRvdelmTavrisaTvis xeli

dausxams ara mcxeTel kaTalikoss, aramed trapezuntSi stumrad

Casul konstantinopolis patriarqs, albaT somxur eklesiasTan

davis gamo Tu miiCnies saWirod taos mesveurebma aseTi

demonstraciuli ceremoniali, amasve miuTiTebs oSkis warwera

basili II-is moxseniebiT).

`aRmosavleTis kaTalikosni~

270

romel qveyanas erqva Zvel saqarTveloSi `aRmosavleTi~,

romelsac TavisTavadi saeklesio xelisufali hyavda kaTalikosis

tituliT?

gvxdeba Tu ara wyaroebSi tituli `aRmosavleTis kaTalikosi~

anda `aRmosavleTis patriarqi~?

rogorc cnobilia, tao-klarjeTSi parxlis monastris warweraSi,

romelic Sesrulebuli aris mefe daviT kurapalatis (+1001) dros (X

saukunis 80-ian wlebSi) moxseniebuli aris `qarTlisa da yovlisa

aRmosavleTisa patriarqi iovane~ (v. silogava, patriarqi X s-is

saqarTveloSi, gv. 302).

amave periodSi zaqaria valaSkerteli Tavis anderZSi axsenebs

`patriarq asaTs~, romelic baneli pirvelierarqi anu taos

upirvelesi mRvdelmTavari yofila e. metrevelis azriT (e.

metreveli, narkvevi aTonis kulturul-saganmanaTleblo keris

istoriidan, 1996, gv. 177).

aRmosavleTis patriarqis garda wyaroSi Cven gvxvdeba tituli

`aRmosavleTis kaTalikosi~. wyaroTa monacemebi aSkarad miuTiTebs

rom sityva `aRmosavleTis~ qveS Cveni winaprebis mier igulisxmeboda

qarTveli xalxiT dasaxlebuli `zemoni qveyanani~, anu samxreT tao,

basiani da sxva mimdgomi mxareebi.

v.goilaZis kvleviTac `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalatis~

wodeba gulisxmobda flobas anda pretenzias im miwebze, romelic

daviT kurapalatis samefoSi Sedioda misTvis e.w. `zemo qveynebis~

gadacemis Semdeg (v. goilaZe, aTaswlovani sveticxoveli, 2011, gv.

196).

amave teritorias moicavda Tavis iurisdiqciaSi `aRmosavleTis

kaTalikosi~ basili II-is Semosevebamde.

grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi naxsenebi cnobili fraza, rom

`aRmosavalisa kaTalikosTa wm. mironi ierusalimiT mohyvandaT~,

gulisxmobda ara mcxeTis qarTlis anda ara afxazeTis

sakaTalikosos, aramed imiertao-basian-zemoqveyanaTa sakaTalikosos.

CamoTvlili mxareebisagan Sedgenil qveyanas erqva aRmosavleTi,

romelsac Tavisi qarTveli kaTalikosi marTavda. mas SeiZleba

vuwodoT qarTuli `aRmosavleTi~. maSasadame, tao-basianis

kaTalikosebs mohqondaT wmida mironi ierusalimidan.

qarTuli `aRmosavleTis kaTalikosebs~ mironi ierusalimidan

mihqondaT TavianT eklesiebSi, episkopos efremis RvawliT qarTuli

`aRmosavleTis kaTalikosebi~ SemdgomSi mirons iRebdnen ara

271

ierusalimSi, aramed mcxeTis qarTlSi, mironis kurTxeva qarTls

ganewesa, radganac qarTlia tao-basiani da yvela is mxarec, sadac

qarTul enaze aResruleba wirva locva.

kidev erTxel davsvaT kiTxva _ romel qveyanas erqva qarTvelTa

samyaroSi `aRmosavleTi~?

rogorc iTqva, ufro metad tao-basianis mxareebsa da agreTve im

qveynebs, romelnic daviT kurapalatma SemouerTa Tavis samefos.

am qveynebs bizantiaSi `zemoni qveyanani~ erqva, magram imJamad

hegemon afxazTa samefoSi mcxovreb qarTvelTaTvis es qveynebi

realurad aRmosavleTSi mdebareobdnen, amitomac Cans

`aRmosavleTs~ uwodebdnen kidec, ufro dasavleTiT mdebare

afxazTa samefo ki imJamad, Tbilisis arabTagan pyrobis gamo,

qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobisa da Semecnebis centrs warmoadgenda.

swored masTan SedarebiT, mis aRmosavleTiT mdebare mxares erqva

`aRmosavleTi~.

aRniSnuli qarTuli wyaroebis garda, ucxouri wyaroebic

miuTiTeben taos samefoSi patriarqisa da kaTalikosis wodebis

mqone pirebis Sesaxeb.

iahia antioqielisa da asoRikis cnobebiT mefe daviT kurapalatis

karze iyo umaRlesi rangis sasuliero piri patriarqisa da

kaTalikosis wodebiT. SemdgomSi valaSkertel episkopossac

`mamamTavris~ wodeba hqonda.

Cven gamoTqmuli gvaqvs mosazreba, rom daviT kurapalatis

samefoSi erT periodSi Camoyalibda TavisTavadi qarTuli

saeklesio-administraciuli erTeuli afxazeTis sakaTalikosos

msgavsi, romelsac Tavisi mmarTveli umaRlesi sasuliero piri

hyavda. Cans swored mas uwodebdnen qarTvelebi `aRmosavleTis

sakaTalikosos~.

daviT kurapalatis drois parxlis eklesiis warweraSi naxsenebi

`aRmosavleTis patriarqi ioane~ _ unda iyos ara mcxeTis patriarqi,

aramed mis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi taos samefos marTlmadidebelTa

mamamTavari anu `patriarqi~. misi saxeli iyo ioane.

ufro savaraudoa, rom `qarTli~ anu mcxeTis samwyso da

aRniSnuli `aRmosavleTi~ anu taos samefos samwyso, am periodSi

gaerTianda da erTiani mmarTvelobis qveS moeqca. TiTqos amas

miuTiTebs warwera:

272

rogorc iTqva, parxlis monastris warweraSi, romelic

Sesrulebuli aris mefe daviT kurapalatis (+1001) dros,

moxseniebuli aris `qarTlisa da yovlisa aRmosavleTisa patriarqi

iovane~. maSasadame, `qarTlisa da yoveli aRmosavleTis~ samwysoebi

ioanes dros gaerTianebulia, Tumca am warweraSi `qarTli~ da

`yoveli aRmosavleTi~ SeiZleba sinonimuri mniSvnelobiTac

ixseniebodes.

`meore iveriis~ anu `aRmosavleTis~ qarTul sakaTalikosos

avtokefaloba moupovebia ara konstantinopolidan, aramed

antioqiidan VIII saukuneSi, misi TavisTavadoba realobad iqca X

saukuneSi mefe daviT kurapalatis dros da gauqmda XI saukunis

dasawyisSi imier taos samefos gauqmebis kvaldakval basili II

bulgarTmmusvrelis mier.

davT kurapalitis samefos gauqmebis Semdeg taos anu

aRmosavleTis yofili eklesiis teritoria imperiam lazikis

eparqias anu trapezuntis samitropolitos miuerTa.

amis Semdgom, taos samRvdeloeba zaqaria valaSkertelis

meTaurobiT cdilobda mieRwia, rom yofili taos samefos miwa-

wyalze mdebare eklesiebSi, romelnic ukve bizantiis saeklesio

centrebs eqvemdebarebodnen, wirva-locva da RvTismsaxureba ara

berZnul, aramed qarTul enaze mainc yofiliyo.

am ideis aRsrulebis saqmes emsaxureboda is didi muSaoba, rac

gaswies imJamad aTonis wmida mTasa da imperiaSi mcxovrebma mamebma

berZnulidan qarTul enaze saRvTismsaxuro wignebis Targmnisas. v.

silogavas kvleviT daviT kurapalatis dros taoSi TavisTavadi

qarTuli saeklesio erTeuli Camoyalibda, romlis meTauris

ZiriTadi rezidencia banaSi iyo, misi titulebi iyo `mamaTmTavarTa

mTavari~ da patriarqi. `taos mflobelma daviT kuropalatma,

romlis samflobeloSic Sedioda banas eparqia, banis eparqiis

mmarTvelisaTvis patriarqis titulis miniWebiT, konstantinopolis

sapatriarqosagan eklesiis sruli damoukideblobis gzaze pirveli

nabiji gadadga~ _ wers v. silogava (v. goilaZe, aTaswlovani

sveticxoveli, 2011, gv. 158).

v. silogavas wyaroTa mravali Cveneba uflebas aZlevda, evarauda

taoSi TavisTavadi eklesiis arseboba, Tumca, am eklesiam

avtokefalia miiRo ara X s-Si konstantilopolidan, aramed VIII s-Si

antioqiisagan, mas avtokefaloba esaWiroeboda somxuri eklesiisagan

Tavis dasacavad. Tumca `meore iveria~ avtokefalobis miRebis Semdeg

273

valdebuli iyo mironi mieRo antioqiidan da ierusalimidan. daviT

kurapalatis epoqaSi is am valdebulebisaganac gaTavisuflda. amis

Semdeg mironis kurTxeva iveriaSi anu qarTlSive ganwesda.

aRmosavleTis sakaTalikosos miwa-wyali anu igive `zemoni

qveyanani~ marTalia qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, magram VIII s-mde,

rogorc iTqva, somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi iyo moqceuli,

misgan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg is wm. mirons ierusalimidan iRebda

TiTqmis saukunis ganmavlobaSi, magram qarTveli mamebis

mecadineobiT IX s.-dan axla ukve `qarTls~ (e.i. meore iveriaSi)

ganewesa mironis kurTxeva, radganac es e.w. `aRmosavleTi~ TviTonac

qarTlis nawils warmoadgenda iqaur taZrebsa da monastrebSi

gaCaRebuli qarTulenovani wirva-locvis gamo. pirvel iveriaSi anu

mcxeTis qarTlSi mironi uZvelesi xanidanve, am ambebisagan

damoukideblad, ikurTxeoda. taos anu iveriis eklesiis patriarqebi

yofilan 1. ioane; 2. asaTi; 3. savaraudod zaqaria valaSkerteli.

asaTi erT-erTi SebrZolebisas mouklavT bizantielebs.

`qarTlisa da yovlisa aRmosavleTisa

patriarqi iovane~

(parxlis monastris warwera mefe daviT kurapalatis (+1001) droisa)

efrem mcirem XI saukunis bolosTvis gamoaqveyna naSromi `uwyeba

mizezisa qarTvelTa moqcevisasa, Tu romelTa wignTa Sina

moixsenebis~ (T. Jordania, qronikebi, I, 75-76). misma cnobebma

erTgvarad gaugebari gaxada giorgi mTawmindelis mier dalagebuli

cnobebi saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis Sesaxeb.

kirion meoris azriT VIII-XI saukuneebSi avtokefaliisaTvis

ibrZoda ara mcxeTis sakaTalikoso, aramed e.w. samxreT iveriis

274

eklesia anu tao-basianisa da mimdebare olqebis momcveli eklesia,

romelmac moipova kidec avtokefalia im dros. Cans am avtokefalias

aRwerda efrem mcire.

wm. kirion meorem 1906 wels gaarkvia, rom efremis cnobebi exeboda

ara mcxeTis sakaTalikoso eklesiis avtokefalias, aramed `meore

iveriis~ eklesiis avtokefalias.

meore iveria mdebareobda iq, sadac Semdgom bizantiam `iberiis

Temi~ daarsa, is moicavda miwawyals avanidan (anisisa da airaratis

nawilis CaTvliT) basian-taomde, istoriuli arian-qarTlis

miwawyals.

avani qalkedonituri TavisTavadi eklesiis centri iyo VII s-is

dasawyisSi.

avani punqtia amJamindel erevanTan, somxeTSi.

im epoqaSi, kerZod VII s-is dasawyisSi, sparseTis imperiis

sruliad gansakuTrebuli mxardaWeriT somxurma eklesiam SeZlo

albanelebisa da tao-basian-gugarqis iberebis eklesiuri

damorCileba da isini gadaaqcia somxuri eklesiis mrevlad.

am dros mravaleTnikuri somxuri eklesiis erTerTma ierarqma

ioanem gabeda da eklesiurad gamoeyo somxeTis sapatriarqos.

somxuri eklesia orad gaiyo. misi erTerTi centri gaxda aRniSnuli

punqti avani, mdebare araqsis marcxena sanapiroze mdebare vrcel

qveyanaSi, romelic yovelTvis da maT Soris konstantine

porfirogenetis drosac iberebiT iyo dasaxlebuli.

iqamde somxurma eklesiam swored es iberebi anu Woroxidan avana-

mde mcxovrebi qarTveli mosaxleoba gadaaqcia somxuri eklesiis

mrevlad.

avanis sakaTalikosos ucxoelebi, Cans, iverTa sakaTalikosos

uwodebdnen misi samwysos eTnikuri niSnis mixedviT. es sakaTalikoso

VII saukuneSive gauqmda, misi mrevlis didi nawili maleve daubrunes

somxuri eklesiis wiaRs da sadac isini sabolood gasomxdnen

albanelebis msgavsad.

ara mxolod qarTvelebi, albanelebic VII s-Si (gansakuTrebiT

arabTa Semosevebis Semdgom) kidev ufro Rrmad dauqvemdebares somex

sasuliero mmarTvelebs, magram sabednierod tao-basianis

qarTvelobam VIII s-is Semdeg, ZiriTadad IX-X ss-Si gadaigdo

somxuri eklesiis batonobis uReli da daubrunda erovnul, e.i.

qarTul saeklesio wiaRs, albanelebma ki es ver SeZles, maTi

275

erovnuli eklesia somxurma eklesiam STanTqa, albanurenovani wirva-

locva gauqmda da armenizebuli albanelebi ufals somxur enaze

adidebdnen. somxurenovneba mTel albaneTSi ganivrco.

rogorc aRiniSna, iverebis anu qarTvelebis erTma jgufma,

romlebic basianidan avanamde saxlobda albanelebis msgavsad

veRarasodes SeZlo somxuri sasuliero mmarTvelobis wiaRidan

Tavis daRweva, ramac sabolood es xalxi somxebad aqcia.

am process patkanov-maris gundi sapirispirod saxavda _

TiTqosda, am saukuneebSi mimdinareobda somxebis e.w. qarTizacia da

amJamadac maT mier SemuSavebuli `qarTizaciis Teoria~ batonobs

postsabWour saistorio da filologiur sivrceSi.

efrem mcires es cnoba, romelic mas antioqiis qronikebSi unaxavs

Seexeboda im iverebs, romelTac VII s-is dasawyisSi gabedes da

avanis sakaTalikoso daaarses somxuri eklesiisagan gamoyofis

mizniT.

avanis kaTalikosma ioanem somxuri eklesiisgan gamoyofa SeZlo

mxolod sarwmunoebrivi niSniT.

kerZod, avanis kaTalikosi ioane mxars uWerda qalkedonitur

aRmsareblobas, mis ierarqebTan da misi samrevlos morwmuneebTan

erTad, maSin roca somxuri sapatriarqo Zveleburad monofizitur

platformaze idga.

avanis kaTalikosebma isic ki moaxerxes, rom VII s-is dasawyisSi

daukavSirdnen antioqiis sapatriarqos da misgan moiTxoves aRiareba

iveriis am sakaTalikoso eklesiis Tavisuflebisa. magram Semdgom,

avanis sakaTalikosom kvlav dakarga Tavisufleba. male arabebi

Semoesivnen kavkasias, situaciis erTgvari dawynarebis Semdeg,

daaxloebiT, VIII saukunisTvis aRniSnuli mxaris iverielebis

nawilma, yofili avanis sakaTalikosos mrevlma, kerZod taosa da

basianis iverebma, kvlav SeZlos qalkedonitur niadagze

ganacalkevebdnen somxur sapatriarqos da damoukidebel saeklesio

olqad Camoyalibdnen. am dros maT, Cans, gaixsenes antioqiis

sapatriarqo da misgan kvlav moiTxoves aRiareba TavianTi

TavisTavadobisa.

ai, es antioqiuri cnoba Cavardnia xelSi efrem mcires da

gamouqveynebia. is wers _ ioane `wargzavnes antioqias da misTana

monazoni erTi mociquladca da sakurTxeveladca [e.i. VII s-is

dasawyisSi], rameTu ganwesebuli iyo kurTxeva antioqiiT

kaTalikosisa. da veRaravis xelewifeboda slvad gzasa antioqiisasa

276

[arabobis gamo]. amisTvis didi zrunva aqunda qarTvelTa. xolo

dReTa Teofilaqte antioqiel patriarqisa waravlines mociqulni da

mivides winaSi Teofilaqte antioqiel partiarqisa (745-751) da

miuTxres netarsa Teofilaqtes, viTarmed didsa WirsaSina arian

qristianeni, mkvidrni qarTvelTa soflebisani [igulisxmeba tao-

basian-valaSkert-avanis iverielebi], rameTu dRiTgan netarisa

anastasisa (602-610) mRvdelmowamisaTa (602-610) ara kurTxeul ars

siZnelisaTvis gzaTasa. xolo man hyo sazogado kreba da ganaCina

bWobiTa krebisaTa, mTavarepiskoposTa, mitropolitTa da

episkoposTa TvisTa Tana raTa Sekrbebodes episkoposni samrevlosa

misisani da akurTxevden kaTalikossa JamiTi Jamad, romelTaca

saRmrToman madlman uCvenos maT da romelni gamoirCion da Tndes

mefesa da episkoposTa [igulisxmeba taos mefeebi] da ersa moyvasTa

mis eklesiisasa da Seuqmna maT aRwerili mosaxsenebeli Tavisa

TvisisaTvis _ mun Semokrebulisa krebisaTvis da xeldasxmul hyo

erTi orTa maT missa movlinebulTan monazonTagan, saxeliT ioane,

mis Jamisa kaTalikosad maTda. xolo amas antioqiis krebasa Sina

gapatiosnda da gaTavisuflda maTgan kaTalikosi, rameTu xelqveiT

aRar aris patriarqTa, aRarc akurTxevden, aramed Tvisni episkoposni

akurTxevdnen, da mieriTgan ganefina qveyanasa zeda viTarmed

gaTavisuflda krebasa Sina antioqiisasa~ (q. c., I, gv. 226).

am cnobaSi ar ixsenieba sityvebi `qarTli da mcxeTa~, ixsenieba

`iberielni~. iberielebi, rogorc cnobilia cxovroben ara mxolod

`qarTlSi~, aramed mis samxreTiTac, rogorc iTqva konstantine

porfirogenetis drosac ki mdinare araqsi erTmaneTisagan hyofda

iberielebisa da bizantielTa miwebs.

yvela eri taos samefos `iberias~ uwodebda, xolo mis axlo

mcxovreb qarTvelebs iberielebs. es areali anisidan arzrumamde

iberielebis istoriuli sacxovrisi iyo, amas miuTiTebs ara mxolod

is faqti, rom bizantielebma XI s-Si swored am miwebze anisidan

arzrumamde daaarses saxelmwifoebrivi erTeuli `iberiis Temis~

saxelwodebiT, amas miuTiTebs strabonis cnobac, rom Zveli

welTaRricxvis II saukuneSi armeniam iberielebs waarTves xorZena,

gogarena da pariades kalTebi. antioqias swored taos, anissa da

arzrums Sua mdebare qveynis iverielebisaTvis miuniWebiaT neba

sakuTari mRvdelTmTavris yolisa, romelic aRar iqneboda vinmes

xelqveiT da miuRweviaT SedegebisaTvis, rogorc iTqva ihaia

277

antioqieli da aristakes lastiverteci adastureben taos samefoSi

daviT kurapalatis karze `patriarqisa~ da `kaTalikosis~ yofnas.

ra damokidebuleba iyo mcxeTasa da avans Soris? miuxedavad

sarwmunoebriv-eTnikuri mTlianobisa, mcxeTas VII s-is dasawyisSi,

iseve rogorc VI s-Si ar SeeZlo daxmareboda avans, rame sakiTxis

gadaWrisas, radganac TviTonve iyo sparselebis Tu arabebis mier

sastikad devnili am dros. amitomac, avans antioqiis mxardaWera

esaWiroeboda. avanis samxreTi mxareebi odesRac pirvelqristianTa

epoqaSi antioqiis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda rogorc provincia

`aRmosavleTi~.

jer kidev kirion kaTalikosma ganacxada 1906 wels `winasakrebo

sasinodo Sekrebaze~, rom iberiis eklesiis avtokefaliis Sesaxeb

cnobili efremiseuli cnoba exeboda ara zogadqarTul eklesias,

aramed `aRmosavlis~ anu tao-basianis mxareebis qarTul saeklesio

erTeuls.

avanis sakaTalikosos damxobis Semdeg iveriis anu tao-basianis

mxareebis eklesias Cans `aRmosavlis sakaTalikosos~ uwodebdnen,

radganac mas aRar gaaCnda gamokveTili saeklesio centri. es iyo

iverebiT dasaxlebuli vrceli regionebi, romlis ierarqebi zogjer

valaSkertSi, ufro ki Cans iSxansa da bana-olTisSi cxovrobdnen.

XI s-is `valaSkerteli mamamTavari~ zaqaria erT-erTi bolo

`kaTalikosi~ unda yofiliyo iveriis am mxareebisa, romlis

pirvelierarqi odesRac iyo antioqiaSi nakurTxi zemoaRniSnuli

`ioane~.

ioanedan zaqariamde bevrjer iveriis anu `aRmosavlis~ (ase erqva

am qveyanas politikuradac) sakaTalikoso taxti daqvrivebuli iyo.

es iverielebi erT-erT maT ierarqad moiazrebdnen nerse maSenebel-

qalkedonit kaTalikossac VII s-Sive.

mcxeTasa da `aRmosavlis sakaTalikosos~ Soris urTierTobis

sakiTxi dadga grigol xanZTelis epoqaSi.

am wmida mamis sulierma Svilebma gadawyvites wmida mironiT

gaeerTianebinaT iveriis ori didi eklesia _ mcxeTa da `aRmosavali~.

mas Semdeg, rac 726 wlis manaskertis saeklesio krebis Semdeg

somxuri eklesia sabolood daukavSirda monofizitobas, kvlav

aRorZinda idea iverielebis, anu qarTvelebis somxuri eklesiisgan

gaTavisuflebisa qalkedonuri aRmsareblobis safuZvelze. marTlac,

tao-basianisa da mimdgomi mxareebis iverielebi kidev erTxel

ganSordnen somxeTis eklesias, taos samefos daarsebam maTi

278

mcdeloba gamarjvebul saqmed aqcia _ Camoyalibda `aRmosavlis

sakaTalikoso~, Cans, maSinve dasmula kiTxva Tu visgan unda mieRo

mas mironi kanonieri gziT.

es rTuli sakiTxi ierusalimsa da antioqiaSi gadauWriaT _

`aRmosavleTis~ iverielebi winaT maTgan yidulobdnen mirons, maTgan

mohqondaT mironi.

grigol xanZTelis mowafeebma am saqmes sxva, erovnuli kuTxiT

Sexedes.

maT ibrZoles da antioqia-ierusalimisagan miiRes kanonikuri

ufleba raTa am iverielTa eklesiis `aRmosavlisa kaTalikosebs~

ara antioqia-ierusalimidan, aramed mcxeTidan mieRoT mironi:

`rameTu pirvelad aRmosavlisa kaTalikosTa mihroni ierusalimiT

mohqondaT, xolo efrem qristesmieriTa brZanebiTa mironis kurTxeva

qarTls ganawesa ierusalimis patriarqisa ganwesebiTa~ (giorgi

merCule).

anu `aRmosavlis~ iverielTa qveyanac `qarTlia~, radganac aq wirva

locvis ena qarTulia da ara somxuri. Sesabamisad, mironic aq

qarTlidan unda yofiliyo miRebuli. `aramed qarTlad friadi

qveyana aRiracxebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis

da locva yoveli aResrulebis~ (giorgi merCule, grigol xanZTelis

cxovreba).

efrem mcireseuli cnobiT, mironis kurTxevis saqme ase yofila:

`mironis Sesasyidad qarTvelebs antioqiisaTvis unda eZliaT aTasi

komlis gadasaxadi.

mcire xnis Semdeg antioqiam aTasi komlis gadasaxadis nacvlad

iTxova aTasi drahkani yovelwliurad.

maleve antioqiam, berZenTa mefis SuamavlobiT, qarTvelebis 1000

drahkani gadasca ierusalimis sapatriarqos, axla ukve mironis

Sesasyidad Tanxa qarTvelebs ierusalimisTvis unda eZloT~

(mitropoliti anania jafariZe, saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis

istoria, 2009, gv. 509).

efremis wyaroSi naxsenebi ierusalimis patriarqi oresti da mefe

basili _ VIII-X saukuneTa moRvaweni.

maSasadame, realuri viTareba Cans aseTi yofila _ avanis, anu

iverTa sakaTalikosos TavisTavadoba aRiara antioqielma patriarqma

anastasi mRvdelmowamem (602-610). arabTa pirveli talRisa da 726

wlis manaskertis monofizituri krebis Semdeg xelgaxsnili

279

qalkedonitobis momxre iberielebi mTlianad ganSordnen somxur

eklesisas.

am iverebma, VIII s-is Sua wlebSi antioqieli Teofilaqte

patriarqisagan miiRes kidev erTi axali dadastureba saeklesio

TavisTavadobisa, magram erTi pirobiT _ mironi antioqiaSi unda

SeeZinaT 1000 drahkanis safasurisa.

es Tanxa Semdeg imperatorma ierusalims gadasca, xolo grigol

xanZTelis mowafis efremis dros qarTvelebs ierusalimisave nebiT

ufleba miecaT mironi mieRoT mcxeTidan, anu adgilzeve

ekurTxebinaT. saxeli `iovane~ memkvidreobiT gadaecemodaT

aRmosavleTis kaTalikosebs da maTTvis niSneuli iyo. magaliTad,

mraval afxazeTis kaTalikoss erqva saxeli iovakime, aseTi

samemkvidreo saxeli aRmosavleTis iverTa eklesiaSi iyo ioane.

saxeli ioane erqva avanis pirvel kaTalikoss ioane bagaranels,

efremis cnobiT, ioane iyo VII s-is dasawyisSi antioqiaSi nakurTxi

iverTa kaTalikosi. aseve, ioane iyo VIII s-Si nakurTxi kaTalikosi

da aseve, ioane ixsenieba davT kurapalatis epoqis parxlis eklesiis

warweraSi.

efrem mcires Sesaxeb iv. javaxiSvili (qarTveli eris istoria, I,

gv. 403-404) wers _ `efrem mcire Tavis cnobil gamokvlevaSi

`uwyebaTa mizezsa qarTvelTa moqcevisasa, Tu romelTa wignTa Sina

moixsenebis~ sxva sakiTxTa Soris im problemasac Seexo `Tu odes

iwyes xeldasxmad, viTarmed ara Tvinier wesisa da brZanebisa~ cnoba

am sakiTxis Sesaxeb mas upovia `xronografsa Sina antioqias

aRwerilsa~ _ am cnobis mixedviT gamodis, rom VII s-is damdegidan

moyolebuli VIII s-is Sua wlebamdis qarTul eklesias da antioqiis

eklesias Soris kavSiri Sewyvetili yofila. am gancxadebis Tanaxmad

safiqrebeli xdeba, rom manamde, VII saukunis damdegamde, qarTuli

eklesiis saWeTmpyrobeli xeldasxmisTvis antioqiaSi midioda iqaur

patriarqTan~ (iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria I, gv. 40) am

`antioqiur xronografiaSi~ Semdegi yofila moTxrobili: VIII s-is

antioqiis patriarq Teofilaqtesa (745-751) da imperator konstantine

skoris (741-775) dros iberiidan antioqiaSi Casulma orma monazonma

ganacxada, rom anastas patriarqis (anastasi II (602-610) Semdeg maT

aRar ukurTxebiaT iberiis sayovelTao episkoposi (kaTalikosi).

Teofilaqtem (745-751) moiwvia saepiskoposoTa kreba, romelmac

gamosca werilobiTi nebarTva imisa, rom amis Semdeg iberTa

280

eklesiis episkoposebis mierve xeli dasxmoda iberTa kaTolikoss da

iqve akurTxes iberTa axali kaTalikosi.

es cnoba mraval gaugebrobas iwvevs mkvlevarTa Soris. Tu am

wyaros vendobiT TviT VIII saukunis Sua wlebSic ki qarTuli

eklesia avtokefaluri ar yofila.

sinamdvileSi ki, `antioqiuri qronografis cnoba~ exeba ara

mcxeTis sakaTalikoso eklesias, aramed avan-basian-taos iverTa

eklesias, romelic Tavs iTavisuflebda somxuri eklesiisagan.

ufro adre, wina wlebSi, vfiqrobdiT, rom es cnoba exeboda afxa-

zeTis sakaTalikosos (mitropoliti anania jafariZe, eklesiis

istoria, 2009, gv. 333), magram Cveni axali kvleva aCvenebs, rom

antioqiuri qronografi Seexeba avanis anu iberTa sakaTalikosos, e.i

tao-basian-valaSkert-avanis eklesias. grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi

moyvanili fraza, rom `aRmosavleTisa kaTalikosTa mironi

ierusalimiT mohyvanda~ _ unda gavigoT ase, rom mcxeTisa da

afxazeTis sakaTalikosoebis garda arsebobda kidev erTi qarTuli

sakaTalikoso _ `aRmosavalis-aRmosavleTisa~. aRmosavleTis anu

avan-valaSkert-taos kaTalikosebs antioqia-ierusalimis

sapatriarqosTan hqoniaT kavSiri, mironsac maTgan iRebdnen grigol

xanZTelis mowafe episkopos efremamde, romlis damsaxurebiTac

antioqia-ierusalims ucvnia `aRmosavleTis~ qarTul saeklesio

sivrceSi daruneba, anu mas ukve wm. mironi mcxeTidan unda mieRo.

iSxani _ avani

sofeli avani mdebareobda erevnis axlos mis Crdilo-

aRmosavleTiT (amJamad erevnis sazRvrebSia), xolo dvini erevnis

samxreT-aRmosavleTiT. avani marTlmadidebluri somxuri eklesiis

centri iyo, xolo dvini _ monofiziturisa.

588 (591) wlidan avanSi mdebareobda centri qalkedonuri somxuri

sakaTalikososi. is Seiqmna imperator mavrikes (582-602) mxardaWeriT,

somxeTis im nawilisTvis, romelic bizantiis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida.

erTaderTi kaTalikosi avanisa iyo ioane bagaraneli (+609), sparsTa

Semotevis Semdeg avanis kaTedra gaauqmes (602-603 ww.).

281

avanis arqiteturuli ansambli _ somxuri arqiteqturis miRwevad

miiCneva. misi mTavari nawili, Tu davujerebT mis mkvlevars

aruTinova-fidanians, aris jvris tipis eklesia (588-597), tetraqonqi

(msgavsia _ mcxeTis jvari da rifsime eCmiaZinSi). miiCneva, rom

kompoziciaSi aqvs gavlena eCmiaZinis taZris arqiteqturisa da

bizantiuri martiriumebisa (oqtagonebisa), aseve konstantinopolis

sofiis taZrisa. aq aris qalkedoniti kaTalikosis ezra I-is (630-641)

berZnul-somxuri warwerebi, 1219 wlis `somxebisa da qarTvelebis

aTabagebisa~ ivanesi (mxargrZelisa), 1285 wlis qarTveli daviT

ufliswulis, 1287 w. aTabag xutlubuRasi, avanis mosaxleoba XIII s-

is bolomde marTlmadidebluri iyo (prav. encikl., I, gv. 74).

avani, iseve rogorc iSxani, mdebareobda mxareSi, romelic

ZiriTadad dasaxlebuli iyo armenizebuli qarTvelebiT. amitomac,

avanisa da iSxanis `qalkedonitobis~ safuZveli iyo eTnikurad

qarTuli mosaxleoba, romelic cdilobda Tavis ZiriTad ers _ e.i.

qarTvelobas sarwmunoebiTac damsgavseboda. ase rom, avanis qarTuli

warwerebi da qarTuli arqiteqtura, ise, rogorc iSxanisa _

qarTuli da ara somxuri movlenaa. mimdinareobda ara `somxebis

gaqalkedoniteba-gaqarTveleba~, aramed `armenizebuli qarTvelebis~

dabruneba `erovnul-sarwmunoebriv~ wiaRSi.

mcxeTis jvris arqiteqtura iqmneboda TandaTanobiT, saukuneTa

manZilze. magaliTad, mirianis Zem revma mis jvars daadga `gumbadi~,

rac gaimeores albaT Semdegma arqiteqtorebma. maT Soris avanis

arqiteqtorma, radganac misTvis yovelive qarTuli qalkedonitobis

simbolos warmoadgenda. avans ar hqonda sarwmunoebrivi warsuli

anu is ar warmoadgenda qristianuli siwmidis mqone sarwmunoebriv

adgils. aq igulisxmeba is, rom mcxeTis jvris istoria wmida

ninosTan iyo dakavSirebuli. garda amisa, rac ufro mniSvnelovania,

IV s-Si jvris aRmarTvis Semdegve, moxda udidesi saswauli, jvars

daadga didi naTeli, mcxeTis mosaxleoba xedavda jvarze gadmosul

angelozebs, amave dros mTa iryeoda miwisZvris msgavsad da idga

sakmevlis suni. am saswaulma xeli Seuwyo qarTlis mosaxleobis

masobriv gaqristianebas. am jvars mieniWa didi saswaulTmoqmedi

Zala. aRadgenda avadmyofebs, acocxlebda mkvdrebs _ wm. ninos

cxovrebis Tanaxmad. yovelive es CvenTvis imiTaa saintereso, rom am

jvarze arqiteqturuli nagebobebis Seneba daiwyo IV saukunidanve,

kerZod, mefis Ze revs jvarma mkvdari Svili gaucocxla. amitomac,

man aRasrula Tavisi aRnaTqvami RvTisadmi da iqamde Ria cis qveS

282

mdebare jvari gumbaTiT gadaxura. sityva gumbaTs TviT wyaro

axsenebs. jvarze mTxveva da Sexeba, uSualod mis win locva _ xalxs

SeeZlo, radgan SexebiT iRebdnen jvris madls anu gumbaTiT da misi

damWeri kedlebiT jvari ki ar daifara mlocvelTaTvis, aramed

masze daidga eklesiis msgavsi nageboba Tavisi gumbaTiT. gumbaTis

aRmarTvas ki iTxovda jvris STambeWdavi simaRle. wyarosve cnobiT

jvari daamzades mTel aremareSi yvelaze gamorCeuli xisagan, ase,

rom is maRali iqneboda da misi gumbaTic Sesabamisi iqneboda.

bunebrivia, qristianobis ganmtkicebisa da misi saxelmwifoebriv

simaRleze ayvanis kvaldakval mcxeTis jvarze dadgmuli

arqiteqturuli nageboba ixveweboda, TandaTan ufro srulyofili

xdeboda. xis kedlebi qviT Seicvleboda da masze dadgmuli

gumbaTis formac gaumjobesdeboda. es procesi ki or _ V da VI

saukuneebs moicavda.

ase, rom mcxeTis jvris TavisTavadi da originaluri arqiteqtura

avanis taZris aSenebamde sam saukunes moicavda da mis formas

samaswlovani saeklesio tradicia hqonda.

mas Semdeg, rac arsen safarelis cnobiT, VI saukunis Sua wlebSi

nerse mijinis dros somxuri eklesia ganSorda marTlmadideblobas,

qarTuli eklesia da Sesabamisad, misi arqiteqtura qalkedonituri

sarwmunoebis simbolodac gadaiqca.

maSasadame, mcxeTis jvris arqiteqtura ukve VI s-is bolos

qalkedonitobis simbolos warmoadgenda.

am droidan am taZris aRdgena da mis qvis erTian ansamblad

gadaqceva samefo ojaxis zrunvis sagnad iqca. misi ukve tradiciuli

qalkedonuri arqiteqtura gaimeores avanis, martvilis, ninowmidisa

Tu rifsimes qalkedonitma mSeneblebma.

283

somxuri ganmartebiTi warwerebi

armeniis mier iberiis teritoriebis mitacebis gamo, xorZenasa da

pariadres mkvidri iberiuli (qarTuli) mosaxleoba gaqristianebis

Semdeg TandaTan somxuri eklesiis mrevlad gadaiqca somxuri

saeklesio eniT.

maTma erTma nawilma amis miuxedavad SeZlo qarTuli identobis

SenarCuneba, 726 wlis Semdeg armeniis am qarTvelebma Seadgines

somxur-qalkedonuri eklesiis raodenobrivad Zalze mniSvnelovani

nawili, xolo ufro CrdiloeTiT, basian-taosa da mimdebare

mxareebis qarTveloba dedaqarTuli eklesiis mrevlad iqca. axla

isini eklesiebSi ukve ara somxur, aramed qarTul wirva-locvas

ismendnen. yofil saeklesio somxurenovan qarTvelTa mier

qarTulenovnebis dabruneba Tavis etapebs moicavda. arsebobs

ramdenime saintereso magaliTi:

daviT garejis erT-erT monasterSi freskebze aRmoCnda somxuri

ganmartebiTi warwerebi, msgavsi somxuri minawerebi aRmoaCina i.

abulaZem miqael modrekilis krebulSi da sxvaganac.

qarTuli saeklesio kulturis am Zeglebze aRmoCenilma somxurma

ganmartebiTma warwerebma aRafrTovana `qarTizacia-gaqarTvelebis~

Teoriis skolis warmomadgenlebi, maTi TvalsazrisiT aseTi

somxuri warwerebis arseboba faqtia imisa, rom eTnikuri somxebi

qarTveldebodnen.

Cveni azriT, es Zeglebi aCveneben, rom mimdinareobda piriqiTa

procesi _ yofili armeniis eTnikuri qarTvelebi ibrunebdnen

erovnul anu qarTul-kulturul identobas, rac qvemoTaa aRwerili.

i. abulaZe ganmartavs Tu rogor `qarTveldebodnen~ somxebi tao-

klarjeTSi, is wers, rom efrem mcire `warmoSobiT im kuTxidan

iTvleba sadac somxuri ena da am enaze arsebuli mwerloba misi

moRvaweobis xanaze uwinares erT dros gavrcelebuli iyo garkveul

wreebSi. es kuTxea tao, sadac sakuTari eniT da mwerlobiT

arsebobda IX saukunemde somxuri mosaxleoba, romelic garkveuli

mizezebis gamo am saukunidan daadga gaqarTvelebis gzas eniTac da

kulturiTac~ (i. abulaZe, Sromebi. t. II, 1971, gv. 115).

i. abulaZe xmarobs sityva `gaqarTvelebas~.

284

i. abulaZis skolis TvalsazrisiT, taos somxebma IX-X saukuneebSi

daiviwyes mSobliuri somxuri ena, ris Sedegadac `gaqarTveldnen~.

Tumca am skolis azriT, `gaqarTvelebul~ somxebs mainc scodniaT

somxuri ena da mwerloba, romelsac iyenebdnen kidec, magaliTad

miqael modrekilis naSromis gadaweris dros.

miqael modrekilis iadgaris gadaweris dros (savaraudod 978-988

wlebSi) sxvadasxva gverdze sagalobelTa muxlebis ukanasknel

striqonze, adgil-adgil miuweriaT somxuri sityvebi an frazebi e.i.

zogierT qarTul sagalobels miwerili aqvs ramdenime sityviani

somxuri warwera. rogorc viciT sagaloblebi uamravia, xsenebuli

somxuri warwerebi ki sul 29 daiTvala i. abulaZem (i. abulaZe,

somxuri dialeqturi formebi, Sromebi. t. II, 1976, gv. 276).

es somxuri sityvebi zogierTi qarTuli sagaloblis bolos

miuweriaT maT, vinc gadawera miqael modrekilis iadgari. somxuri

minawerebi ganmartaven, Tu romel dResaswauls eZRvneba esa Tu is

sagalobeli. aRniSnuli 29-dan 15 minaweri pirdapir ganmartavs Tu

romeli dResaswaulis qarTuli teqstia minaweris win.

magaliTad, minaweri nomeri 8, `SobaY qristesi~ (somxurad),

aRniSnavs, rom am sityvebis wina teqsti qarTuli sagalobelia

qristeSobisa.

nomeri 11 minaweri, somxurad, aris `transliteracia imave stri-

qonze mis win mdgomi qarTuli sityvisa _ `brwyinvalesa~.

danarCeni 19 minaweri, am ukanasknelis msgavsad, maT win uSualod

mdgomi qarTuli teqstis bolo sityvas gadmoscems, mxolod ara

transliteraciiT, aramed TiTqmis zedmiwevniTi somxuri TargmaniT~

(iqve, gv. 277).

maSasadame, 29 minaweridan 20 aSkarad warmoadgens ganmartebas

imisa Tu ra qarTuli sagalobelia am somxuri minaweris win.

msgavsivea danarCeni 9 minaweric.

somxuri minawerebis daniSnulebaa ganumartos somxuri anbanis

mcodne mkiTxvels, Tu ra saxis qarTuli sagalobelia mis win.

maSasadame, zogierTi sagalobelis somxuri minaweri ganumartavs

somxuri wera-kiTxvis mcodnes, Tu ra saxisaa qarTuli sagalobeli.

visTvis iyo saWiro somxuri ganmartebiTi warwerebis arseboba?

pasuxi aseTia: saWiro iyo im eTnikur qarTvelTaTvis, romelTac

ainteresebdaT qarTuli sagaloblebi, magram ar SeeZloT

qarTulenovani teqstebis advilad wakiTxva, radganac maT

siymawvilidanve taosa da zogierT mimdebare mxareSi Seaswavles ara

285

qarTuli, aramed somxuri wera-kiTxva da amitom maT uWirdaT

qarTuli naweris wakiTxva-gageba.

SesaZlebelia Tu ara yofiliyo aseTi mkiTxveli?

diax, SesaZlebelia, Cvens istoriaSi iyo identuri magaliTebi.

magaliTad, me piradad mixilavs XIX saukunis qarTuli kondakebi,

romlebsac hqondaT am kondakTa Tavdapirvel mepatrone qarTvel

mRvdelTa mier gakeTebuli rusuli ganmartebiTi minawerebi

Sesrulebuli melniT an fanqriT.

visTvis iyo isini saWiro? im qarTveli sasuliero pirebisaTvis,

romelTac XIX saukuneSi daamTavres rusulenovani seminaria,

iswavles rusuli wera-kiTxva da Semdeg samsaxuri miiRes qarTuli

soflebis eklesiebSi, es qarTveli mRvdlebi gaWirvebiT

kiTxulobdnen qarTul, miT ufro xucur teqstebs, maT rusuli

ufro exerxebodaT, amitomac, isini wirva-locvisas, drois dazogvis

mizniT windawin rusul ganmartebiTi warwerebs ukeTebdnen vrcel

nabeWd qarTul teqstebs, sadac wirvis moqmedebaTa wesebi iyo

gadmocemuli.

aseTi qarTuli wignebi rusulenovani minawerebiT uamravi iyo

sabWoTa epoqaSi. Cven, XX s-is qarTveli sasuliero pirebi, aTeistur

anu sabWoTa epoqaSi, Zvel, XIX saukuneSi nabeWd wignebs vxmarobdiT.

imis gamo, rom imJamad aRar ibeWdeboda sasulieri wignebi, Cven

vsargeblobdiT XIX saukunis naxmari wignebiT, rogorc iTqva isini

im qarTveli mRvdlebisa iyvnen, romlebic rusuli wera-kiTxvis ukeT

mcodneni iyvnen vidre qarTulisa, rusulenovan seminariaSi

ganswavlis gamo.

avtokefaliis aRdgenisa da qarTulenovani wirva-locvis

dakanonebis Semdeg aTeisturi epoqac dadga, am dros ukve Zveli,

naxmari qarTuli wignebi gamoiyeneboda, maT ki rusuli ganmartebiTi

warwerebi hqondaT. Zveli samRvdeloeba garusebuli iyo im

TvalsazrisiT, rom maTTvis rusuli wera-kiTxva bunebrivi iyo,

qarTuli ki Semdeg naswavli. maT, rusul seminariaSi naswavl

qarTvel mRvdlebs, rTuli qarTuli teqstebis wakiTxva uWirdaT.

kidev erTi magaliTi, axlaxan batonma akaki bregaZem gamosca XIX-

XX ss qarTvel mRvdelmTavarTa qadagebani (`mwignobroba qarTuli~,

t. 16, 2013), masSia XIX s-is erT-erTi qarTveli mRvdelmTavris

(imJamad arqimandrit aleqsandre oqropiriZis 1861 wlis) Canawerebi,

romelic dasavleT saqarTveloSi moRvaweobda, is TviT ixdis

286

bodiSs Tavisi Zalze cudi qarTulisaTvis, enis cud codnas

abralebs rusul seminarias. maSasadame, am qarTvelma sasulieri

pirma rusuli kargad icoda, qarTuli ki cudad. rusulis

ucodinars imJamindel saqarTveloSi mRvdelmTavrad arc

daniSnavdnen, radganac misi qarTuli qveyana rusuli eklesiis

iurisdiqciaSi imyofeboda.

Cans, msgavsi viTareba iyo IX-X saukuneTa taoSi, iqamde es

qarTuli qveyana somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi imyofeboda.

gaTavisuflebis epoqaSi, anu IX-X ss-Si, qarTveli sasuliero pirebi

somxurenovani saswavleblebis dasrulebis Semdeg qarTul wignebSi

rTavdnen somxur ganmartebebiT warwerebs, radgan maT ukve

qarTulenovani liturgia moeTxovebodaT, am qarTvelebs ki

somxurenovani qalkedonuri saswavleblebi hqondaT damTavrebuli,

da albaT, qarTulze ukeT somxuri wera-kiTxva exerxebodaT.

VI-VIII saukuneebSi somxeTSi mravali qarTveli cxovrobda da

isini iqve swavlobdnen. erTi magaliTia kaTalikosi kirion I, cxadia,

man somxuri brwyinvaled icoda.

ismis kiTxva, romel enaze iRebdnen swavla-ganaTlebas taoeli

qarTvelebi vTqvaT VII saukuneSi, roca iq, taoSi, iSxanSi, somxuri

saepiskoposo kaTedra moqmedebda?

cxadia, mkvidri qarTveloba iyo bunebiTi mrevli taos

marTlmadidebluri somxuri saepiskopososi, romlis erT yvelaze

cnobil mRvdelmTavars, kaTalikos nerse iSxnels netarad

moixseniebdnen TiTqmis misi Tanamedrove qarTveli sasuliero

pirebi.

netari nerse iSxneli, marTlmadidebeli somxurenovani iSxanis

taZridan mwysav­da taoel qarTvelebs, sxvadasxva kuTxis

samwysosTan erTad. aseT viTarebaSi, wirva-locvis ena cxadia iyo

somxuri, amitomac, Sesabamisad mTel taos saswavleblebSi qarTveli

ymawvilebi swavlobdnen ara qarTul, aramed somxur wera-kiTxvas,

emzadebodnen somxur eklesiaSi samoRvaweod, romelic imJamad

maTTvis sruliad misaRebi iyo am eklesiis marTlmadideblobis

gamo, iseve, rogorc XIX s-Si qarTl-kaxeTis qarTvelobisaTvis

Tbilisis sionis taZarSi rusulenovani wirva-locva iyo misaRebi.

viTareba, rogorc mravalgzis aRiniSna, mkveTrad Seicvala 726

wlidan, mas Semdeg, rac somxuri eklesia sabolood gaemijna

marTlmadideblobas da mtkiced miiRo monofizituri mrwamsi. am

momentma gamoafxizla taoeli qarTvelebi da ara marto isini,

287

saerTod iqamde somxuri eklesiis omforis (iurisdiqciis) qveS

moqceuli qarTveloba.

726 wlidan daiwyo mtkice nacionalizacia somxuri eklesiisa anu

somxur-qalkedonuri eklesiis wevri eTnikuri somxebi SeuerTnen

maTTvis ukve deda somxur monofizitur eklesias, xolo iqamde

somxuri eklesiis mrevli eTnikuri qarTvelebi cdilobdnen

gamosuliyvnen maTTvis ukve araerovnuli somxuri eklesiidan da

mikedlebodnen sakuTars _ qarTulerovnuls.

marTlmadideblobis moyvarul qarTvelebs axla saSualeba

eZleodaT qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wiaRSi

damkvidrebuliyvnen. mTeli tao _ qarTul eklesiad iqca.

dedaqarTul eklesiasTan dabrunebis procesi, rogorc iTqva,

aRmtaci da sixarulis momgvreli iyo qarTvelebisaTvis ormagad,

radganac isini ukve rogorc erovnuli, aseve marTlmadidebeli

eklesiis wevrebi iyvnen. maT iqamde es sixaruli akldaT. Cans kargad

grZnobdnen, rom iqamde VI-VIII ss-Si marTalia iyvnen qarTvelebi,

magram somxuri saeklesio kulturis sferoSi imyofebodnen, Cans maT

aRelvebdaT is, rom qarTuli ena maTi mSobliuri ena kulturuli

da saxelmwifoebrivi sferoebidan gandevnili iyo, rasac miuTiTebs,

swored aRniSnuli qarTveli mxareebidan gamosuli qarTveli

berebis mier naloliavebi da gadawerili `qebaY da didebaY

qarTlisa enisaY~, romelSic qarTuli ena warmoCenilia, rogorc

mdabali, dawunebuli da damarxuli (Senaxuli, mouxmarebeli),

rogorc marTlac iyo qarTuli ena taoSi VI-VIII ss-Si.

erTi sityviT, VI-IX saukuneebSi, taodan da mimdebare qarTuli

provinciebidan gamosulma qarTvelebis nawilma qarTuli ena ki

icoda, magram naklebad icoda qarTuli wera-kiTxva, samagierod

naswavli da SeTvisebuli hqondaT somxuri mwignobroba, amitomac,

Cans maTTvis, IX da Semdeg saukuneebSic, qarTul wignebSi rTavdnen

somxur ganmartebiT warwerebs, raTa advilad gaegoT Sinaarsi anda

arsi romelime vrceli qarTuli teqstisa. vTqvaT vrceli

sagaloblis gverdiT keTdeboda somxuri ganmartebiTi warwera, rom

esaa ama da am wmidanis sagalobeli anda ama da am dResaswaulisa. es

aadvilebda maTTvis RvTismsaxurebas. Cven piradad msgavsi qarTuli

wignebi rusuli ganmartebiTi minawerebiTac gvinaxavs, rac zemoT

aRiniSna. ase rom msgavsi praqtika miRebuli iyo.

msgavsia daviT garejis erT-erTi monastris freskebis somxuri

ganmartebiTi warwerebic. hereTelma qarTvelebma taoeli

288

qarTvelebis msgavsad somxuri eklesiis uRlidan aseve X saukuneSi

daixsnes Tavi. maT, taoeli TanamoZmeebis msgavsad icodnen somxuri

wera-kiTxva, radganac siyrmidanve naswavli hqondaT da amave dros,

aRniSnul gardamaval momentSi naklebad icodnen qarTuli wera-

kiTxva. am eTnikuri qarTvelebisaTvis gakeTda kidec daviT garejis

erTerTi monastris freskebze warwerebi. magaliTad, jvarcmaze

waaweres somxurad `esaa jvarcma~ da a.S.

sabolood, unda vifiqroT, rom `qarTizacia-gaqarTvelebis~

Teoriis momxreebis, maT Soris ilia abulaZisa da sxvaTa analizi

ar asaxavs realobas. am somxur warwerebs e.w. gardamaval periodSi

akeTebdnen ara gaqarTvelebuli somxebi, aramed somxurenovani

eTnikuri qarTvelebi.

maT qarTvelobas isic miuTiTebs, rom zogierTi somxuri warwera

SecdomiT, aragramatikuladaa dawerili.

am bolo faqtma ilia abulaZes aRuZra fantazia, rom taoSi

cxovrobdnen ucnobi somxuri dialeqtis mqone somxebi, romlebic

qarTveldebodnen da TavianT dialeqtze werdnen somxurad. somxuri

kulturis istoriisaTvis faqti somxuri dialeqtis Sesaxeb ucnobia,

TviT somex mecnierTaTvisac ki.

i. abulaZe wers _ `iadgaris somxuri minawerebis enis gacnoba

udavod metyvelebs imaze, rom somxuris forma is mainc araa, rac

maSindeli saliteraturo somxurisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli.

minawerebis ena ufro cocxali sametyvelo somxuri enis Tvisebebs

amJRavnebs, vidre samwerlo enisas. misi gadaxvevani saliteraturo

somxuri enis gramatikuli normebisagan dialeqtis damaxasiaTebel

niSnebze migviTiTeben fonetikisa da morfologiis dargSi.

ramdenadac es minawerebi tao-klarjeTSi sruldeba, imdenad

dialeqturi movlenebi, romlebic maTSi SeiniSneba, SeiZleba

miviCnioT somxuri enis taos dialeqtis damaxasiaTeblad X

saukunisaTvis~ (i. abulaZe, Sromebi, II, gv. 278).

i. abulaZe askvnis, rom X saukunisaTvis taoSi cxovrobdnen som-

xebi, romelTa enac iyo somxuris erT-erTi dialeqti, radganac, maT

mier Sesrulebuli somxuri minawerebi aragramatikuladaa

Sesrulebuli.

sinamdvileSi ki am minawerebs is qarTveli berebi asrulebdnen,

romelTac surdaT somxuri wera-kiTxvis mcodne qarTveli

berebisaTvis miewodebinaT informacia maT win mdebare qarTuli

teqstis Sinaarsis Sesaxeb. maSasadame, termini `somxurenovani

289

qarTveli~ ewodeba iseT qarTvels, romelmac icis qarTuli ena,

magram ganaTleba miiRo somxur saswavlebelSi, iswavla somxuri

wera-kiTxva, Tumca ki somxuri ena mainc ver aiTvisa srulyofilad.

maTTvis keTdeboda praqtikuli daniSnulebis ganmartebiTi

warwerebi.

qarTvelTa mier Sesrulebuli minawerebis avtorebs arc hqondaT

miznad literaturuli normebis dacva, maTi mizani iyo, rogorme

iqamde somxuri eklesiis wiaRSi moRvawe qarTvelebisaTvis gaecnoT

qarTuli teqstebi, romelTac gamoiyenebdnen praqtikuli

daniSnulebisaTvis mocemul momentSi.

taos mosaxleoba somxuri rom ar iyo da amitom maT VI-VIII ss-Si

kargad rom ar icodnen somxuri ena, amas miuTiTebs VIII s-is somexi

avtoris stefanos sivnielis cnoba, rom `taoSi arsebobs Taviseburi

metyveleba~ (iqve, gv. 281). Cven es cnoba migvaCnia dasturad imisa, rom

taoSi qarTvelebi cxovrobdnen, romelnic marTalia imJamad somxuri

eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi iyvnen moqceulni, magram mainc

`Taviseburad~, e.i. qarTulad, metyvelebdnen.

didi gaqceva somxuri eklesiidan

(gvirpelis sakiTxi)

vinc gaecnoba eqvTime da giorgi mTawmindelebis, giorgi mciresa

da sxvaTa Rvawls, raTa qarTuli wmida werilidan aRmofxvriliyo

somxuris yovelgvari nakvalevi, ris Sesaxebac miuTiTebda kidec

giorgi mcire, misTvis maincdamainc Zneli ar iqneba warmodgena

imisa, rom e.w. yofili `armeniis~ miwa-wyalze mcxovrebi qarTvelebis

mizani iyo rogorme ganeSorebinaT TavianTi Tavi somxuri

eklesiisagan, somxuri kulturisagan, somxuri tradiciebisagan, raTa

SeenarCunebinaT TavianTi erovnuli vinaoba. isini kargad xedavdnen,

rom maT Tvalwin kvlav grZeldeboda saukuneTa win dawyebuli

masobrivi procesi somxebSi qarTvelTa asimilaciisa.

X saukunis meore naxevridan samxreT iberiaSi imZlavra Zlierma

patriotulma politikurma dasma, romlis saTaveSi imier taos mefe

daviT kurapalati idga, qarTuli enis, qarTuli kulturis, qarTuli

saxelmwifoebriobisa da eklesiis didi moamage. marTalia is uSvilo

iyo, magram misi ideebi da miswrafebebi misi qveynis Taobebma aitaca

da sabolood ganaxorciela kidec. `wyaroebi aSkarad miuTiTeben,

290

rom daviTis qveSevrdomebi, saero Tu saeklesio pirebi, samSobloSi

Tu bizantiur samyaroSi, mtkiced atarebdnen daviTis ideebs~ _ wers

v. kopaliani (v. kopaliani, bizantiisa da saqarTvelos urTierToba,

1969, gv. 64).

taosa da samxreT iberiis mxareebidan gamosuli moRvaweebi

mxurvale SemarTebiT aSenebdnen qarTul kulturas, TavianT Tavs

`qarTvelebad~ moixsenebdnen da amasTanave mtkice TanmimdevrulobiT

uaryofdnen yovelive somxurs. miuxedavad amisa, n. maris Semdeg, maT

mainc somxebad moixsenieben, gansakuTrebiT somexi avtorebi

zogierT, meore xarisxovan cnobaze dayrdnobiT.

erTi aseTia cnoba: `movida gvirpeli, jojikis meganZurTa uxucesi

da moinaTla, rameTu somexi iyo da arseni uwodes~ (cxovreba

iovanesi da eqvTimesi, gv. 112).

am cnobaze dayrdnobiT, weren, rom eTnikurad somexi gvirpeli

monaTvlis Sedegad `gaqarTvelda~, amiT TiTqos eTnikur somexs

uwodes qarTveli. sinamdvileSi ki aseTi ram wyaroSi ar weria.

amasTanve unda aRiniSnos, rom im droisaTvis anu IX-XI

saukuneebSi taosa da mimdebare mxareebSi ar arsebobda `qarTuli

sarwmunoeba~ am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, piriqiT

qarTvelebis sarwmunoeba iyo berZnuli, anu qalkedonitur

marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoeba. qalkedonitoba, am regionSi,

sazogadod, gaidentebuli iyo berZnul eTnosTan da ara qarTulTan,

maSin, roca aRniSnuli droisaTvis am regionSi somxuri eklesia

warmoadgenda monofizituri sarwmunoebis yvelaze saxelovansa da

cnobil umZlavres keras, Sesabamisad, arsebobda `somxuri

sarwmunoeba~.

im dros `sarwmunoebiT somexi~ niSnavda somxuri eklesiis wevrs.

somxuri eklesiis wevrebi ki samxreT kavkasiaSi mravali arasomexi

iyo, aseve qarTvelebi.

rogorc cnobilia, sparselebica da arabebic bizantiuri

orientaciis qarTvelebs gacilebiT ufro metad devnidnen, vidre

monofizit somxebs, romelnic berZnuli sarwmunoebis

sawinaaRmdegod yvelgan da yoveli SemTxvevisas RaRadebdnen.

aqedan gamomdinare, sparselTa da arabTa mier somxuri

sarwmunoebis mqone pirebi ufro daculebi iyvnen, Sesabamisad, am

regionis (yofili persarmeniis) qarTvelTaTvis somxuri sarwmunoeba

mimzidveli iyo. politikur-socialuri viTarebisa da iZulebis gamo

am regionSi mravali qarTveli iRebda somxur sarwmunoebas. eTnikur

291

qarTvels, romelic somxuri eklesiis wevrs warmoadgenda `somexs~

uwodebdnen. erTi aseTi piri anu `sarwmunoebiT somexi~ eTnikurad ki

qarTveli unda yofiliyo taoeli gvirpeli.

Cans, zemoT aRniSnuli cnobis avtors surda daewera `movida

gvirpeli da moinaTla, rameTu somexi iyo sarwmunoebiT~ anu

gvirpeli iyo eTnikuri qarTveli, romelsac hqonda somxuri

sarwmunoeba, msgavsad imisa, rogorc eklesiurad iyvnen imier

taoeli qarTvelebi wina ramdenime saukune, im epoqaSi roca

iZulebulni iyvnen ecxovraT somxur saxelmwifoSi.

somxuri sarwmunoebisgan gaTavisufleba da erovnuli eklesiis

wiaRSi dabruneba taoelTa da samxreTel iberielTa didi nawilis

ocneba iyo, romelic maT aRusruldaT daviT kurapalatisa da misi

winaprebis dros.

samxreT iberiel qarTvelTagan qarTuli wera-kiTxva yvelam ar

icoda, radganac isini somxuri eklesiis zegavlenis wiaRSi

aRizardnen, Tumca ki Zalze cdilobdnen am naklis Sevsebas, grigol

bakurianisZis monasterSi am codnas yuradReba eqceoda _ `qarTuli

wera-kiTxvisa da enis mcodne~ berebi, tipikonis mixedviT sruli

wevrebi iyvnen monastrisa. ucodinarebs ki saswavlebelSi

aswavlidnen.

grigol bakurianisZis mier SemuSavebuli tipikonidan Cans, rom is

kargad arCevda erTmaneTisagan eTnikur kuTvnilobasa da

sarwmunoebas. magaliTad, roca aRniSnavs, rom Cven qarTvelebi varT

mxne mebrZolebi da iqve aRniSnavs _ `arasodes damizogavs sisxli,

bizantiis imperiis gaZlierebisaTvis arc CemTan myof naTesavebisa,

rom kargad yofiliyo maTi mefobis Zalaufleba... e.i. bizantieli

imperatorebisa. iSviaTad Tu vinme Cveni tomisagani sakuTar

sarecelze bunebrivi sikvdiliT momkvdara, yvelam sisxli daRvara

saberZneTis mterTa maxviliTa da xeliTo~ (georgika, V, 119). am

CanawerSi laparakia ara sarwmunoebriv orientaciaze, aramed

eTnikur vinaobaze da grigoli axsenebs kidec Sesabamis termins

`toms~, Cveni tomis qveS `Cven qarTvelebs~ _ eTnikur qarTvels

gulisxmobs da ara somexs.

samxreT iberiis, maT Soris tao-basianis mosaxleoba amtkicebda,

rom isini `naTesaviT qarTvelni~ iyvnen da ara `qalkedoniti

somxebi~, rogorc surT maTi warmodgena.

magaliTad, giorgi mTawmindeli, roca antioqiis patriarqs

ekamaTeboda da ambobda `ugunurad Segiracxies naTesavi qarTvelTa

292

da Tavni Tqvenni brZen da mZime giyofiano~, cxadia, sityva

`naTesavis~ qveS gulisxmobda erovnebiT qarTvels da ara `somex

qalkedonitebs~.

karinelma Tornike erisTavma da taoelma ioane mTawmindelma

iverTa monasteri `qarTvelTa naTesavisaTvis~ aages da ara

`qalkedoniti somxebisaTvis~, am ukanasknelT isedac mravali

saepiskoposo da monasteri hqondaT bizantiis imperiaSi, sadac

ganadidebdnen kidec somxur eTnoss.

VII saukuneSi, iseve rogorc iqamdec, mravali somexi iyo

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wevri, magram isini somxebi iyvnen da ara

qarTvelebi. taoel didebulTa wres ganekuTvneboda patara

`ufliswuli~ eqvTime, romelsac TviT yovladwmida RvTismSoblis

CvenebiT daubrunda qarTuli enis codna, radganac mas is daaviwyda

bizantiaSi mZevlad yofnis wlebSi. maSasadame, misi mSobliuri

siyrmis ena iyo qarTuli da am enis codna daubrunda mas.

unda iTqvas isic, rom bizantia da misi imperatorebi ar

swyalobdnen qarTul eklesias, iseve, rogorc adre sparselebi da

arabebi. magaliTad, iberiasTan omis dros, rogorc aRvniSneT

imperatorebi ganarisxa qarTuli eklesiis patriotizmma. Sesabamisad,

isini sjidnen kidec qarTul eklesias, auqmebdnen qarTulenovan

saepiskoposoebsa da samrevloebs iberiis TemSi, maSin, roca imave

dros swyalobdnen somxur eklesias. lastivertecis aRwerili aqvs,

roca qarTvel episkoposebs bizantiaSi asaxlebdnen da sxva

qarTveli episkoposebi saxalxo oms meTaurobdnen bizantiis

sawinaaRmdegod, im dros somexTa patriarqebi didad aRzevebulni

iyvnen keisarTa mier.

v. kopaliani wers: `anisis warCinebulTa erTi nawili, romelTa

Soris pirveli kaTalikosi petrosi iyo bizantiis imperiis agentis

rolSi gamovida, keisars mxari dauWira da misi survilis

dakmayofileba moiTxova~ (iqve, gv. 106). keisris survili ki anisis

somxuri samefos dapyroba iyo. cxadia, radganac somexi patriarqi

aseT mZime dros mxars uWerda bizantias, keisaric loialurad iyo

ganwyobili somxuri eklesiis mimarT. saerTod herakle keisridan,

vidre basili II-mde da mis Semdegac, bizantiis imperatorebi arc Tu

iSviaTad somxuri eklesiis mfarvelebad warmoCndebodnen kidec.

amitomac somxeTSi miiCneoda, rom mravali imperatori iyo somxuri

warmoSobisa, maT Soris herakle keisari da makedonelTa dinastiac,

romlis warmomadgenelni iyvnen basili meore da konstantine VIII,

293

maT faqtiurad mospes samxreT iberiis qarTuli saxelmwifo, riTac

xeli Seuwyves politikuri TvalsazrisiT Turq-seljukebis winsvlas

bizantiisaken, xolo sarwmunoebrivi TvalsazrisiT iberiis TemSi

darCenili qarTvelebis kvlav armenizacias, anu maT ukan, kvlav

somxuri eklesiis wiaRSi dabrunebas. bizantielebma qarTuli

saeklesio institutebi am regionSi mospes (arsebobs mosazreba, rom

Tondrakeloba swored im olqebSi Camoyalibda, sadac erovnul

eklesias mowyvetili qarTvelebi cxovrobdnen, romelTac

aiZulebdnen gamxdariyvnen somxuri eklesiis wevrebi, maT ki irCies

raRac sxva sarwmunoebrivi gzis gamonaxva. jer kidev IX s-dan es

moZraoba dawyebula apahunikis mxareSi. safiqrebelia, rom mas Semdeg

rac es regioni Sevida daviT III kurapalatis qarTvelTa samefoSi,

albaT moZraoba Senelda, radganac SesaZloa aq qarTulma eklesiam

SeZlo moRvaweobis warmarTva, magram radganac maleve aq bizantia

gabatonda, moZraoba albaT kvlav ganaxlda. Tondrakelebi ar

eridebodnen arc arabebTan da arc bizantielebTan oms, radganac

oriveni mxars uWerdnen maTTvis miuRebel somxur eklesias).

294

kari mesame

qarTvelTa

saxelmwifoebrivi

erTeulebi istoriul

arian-qarTlSi

Tavi XI

`qarTvelTa samefosa~ da `iveriis Temis~

aRorZineba istoriul arian-qarTlis miwaze

somxuri saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulebis

dauZlurebis Semdeg

`qarTvelTa samefos~ daarseba (IX-X ss.)

295

(ioane drasxanakerteli, somexTa istoria, 1965)

ioane drasxanakerteli gvauwyebs _ `qarTvelTa didi kurapalati

adarnase smbat mefesTan yvelaferSi erTobis, siyvarulisa da

mSvidobis mtkice pirobas icavda. igi mTeli Tavisi SegnebiTa da

ZlierebiT, didi mokrZalebiT, rogorc mamas, anda amaze ufro

metadac emorCileboda mas... Tvals ar aSorebda mefes... da sakuTari

Tavic miando. amis gamo smbat mefe metad kmayofili iyo adarnaseTi

da moswonda igi. man didi mzrunvelobiT adarnase TavisTan miiyvana

da gaamxneva. Semdeg didi pativiTa da didebiT gvirgvini daadga mas,

Sesaferisi lamazi samkauliTa da saWurvliT Seamko mefis wesis

Tanaxmad, _ qarTvelTa qveynis mefed daadgina da mis Semdeg, Tavisi

samflobelos meore pirad daamtkica igi. miiRo ra samefo pativi, da

miaRwia warmatebas, adarnase ki ar gamedidurebula, aramed mudam

Tavmdablad eqceoda smbats~ (ioane drasxanakerteli, somexTa

istoria, e. cagareiSvilis gam. Tb., 1965, gv. 89-90).

Tanamedrove istorikosebis TvalsazrisiT Tavdapirveli

`qarTvelTa samefo~ moicavda artanujis klarjeTis teritorias.

magram es ase ar iyo.

somxuri wyaroebidan Cans, rom `qarTvelTa qveyana~ VI-VII ss-Si

moicavda `somexTa mefis~ im teritoriebs, romelnic qarTvelebiT

iyo dasaxlebuli, pirvel rigSi imier taos (saerTod taos) da

momijnave mxareebs. Tu es ase iyo, da `qarTvelTa qveyana~

Tavdapirvelad erqva imJamindel somxeTis samefoSi (anu yofil

arian-qarTlSi) mdebare taos, maSin SedarebiT gasagebi xdeba

somexTa smbat mefis qmedeba. imJamad somxeTis samefo da masSi

Semavali imier tao, romelsac aseve `iveria~ erqva, arabTa gavlenis

sferoSi Sedioda, xolo misi mezobeli klarjeTi _ bizantiiis

gavlenis sferoSi. klarjeTs qarTveli bagrationebi marTavdnen _

bizantiis vasalebi (klarjeTs qarTvelTa sakurapalato erqva).

somexTa mefeebi ki arabTa vasalebi iyvnen, imJamad arabTagan miiRes

kidec `mefis~ tituli da didi uflebebi.

rogorc iTqva, tao da misi momijnave mxareebi anu `iveria~ imJamad

somxeTis mefeTa samefoSi Sedioda, amitomac maT `somexTa da

qarTvelTa mefeebic~ erqvaT. maSasadame, klarjeTis qarTvelTa

qveyana bizantiis, xolo taos qarTvelTa qveyana arabTa gavlenis

sferoSi iyvnen.

296

Tavdapirvelad smbats taxtze asvlaSi daexmara adarnase,

mezobeli klarjeTis erTerTi mflobeli, samagierod, madlierebis

niSnad, mas smbatma samflobelod gadasca Tavisi samefos qarTuli

nawili (tao) da amave dros daadgina `Tavisi samefos meore pirad~

anu somxeTis vrcel samefoSi taos mmarTveli adarnase gaxda

somexTa saxelmwifos meore piri. maSasadame, klarjeTis qarTvelTa

sakurapalatos gverdiT amoudga taos qarTvelTa samefo.

aRsaniSnavia, rom Zvel drosac, bagratunebi arSakunianebis

samefoSi meore pirebi iyvnen. SemdegSic vaSden qarTvelTa (e.i. taos)

mTavari somxeTis ufalTa Soris erT-erTi upiratesi piri iyo.

termini `qarTvelTa samefo~, imJamad, IX-X ss-Si, mxolod taos

gulisxmobda, `qarTvelTa sakurapalato~ ki artanuj-klarjeTs, rac

Seexeba Sida qarTls, is imJamad danawilebuli iyo afxazeTisa da

kaxeTis samefoTa Soris, misi erTi nawili Tbilisis saamirosac

ekuTvnoda, amitomac is TavisTavadi politikur-administraciuli

erTeulis saxiT ar arsebobda, aqedan gamomdinare mas arc gaaCnda

politikuri saxeli: imJamad `iveria~ erqva ara Sida qarTls, aramed

taos administraciul olqs, romlis mmarTveliba (mefoba) aRmoCnda

klarjeTis kurapalatis xelSi. es orive Tanamdeboba _ mefoba da

kurapalatoba axla ukve erTi piris, adarnases ojaxis xelSi

gaerTianda da gadaecemoda kidec memkvidreobiT.

imxanad `kurapalatoba~ _ bizantiis vasalobas gulisxmobda, `qar-

TvelTa mefoba~ ki _ arabi xalifisagan gamomdinareobda.

arabTa xalifam IX-X saukuneebSi somexTa mefeebs uwyaloba

tituli `somexTa da qarTvelTa mefe~. am titulSi `qarTvelTa

samefos~ qveS igulisxmeboda ara Sida qarTli, aramed somxeTis

samefoSi Semavali qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli tao-basiani. taos

mmarTvelebs iqamde ukve hqondaT `iverTa mTavris~ tituli, axla ki

arabTa mier ~qarTvelTa mefis~ titulis tarebis ufleba mieniWa

somexTa mefes, rac mas udasturebda, rom SeeZlo qarTvelTa

aRniSnuli mxareebis avtonomiuri marTva. erT-erTi bolo `somexTa

da qarTvelTa~ mefe iyo smba-ti, man ki qarTvelTa mefis tituli

gadasca adarnase qarTvelTa kurapalats.

am tituls atarebdnen:

aSot I 884 _ somexTa da qarTvelTa mefe;

smbat I 914 _ jer somexTa da qarTvelTa mefe, mere somexTa mefe;

aSot erkaTi 918/922/ _ somexTa da qarTvelTa mefe (safiqrebelia,

rom aSot erkaTma qarTvelTa mefis tituli miiRo saojaxo-

dinastiuri gziT, kerZod misi meore simamri yofila `qarTvelTa

297

didi mTavari sahaki~, romelsac, i. drasxanakertelis sityviT, aSoti

Tavis memkvidred gamoucxadebia).

maSasadame, qarTvelTa mefis tituli taos mflobelobas

gulisxmobda.

bagrat aSotis Ze bagrationma `qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli miiRo

colis mziTvis saxiT.

bagratis coli iyo `somexTa da qarTvelTa~ mefis aSot I

bagratunis dai, mas mziTvis saxiT gaayoles qarTvelebiT

dasaxlebuli imier tao-basiani, romelic imJamad somexTa samefoSi

Sedioda.

taos _ iverias anu `qarTvelTa qveyanas~ uwodebdnen somxebi,

bizantielebi da arabebi.

imier taos qarTvelTa qveyana, imJamad, rogorc aRiniSna, somxeTis

samefoSi Sedioda, amitomac armeniis (somxeTis) mefes arabTa

xalifam `somexTa da qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli mianiWa.

male am samefos gamoeyo `qarTvelTa~ anu taos samefo.

misi mefeebi atarebdnen tituls `qarTvelTa mefe~, amave ojaxis

wevrebi kidev ufro adridan atarebdnen tituls `klarji

xelmwifeebi~. rogorc iTqva, klarjeTTan erTad tao qarTvelTa

qveynis saxels atarebda.

tao, samTavros saxiT kidev ufro adridan arsebobda, bagrati

SesaZloa Tavdapirvelad `qarTvelTa mTavris~ tituls atarebda,

rac taos mflobelobas udrida (es ufleba man, rogorc aRiniSna

colis gziT miiRo), Cans, aseve misi vaJi _ daviTic, xolo daviTis

Svili adarnase II `qarTvelTa mefed~ ukve oficialurad iqna

aRiarebuli.

wina saukuneebSi `qarTvelTa mTavaris~ tituli SesaZloa taos

sxva sagvareulos hqonda, magram axla ukve es tituli klarjma

bagrationebma moipoves aSot kurapalatis Zis bagratisa da

SviliSvilebis dros.

298

am sqemidan Cans, rom adarnase meorem `kurapalatis~ tituli

miiRo aSot bagrationis xaziT, xolo `qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli

miiRo aSot bagratunis xaziT.

marTlac, kurapalatebi iyvnen bizantiis imperatoris vasalebi,

xolo bagratunebi, arabTa xalifas emorCilebodnen, maT `qarTvelTa

da somexTa mefis~ tituli miiRes arabi xalifasagan, viTarca

xalifebis vasalebma. `qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli gulisxmobda tao-

basianis anu iveriis miwis mflobelobas.

mefeebi samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi

`qarTvelTa samefos~ saxelwodeba da `qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli

dakavSirebulia taosTan da basian-karinTan.

magaliTad, sumbat daviTisZis Txzuleba `qarTvelTa mefed~

pirvelad axsenebs adarnases, daviT I-is Zes _ `aman adarnase aRaSena

bana, xeliTa kvirike banelisaTa~ (`cxoreba da uwyeba

bagratonianTa~, 1990, gv. 48) es moxda IX saukunis bolos.

adarnase (mefobda 888-923) iyo SviliSvili bagrat I kurapalatisa

(+876) da, rogorc aRiniSna, Svili daviT I-isa (+881) mas hqonda `qar-

TvelTa mefis~ wodeba.

299

adarnase I ekuTvnoda aSot I-is (786-826) STamomavalTa taos Stos

(mxolod am Stos hqonda `qarTvelTa mefis~ titulis tarebis

ufleba).

aSot I-is STamomavalTa meore, klarjeTis Sto am tituls ar ata-

rebda. bizantiuri karic gansxvavdeboda am Stoebs da taos Stos

wevrebs ufro maRal tituls `kurapalatisas~ aniWebda, maSin, roca

klarjuli Stos zogierT wevrs `magistrosobiT~ akmayofilebda.

923 wlidan 958 wlamde adarnase I-is Svilebs _ daviT II-s, bagrat

I-s, aSot II-sa da sumbat I-s morigeobiT gadaecaT `qarTvelTa mefis~

tituli, anu isini (Zmebi) Cans, asakis ufrosobis Sesabamisad,

erTimeoris Semdeg atarebdnen am tituls. maT Svilebsac

(STamomavlobasac) Cans asakiT ufrosobis mixedviT mieniWaT ufleba

`qarTvelTa mefis~ wodebisa.

kerZod, sumbat I-is Svili bagrat II regveni 958-994 wlebSi iyo

`qarTvelTa mefe~, mis Semdeg ki maTi didi ojaxis (saxlis) Svili

bagrat pirvelis Ze daviT III kurapalati 994-1001 wlebSi iyo

`qarTvelTa mefe~.

aqedan Cans Semdegi, `qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli gadaecemoda ara

mamidan ufros Zes (rogorc mcxeTel mefeebs hqondaT aseTi wesi),

aramed gadaecemoda samefo saxlis (samefo ojaxis) wevrebs

ufrosobis mixedviT, es ufrosoba albaT ganisazRvreboda asakiT,

xnovanebiT.

`qarTvelTa samefo saxlis~ Tanabaruflebiani wevrebi iyvnen

adarnase I-is Svilebi da SviliSvilebi, e.i. daviT II, bagrat I, aSot

II da sumbat I, maTi Svilebi bagrat II regveni, daviT III kurapalati

da sxva is wevrebi am samefo ojaxisa, romelnic imJamad yvelaze

ufrosebi iyvnen xnovanebiT. roca maT Soris romelime

gardaicvlebida `qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli samefo ojaxis im wevrs

gadaecemoda, romelic asakiT yvelaze ufrosi iyo.

Zveli iberiis samefo saxlSi aseTive wesis arsebobis Sesaxeb

miuTiTebda straboni.

es wesi Cans asaxulia farnavazis cxovrebaSi, roca quji ucxadebs

farnavazs, rom `Sen xar Svili TavTa maT qarTlisaTa, Sen gmarTebs

ufloba Cemi~, anda `me var mona Seni~, aqedan Cans rom quji da

farnavazi erTi samefo saxlis wevrebi iyvnen, magram am dros saxlis

ufrosoba albaT asakis Sesabamisad farnavazs ekuTvnoda. radganac

300

farnavazis daY qujim SeirTo, SesaZloa marTlac quji asakiT

farnavazze ufro patara iyo.

yovel SemTxvevaSi aseTi wesis arseboba taos anu qarTvelTa

samefoSi cxadia.

rogorc aRiniSna `qarTvelTa mefoba~ gadaeca adarnase I-s da

Semdeg mis Svilebs morigeobiT. kerZod, jer qarTvelTa mefe gaxda

daviT II magistrosi (923-937 wlebSi), mis Semdeg 937-945 wlebSi

qarTvelTa mefe iyo misi Zma bagrat I magistrosi, amis Semdeg aSot

II kurapalati 945-954 wlebSi, 954-958 wlebSi ki sumbat I erisTavT-

erisTavi, am ukanasknelis Ze bagrat II regveni gaxda qarTvelTa mefe

958-994 wlebSi, 994-1001 wlebSi ki `qarTvelTa mefe~ iyo daviT III

kurapalati, romelic iyo bagrat II regvenis mamis `saxlis~ wevri,

anu bagrat II regvenis mamis Zmis (`qarTvelTa mefis~) bagrat I

magistrosis SviliSvili.

bagrat II-is Semdeg asakis mixedviT Cans `qarTvelTa mefoba~ unda

mieRoT bagrat II-is ZmaTa Svilebs ufrosobis mixedviT da radganac

adarnase II gardacvlili iyo, es tituli da taxti ergo mis Zes

daviT III kurapalats (ZmaTa Soris samefo taxtis gadacemis wesi

aRdgenila Semdeg muxranel bagrationTa ojaxSi. magaliTad, giorgi

XI-is Semdeg qarTlis taxti mis Zmas ergo, Semdeg ki sxva Zmebs. am

wesis aRdgenas, rogorc fiqroben, cdilobda darejan dedofali,

erekle II-is meuRle, raTa ufrosobis wesiT, ZmaTa Semdeg taxti mis

Svilsac rgeboda).

ismis kiTxva, ratom miiRo aSot I didis STamomavalTagan mxolod

erTma Stom `qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli? es tituli, mxolod taos

qveynis mflobelebs eniWebodaT da es tituli imavdroulad taos

mefobas niSnavda. saerTod, `qarTvelTa mefis~ wodeba taosTanaa

dakavSirebuli.

aSot I-is STamomavalTa taos Stos es tituli unda mieRo an

mcxeTeli xosroani mefeebis memkvidreobiT, anda sxva gziT.

fiqroben, rom mcxeTis xosroiani mefeebi taos ar flobdnen,

maSasadame saZebnia sxva gza.

savaraudod, `qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli aSotis ojaxSi mziTvis

saxiT Seitana aSotis Zis bagrat I-is meuRlem, somexTa mefis sumbat

aRmsareblis asulma. misi Zma, aSot I bagratuni namdvilad flobda

tituls _ `somexTa da qarTvelTa mefe~.

301

taos `qarTvelTa samefos~ legitimaciis Sesaxeb Cven cnobebi

SesaZloa moviZioT armeniis bagratuni mefeebis IX-X ss-is

titulaturidan: `somexTa da qarTvelTa mefe~.

ufro adre maT hqondaT tituli `somexTa da qarTvelTa

erisTavT-erisTavi~.

cnobilia, rom XII s-dan gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefeebsac

hqondaT msgavsi tituli `afxazTa, qarTvelTa, ranTa, kaxTa, somexTa

mefeebi, SahinSa da SirvanSa~, magram armeniis mefeebs gacilebiT

adre, arabobis dros hqondaT wodeba `somexTa da qarTvelTa mefe~.

es tituli TavisTavad gulisxmobs, rom misi mflobeli aerTianebda

somxebisa da qarTvelebis qveynebs.

sad mdebareobda is `qarTvelTa qveyana~, romelsac imJamad

armeniis mefe flobda? cxadia es iyo saqarTvelos romeliRac mxare.

CvenTvis sainteresoa, is Tu IX-X ss-Si armeniis mefeTa

titulaturaSi romel teritoriaze mdebare administraciuli

erTeuli igulisxmeboda `qarTvelTa qveynis (qarTvelTa

saerisTavos, qarTvelTa samefos)~ qveS?

Tu vityviT, rom aq igulisxmeboda mcxeTis qarTlis samefo, unda

iTqvas, rom arabobis Semdeg aseTi samefo aRar arsebobda, piriqiT,

TbilisSi Camoyalibda arabuli saamiro, romelSic mcxeTac

moiazreboda teritoriulad, ase rom, Tanamedrove Sida qarTlSi IX-

X saukuneebSi saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulis _ `qarTvelTa samefos~

saxiT ar arsebobda. arabTa saamiros dasustebis Semdeg Sida

qarTli `afxazeTis~ nawilad moiazreboda. uxtanesTan mcxeTis da

Tbilisis mimdebare qarTls `afxazTa qveyana~ ewodeba. mas `afxazTa~

mefeebi marTavdnen da ara `qarTvelTa~ mefeebi. maSasadame, armeniis

mefeTa titulatura `qarTvelTa mefe~, ar gulisxmobda Sida

qarTlis mmarTvelobas.

`qarTvelTa samefos~, rogorc wesi, am periodSi (X s-dan)

uwodebdnen tao-klarjeTis samefos, ufro zustad taos samefos. mas

bagrationi mefeebi marTavdnen klarjeTTan erTad.

kidev erTxel, rom vTqvaT `qarTvelTa samefos~ qveS

igulisxmeboda taos samefo.

iqneb armeniis mefeTa titulaturaSic `qarTvelTa mefe~

gulisxmeboda taos da aseve mimdebare qarTuli provinciebis

(basinis, karinis an vanandis) mflobelobas?

marTlac armeniis mefeebis tituli `somexTa da qarTvelTa mefe~

ar gulisxmobda Sida qarTlis flobas, radganac is sadavo

302

teritoria iyo, gansakuTrebiT saamiros dasustebis Semdeg iqca

sadavod.

armeniis mefeebis tituli `qarTvelTa mefe~ realur

administraciul erTeuls gulisxmobs da es unda yofiliyo `tao-

basiani~.

marTlac, es ase Cans aristakes lastivertecis naSromis

mixedviT. aristakes lastivertecisTvis `qarTvelTa qveyana~,

`saqarTvelo~ mdebareobda ara anisis CrdiloeTiT, aramed anisis

dasavleTiT. misTvis `qarTvelTa qveyana~ da `saqarTvelo~ moqceuli

iyo berZenTa da sparselTa qveynebs Soris. mizezi amisa iyo is, rom

marTlac, anisis CrdiloeTiT taSir-Zorakertis `somxuri samefo~

mdebareobda, xolo mis maRla, rogorc iTqva Tbilisis saamiro,

romelic ebrjineboda `kavkasieli mTielebis~ qveynebs.

Cven gvainteresebs, rogorc iTqva, IX-X saukuneebSi romel qve-

yanas uwodebdnen somxebi `qarTvelTa qveyanas~, `saqarTvelos~ da

`qarTvelTa samefos~. aristakes lastiverteci gamWvirvaled wers

imis Sesaxeb, rom `qarTvelTa~ qveynebi moqceulni iyvnen anisis

dasavleTiT, karinis (arzrumis) mxares da masSi taosTan erTad

basianic igulisxmeboda.

magaliTad, a. lastiverteci gadmogvcems aseT ambavs, giorgi

afxazTa mefem Seariga anisis mefis gagikis Svilebi _ `movida

afxazTa mefe giorgi da mSvidobianad Seariga isini. sumbats asakiT

ufrosobis gamo giorgim misca wili _ anisis cixe, mis garSemo

mdebare gavarebiTurT, xolo aSots _ qveynis Sida mxare, romelic

sparseTsa da saqarTvelos uyurebda. sumbati daTanxmda da dabrunda

Tavis qalaqSi~ (a. lastiverteci, istoria, 1974, gv. 44).

am istoriidan Cans, Tu sad mdebareobda im epoqis somxebisaTvis

`saqarTvelo~: sumbats mieca anisis qveyana, mis Zmas - aSots, anisis

qveynis samxreTiT mdebare armeniis `Sida mxare~, romelsac

dasavleTiT esazRvreboda `saqarTvelo~ (is `saqarTvelos

uyurebda~), aRmosavleTiT ki `sparseTi~ (`sparseTs uyurebda~). anu

`saqarTvelo~ (`qarTvelebis qveyana~) Sida somxeTis dasavleTiT iyo,

im Sida somxeTisa, romelsac CrdiloeTiT anisis mxare

esazRvreboda, aRmosavleTiT ki sparseTi (Sida somxeTs

CrdiloeTidan anisis mxare esazRvreba, dasavleTidan saqarTvelo-

qarTvelTa mxare (tao-basiani), aRmosavleTidan _ sparseTi).

maSasadame, aristakesis mier igulisxmeboda, rom `Sida somxeTis~

dasavleTiT mdebare basiani, tao da sxva mxareebi iyo `saqarTvelo~.

303

giorgi I-is samflobelo ki iyo anisis CrdiloeTiT mdebare `af-

xazeTi~ anu is rasac Cven amJamad vuwodebT `saqarTvelos~ arista-

kesisaTvis iyo `afxazeTi~, xolo basiani (da tao) misTvis iyo

`saqarTvelo~.

aristakesi mudam wers, rom basiani _ qarTvelTa qveyanaa,

magaliTad, basianis aRmosavleTiT mdebare Sirimnis brZolis

Sesaxeb a. lastiverteci gadmogvcems aseT ambavs, Sirimnis (somxurad

SRfa) brZolaSi qarTvelTa damarcxebis Semdeg, moxda bunebis

saswauli, kerZod daiWira Zalze didi yinvebi, iseTi, rom yinvis gamo

basilis jari ukuiqca da maTi qoneba adgilobriv mosaxleobas

darCa. sabolood, bizantiis imperatori `aSkarad mixvda, rom

mxolod uflis xels SeuZlia misTvis qarTvelebis qveynis gadacema,

rogorc mefeTa wignSi weria: `ver uZlos Zlierman kacman, ufalman

uZlur yos mxdomi Tvisi~, mefe daiZra jariT, ganvlo mravali

adgili, wavida da miaRwia Tavis qalaq konstantinopols. sami wlis

Semdeg man didi ZRveniT gagzavna afxazis Svili, TviTon ki igi

sasikvdilo senma Seipyro~ (a. lastiverteci, istoria, 1974, gv. 53).

maSasadame, marTalia basili bulgarTmmusvrelma daamarcxa qar-

Tvelebi tao-basianSi, magram mainc qarTvelTa qveyana sabolood mas

ar misca ufalma, radganac uflis mier movlinebuli yinvis gamo

basianidan iZulebiT dabrunda konstantinopolSi da mZevlad

wayvanili `afxazi~ mefis giorgi I-is Ze 3 wlis Semdeg ukan daabruna.

aq CvenTvis mTavaria, Tu romeli qveyana iyo qarTvelTa qveyana

aristakes lastivertecis mixedviT eseni iyvnen _ tao, basiani da

TviTon SRfas anu Sirimnis qveyana, romelic airaratis arSaruniqis

gavarSi, arSavirSi, araqsisa da aSurianis SesarTavSi mdebareobda,

am arealSi jer kidev cxovrobdnen qarTvelebi, romelTac ufali

SeewiaT basili II-is konstantinopolSi ukandaxevis dros yinvis

saxiT, amitomac wers aristakes lastiverteci _ am adgilebidan

yinvis gamo gaqceuli basili mixvda, rom `mxolod uflis xels

SeuZlia misTvis qarTvelTa qveynis gadacema~ (iqve, gv. 53).

maSasadame, `qarTvelTa qveyana~ (iverTa qveyana) qalaq anisis

dasavleTiT mdebareobda.

amitomac daarsa aRniSnul teritoriaze (anisis dasavleTiT)

basili II-is Zmam imperatorma konstantinem bizantiuri

administraciuli erTeuli `iberiis Temi~.

304

iberiis TemSi anisic ki Seiyvanes, marTlac anissa da mis garSemo

mravali qarTuli eklesia da qarTuli saepiskoposoc arsebobda,

rasac Cqmalavdnen sabWoTa istorikosebi.

am ukanasknelTa azriT `prozeliturma qarTulma eklesiam~

daiwyo aRniSnul qveynebSi (e.i. tao-basin-karin-airarat-SiraqSi)

somxebis `gaqarTveleba~ qalkedonitobis miRebiT. sinamdvileSi,

qarTul eklesias aseTi qmedebis survili arasodes hqonia, misi

gamarjveba emyareboda mkvidri mosaxleobis eTnikur qarTul

TviTSemecnebas, maT erovnul gamofxizlebas arabTa uRlis

gadagdebis Semdeg.

istoriuli iberiis miwa-wyalze (gugarqSi, xorZenasa da

pariadreSi), mcxovrebi qarTvelebi marTalia, TiTqmis aTasi weli

somxur-bizantiur-sparsul da arabul garemoSi imyofebodnen, magram

maT mainc SeZles erovnul-eTnikuri vinaobis SenarCuneba I

aTaswleulSi, amitomac Seqmnes kidec maleve `iberiis Temi~,

administraciuli erTeuli bizantiis imperiaSi. arzrum-tao-basian-

valaSkertSi qarTveloba kidev didxans cxovrobda, maT saboloo

gamusulmanebamde anu, XVII-XVIII saukuneebamde (erTi-ori qarTveli

mRvdeli aq XIX saukuneSic moqmedebda).

tao-basianis mflobel somex mefeebs IX-X ss-Si (am teritoriaze

qarTvelTa cxovrebis gamo) aseve hqondaT tituli `qarTvelTa

mefisa~, ufro adre ki `somexTa da qarTvelTa erisTavT-

erisTavebisa~. es tituli gulisxmobda somxeTis samefoSi Semaval

qarTvelebiT dasaxlebul tao-basian-karanis flobas.

armeniaSi Semavali `qarTvelTa samefos~ qveS, rogorc iTqva, ar

igulisxmeboda Sida qarTli da mcxeTa, aramed tao da basiani

mimdebare mxareebiTurT.

p. ingoroyvas kvleviT ufro adre, daaxloebiT VII s-saTvis, taos

mflobels hqonia `qarTvelTa mTavris~ tituli. misi saxeli vaSdeni

yofila. maSasadame, tao-basiani `qarTvelTa samTavrod~ VI-VII ss-Sic

iwodeboda, Tumca armeniaSi iyo moqceuli, Semdeg is `qarTvelTa

samefod~ iwoda kvlav armeneli mefeebis mflobelobis qveS.

SesaZloa, armeniis mefe sumbat aRmsarebelma, romelic albaT

aseve iwodeboda `somexTa da qarTvelTa mefed~, Tavis qaliSvils

mziTvad gaatana `qarTvelTa samefo~ (anu tao-basiani), es qaliSvili

ki SeirTo aSot I kurapalatis Zem bagrat I-ma, romelic 876 wels

gardaicvala. bagrat I-is Zeebs ewodaT `taos Sto~ da isini rogorc

aRvniSneT mis Semdeg iwodebodnen `qarTvelTa mefeebad~. maSasadame,

305

Tu aseTi mosazreba sworia, bagrat I-is STamomavlebs `qarTvelTa

mefis~ tituli ergoT dedisagan anu bagrat I-is meuRlisagan,

romelic somexTa mefis sumbat aRmsareblis qaliSvili iyo.

SesaZloa man mziTvis saxiT qmris, bagrat I-is, ojaxSi Seitana tao-

basianis mflobeloba titul _ `qarTvelTa mefesTan~ erTad da es

tituli misma Svilebma da STamomavlebma dainarCunes. I

aTaswleulSi es Cveulebrivi movlena iyo.

aSot kurapaltis Zis bagrat I bagrationis coli iyo `somexTa da

qarTvelTa~ mefis aSot I bagratunis dai (Svili sumbat aRmsare-

blisa~).

qarTvelTa mefis tituli

`somexTa da qarTvelTa~ mefis aSot I bagratunis daY (Svili

sumbat aRmsareblisa) SerTes bagrat aSotis Ze bagrations da mas

mziTvis saxiT gaayoles `qarTvelTa qveyana~ anu tao-basiani.

am naSromis gverd 315-ze moyvanili sqemidan Cans, rom adarnase

meorem `kurapalatis~ tituli miiRo aSot bagrationis xaziT, xolo

`qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli miiRo aSot bagratunis xaziT.

marTlac kurapalatebi iyvnen bizantiis imperatoris vasalebi,

xolo `qarTvelTa da somexTa mefis~ tituli bagratunebma miiRes

arab xalifasagan, viTarca xalifebis vasalebma. `qarTvelTa mefis~

tituli gulisxmobda tao-basianis anu iveriis miwis mflobelobas.

sxva sakiTxia is, Tu IX-X ss-mde ratom hqonda somxeTis mefes

tituli `qarTvelTa mefe~ ?

amis mizezi unda yofiliyo is, rom armeniam adridanve xelSi

Caigdo is miwa-wyali, romelsac odesRac `arian-qarTli~ erqva. mis

mefes, arsen beris sityviT, arian-qarTvelTa mefis tituli hqonda

anu mas `qarTvelTa mefe~ ewodeboda.

`qarTvelTa samefo~ anu arian-qarTli moicavda tao-basianis

nawilsa da mimdebare arzrumis regionis mxares.

SemdegSi, somxeTSi Semavali `qarTvelTa samTavro~ ZiriTadad

amave olqs moicavda, axla ukve mis mflobel somxeTis mefes

Sesabamisad ewoda - `qarTvelTa mefe~, rac am qveynis (tao-basianis)

mflobelobas gulisxmobda.

rogorc aRiniSna, es `qarTvelTa samefo~ IX saukunidan

artanujeli kurapalatebis xelSi gadavida da amis Sesabamisad

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miiRes kidec `qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli klarjma xelmwifeebma. e.i.

maT xelSi gadavida taoc.

`somexTa da qarTvelTa mefe~

870-880 wlebisaTvis `somxeTSiac moikribes Zala adgilobrivma

erisTavebma. sxvebze ufro Zlieri iyo erisTavT-erisTavi aSot

bagratuni... mas `somexTa da qarTvelTa erisTavT-erisTavis~ saxeli

miuRia~ (iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, tomi II, 1983, gv. 102).

iv. javaxiSvilis varaudiT aSot bagratunma `somexTa da

qarTvelTa erisTavT-erisTavis~ saxeli albaT imis gamo miiRo, rom

mas Sida qarTlSi ulaSqria, sadac afxazTa mefes SebrZolebia da

kidec gaumarjvnia, rogorc aRniSnuli tituli afiqrebinebs

mecniers. maSasadame, Sida qarTli somexTa mefis xelSi gadasula.

rogorc iTqva esaa varaudi, raime wyaro amas ar miuTiTebs. iv.

javaxiSvils rogorc iTqva mxolod aSotis `somexTa da qarTvelTa

erisTavT-erisTavis~ tituli afiqrebinebda amas.

Cveni azriT, ki `qarTvelTa erisTavT-erisTavis~ Tu `qarTvelTa

mefis~ tituli miuTiTebda ara Sida qarTlis, aramed tao-basianis

mflobelobas, marTlac `qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli maleve,

SemdgomSi taos mflobelebs hqondaT.

meore magaliTic gvaqvs, romelic Cvens mosazrebas garkveulad

aZlierebs. es magaliTia tituli tao-basianis mflobelebisa VI-VII

ss-Si. rogorc iTqva, p. ingoroyva Zvel somxur wyaroze dayrdnobiT

miuTiTebs, rom, am mxareebis mflobels VI-VII ss-Si `qarTvelTa

mTavris~ anu `iverTa mTavris tituli~ hqonda.

maSasadame, am titulis Sesabamisad tao-basianis mxareebSi VI-VII

ss-Si arsebobda politikur-administraciuli erTeuli `qarTvelTa

samTavro~ (SevadaroT, rom IX-X ss-Si iq iyo `qarTvelTa samefo~).

aRniSnuli `qarTvelTa samTavro~ arsebobda qveyanaSi, romelsac

xan `bizantiuri armenia~ xan ki `persarmenia~ erqva. VI-VII ss-Si tao-

307

basianis ufals `qarTvelTa mTavari vaSdeni~ erqva. vaSden

`qarTvelTa mTavars~ Tavis diswul hamamTan dava hqonia.

hamami qaldea-WaneT-zRvispireTis mflobeli yofila. vaSdeni ki,

rogorc iTqva, mis zemoT, zeganze gadaSlili da vrceli qveynisa,

tao-basianisa.

maSasadame, marTalia es qveyana armeniis nawilad iTvleboda

(igulisxmeba tao-basiani), magram mkvidri mosaxleobis eTnikuri

TviTsaxelis Sesabamisad `qarTvelTa samTavro~ erqva VI-VII ss-Si.

`qarTvelTa samTavro~, Cans, IX saukuneSi somexTa mTavris anu

erisTavT-erisTavis aSotis xelqveS moqceula. maSasadame,

Sesabamisad mas miuRia wodeba `somexTa da qarTvelTa erisTavT-

erisTavisa~ Semdeg ki wodeba `somexTa da qarTvelTa mefisa~

(daaxloebiT IX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi).

erTi Taobis Semdeg `qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli mieniWa adarnase I

kurapalats, qarTvel bagrationTa Stodan, qarTveli aSot I didi

kurapalatis SvilTaSvils, adarnase amave dros iyo taos

erTpirovnuli mflobeli. maSasadame, taos mflobeloba mis

mepatrones aZlevda uflebas hqonoda tituli `qarTvelTa mTavari~

anda `qarTvelTa mefe~, taos mflobeloba mis mepatrones uflebas

aZlevda `qarTvelTa erisTavT-erisTavis~ wodeba hqonoda.

Tu davubrundebiT qarTvel bagrationebs SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva,

rogor gaxda adarnase I taos mflobeli?

taos mflobeloba mas uflebas aZlevda `qarTvelTa mefis~

tituli etarebina. iyo Tu ara misi mama daviT I taos mflobeli?

Tu daviT I, romelic 881 wels mokles, ar iyo taos mflobeli

unda vifiqroT, rom misma Svilma adarnase I-ma aSot somexTa mefis

memkvidreebisagan miiRo samarTavad taos (e.i. `qarTvelTa~) qveyana,

xom ar miaTxova aSot somexTa mefis memkvidrem Tavisi qaliSvili

adarnase I-s da mziTevis saxiT miiRo tao siZem? diax, es ase yofila,

rac zemoTaa aRwerili.

aseve sakiTxavia, iyo Tu ara somexi bagrationi aSoti vaSden

`iverTa mTavris~ uflebrivi memkvidre, vaSden iverTa mTavris

samarTlebrivi memkvidreni iqneb qarTveli bagrationebi adarnase,

daviT I da misi mama bagrat I iyvnen?

308

bagrationTa legitimacia

grigol xancTeli _ `daviT winaswarmetyvelisa da uflisa mier

cxebulsa Svilad wodebulo xelmwifeo mefoba misni dagimkvidren

qristeman RmerTman, romlisTvisca amas mogaxseneb:

ara moakldes mTavroba SvilTa SenTa da naTesavTa maTTa

qveyanaTa amaT ukunisamde JamTa, iyvnen igini mtkiced ufrois

kldeTa myarTa da mTaTa saukuneTa da didebul iyvnen ukunisamde~

konstantine porfirogeneti _ `kurapalatis iberebi, amboben rom

isini urias (xeTelis) colis STamomavlebi arian, romelic daviT

winaswarmetyvelma Seacdina, misi Svilisgan STamomavloben,

daviTisgan rom SeeZina, isini RvTismSoblis naTesavebi arian, radgan

isic daviTisaganaa~.

juanSeri, qarTlis cxovreba _ maSin movida misa mTavari erTi,

romeli iyo naTesavisgan daviT winaswarmetyuelisa, saxeliT

adarnase, Zmiswuli adarnase brmisa, romlisa mama misi mzaxebul iyo

bagrationianTadve, da berZenTa mier dadginebul iyo erisTavad

areTa somxisaTa, da tyveobasa mas yruisasa STasrul iyo igi

SvilTa Tana guaram kurapalitisTa klarjeTs, da mun darComil iyo.

iTxova arCilisgan da rqua: `ukeTu inebo da myo me viTarca mkvidri

Seni, momec qveyana.~ da misca artani.~

latavri iyo aSot mefis daY, romelic miaTxoves farnavazian

arCil mefis Zes juanSers.

qarTlis cxovreba _ guram bagrationi (qarTlis mefe me-6

saukuneSi _ `xolo ese guaram iyo dediT xosroiani da mamiT

bagratoani. da ese bagratoanni SvilisSvilni da naTesavni arian ama

guaramisni~

ambavi bagratoanTa, sumbat daviTis Ze _ `da viwyoT yovelive

ambavi bagratoanTa, Tu viTar arian naTesavni daviT

winaswarmetyuelisani da solomonisni, anu viTar moiwivnes queyanasa

Cuensa. viwyoT adamiTgan, da warmovTquaT yoveli naTesaoba maTi~

...da eseni Svidni Zmani, Zeni amis solomisani, moiwivnes eklecs

winaSe raqael dedoflisa da misgan naTel-iRes.

da daSTes igini queyanaTa somxisiTisaTa, da mun dReindelad

dRemde Svilni mTavroben somxiTs.

309

da oTxni maTni Zmani movides qarTls. xolo erTi maTgani,

saxeliT guaram, ganaCines erisTavad, da ese ars erisTavi qarTlisa

da mamai bagrationTa. da ese bagratonianni SvilisSvilni da

naTesavni arian guaramisni.

xolo ZmaY misi, saxeliT sahak, warvida kaxeTs da daemzaxa igi

nerses.

da sxuani orni igi Zmani amaT, saxeliT asam da varzavard,

warvides kambeCans, da mokles maT sparsTa spasalari da daipyres

kambeCani, da dasxdes mun igini cxovrebad xornabujs. da ama Jamamde

Svilni maTni mTavroben mas Sina.

eseni warmovides ekleciT, romelni monaTla raqael dedofalma,

Zmani Svidni huriani, tyueobiT mosrulni queyaniT filistimiT, da

naTel iRes eklecs xeliTa raqael dedoflisaTa, romelman samTa

maTganTa ucvala saxeli, rameTu erTsa saxel-sdva muSel, da erTsa

bagrat, romel ars mama bagrationTa, erTsa abgavar, erTi Semoiyvana

siZed, da orni maTgani amzaxna somexT mefeTa.

xolo oTxni ese Zmani warmoemarTnes qarTls, viTa zemo vaxseneT,

da guram ganaCines erisTavad~.

mirdatis Zeni da bagrationebi klarjeTSi

310

vaxtang gorgasals meore colisagan, elenesagan SeeZina Ze,

mirdati da aseve asuli, romelsac wyaroebSi `daY mirdatisa~

ewodeba. SemdegSi `daY mirdatisa~ SerTes guram bagrations.

sikvdilis win vaxtang gorgasalma keisris asulisagan SeZenili

Svilebis samyofelad daadgina qarTlis samefos is teritoria,

romelic moqceulia egriswyalsa da klisuras Sua, radganac es

teritoria mziTvis saxiT moyva maT dedas, keisris qaliSvils

qarTlis mefeTa ojaxSi Sesvlisas, keisarma bizantiis es teritoria

qarTls gadasca keisris asulis xeliT.

vaxtang mefis anderZi ufliswul daCisadmi (momavali mefisadmi)

aseTi iyo _ `sazRvari afxazeTisa, romelic mocemul ars

egriswyalsa da klisuras Sua, igi TviT ZmaTa SenTa dedisa ars _

igi aqundes maT~ (q.c. I, gv. 204). daCis ZmaTa (gerTa) deda iyo keisris

asuli elene, misi mziTvi iyo teritoria egriswyalsa da klisuras

Sua.

marTlac, rogorc iTqva, keisris asuls teritoria klisurasa da

egriswyals Sua mziTvad mohyva da is SeuerTda qarTlis samefos. es

teritoria (klisurasa da egriswyals moqceuli) ergo saerisTavos

saxiT elenes Svilebs. am miwa-wyals ewoda `dasavleTi qarTlisa~,

radganac md. klisura qarTlis samefos ukiduresi sazRvari iyo

dasavleTiT.

vaxtangis anderZis aRsasruleblad _ `coli da orni Zeni

vaxtangisani wariyvanes erisTavTa da daipyres dasavleTi qarTlisa~

(q. c., I, gv. 204), e.i. faqtobrivad daeuflnen teritorias egriswyalsa

da klisuras Sua.

rogorc iTqva, egriswyalsa da klisuras Sua moqceul

teritorias `dasavleTi qarTlisa~ ewodeboda (q. c., I, gv. 204). maTi

erisTavebi iyvnen vaxtangis Svilebi leoni da mirdati.

leonis gardacvalebis Semdeg daCi mefem gadawyvita eTxova am

mirdatisaTvis, raTa mas gaecvala teritoria, e.i. moenacvlebina

Tavisi saerisTavo, marTlac _ `daCi mefeman gaucvala qveyana da

aRiRo mirdatisagan egris-wyalsa da klisuras Sua mirdatis

deduli sazRvari saberZneTisa da misca nacvlad javaxeTi

tasiskaridan vidre zRuamde sperisa da erisTavobda mun~ (q. c., I, gv.

205).

e.i. teritoria egris-wyalsa da klisuras TviT qarTlis mefe

daCim daiWira, rogorc samefo miwa-wyali, sanacvlod iqaur mirdat

311

erisTavs ufro samxreTiT _ taSiskaridan zRvamde moqceuli

teritoria gadasca saerisTavod.

klarjeTSi iqamde erisTavebi iyvnen artavazis STamomavlebi. maT

axla daemataT axali erisTavebi _ vaxtang mefis STamomavlebi, maT

`Svilni mirdatisni~ erqvaT.

VI s-Si `Svilni daCisani hmorCilebdes sparsTa, xolo Svili

mirdatisni daadgres morCilebasa berZenTasa~ (q. c., I, gv. 207).

VI s-Si qarTlis sparsTagan dapyrobis Jams _ qarTvel mefeTa

saxlis Svilebi _ `Svilni bakurisni darCes mTiuleTs kaxeTisasa da

naTesavni mirdatisni, vaxtangis Zisani, romelni mTavrobdes

klarjeTs da javaxeTs, igini darCes kldeTa Sina klarjeTisaTa~ (q.

c., I, gv. 217).

am umefobis Jams `ra ucalo iqmnes sparsni, maSin SeiTqvnes

yovelni erisTavni qarTlisani zemoni da qvemoni da wargzavnes

mociquli winaSe berZenTa mefisa da iTxoves raTa uCinos mefe~ (q.c.

I, gv. 217).

`maSin keisarma mosca mefed diswuli mirdatisi, vaxtangis Zisa,

berZnis colisagan, romelsa erqva guaram, romeli mTavrobda

klarjeTs da javaxeTs, mosca keisarman kurapalatoba da

warmogzavna mcxeTas~ (q. c., I, gv. 218).

bagrationebi vaxtang gorgaslis berZeni meuRlis STamomavlebis _

mirdatisa da misi dis genetikuri da legitimuri memkvidreebi iyvnen,

kerZod, mirdatis dis Ze iyo iberiis anu qarTlis samefos pirveli

kurapalati guaram I bagrationi _

`xolo ese guaram iyo dediT xosroiani da mamiT bagrationi. ese

bagratoanni Svilis-Svilni da naTesavni arian ama guaramisni~ (q. c.,

I, gv. 218). `ese guaram kurapalati dadga morCilebasa zeda

berZenTasa~ (q. c., I, gv. 221).

mematianis cnobiT, sazogadod, vaxtang gorgaslis Zeebidan ori

Sto Camoyalibda _ baqarianebi da mirdatianebi.

baqarianebi marTavdnen qveyanas VI s-Si, roca sparselebma qarTli

daipyres. baqarianebma mefoba dakarges. qveyana umefod darCa.

sparseTSi areulobis dawyebiT isargebles qarTvelma didebulebma

da bizantiis keisars Txoves maTTvis mefe daeniSna.

marTlac, keisarma qarTlis mefed daniSna `mirdatis dis~ Svili _

guaram bagrationi.

aq Seusabamoba qronologiurad isaa, rom mirdati V s-Si

cxovrobda, xolo guaram kurapalati TiTqmis asi wlis Semdeg. ase

312

rom, `mirdatis da~ uSualod guaram I kurapalatis deda ver

iqneboda.

safiqrebelia, rom `mirdatis dai~ klarjeTSi SeirTo

adgilobrivma didebulma da am ojaxidan gamosuli qaliSvili

SemdgomSi SerTes guaram kurapalats.

yovel SemTxvevaSi, klarjeTidanaa warmomavlobiT guaram

kurapalati da misi ojaxi. mematianis cnobiT, kurapalati guaram II

bagrationi iyo _ `ocdamecxramete mefe qarTlisa~.

Tu ligan-klarjeTi lazikaa, berZnuli wyaroebiT cnobilia maTi

`basilevsebis~ saxelebi _ eseni iyvnen gubazi da waTe. xolo

qarTuli wyaroebiT klarjeTis erisTavi iyo artavazi.

am adgilobrivi didebulebis (waTes, gubazis da artavazis) oja-

xebidan unda yofiliyo guaram kurapalatis deda, TavisTavad

igulisxmeba, rom es ojaxebi Tavis droze mirdatTan, vaxtangis

ZesTan iyvnen damoyvrebulni. (SeiZleba `mirdatis dis~ wyalobiT

Sevida gubazisa da waTes ojaxSi `basilevsad~ wodebis legitimuri

ufleba).

Semdeg ki am ojaxis siZem _ guaramma (SesaZloa, aseve `basilevsma~)

miiRo qarTlis mefis wodeba, Tumca imperatorma mxolod

`kurapalatoba~ akmara. arabobis dros ki es ojaxi mcxeTidan kvlav

klarjeTs daubrunda.

Zveli lazikis mefeebis warmomavloba

WaneT-taos samefodan

lazebi da Wanebi zogjer erT tomad, zogjer ki erTmaneTis

mezoblebad warmodgebian bizantiel mweralTa mier, lazika WaneTs

moicavda da ufro zogadi erTeuli iyo.

313

lazTa ramdenime mefea dasaxelebuli wyaroebSi IV-V saukuneebisa,

Tumca ki iqvea naTqvami, rom arsebobda winandel lazTa mefeTa

genealogiuri siebi.

favstos bizantielis Txzulebidan SeiZleba gavigoT, rom lazTa

mefeebis qveS igulisxmeba WanTa mefeebi da WaneTis samefo, romelic

IV saukuneSic arsebobda.

Zveli lazeTis samefo mdebareobda ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi,

aramed istoriuli qarTlis samefos gareT da moicavda WaneTs,

mimdebare zogierT mxaresTan erTad, misgan gansxvavebiT, axali

lazeTis samefo klarjeT-ligans moicavda.

kerZod, favstosi wers, rom IV s-Si somxeTis mefes mimarTa taos

mflobelma manuel mamikonianma Semdegi sityvebiT: `Cveni winaprebi

Wenastanis mefeebi iyvnen... sisxlisRvris gamo davtoveT samSoblo da

movediT Tqvens karze mSvidobis saZebnelad~, e.i Wenistanis mefeebi

taos mflobelebi iyvnen.

p. ingoroyva imowmebs n. adoncs, rom `Wenastani~ aris WaneTi,

taos gverdiT.

favstosis cnobiT, WaneTis, anu lazeTis Zveli samefo, Cans, erT

periodSi imdenad Zlieri yofila, rom misi mefeebis Rirseba

aranaklebi yofila somexTa mefeebisaze.

amasTan dakavSirebiT manueli somexTa mefis winaSe ambobs _ `Cven

arasodes vyofilvarT Tqveni msaxurni (e.i. WaneTis samefo

damoukidebeli saxelmwifo iyo), aramed viyaviT Tqveni amxanagi (anu

RirsebiT Tanaswori) da iqneb Tqvenze metad saxelovannic~.

am cnobidan Cans, rom Zvel lazeTs, anu WaneTs IV saukunemde

hyavda saxelovani samefo dinastia.

am dinastiidan unda yofiliyvnen lazTa mefeebi waTe, gubazi da

sxvebi, Semdeg maT sammarTvelod klarjeT-liganic gadaecaT

(istoriuli WaneTis gareT VI s-is lazikaSi Sedioda fazisis anu md.

Woroxis SesarTavi da misi dasavleTi sanapiro, aRmosavleTis erT

nawilTan erTad Woroxis saTaveebis CaTvliT).

p. ingoroyva, somxur wyaroebze dayrdnobiT varaudobs, rom III

saukunisaTvis WaneTis samefo WaneTTan erTad moicavda taosac.

III saukuneSi samefo saxlis SigniT Sinauri SfoTis gamo tao

iqaurma mmarTvelma (WaneTis samefo ojaxis taos Stom) gadasca

somexTa samefos, anu tao dapyrobis gareSe Sevida somxeTis samefos

SemadgenlobaSi (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, gv. 490) da aseve

314

dapyrobis gareSe (daaxloebiT 500 wlis Semdeg) tao somxeTis mefem

ukan gadasca saqarTvelos _ aSot I kurapalatis Zes bagrat I-s

WaneTs _ qaldea/qarTea erqva, taos ki _ `qarTvelTa~ samefo.

maSasadame, orive am qveyanas-WaneTsa da taos anu `qaldeasa~ da

`qarTvelTa~ samefos TviTsaxelwodeba _ `qaldea~ _ `qarTu~ erTi

fuZidan amomavali sityvebia, aqedan gamomdinare es ori qveyana

albaT odesme erT mTlian samefos Seadgenda `qarTu~ saxelis

mqones (`arian-qarTli~-kolxeTi saxelTa fuZeebic /qarT-kol/

identurebi arian).

rogorc aRiniSna, favstos bizantielis saistorio TxzulebaSi

manueli Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTavs somxeTis mefes varazdats (374-

377ww.) `Cven arasodes vyofilvarT Tqveni msaxurni, aramed viyaviT

Tqveni amxanagni da iqneb Tqvenze metad saxelovanic, radgan Cveni

winaparni iyvnen mefeni WenastanSi, magram ZmaTa Soris ganxeTqilebis

gamo moxda didi sisxlisRvra, Cven davtoveT samSoblo da movediT

aq mSvidobis saZebnelad~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, gv. 489).

rogorc aRiniSna, Wanistans, anu WaneTs Tavisi mefeebi hyolia

ukve III saukuneSi, radganac manuels mefisaTvis miumarTavs 228-297

wlebSi (iqve, gv. 490).

favstos bizantielis es cnoba eTanadeba sxva berZen-bizantiel

avtorTa cnobebs, romlebic lazTa, anu kolxTa mefeebisa da tomis

Sesaxeb ambobdnen: `isini Zalze amayebi arian da qedmaRloben

kolxeTis Zveli didebis gamo~, favstosis cnobiTac, Wanebis mefeTa

STamomavali armeniis mefesTan ambobs: `Cveni dinastia Tqvenze metad

saxelovanic SeiZleba iyos~. es ori cnoba erTmaneTis identuria da

miuTiTebs kolxeT-lazeTis Zveli samefos Sesaxeb.

aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom Zveli lazikis anu

WaneTis dinastiis erTi frTa, Cans Siga areulobis gamo iZulebuli

gamxdara Tavi somxeTisaTvis Seefarebina da Tavisi samefos erTi

nawilis (taos) gadacemiT somexTa mxardaWera moupovebia, xolo

meore frTas WaneTis ZiriTadi nawili daukargavs V saukuneSi. am

dros bizantiis imperatori molaparakebia lazTa mefe gubaz I-s da

misTvis samefos erTi nawili CamourTmevia. am dros sazRvari punqt

xufaTze gadebula. sanacvlod, VI saukuneSi iustinianes dros

lazTa mefeebisaTvis mmarTvelobaSi gadauciaT klarjeT-ligani. ase

Camoyalibebula `axali lazikis~ samefo `Zveli lazikis~ saxelovani

dinastiis mmarTvelobiT.

315

bagrationebi baiberdidan klarjeTSi

bagrationebis sagvareulo (Tavdapirveli) cixe-simagre yofila

baiberdi- istoriul sperSi. n. adonci wers `viciT, rom kantoni

speri ekuTvnoda bagratid mTavrebs~ (n. adonci, armenia iustinianes

epoqaSi, 1908, gv. 122).

n. adonci cnobebs imis Sesaxeb, rom speri _ bagrationebis

Tavdapirveli mamuli iyo, iRebs Zveli somxuri wyaroebidan da

wyarod miuTiTebs `fausti~, V, 44; sebeosi, 139.

pontos zRvispireTSi Camosaxlebuli qarTvelebisaTvis

nabuqodonosors, xorenacis mixedviT, uflad daudgenia mihrdatis _

darehis (dariosis) STamomavlebi (m. xorenaci, somxeTis istoria,

1984, gv.107). es `pontospireTi~ moicavda vrcel mxares sinopidan

dasavleT saqarTvelos CaTvliT, trapezuntis olqs baiburdisa da

Semdgomi arzrumis CaTvliT. bagrationTa Tavdapirveli sacxovrisi,

rogorc iTqva, baiberdi yofila.

baiberdi CvenTvis imiTaa saintereso, rom aq yofila paipertis

saepiskoposo, Semavali trapezuntis samitropolitoSi. es

samitropolito ki, noticiebis mixedviT, lazikaSi yofila.

aqve, sperTan mdebareobda WaneTis mTianeTi. maTi saerTo berZnuli

saxeli `lazika~ yofila, VI s-Si iustinianem daipyro trapezuntis

Crdilo SavizRvispireTi da iq daaarsa qalaqi petra. ramac

safuZveli daudo spars-romaelTa omebs petrasaTvis.

g. meliqiSvilis Tanaxmad, kolxeTis barSi Casaxlebula

trapezuntis samxreT-aRmosavleT mTianeTis mosaxleoba-Wanebi

(sanebi?), berZnebi maT, Cans, _ lazebs uwodebdnen. maT albaT

bagrationebis cnobili sagvareulos warmomadgenlebic wayvnen

(Wanika baiberdTan axlos mdebareobda). es sagvareulo VI saukuneSi

iberiaSi gamefda droebiT, IX saukunidan ki cnobilia bagration

mefeTa klarjul-artanujuli da taouri saxlebi. safiqrebelia,

rom isini yvelani gamomdinareobdnen speris (baiberdis) fuZe

sagvareulo saxlidan.

kidev erTxel mivuTiTebT adoncis frazas _ `kantoni speri

ekuTvnoda bagratid mTavrebs~ (n. adonci, armenia iustinianes

epoqaSi, 1908, gv. 122) da is wyarod miuTiTebs `fausti~, V, 44; sebeosi,

139.

316

bagrationebs TavianTi gvari aRebuli hqondaT dedis

mxridan

`gadmovida arCil egrisiT da dajda nacixarsa xidrisasa. maSin

movida misa mTavari erTi, romeli iyo naTesavisagan daviT

winaswarmetyvelis, saxeliT adarnase, Zmiswuli adarnase brmisa,

romlisa mama misi mzaxebul iyo bagratonianTadve da berZenTa mier

dadginebuli iyo erisTavad areTa somxiTisaTa da tyveobasa mas

yruisasa STasul iyo igi SvilTa Tana guaram kurapalatisaTa

klarjeTs da mun darComil iyo. iTxova arCilisagan da rqua

`ukueTu inebo da myo me viTarca mkvidri Seni, momec queyana~ da

misca Sulaveri da artaani~ (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, I, gv. 243).

qvemoT SevecadoT avxsnaT, rom adarnase mTavari, romelic mivida

mefe arCilTan, iyo daviT winaswarmetyvelis STamomavali mamis

mxridan, xolo dedis mxridan is iyo bagratoniani (bagrationi), anu

TviTon am mTavars da mis mamasac bagratoniani qalebi hyavdaT

SerTuli, maTi Svilebi dediT bagrationebi, xolo mamiT

`naTesavisagan daviT winaswarmetyvelisa~ anu ebraelebi iyvnen.

es Tvalsazrisi gamomdinareobs wyaroSi naxmari sityvidan

`mzaxali~. `damzaxeba~ _ niSnavs `damoyvrebas~ (`Zveli qarTuli enis

SeerTebuli leqsikoni~, 2008, gv. 102). mZaxali axlac colis (rZlis)

naTesavia.

`romlisa mama mzaxebel iyo bagratonianTadve~ _ niSnavs, rom

adarnase mTavris mamasac da TviT adarnasesac bagrationebis qalebi

hyavda SerTuli, anu bagrationebi adarnases `mzaxlebi~ _ anu

naTesavebi iyvnen dedisa da colis mxridan.

`berZenTa mier dadginebul iyo areTa somxiTisaTa~ niSnavs,

Semdegs _ artaani arCilis samefoSi Sedioda, klarjeTi `berZenTa~

uflebis qveS iyo, xolo danarCeni qvemo mxareebi (tao, TorTomi,

speri da a.S.) _ im momentSi `somxeTis ared~ iTvleboda (herakle

keisris wyalobiT), sadac bizantielTa nebiT mTavrobda adarnase,

daviT winaswarmetyvelis STamomavali.

arabTa Semosevebis Semdeg is (adarnase) moridebia arabebs da

klarjeTSi gadasula, sadac darCenila sacxovreblad.

317

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi arCil qarTlis xosroiani mefis

dabrunebis Semdeg ki, misula masTan da misTvis uTxovia raTa mieRo

qveynis mkvidrad da Caericxa samefo erisTavTa wreSi.

arCilma Seusrula Txovna da misca samflobelod qarTlis

samefos artaanisa da Sulavris provinciebi.

maSasadame, adarnases ukve ufleba gaaCnda sam qarTul

provinciaze; 1. misi imJamindeli mamulebi bizantiis xeldebul

klarjeTSi iyo; 2. amave dros is iyo qarTlis samefos erisTavi; 3.

xolo misi Zirimamuli tao-speris mxareebi iyo.

klarjeTi, artaani, da tao _ bagrationTa qveynebad iqca.

maSasadame, adarnase mTavari, Tavdapirvelad, dadgenili iyo

`somxeTis areTa erisTavad~ (igulisxmeba imJamad armeniis qarTuli

mxareebi tao-speri da basiani), aqedan Semdeg arabobis gamo

gadasula klarjeTSi (bizantielTa xeldebul qveyanaSi).

klarjeTis mezobeli artaanisa da Sulaveris `qveynebi~ arCilis

samefoSi Sedioda. SemdegSi isini (es qveynebi) gadaeca adarnase

bagrations arCilis mier.

(aqedanaa Semdgomi titulebi `artanujeli xelmwife~, `klarjeli

xelmwife, `taoeli anu qarTvelTa mefe~, radganac tao iveriad

iwodeboda, rogorc somexTa, ise bizantielTa mier).

berZnuli sakariskaco titulebi

berZnuli sakariskaco titulebi ar hqondaT farnavazian-xosroian

mefeebs, magram VI s-dan is damkvidrda qarTul samefo karze, am

titulis mqoneTagan pirveli, iyo klarjeTis erisTavi guram

bagrationi, vaxtang gorgaslis siZe, romelic avida samefo taxtze.

mis Semdgom es titulebi (`kurapalati~ da sxva) vidre XII s-mde

hqondaT qarTvel mefe-erisTavebs.

Cemi azriT, es tituli iqamde hqondaT lazikis (e.i. klarjeTis)

basilevsebs (erisTavebs) da qarTlSi gamefebis Semdeg (igulisxmeba

guram bagrationi VI s-Si) is (tituli) SeinarCunes.

SesaZloa, aseTi bizantiuri titulebi abazg erisTavebsac hqondaT

(e.i. VI-VII ss.) da roca saqarTvelos taxtze avidnen Zveli ti-

tulebic dainarCunes).

SesaZloa, pirveli bagrationebi iyvnen legitimuri memkvidreebi

lazTa anu `klarjTa~ `mefeebisa~ anu im `lazTa mefeebisa~,

romelTac berZnul-bizantiuri samefo kari aniWebda samefo

318

titulebsa da sigelebs (amas unda miuTiTebdes pirveli bagrationi

mefeebis titulatura `klarjeli xelmwife~).

(Cans, am `legitimuri~ uflebiT aRWurvil-gamSvenierebuli guaram

I bagrationi Sevida xosroinTa samefo ojaxSi viTarca siZe vaxtang

gorgaslis dros, xolo SemdegSi ki bagrationebma arCil mefis

samefo saxlis memkvidreoba miiRes).

taoelebi `arian-qarTvelTa~ memkvidreebi

taosa da `zemo qveyanaTa~ mkvidri mosaxleoba odesRac `arian-

qarTvelebad~ iwodeboda, da am mxareebSi ZvelTaganve cxovrobda.

g. meliqiSvilis mtkicebiT arian-qarTlis samefo mdebareobda

iberiis im miwebze, romelic armeniam Zv.w. II saukuneSi miitaca

iberiisagan.

I saukuneSi, roca gaZlierda mcxeTis iberiis samefo, imdenad, rom

somxeTis samefo taxtze qarTvelebi adiodnen, albaT, es `zemo

qveynebic~ gaTavisufldnen somexTa batonobisagan.

yovel SemTxvevaSi VI-VII saukuneebSi aq yofila `iverTa samTavro~

vaSdenis meTaurobiT, maleve aq Camoyalibda `qarTvelTa samefo~.

faqti imisa, rom swored taosa da mimdebare regionebsa da mis

mosaxleobas uwodebdnen ucxoelebi `iberiasa~ da `iberebs~,

Tanamedrove saqarTvelos ki `afxazeTs~, miuTiTebs, rom

ucxoelebisaTvisac taoelebi qarTvelebi iyvnen. amitomac ewoda

kidec aq Camoyalibebul samefos `qarTvelTa samefo~. Cans, aRniSnul

miwa-wyalze mcxovreb `arian-qarTvelebs~ iberielebis saxeliT

icnobdnen ucxoelebi. es eTnosi cxovrobda aq istoriulad da maT

X-XI ss-mdec miuRweviaT.

319

amis Tqmis saWiroeba gamowveulia CvenSi gabatonebuli azris gamo,

romlis mixedviTac am mxareTa ZiriTadi mosaxleoba TiTqosda

eTnikuri somxebi iyvnen, romelnic `gaqarTveldnen~ da amiT

Seadgines am regionis qarTuli masa.

araa swori mtkiceba, TiTqosda taoSi Casaxldnen qalkedoneli

somxebi, `gaqarTveldnen~ da Semdeg ki ase vTqvaT jaWvuri reaqciis

saxiT `gaqarTvelda~ zemo qveynebis qalkedonuri somxuri

mosaxleobac.

sinamdvileSi procesi iyo piriqiT _ iqamde armeniaSi (bizantiur

Tu persarmeniaSi) moqceuli qarTveloba, romelic somxurma

eklesiam daiqvemdebara, arabobis epoqaSi nawilobriv gaTavisuflda

somxuri eklesiis uRlisagan, arabobis gamo somxebis Zalis

Sesustebis Semdeg iqaurma qarTvelobam aRidgina Tavisi identoba,

daibruna erovnuli saxe.

stefanos taronci (asoRiki) wers: `lmobierebiT daviT kurapalati

yvelas aRemateboda, misi wyalobiT damyarda mSvidoba somxeTsa da

iberiaSi~ (Асохик, 198, narkv. II, gv. 486). aq, cxadia, iberiis qveS taos

anu `qarTvelTa~ samefo igulisxmeba.

mkvidri mosaxleobis erTguleba (X s.)

daviT kurapalatis mier `zemo qveyanaTa~ floba miuTiTebs, rom am

qveyanaTa aznaur-didebulebi da, Sesabamisad, mkvidri mosaxleoba

warmoadgenda am `flobis~ politikur sayrdens.

imJamindeli socialuri viTarebis gamo romelime teritoriaze

mkvidri mosaxleobis erTgulebis gareSe aravis SeeZlo politikuri

nebis ganxorcieleba. magaliTad, roca bagrat IV-s siymawvilis

wlebSi didebuli taoeli aznaurebi `warvides saberZneTs~ anu

keisris mxareze gadavidnen (`gandges kualad aznaurni~, `warvida

CanCaxi faleli saberZneTs, misca cixe garylobisa, mierTo berZenTa~

da aseve sxvebi) - amis Sedegad taoSi Seirya bagrat IV-is

mmarTveloba, miTumetes, rom didebulebma `eric aaRelves da

aamoZraves~, anu taos mkvidri mosaxleobac berZenTa mxares

gadaixara. aman cxadia Searyia mefis mmarTveloba (Tu ara saba

mtbevari da ezra anCel episkoposebis gmiruli Tavdadeba, qveyana

320

daikargeboda) Sesabamisad, msgavsadve, Tu ara `zemo qveyanaTa~

xalxis erTguleba qarTvelTa mefis mimarT, daviT kurapalati am

qveynebs ver daiWerda.

marTalia, bizantiam daviT kurapalats dauTmo `zemoni qveyanani~,

magram daviTma es qveynebi realurad daiWira ara bizantielTa

daxmarebiT, aramed mkvidri mosaxleobis mxardaWeriT. es mxardaWera

da saocari erTguleba kargad aqvs aRwerili aristakes

lastivertecis. magaliTad, daviT kurapalatis gardacvalebis

Semdeg am qveynebSi gabatoneba inebes bizantielebma, mkvidrma

mosaxleobam maT winaaRmdegoba gauwia, ris gamoc bizantielebi

daundoblad da masiurad xocavdnen xalxs, ar indobdnen arc

moxucs, axalgazrdas, qals Tu bavSvs, mospes uamravi sofeli, daba

da qalaqi, daangries mTeli mxareebi da qveynebi.

cxadia, `zemo qveyanaTa~, mkvidr mosaxleobas SeeZlo imTaviTve

mimxroboda bizantielebs, ganecxadebinaT erTguleba keisris mimarT,

gamoexataT orguloba qarTvelTa mefis mimarT, bolos SeeZloT

bizantiuri jaris imediT ajanyebuliyvnen kidec qarTvelTa

winaaRmdeg, magram ara, mkvidri mosaxleobis erTguleba da

Tavdadeba qarTuli saxelmwifos mimarT mtkice iyo. da, piriqiT,

roca bizantielebma SemdegSi SeZles am mxareTa dapyroba, sakmaod

xSir ajanyebebs keisris winaaRmdeg qarTvelebi edgnen saTaveSi,

magaliTad feris jojikis Ze, zaqaria valaSkerteli da sxvebi.

riT iyo ganpirobebuli qarTvelTa mimarT e.w. `zemo qveyanaTa~

mosaxleobis erTguleba? Cveni azriT es imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom

zemo qveyanaTa mkvidri mosaxleobis umetesi nawili qarTvelebi

iyvnen da maTi erTguleba nacionalur safuZvels eyrdnoboda.

arsebobs sxva Tvalsazrisi, romelic gabatonebulia Tanamedrove

istoriografiaSi, rom mkvidri mosaxleoba iyo ara eTnikuri qarTve-

lebi, aramed e. w. qalkedoniti somxebi. Tu isini qarTvelebi ar

iyvnen da mxolod sarwmunoebis gamo debdnen Tavs qarTvelobis

mimarT, gana ufro Zvel marTlmadideblebad berZnebi ar miiCneoda?

zemo qveynebs xom qarTveli mefeebi sul ramdenime aTeuli weli

marTavdnen, isic didi gaWirvebiT, maT xan mahmadianebTan, xan ki

berZnebTan uxdebodaT brZola. amitomac ismis kiTxva, rogor moxda,

rom miuxedavad berZenTa mier `zemo qveynebis~ dapyrobisa da

mosaxleobis konstantinopolis sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi

Sesvlisa, mainc am movlenaTa Semdeg, saukuneTa manZilze, aRniSnul

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qveynaTa mkvidri mosaxleoba mtkiced qarTvelobda da

saepiskoposoebic. maSasadame, eklesiebic qarTuli hqondaT? erTi

aseTia vTqvaT valaSkertis qarTuli saepiskoposo, romelic TiTqmis

vidre XVII saukunemde arsebobda.

ganmaTavisuflebeli laSqroba xalxis mxardaWeriT (X s.)

989 wels barda fokas ajanyebis dacxromis Semdeg ajanyebis

Tanamonawile daviT kurapalati iZulebuli gaxda Tavisi

samflobeloebi basili II-isaTvis eanderZebina. magram, amis Semdegac

man ilaSqra vanis tbis mimarTulebiT da 990 wels aiRo Zalze

mniSvnelovani qalaq manaskerti, romelic, asoRikis cnobiT,

qarTvelebiTa da somxebiT daasaxla, radganac is damarcxebul

mahmadianebs miutovebiaT.

qarTvelTa xelSi vanis tbis mimdebare qveynebi XI s-is pirvel

aTeul wlebamde iyo.

am qveynebSi (armeniis iveriul zolSi) mravali qarTveli

marTlmadilebeli qristiani cxovrobda, romelTac TavianTi

samrevloebi, eklesiebi da saepiskoposoebic ki hqondaT, Cans, swored

isini iyvnen gaerTianebulni taos samamamTavroSi, erT-erTi udidesi

saepiskoposo am mxareebSi iyo valaSkertisa.

episkoposi valaSkerteli qarTuli eklesiis ierarqiaSi saukuneTa

manZilze Sedioda.

`marTalia, im politikuri marcxis gamo, mas rom 989 wels

SeemTxva, daviT kurapalati iZulebuli Seiqmna Tavisi samflobelo

bizantiis imperiisTvis eanderZa, magram albaT, mainc fiqrobda am

mdgomareobis gamosworebas da amis sakompensaciod 90-ian wlebSi

iwyebs im did dapyrobiT omebs, romelTa Sedegad xelT igdebs mTel

rig somxur provinciebs~ (narkv. II, gv. 487).

sabWouri epoqis istorikosebs am sakiTxSi ver daveTanxmebiT, rom

TiTqos qarTvelTa omebi am mimarTulebiT iyo `dapyrobiTi~, omebi

`somxuri provinciebs xelSi Casagdebad~.

322

daviT kurapalatis omebi vanis tbis mimarTulebiT iyo ara

dapyrobiTi, aramed ganmaTavisuflebeli.

is im Turqul tomebs ebrZoda, romelTac vanis tbis midamoebi

daipyres.

es teritoriebi qarTvelTa istoriuli samSoblos nawili iyo, am

adgilebTan ixila qsenofontem qarTvelTa tomebi, strabonis

cnobiT, am mxareebTan axlos mdebareobda xorZena, iqve gogarena da

pariadres kalTebi, romelnic armeniam iberiisagan miitaca.

mitacebis miuxedavad iq darCnen da saukuneTa manZilze

cxovrobdnen aqaur qarTul tomTa STamomavalni, romelTac daviT

kurapalatis qarTvelTa samefos gafarTovebam erovnul-qarTuli

identoba gamoucocxla. ase, rom am e.w. `somxur provinciebSi~

ZirZveli qarTvelebic cxovrobdnen da am mxareebSi qarTvelTa

gamarjvebebi aCvenebs, rom maTi ricxvi mcire ar yofila.

daviTis triumfaluri, moulodneli gamarjvebebis ZiriTadi

mizezi unda yofiliyo adgilobrivi qarTuli mosaxleobis

mxardaWera.

qarTuli warmoSobis mosaxleoba ormagad iyo aRfrTovanebuli

qarTuli jaris maT qveyanaSi SesvliT, radganac somxuri eklesiis

uRlisaganac Tavisufldebodnen da qarTul saxelmwifoebriobasac

ibrunebdnen.

isini iyvnen ara e. w. `somexi qalkedonitebi~ aramed eTnikuri

qarTvelebi, somxur-qalkedonuri eklesiis arasomxuri mrevli,

romelic eloda xelsayrel moments religiur-eklesiuri

Tavisuflebis mosapoveblad. es momenti ki maT daviT kurapalatis

dros daudgaT.

Tu ra uTanasworo iyo qarTvelTa brZola manaskertis, xlaTis,

berkrisa Tu arWeSis gasaTavisufleblad iqedanac Cans, rom

magaliTad manaskertisa da xlaTis gaTavisuflebis Semdeg

mahmadianebma 100 000-iani laSqari Sekribes qarTul jarTan saomrad,

qarTvelebma ki maT Zlies sul ramdenime aTasi jariskaciT (6000

mxedari gaigzavna feris jojikis Zis sardlobiT).

aseT gamarjvebas 100 000-ian jarTan qarTuli jari ver SeZlebda,

Tu ara adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mxardaWera.

valaSkertSi, sadac qarTuli saepiskoposo kaTedra idga,

mniSvnelovani odenobis qarTuli mrevlis cxovrebaze SeiZleba is

faqtic miuTiTebdes, rom manaskertis brZolebis dros daviT

323

kurapalatis laSqari valaSkertSi dabanakda, albaT imis gamoc, rom

aq Tavs daculad grZnobda mkvidri mosaxleobis keTilganwyobis

gamo, radganac somxuri mosaxleoba qarTuli jaris mimarT

keTilganwyobili ar iyo.

somxur mosaxleobaSi nergavdnen azrs, TiTqosda qarTuli jari

maT somxur saeklesio siwmindeebs bilwavda.

stefanos taronelma (asoRiki) gaavrcela cnoba, rom qalaq

xlaTis aRebisaTvis gacxarebuli omis dros qalaqgareT mdebare

mitovebuli somxuri eklesiebi qarTvelma jariskacebma `gadaaqcies

Tavlebad da sadgomebad iberielTa laSqrisaTvis~ (asoRiki, gv. 193,

narkv. II, gv. 487).

qarTvelebi am cxare ganmaTavisuflebeli omis dros, Cans, mainc

da mainc ar endobodnen somxebs, piriqiT, isini ar miaCndaT myar

dasayrdenad, es Cans, iqidan, rom, q. xlaTis somxuri eklesiebis

Tavlebad gadaqcevis Semdeg qarTveli jariskacebi ambobdnen _ `Cven

erTnair mniSvnelobas vaZlevT musulmanur da somxur salocavebs~

(iqve, gv. 193).

eklesiebis Tavlebad gamoyenebiT gaocebuli mahmadianebi qalaqis

kedlebTan mimdgar qarTvelebs uyvirodnen _ `ase scemT qristianebi

pativs qristianul salocavebs? amaze iberielebi pasuxobdnen - `Cven

erTnairad vuyurebT somxur eklesias da Tqvens meCeTs~ (asoRiki, gv.

193, narkv. II, gv. 487).

aqedan Cans, rom qarTuli jarisa da qarTuli

ganmanTavisuflebeli moZraobis dasayrdeni vanis tbis qveynebSi iyo

ara somxuri, aramed adgilobrivi qarTuli mosaxleoba.

asoRiki wers, rom daviT kurapalati `somexTa mowyale~ xelmwife

iyo, radganac is qristianebis qveyanas dampyroblisagan aTavisuf-

lebda.

Tavis mxriv mahmadianTagan gaTavisuflebuli mxareebis

qarTveloba Tavisufldeboda ara mxolod mahmadianebisgan, aramed

somxuri eklesiis batonobisaganac.

vanis tbis mimarTulebiT mcxovrebi qarTvelebisaTvis daviT

kurapalati ormagi ganmaTavisuflebeli iyo.

mkvidri qarTvelebis ricxvi ki am mxareebSi Zalze didi iyo,

razec, rogorc iTqva am mxareebSi qarTuli saepiskoposos arseboba

miuTiTebs, igulisxmeba CvenTvis cnobili valaSkertis kaTedra,

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savaraudod aq CvenTvis ucnobi sxva qarTuli kaTedrebic unda

yofiliyo.

somxuri da mahmadianuri zewolisagan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg

aqauri qarTvelebi udidesi energiiT avsebdnen daviT kurapalatis

laSqars, es apirobebda qarTvelTa swraf marSs vanis tbis sanapiro

qveynebSi.

asoRiki wers, da mas eTanxmebian istorikosebi, rom daviT

kurapalati vanis tbis mimdebare gaTavisuflebul da SemoerTebul

qalaqebSi `qarTvelebsa da somxebs asaxlebda~.

ismis kiTxva, saidan unda moeyvana daviTs qarTuli mosaxleoba

aseT Soreul qveyanaSi? taodan?

tao TviTon iyo mcire qveyana, unda vifiqroT, rom mahmadianTagan

gaTavisuflebul qalaqebSi daviT kurapalati asaxlebda am

qalaqebis irgvliv mdebare soflebSi mcxovreb qarTul da somxur

mosaxleobas, qarTvelebi da somxebi ki iqve cxovrobdnen,

gaTavisuflebuli qalaqebis mimdebare soflebSi.

iqamde es qarTvelebi ar Candnen, radganac isini somxuri eklesiis

mrevlSi iricxebodnen, kurapalatis laSqrobebma ki maTi identoba

warmoaCina, amiT gulmicemulebma ukve daufaravad ganacxades, rom

isini ara somxebi, aramed eTnikuri qarTvelebi iyvnen, amiT unda

aixsnas qarTvelTa ricxovnobis saocari zrda taos mimdebare

qveynebSi da ara e.w. `somexTa gaqalkedonitebiT~ e.w. gaqarTvelebiT.

vanistbispira qarTvelobis bedi saqarTvelos politikur wreebs

didxans, aRelvebda, da mis gadaWras cdilobdnen yoveli

xelsayreli momentis dros. magaliTad, saqarTvelos gaZlierebam

XIII saukunis daswyisSi kvlav gaaqtiura es sakiTxi da gadawyda

vanistpispireTSi samxedro eqspediciis mowyoba. `1204-1210 wlebSi

qarTvelTa samxedro eqspediciebi umTavresad mimarTuli iyo vanis

tbis regionisaken~ (a. TvaraZe, V jvarosnuli laSqroba..., macne,

istoriis seria, 2012, 2. gv. 37).

Semdgom saukuneebSi, samcxe saaTabagos samTavromac miaRwia

valaSkertamde, Cans amave mizezis gamo, Tumca am droisaTvis

vanistbispireTis qarTvelobas ZiriTad mTlianad hqonda dakarguli

identoba da gasomxebuli iyo.

armeniis iberiuli zolis qarTvelobis armenizacia kidev ufro

daaCqara Tamar mefis epoqaSi Wyondidelobis institutis

damarcxebam da Zalovani struqturebis somex mxargrZelTa xelSi

gadasvlam.

325

mxargrZelT miecaT kidec armeniis iberiuli zolis mTavari

nawilebi samarTavad. am faqts gadamwyveti mniSvneloba mieca

araqsispira da vanistbispira iberielebis saboloo armenizaciisas.

326

Tavi XII

iberiis Temi

iberiis Temi (XI s.)

(p. ingoroyva)

1021-1023 wlebSi bizantiis imperatori basili bulgarTmmusvreli

saTaveSi Caudga Tavis jars, romlic trapezuntidan Sevida da

basianSi SeebrZola saqarTvelos mefe giorgi I-s. am omSi damarcxe-

bis gamo saqarTvelom dakarga `zemo qveyanani~. `am teritoriebidan

Seiqmna ori `Temi~ (olqi) bizantiis imperiis farglebSi: erTi _

Teodosiopolis Temi, romelic moicavda dasavleT evfratis xeobaSi

mdebare zonas (arzrumis mxare), meore olqi, romelsac

bizantielebma daarqves `iberiis Temi~, aerTianebda Tavis farglebSi

samxreT taos samflobelos, basianis mxares da arawanis xeobis

mimdgom raionebs~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, 1954, gv. 526).

Tumca, arsebobs mosazrebac, rom iberiis Temis dedaqalaqi iyo

Teodosiopolisi, maSasadame, is iberiis TemSi Sedioda.

rogorc iTqva, arawanis (aRmosavleT evfratis) saTave vanis

tbasTan axloa.

iberiis da Teodosiopolis (erzrumis) Temebs Soris moqceuli

iyo bizanasa da olnutis saepiskoposoebi, aqve (bizanasa da olnuts

Sua) iyo xorZena, istoriuli mxare. is taronis provinciis Crdilo

sazRvarTan mdebareobda. xorZenas CrdiloeTiT ki manralia iyo.

manralia, somxuri VII s. geografiiT, samxreT egrisis qveynis mxares

erqva.

`iberiis Temi~ bizantiis SemadgenlobaSi 1023-1074 wlebSi iyo, 1068

wels iberiis Tems SeuerTda karis mxare (is karis somexma mefem

gagikma dauTmo bizantias), iberiis Tems SeuerTda anisic. andakis

saepikoposo karidan 60-ode km-iT iyo daSorebuli.

lazikis eparqia moicavda istoriul samxreT egriss (Semdgom qal-

deas Tems), aseve Teodosiopolisisa da iberiis Temebs.

327

iberiis Temi `bizantiis istoriis~ mixedviT

(История Византии, T. 2, М. 1967)

1967 w. moskovSi dastambul `bizantiis istoriis~ II tomSi naTqva-

mia: `imperatorma basili bulgarTmmusvrelma mniSvnelovnad

gaafarTova imperiis sazRvrebi Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mcire aziaSi

_ armeniasa da iveriaSi. 990 wels man ilaSqra kavkasiaSi iveriis

mmarTvel daviTisa da bagratidebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic daexmarnen

barda fokas. bagratidebisa da daviTis gaerTianebuli jari

damarcxda. daviTma aRiara bizantiaze damokidebuleba da misi

Zalauflebis qveS mdebare miwebi imperators uanderZa. 1001 wels

daviTi gardaicvala. iveriis zogierTma didebulma ar ineba daviTis

anderZis cnoba da basili saswrafod kavkasiaSi gaemgzavra. taos

olqis didebulebi valdebulni iyvnen damorCilebodnen, Sida

iveriis arxontma uari ganacxada ecno es anderZi.

magram imperiis poziciebis ganmtkiceba iveriasa da armeniaSi

basilma mxolod Tavisi mefobis dasasruls SeZlo, 1021-1024 wlebis

laSqrobisas basili II-m ramdenjerme daamarcxa afxazeTis

mmarTveli giorgi, SeZlo aRekveTa misi mcdeloba Seekra samxedro

kavSiri al-xakimTan da ajanyebul samxedro didebulebTan, giorgi

iZulebuli gaxda ecno imperiisadmi damokidebuleba, mZevlad misca

imperators Tavisi Ze bagrati.

am laSqrobebis dros vaspurakanis mmarTvelma gadasca basils

Tavisi miwebi. 1020 wels gardacvlili anisis mefis gagik I-is Zem,

smbatma aseve dado basilTan xelSekruleba, imis msgavsad, romelic

basilTan adre dado daviTma.

am SematebaTa Sedegad, imperiis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT warmoiSva

axali Temebi: vaspurakani, iveria da Teodosiopolisi~ (История

Византии, T. 2, М. 1967, стр. 225).

manralia da mardalia _ iberiis Temis

ZiriTadi nawilebi

(n. adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, rus. enaze)

n. mari Wan-lazebs iberebs uwodebda, megruls ki iveriul enas.

somxuri geografiiT, samxreT egrisSi Semavali olqebi manralia da

328

mardalia (basianis samxreT-dasavleTiT) iberiis Temis nawilebs

Seadgendnen.

somxuri geografiiT samxreT egrisis anu `egris~ qveyana moicavda

Wanikas, lazeTs, manralias da egrivs. n. adonci, istoriuli

geografiis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli mcodne, manraliasa da

mardalias olqebis mdebareobas Teodosiopolis-arzrumis

samxreTiT da samxreT-aRmosavleTiT gansazRvravda. rogorc ukve

aRiniSna, es mxareebi (olqebi) XI s-is bizantiuri iberiis Temis

centralur nawilebs warmoadgendnen, anu egri da samxreT iberia

erTmaneTs faravdnen. iqve iyo iberiis Temis sxva nawilebi, anu

samxreTis am mxareebSi iberia da egri (egrisi) erTmaneTs faravdnen.

iberiisa da egrisis igiveoba Zvel epoqaSi albaT arc iyo gasakviri,

radganac protoqarTuli enis da Semdeg misgan miRebuli e.w. zanur-

qarTuli enis diferenciacia gamyreliZisa da maWavarianis mixedviT

daiwyo axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisSi (`welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze~,

T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani, `sonantTa sistema~), anu egriselTa da

iberTa ena erTi da igive yofila jer kidev axali welTaRricxvis

dasawyisSi, SesaZloa, isini I aTaswleulSi erTmaneTis mimarT Zalze

axlo mdgom dialeqtebs warmoadgendnen, imdenad axlos myof, rom

maT qristianuli RvTismsaxurebisaTvis SemoiRes orive tomisaTvis

saerTo ena, romelsac amJamad `Zveli qarTuli ena~ ewodeba.

enobrivi mTlianobis gamo taos samxreTiT iberiis Temi da egris

olqi erT mTlianobas Seadgendnen ara mxolod geografiulad,

aramed eTnikuradac.

basianelni anu mesxni

qarTlis cxovrebis mixedviT (IX-XI ss.)

IX-XI saukuneebis saqarTvelos yovel saxelmwifoebriv

warmonaqmnSi mcxovreb qarTvelobas saxeli sakuTari kuTxis

mixedviT hqonda miRebuli. magaliTad, afxazeTis samefos xalxs

erqva - afxazebi, kaxeTisas _ kaxelni, taos da qarTlis `qarTvelTa

samefos~ xalxs _ `qarTvelni~, vis erqva mesxni IX-XI ss-Si?

aRsaniSnavia, rom aRniSnul saukuneTa wyaroebSi `mesxi~ gvxvdeba

mas Semdeg, rac basianis provincia Semovida qarTul politikur

329

samyaroSi. pirvelad es moxda taos mefis daviT kurapalatis dros,

romelmac `zemoni qveyanani~, anu Teodosiopol-basianis mxareebi Se-

moierTa. rogorc cnobilia, `mesxi~ am dros pirvelad iqna

moxseniebuli matiane qarTlisaisaSi _ `gamovida Teodosi

saberZneTiT, movida samcxes da dadga margis meres, uxmobda mesxTa

aznaurTa~ (q.c., I, gv. 270).

sityva `mesxi~ saxel `basianTan~ unda iyos dakavSirebuli

etimologiuradac, rogorc cnobilia `xi~ vinaoba-sadaurobis

mawarmoebeli sufiqsia _ kolxi, kaxi da sxva. basianis, anu fasianis

mcxovrebs `basxi~ _ mesxi unda rqmeoda (rogorc, es daamtkica p.

ingoroyvam afxazeTis mxareTa ganxilvis dros).

Semdeg sityva `mesxi~ ixsenieba bagrat IV-sTan kavSirSi, roca is

saberZneTidan dabrunda, movida, jer arzrum-basianis qveyanaSi,

radganac trapezuntidan gza jer iq adioda. aq mas daxvdnen _

`didebulni, erisTavni, aznaurni taoelni, mesxni da qarTvelni~ (q.

c., I, gv. 284).

aq `qarTveli~ niSnavs yofili `qarTlis samefos~ xalxs, taoelni

niSnavs yofili `taos samefos~ xalxs (taos bolo mefe iyo daviT

didi kurapalati), xolo mesxni ki unda niSnavdes basianis qveynis

xalxs, anu am SemTxvevaSi basianel didebulebs.

ratom unda Sexvedrodnen bagrat IV-s basianelebi, es provincia

xom mis mamas, giorgi I-s imperiam CamoarTva?

saqme isaa, rom miuxedavad damarcxebisa, giorgi I-s imperatorma

basilim SeTanxmebis Sesabamisad dautova calkeuli adgilebi da

soflebi `zemo qveynebSi~.

matiane wers _ `yves mSvidoba da daizavnes da misca giorgi

mefeman... qveyana, romeli hqonda daviT kurapalatsa taosa, basians,

kola-artanTa da javaxeTs. xolo romelime ama qveyanaTagan

eklesiani, sofelni da adgilni daulocna giorgi mefesa~ (q. c., I, gv.

288).

maSasadame, bagrat IV-is mmarTvelobis dasawyisSi saqarTvelos sa-

xelmwifos ekuTvnoda taosa, basiansa da kola-artaan-javaxeTSi

zogierTi eklesia, sofeli da adgili. am soflebisa da adgilebis,

aseve eklesiebis ricxvi, cxadia, arc Tu mcire iqneboda, radganac

isini TviT basili imperatorma `dauloca giorgi mefes~, anu locva-

ficiT miarTva. swored am adgilebis didebulebi, erisTavebi da

aznaurebi, (TavianTi Tanmxlebi laSqriT) Sexvdnen bagrat IV-s

bizantiidan dabrunebisas.

330

es adgilebi yofila taoSi, basianSi, da kola-artaan-javaxeTSi,

aqaurebs ki erqvaT `taoelni, mesxni da qarTvelni~, anu taodan _

taoelebi, basianidan mesxebi, kola-artan-javaxeTidan _ qarTvelebi,

anu am qarTvelobas saxelebi erqvaT TavianTi mxareebis momcveli

politikur administraciuli erTeulebis saxelebis mixedviT.

imJamad, Cans, es samxareo saxelwodebani jer kidev ar atarebda

Camoyalibebul eTnografiul niSans, aramed aRniSnavda mxolod

qveynis macxovreblebs, magram Semdgom saukuneebSi am saxelebma

kuTxur-eTnikuri niSani SeiZines.

saukuneTa politikuri sazRvrebis cvlilebebis Sesabamisad ku-

TxeTa mcxovreblebis saxelebic icvleboda. Sua saukuneebSi, mas

Semdeg, rac daiSala erTiani saqarTvelos saxelmwifo, `qarTvelni~

daerqvaT qarTlis samefos mcxovrebT, xolo mesxni daerqvaT samcxe-

saaTabagos mcxovrebT, magram X s-is dasawyisSi ase ar yofila, Cvens

wyaroebSi, rogorc iTqva, `qarTveli~ iyo kola-artan-javaxeli, e.i.

qarTvelTa samefoSi mcxovrebi, xolo `mesxi~ _ basianelni.

XI-XII ss-Si, rac gauqmda e.w. `qarTvelTa samefo~, `mesxis~

mniSvneloba gaizarda imiT, rom `mesxebs~ axla uwodebdnen samcxe-

tao-basianis mcxovrebT, bagrat IV-is drosve `gamoiyvana

mawyverelman mesxni Svelad mefisa... liparit Sekribna kaxni~ (q. c., I,

gv. 300).

aq `mesxi~ samcxe-taoel-javaxelia, kaxi ki kaxeTis mcxovrebi.

mesxni arian kalmaxisa da artanujis, misi mimdebare qarTuli

qveynebis mcxovrebni. `sula erisTavman kalmaxisagan, grigol

erisTavman artanujisagan SeaerTes sityva da Seiwvivnes maT Tana

sxvanica aznurni mesxni~ (iqve, gv. 301).

erTian saxelmwifoSi `qarTli~ mxolod Sida qarTls ewodeboda,

amitomac samxreT saqarTvelos mcxovrebni mesxebad iwodnen. `mesxni

aznaurni da zemosa kerZisani Zlierad dges axalqalaqs~ (q. c., I, gv.

306) _ igulisxmeba sultan arfasaranis Semosevebis dro. giorgi II

`gardmovida samcxes, moirTna mesxni~ (gv. 316).

daviT aRmaSeneblis dros, roca Turqebma tao-basiani daiWires,

maT winaaRmdeg ubrZana, anu `acnoba qarTvelTa da mesxTa, raTa

klarjeTs dauxvdnen paemansa~ (q.c., I, gv. 333). TviTon ki quTaisidan

laSqriT ganvlo zRvispiri xufaTis gziT Sevida klarjeTSi da

SeebrZola Turqebs basianSi.

maSasadame, saxeli mesxi IX-XII ss-Si jer kidev ar atarebda

satomo-eTnikur niSans, aramed ewodeboda sxvadasxva regionalur-

331

administraciuli erTeulis SigniT mcxovrebT zogad mesxeTis

sazRvrebSi.

anisi _ iberiis Temis erT-erTi dedaqalaqi, erevani _ `saqarTvelos qalaqi~

`iberiis TemSi, anu iberiis sakatepanoSi Sedioda imier tao,

Crdilo basiani, olTisi, TorTomi, kola, artaani, SavSeTi, javaxeTi

da e.w. `zemoni qveyanani~ _ araqs-evfratis auzSi mdebare vrceli

eTnikurad araerTgvarovani mosaxleobiT iyo dasaxlebuli

teritoria, romelSic mravalricxovnobis gamo dominantur eTnoss

iberebi anu qarTvelebi Seadgendnen. am Tems qarTvelTa siWarbis

gamo `iveriis fema~ anu Temi uwodes bizantielebma. am saxelis

miniWebis dros bizantielebi gaafTrebiT ebrZodnen iberebs daviT

kurapalatis memkvidreobisaTvis. es brZola ise iyo gamZafrebuli,

rom TviT imperatorebi winamZRvrobdnen iberiaSi mebrZol TavianT

jarebs. mravali marcxiTa da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis

winaaRmdegobiT gamwarebul basili II keisars isic ki ukadrebia,

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobiT, rom Zelicxovlis wmida

saswaulTmoqmedi jvris mimarT upativcemuloba gamouCenia, miwaze

dausvenebia da sajarod ganucxadebia _ `arRara Tayvanis gce

ukunisamde~, Tuki am omSi qarTvelebi (iverebi) gaimarjvebeno~. ufro

meti, basili II-is saflavis warweraSi imperiisaTvis yvelaze

saZulvel xalxTa Soris iberebi yofilan dasaxelebuli. iberTa

saxeli, imJamad, arcTu kargad JRerda bizantiel xelisufalTa

yurSi. amis miuxedavad, isini iZulebuli gaxdnen TavianTi imperiis

erTerTi nawilisaTvis mainc `iberiis Temi~ ewodebinaT da

sabolood dapyrobil iberias bizantielebma `iberiis Temi~ uwodes.

imJamad maTTvis miuRebel saxels bizantielebi TavianT Tems ar

uwodebdnen, Tu ara iZuleba imisa, rom es miwa-wyli iberebisad anu

qarTvelebisad iwodeboda sayovelTaod. es miwa-wyali ZiriTadad

iberebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, radganac adgilobrivma mkvidrma

mosaxleobam am urTules epoqaSi moaxerxa TviTidentifikacia,

daufaravad aRiara Tavisi vinaoba, rom is eTnikurad iyo ara somexi,

aramed qarTveli anu iberi, marTalia, kulturulad garkveulwilad

armenizebuli, magram ara im doniT, rom Tavisi eTnikuri vinaoba ver

332

gaerkvia. ufo metic, iberebTan mebrZol bizantielebs adgilobrivi

mosaxleoba ebrZoda viTarca eTnikuri iberebi, da ara viTarca e.w.

`somexi-qalkedonitebi~. bizantielebisaTvis es omi iber xalxTan omi

iyo da ara omi marTlmadideblebTan, rogorc xataven aruTinova-

fidaniani da sxvani. am omisas bizantielTa winaSe mkvidri

mosaxleoba Tuki eTnikur somxebad waradgenda Tavis Tavs xocva-

Jletasa da ojaxis aoxrebas Tavs daaRwevda. am epoqis omebis

aRmweri a. lastiverteci kargad aRwers am iberiaSi iberebisa da

maTi sofel-qalaqebis rbeva-aoxrebas bizantielTa mier.

mogvianebiT iberiis Temis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida klarjeTis miwa-

wyali, xolo konstantine X monomaqosis dros (1042-55) _ Siraqis

samefo da qalaqi anisi, romelic iberiis Temis dedaqalaqad iqca

1045 wlisaTvis. aqac, rTuli viTarebis miuxedavad qarTvelebma anu

iberebma kargad gaarkvies, rom isini eTnikuri qarTvelebi iynen.

aseTi vinaobaaRorZinebuli xalxi mosaxleobis ZiriTad nawilad

iqca, amitomac maTi olqebic SeuerTes iberiis Tems, iberiis Tems

Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT esazRvreboda qarTvelTa da vanandis

samefoebi (qarTvelTa samefosTan sazRvari banis wyalze gadioda),

dasavleTiT bizantiis administraciuli erTeuli _ qaldiis Temi,

samxreT-dasavleTiT da samxreT-aRmosavleTiT taronisa da

vaspurakanis olqebi. Temma arseboba Sewyvita seljukTa Semosevebis

Sedegad 1072-1074 wlebSi (qse, 5, 1980, gv. 68).

iberiis Temis didi nawili iyo `daviT kurapalatis memkvidreoba~,

anu is miwa-wyali, romelic daviT III-m uanderZa keisars. daviT III-is

samemkvidreo samflobelos Seadgenda imier tao Crdilo

basianiTurT. 979 wels ajanyebuli barda skliarosis winaaRmdeg

gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis bizantiam daviTs gadasca `zemoni qveyanani

saberZneTisani, raTa Tavis sicocxlesa hqondin~ (g. mTawmideli).

XI s-is somexi istorikosis stefanoz taronelis (asoRiki)

cnobiT, es qveynebi iyo: cixe xaltoY-ariWi da masTan mdebare

klisura dasavleT evfratis xeobaSi, Cormairis Temi md. Woroxis

saTaveebTan, karini anu Teodosiopoli Tavisi TemiT, cixe sevuki

mardaliis kantonSi, md. araqsis saTaveebTan, harkisa da apaunikis

provinciebi aRmosavleT evfratis xeobaSi (qse, 3, 1978, gv. 340).

moskovSi dastambuli `bizantiis istoriis~ Tanaxmad, XI s-Si

trapezuntidan vanis tbamde bizantiam daaarsa axali

administraciuli erTeulebi _ `vaspurakanis Temi, iberiis Temi da

Teodosiopolis Temi~. iqamde arsebobda `qaldeas Temi~. lazikis

333

samitropolitod wodebuli bizantiuri saeklesio erTeuli

Sesabamisad moicavda aRniSnul mxareTa did nawils da isic XI s-Si

unda gafarToebuliyo am Temebze saeklesio iurisdiqciis

ganvrcobis Sedegad. rogorc aRiniSna, olnutis saepiskoposo

mardaliaSi, xorZena da bizana manraliasTan axlos, taronis

mimarTulebiT, andaki _ vanandSi (yarsis olqSi) iyvnen

ganlagebulni. es, yofili arian-qarTlis mxareebi, kidev didxans

iwodebodnen iveriad da saqarTvelod.

magaliTad, arsebobs sakmaod mravali somxuri wyaro, romlebSic

erevani saqarTvelos qalaqad iwodeba, XIV s-is somexi poeti da

xelnawerTa gadamweri terter erevanci, imJamad yirimSi mcxovrebi,

Tavis mSobliur qalaq erevans uwodebs `saqarTvelos qalaqs~, is

wers: `me, terteri, uRirsi mwerali... movedi saqarTvelodan, xor-

virapisa da eCmiaZinis mezobeli SesaniSnavi qalaqidan _ erevanidan~

(somxur xelnawerTa anderZebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, 1978,

gv. 23).

aqedan kargad Cans, rom erevani saqarTvelos qalaqad miiCneoda

TviT erevneli somxebis mier. aq igulisxmeba ara mxolod erevnis

mxare, aramed vrceli miwa-wyali _ araqsis regionSi.

mxolod erevnelebi miiCnevdnen TavianT qalaqs saqarTveloSi

mdebared, Tu amave, samxreTis regionis sxva qalaqTa mcxobrebnic?

am kiTxvas TiTqos pasuxobs qalaq baiburdSi mcxovrebi XIV s-is

somexi mwerali, is arzumidan anisisaken mimarTul teritorias `qar-

TvelTa qveyanas~ uwodebs.

qarTvelTa am qveyanas misi sityviT aseve erqva `aRmosavleTi~.

is wers _ `Teodosiopoli dacarielda. aseve gaudaburda

aRmosavleTi, e.i. qarTvelTa qveyana, sadac bevri amowyda~ (iqve, gv.

24). is asaxavs im realobas, roca es mxareebi iveriad iwodeboda.

iqamde, XI s-Si am regions (Teodosiopol-arzrumisa da anisis

CaTvliT) XI saukunisaTvis `iberiis Temi~ erqva, Semdgom ki, XII-XIV

saukuneebSi, erevani da sxva axlo qalaqebi, saqarTvelos

SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda, avani (amJamad erevnis erTerTi ubani), XI-

XV saukuneebSi, rogorc bizantiis imperiis dros, ise Semdegac

Sedioda iberiis Temis anda saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi.

erevnis mezoblad mdebare olqi siunqi (siskani) saqarTveloSi

Sedioda, rac imJamindeli somxuri wyarodan Cans.

334

somxur XIV saukunis xelnaweris minawerSia _ `daiwera siskanSi,

somexTa da qarTvelTa didi mxedarTmTavris burTelis

mbrZaneblobisas~ (iqve, gv. 23).

sanainis monasteri, XIV s-is somexi mwerlis cnobiT,

saqarTveloSi mdebareobda. is wers: `gvqonda SesaZlebloba aq,

sanainad xmobili salxineblis karze damkvidrebisa giorgis

mefobaSi, mis dros didi mSidobianoba iyo saqarTveloSi~ (iqve, gv.

26). e.i. sanaini saqarTveloSi mdebareobda.

aseTive viTareba iyo Semdg saukuneSic.

avani didxans iyo saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi da saqarTvelos

qalaqad miiCneoda, mizezi amisa is iyo rom misi regioni

qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, romelic sabolood somxuri

eklesiis mrevlad iqca. avanis eklesiis arqiteqtura, iseve rogorc

qalkedonuri rifsimes monastrisa, qarTuli stiliTaa aSenebuli,

mkvidri qarTuli mosaxleobis gemovnebisa da erovnuli

midrekilebebis Sesabamisad.

gogarena _ `hereTi~

(p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, 1954)

somexTa kaTalikosi ioane X s-Si gogarenas uwodebda mTel

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, mtkvris marjvena da marcxena sanapiroebs,

mis mosaxleobas ki iverebs (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, gv. 463).

es ramdenadme eTanadeba strabonis cnobas, rom gogarena

mdebareobda mtkvris `imier~, e.i. marcxena sanapiroze (straboni, XI,

XIV, 5).

straboni garkveviT wers, rom `gogarena mtkvris iqiT~

mdebareobda da is `armenielebma waarTves iberebs~, mtkvris marcxena

sanapiroze gogarenas garda, strabonisave cnobiT aseve mdebareobda

`Sua iberia~, anu `Sua qarTli~ (Sida qarTli).

maSasadame, strabonisave cnobebiT mtkvris iqiT mdebareobda

Tavisufali iberiis erT-erTi nawili e.w. `Sua iberia~ da misi

mezobeli aRmosavleTiT dapyrobili iberiis gogarena, isini

strabonis dros sxvadasxva olqebi iyvnen.

335

maSasadame, gogarena `Sua iberiis~ mezoblad mdebareobda mtkvris

iqiT. realurad aseTi teritoria iyo kaxeTis gverdiT mdebare e.w.

hereTi. anu Semdgomi Saqi, romlis iqiTac albaneTi iyo.

`sazRvari iberiasa da somxeTs Soris, strabonis cnobaTa

mixedviT, iwyeboda taos samxreTiT, nawilobriv gasdevda araqss

(basianis zonaSi), Semdeg mihyveboda `mosxis mTebs~ (e.i. wyalgamyof

mTebs, romelic gahyofs mtkvris xeobebs araqsis xeobidan), xolo

ufro aRmosavleTiT mtkvars (gogarenis seqtorSi)~ _ wers p.

ingoroyva (dasax. naSr. gv. 467).

misi sityviT, am sakiTxSi strabons eTanxmebian plinius sekunde

(23-79), romlis mixedviTac iberiaSi Sedioda taSiri da TrialeTi

pariadres (anu bambakis) mTebamde, plutarqe (46-126), romlis mixedviT

mtkvris saTave iberiis mTebSi iyo, klavdi ptoleme, romlis mi-

xedviTac iberiis sazRvrebSi Sedioda artaani (artanisa) da

qarTuli wyaro `moqcevaY qarTlisaY~, romlis mixedviT IV s-Si mefe

mirianis dros saeklesio mSenebloba daiwyo artaanis mxareSi _

eruSeTSi.

m. xorenaci qarTlis pitiaxSs arSuSas uwodebs `gogarenis

pitiaxSs~. somxuri geografiis cnobiT, gogareni Seicavda taSirs,

gardabans (Zors, kolbs, wofs da kangrs), TrialeTs, javaxeTs,

artaansa da klarjeTs~ (iqve, gv. 405-465). aqedan Cans, rom gogarena _

zogadi saxeli iyo qarTuli teritoriebisa, rogorc mtkvris erT,

ise meore mxares. strabonis dros is mtkvris iqiTa mxares erqva,

ioane kaTalikosis dros ki orive mxares.

zogadad Cans, rom gogarena aris qarTli, iberia, zogjer mtkvris

orive sanapiro. marTlac, sityva `gogarenaSi~ fuZiseuli Tanxmovnebi

`ggr~ eTnikuri qarTvelis gamomxatveli sityvebis saerTo fuZea ara

marto qarTulSi, aramed ucxourSic. magaliTad, georgien (grg),

gurj (grj), jurzan, gurzan (grz), saidanac miRebulia qarTvelTa

aRmniSvneli yvela dasaxeleba sxvadasxva enebSi _ georgia (grg),

gruzia (grz) da sxva. amave sityvaTa rigSia gugari (ggr), qarTuli

TviTdasaxelebebi guria, egrisi, argveTi (gr, rg), saerTod, Cans,

fuZiT gr (rg) da aseve ggr(grg) gamoixateboda saxelebi eTnikuri

qarTvelebisa da maTi qveynebis; erTi aseTi yofila gugarq.

klarjeTi, Zori Tu kolbi da sxva regionebi gugarqSi Sediodnen.

SemdgomSi gugarqi somxur samyaroSi mxolod mtkvris marjvena

sanapiros momcvel qveyanas erqva, misgan gansxvavebiT ki strabonis

gogarena mtkvris `iqiT~, anu marcxena sanapiroze mdebareobda.

336

maSasadame, sxvadasxva qveynebi iyvnen gogarena da gugarqi.

etimologiurad ki orive qarTvelTa qveyanas aRniSnavda.

337

Tavi XIII

iberiis Temis qarTuli samamamTavro

(lazikis eparqiis teritoriis zrda iberiis Temis daarsebis Semdeg)

`iberiis Temis~ olqebi da gzebi

arabTa Semosevebis Semdeg bizantiis imperiam miatova mcire aziis

mniSvnelovani nawili, magram saxalifos mouZlurebisas IX-X ss-Si

kvlav ganacxada pretenziebi Tavisi yofili teritoriebis mimarT.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom zogjer bizantias ar yofnida Zalebi

muslimebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad, aseT dros, jer kidev mtris

xelqveS myof teritoriebs, droebiTi sargeblobis saxiT aZlevda

qarTul samTavroebs.

bizantiam, magaliTad, samxreT taos mefes daviT kurapalats

barda skliarosis ajanyebisas daxmarebis sanacvlod gadasca

vrceli miwa-wyali, romelic ganfenili iyo olTisidan TiTqmis

vanis tbamde, meti wili am miwa-wylisa muslimTa xelSi iyo.

am miwa-wyliT dainteresebuli iyo qarTveloba, radganac miaCndaT

rom iq, maT Tanametomeni (eTnikuri, Tumca armenizebuli qarTvelebi)

kompaqturad cxovrobdnen.

saubaria teritoriebze sadac qsenofontem jer kidev

qristeSobamde V saukuneSi aRwera mravali qarTuli tomi, maT

Soris taoxebisa, fasianebisa, xalibebisa da karduxebisa.

taoxebisa da fasianebis sacxovris adgilze, rogorc fiqroben,

Camoyalibebula provinciebi tao da basiani. somexi avtoris

lastivertecis cnobiT, basiani X s-saTvis qarTvelebiT iyo

dasaxlebuli. tao, basiani da TorTomi ZiriTadi teritoriebi iyo

samxreT taos qarTuli saxelmwifosi, romelsac X s-is 60-iani

wlebidan daviT mesame kurapalati marTavda. am saxelmwifos

ucxoelebi, maT Soris berZeni da somexi avtorebi, uwodebdnen

338

`iberias (iverias)~, qarTvelebi ki `taos samefos~. misi dedaqalaqi

iyo olTisi.

zogadad, taos vrceli qveyana or nawilad, or samefod iyo ga-

yofili.

samxreT taos saxelwifos CrdiloeTiT arsebobda taos meore

qarTuli saxelmwifo. qarTveli mwerlebi, rogorc Cans, mas

uwodebdnen `qarTvelTa samefos~, misi dedaqalaqi iyo bana. am

samefoSi Sedioda Crdilo tao da mimdebare teritoriebi. X

saukunis 50-ian wlebidan mas marTavdnen bagrat meore `regveni~ da

Semdeg gurgeni _ masac `iberiis mefe~erqva.

iberiis anu taos es ori samefo, ori iveria, ori `qarTvelTa

samefo~ imier tao da amier tao erTmaneTisagan iyofoda mdinare

banas wyliT.

sxva samTavro iyo klarjeTi, romelsac adarnase aSotis Zis

STamomavlebi marTavdnen.

zogadad, am qarTuli politikuri erTeulebis sazRvrebi

bizantiasTan mtkiced iyo dadgenili, mag., konstantine

porfirogenetis cnobiT bizantiis sazRvari iberiasTan gadioda

mdinare fazisze anu araqsze. meore sasazRvro xazi ido Savi zRvis

pirze punqt xufaTTan (xofa).

sazRvarze ido xufaTi, parxali, TorTomi, basiani, tao da araqsis

miwebi.

qarTuli miwebi araqsis samxreTiTac ido, jer kidev skliarosis

ajanyebamde gacilebiT adre konstantine porfirogenetis dros.

`abnikis cixe fasianis anu araqsis samxreTiT iyo da, amrigad aSot

IV kurapalati araqsis samxreTiT mdebare miwa-wyals moiTxovda~ (v.

kopaliani, saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba 970-

1070 wlebSi, 1969, gv. 18). es xdeboda X s-is dasawyisSi, radganac

aSot IV 954 w. gardaicvala.

saerTod, qarTvelebi mudam miiswrafvodnen md. araqsis da

evfratis saTaveebis momcvel teritoriebisaken, q. Teodosiopolis

(arzrumis) mimdebare mxareebisaken, radganac isini maTi istoriuli

samSoblos nawilebad miaCndaT.

konstantine porfirogeneti gaocebuli wers kidevac, rom qarTve-

lebs ar undodaT bizantiis `xelSi gadasuliyo Teodosiupoli am

qalaqis `siyvarulis gamo da imis gamo, rom Teodosipolis cixe ar

ganadgurebuliyo~ (georgika, t. IV, naw. II, gv. 266).

339

arabTa mouZlurebis Semdeg, rogorc mravalgzis aRiniSna,

bizantielebma gadawyvites xelSi CaegdoT uZvelesi qalaqi

Teodosiopoli (karnu-qalaqi) Tavisi mimdebare qveyniT, magram axla

ukve qalaqis mkvidrebi uwevdnen sastik winaaRmdegobas mtrebs.

bizantielebi TiTqmis naxevari saukune ibrZodnen qalaqis xelSi

Casagdebad, maT Soris usastikesi xerxebiTac, magaliTad, alya

Semoartyes qalaqs da gadawyvites SimSiliT amoexocaT moqalaqeebi,

mizans ver miaRwies, maT aRmoaCines, rom qarTvelebi TavianTi qajis

(kejes) cixidan farulad sursaTiT amaragebdnen qalaqs.

bizantielebma xangrZlivi molaparakebiT scades qarTvelTa

interesebis ganeleba. bolos darwmundnen, rom qarTvelebs

`uyvardaT qalaqi~, misi moqalaqeebi da saerTod karinis anu karnu-

qalaqis mxaris mosaxleoba.

es saintereso momentia, imiT, rom swored am mxareebSi ivaraudeba

istoriuli arian-qarTlis arseboba, es mxareebi Cans IX-X

saukuneebSi jer kidev qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, da swored

amis gamo `uyvardaT~ qarTvelTa laSqarsa da politikur moRvaweebs

es mxareebi da Teodosiopolis moqalaqeebi enanebodaT mtris mier

dasaxocad. sxvagvari `siyvaruli~ Zalze ucnaurad gamoCndeboda,

imdenad bunebrivi iyo Sua saukuneebSi xalxis xocva-Jleta da

miwaTa dapyrobani, maT Soris dapyrobac bizantielTa mier.

sxvadasxva avtorebis mier arian-qarTlis qveynad moiazreba tao,

basiani da maT samxreTiT mdebare qveyana, kerZod aqemeniduri

sparseTis me-18 da me-19 satrapiebis erTi nawili.

rogorc iTqva, es is qveynebia, sadac qsenofontem qarTuli tomebi

naxa araqsis xeobis gayolebiT, evfratis saTaveebis CaTvliT, vidre

TiTqmis vanis tbamde.

qarTul politikur erTeulebs am qveynebis mimarT gaaCndaT

interesi da swored es qveynebi gadasca bizantiam daviT III

kurapalats.

kerZod es qveynebi yofila:

1. dasavleT evfratis xeobaSi mdebare klisura da misi cixe

xaltoY-ariWi; 2. araqsis saTaveebTan mardaliis kantonis cixe

sevuki; 3. vanis tbis Crdilo-dasavleT raionebSi harkisa da apahunis

provinciebi; 4. samxreT basiani; 5. Teodosiopoli (arzrumi) Tavisi

TemiT, anu karini; 6. Woroxis saTaveebTan Cormairis Temi (v.

kopaliani, dasax. naSr. gv. 38).

rogorc aqedan Cans, daviT III kurapalats gadaeca vrceli te-

ritoriebi Woroxis saTaveebidan vidre vanis tbamde. es iyo

340

istoriuli miwa-wyali qarTuli tomebisa, savaraudod istoriuli

arian-qarTli.

am qveynebs XI s-is qarTuli wyaro uwodebs `zemoni qveyanani

saberZneTisani~.

v. kopalianis TvalsazrisiT is daviT kurapalats gadaeca ara

erTbaSad, aramed sxvadasxva wlebSi, kerZod pirvelad 965 wels erTi

nawili gadasca `berZenTa mefem~, meored ki gadasces `berZenTa

mefeebma~ 979 w.

es mefeebi yofilan jer kidev bavSvebi basili da konstantine.

gadacema, rogorc iTqva, gulisxmobda imasac, rom am miwa-wylis

erTi nawilis musulmanTagan ganTavisuflebis Semdgom qarTvelebs

ufleba hqondaT emarTaT is droebiT, daviT kurapalatis sicocxlis

periodSi, Semdeg ki ukan unda dabruneboda bizantias.

marTlac, xangrZlivi omebis Semdgom, bizantiam ukan daibruna

aRniSnuli miwa-wyali. mis qarTulobas sxvadasxva wyaroTa garda

miuTiTebs isic rom qarTvelebiT Zalze ganawyenebulma bizantiam am

mxareebs mainc `iberiis Temi~ uwoda.

am droisaTvis bizantiaSi iyo mravali administraciul-

politikur erTeuli, maT Soris XI s-is 20-30 ww. Camoyalibda axali

bizantiuri administraciuli erTeuli iberiis Temi.

aRniSnuli teritoriebis garda masSi Sevida aseve samxreT tao,

Crdilo basiani da TorTomi, anu is teritoriebi, romelsac iqamde

iberiis anu samxreT taos mefe daviT kurapalati flobda.

`iberiis Tems~ imdroindeli avtorebi ubralod iberias

uwodebdnen, masSi moiazreboda, rogorc iTqva, teritoriebi

mdebareni Woroxis saTaveebidan vidre TiTqmis vanis tbamde.

iqamde Tavisuflebis SenarCunebis mizniT iberiis Temis

mosaxleoba medgrad ebrZoda basili II bulgarTmmusvrels, da

Semdeg imperatorebs _ konstantinesa da romanozs.

aTeulobiT wlis manZilze mkvidri qarTvelobis winaaRmdegoba

imdenad didi iyo, rom lastivertecis cnobiT bizantielebi

daundoblad xocavdnen iberiel qalebsa da bavSvebs, moxucebsa da

axalgazrdebs, anadgurebdnen mTel soflebsa da qalaqebs ise, rom

didi nawili aRgaves pirisagan miwisa, samxreT taos dapyrobis

Semdeg axlad mitacebuli miwa-wylis xarjze bizantiis

xelisuflebam, rogorc iTqva, daaarsa iberiis Temi, anu iberiis

sakatepano, da iq mmarTvelad daniSna Tavisi moxele wodebiT _

katepani.

341

iberiis Temis mmarTveli (`katepani~) samxedro pativiT iyo

aRWurvili. mas zogjer iberiis mTavarsac uwodebdnen. misi

sammarTvelo qveyana, rogorc iTqva vrclad iyo gadaWimuli Woroxis

saTaveebidan vidre TiTqmis vanis tbamde. misi dedaqalaqi iyo

Teodosiopoli, an olTisi.

dasavleTiT iberiis Tems esazRvreboda aseve qarTvelebiT

dasaxlebuli xaldiis Temi (anu trapezuntis olqi).

bizantiis es olqebi sasazRvrod iTvleboda da iq bizantiuri

jari iyo ganlagebuli, kerZod maT am TemebSi variagebis jari

hyoliaT (v. kopaliani, saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri

urTierToba 970-1070 wlebSi, 1969, gv. 239).

iberiis Temi moicavda aseve arabobis epoqaSi yofili somxeTis

samefoSi Semaval e.w. `iverTa samTavros~ (VII s-Si, rogorc iTqva

iverTa mTavari yofila vaSdeni). aRsaniSnavia, rom dapyrobis Semdeg

bizantielebma anisic iberiis Tems SeuerTes, Cans, imis gamo, rom

konstantine porfirogenetis sityviT sazRvari bizantiasa da iberebs

Soris X s-Si md. araqze ido, bizantiuri dapyrobebis Semdeg maT

araqsis dasavleTic, e.i iberebis mxarec moicves. am mxares

mdebareobda anisi.

1047-49 wlebSi iberiis Temis mmarTveli yofila katakalon

kekavmenosi (iqve, gv. 245).

1054 wels Turq-seljukebi mesamed Seesivnen iberiis Tems.

garkveuli mosazrebiT bizantia xels uwyobda Turq-seljukebis mier

iberiis Temis dasustebas.

bizantia iberiis Tems imiTac asustebda, giorgi kedrenes

gadmocemiT, rom iq didZal gadasaxads akrefinebda `uRvTo

gadasaxadis amkreblebs, maTi meSveobiT agrovebda fuls usamarTlo

wyaroebidan~ (iqve, gv. 262). ase vTqvaT, Tanamedrove TurqeTis

Crdilo aRmosavleT mxare (iberiis Temi) TviT bizantielebis

winaswarganzraxuli Tu ugunuri politikis wyalobiT Turq-

seljukebis xelSi moeqca.

aRmosavleTis provinciebis da kerZod, iberiis Temis Sesaxeb

giorgi kedrene werda: `ganuwyveteli Tavdasxmebisa da Zarcva-

glejis gamo yvelaferi nadgurdeboda, amitom iberiis mdidari

qveyanac, romelmac ukve winaTac ganicada rbeva da dasustebuli iyo,

sabolood daeca da ganadgurdao~ (georgika V, gv. 82).

v. kopaliani aRniSnavs, rom imdenad gawamebulebi iyvnen

iberielebi bizantielebis mier, rom wyaros cnobiT isini TavianT

342

mtrebad Tvlidnen romaelebso, anu bizantielebsao (v. kopaliani,

saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba 970-1070 wlebSi,

1969, gv. 263).

imperator konstantine dukas (1059-1067) dros bizantiis

aRmosavleTSi `yvelaferi ingreoda da nadgurdeboda TurqTa

Tavdasxmebis da Zaladobis gamo, iberiis mdidari qveyanac

ganadgurda~ (iqve, gv. 275). e.i. mas bizantielebica da Turqebic

anadgurebdnen.

maSasadame, iberiis Temi mdidari qveyana yofila, dadgenilia misi

simdidris wyaroebic, upirvelesi iyo masze gamavali saerTaSoriso

mniSvnelobis gza, romelic, basili II-s sityviT bizantias

sparseTTan aerTebda.

iberiis Temis Semosavlis mniSvnelovani wyaro iyo, is, rom

iberielebi (viTarca mxne mxedrebi) daqiravebuli jariskacebis saxiT

msaxurobdnen bizantiur armiaSi da maT qira eZleodaT. maTi ricxvi

didi iyo, magaliTad kedrenes cnobiT imperator konstantine

monomaxis dros 1053 wels bizantiis `iberiuli jari~ 50000

(ormocdaaTi aTasi) kacisagan Sedgeboda, rogorc iTqva, isini iyvnen

iberiis Temidan anu Woroxis saTaveebidan vidre vanis tbamde

gadaSlili qveynis mosaxleobidan gamosulni. maTi ricxvi kidev

ufro meti unda yofiliyo, radganac aRniSnuli mxolod is ricxvia

jariskacebisa, romelic imperatorma samsaxuridan daiTxova

aRniSnul wels (iqve, gv. 262). iberiis Temidan gamosul laSqars

bizantia zogjer saqarTvelos winaaRmdegac iyenebda (iqve, gv. 262).

qsenofontes cnobiTac fasianidan da mimdgomi qarTuli

qveynebidan daqiravebul jariskacebs jer kidev qristeSobamde V s-

Si iyenebdnen sparsul armiaSi, amitomac araa sakvirveli, rom

basianidan da mimdgomi qveynebidan (e.i. iveriis Temidan) daqiravebul

jariskacebs IX-X saukuneebSic iyenebdnen ucxo qveynebi.

magaliTad, imperator nikifore fokas 964 wels iberiul jarTan

erTad kilikiaSi ulaSqria _ `TiTqmis yvela did brZolaSi,

romelic ki am periodSi bizantias aRmosavleTis frontze

(mesopotamiaSi, selevkiaSi da sxv.) uwarmoebia qarTvelTa laSqari

iRebda monawileobas~ (iqve, gv. 23).

qarTvelebi ara mxolod imperatoris, aramed imperatorobis

mowinaaRmdege ajanyebuli bizantieli mxedarTmTavrebis jarSic

mniSvnelovan Zalas Seadgendnen. magaliTad, konstantinopolis

343

winaaRmdeg barda fokas ajanyebisas, `qarTvelTa qveiTi jari

Seadgenda saukeTeso laSqars~ (iqve, gv. 76).

mkvlevari vasilevski aRniSnavs, rom am ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg

`bizantiis armiaSi qarTvelebis adgili rusebma daikaves~ (v.

kopaliani, saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba 970-

1070 wlebSi, 1969, gv. 77).

saerTod, barda fokasadmi mxardaWera gaxda mTavari mizezi

samxreT taos saxelmwifos ganadgurebisa da mis adgilze iberiis

Temis daarsebisa.

daviT kurapalatis samefo bizantiam SeierTa, Tumca amis Semdegac

gahyavdaT iberiis Temidan jariskacebi bizantiur armiaSi, rogorc

iTqva konstantine monomaxs marto 1053 wels 50000 iberieli

jariskaci dauTxovia samxedro samsaxuridan.

moqiravne jariskacebis qira iberiis Temis simdidris erT-erTi

wyaro iyo, umTavresi ki iyo is Semosavali, romelsac iRebda masze

gamavali saerTaSoriso gziT mosargeble vaWrebisagan.

iqamdec, iberiis Temis daarsebamde, maSin, roca aRniSnuli

teritoriebi samxreT taos anu daviT kurapalatis samefoSi

Sedioda, iq gaCaRebuli iyo Zalze mniSvnelovani aReb-micemoba

umetesad am gzis wyalobiT.

samxreT taos samefo iqamdec mdidari saxelmwifo iyo, magram X s-

is bolodan axali olqebis SemoerTebam misi politikuri da

ekonomikuri mdgomareoba kidev ufro gaaumjobesa.

am miwa-wyalze (Woroxidan da trabzonidan vanis tbamde) gadioda

`saxalifodan wamosuli udidesi savaWro gza, romelic mcire aziasa

da pontoSi miemarTeboda. am gzaze mravali savaWro centri iyo da

maT Soris yvelaze ufro cnobili _ arcni da karnu qalaqi, igive

Teodosiopoli, dRevandeli arzrumi. arcni Teodosiopolis axlos

md. evfratis ukidures saTaveSi mdebareobda, sadac aristake

lastivertecis cnobiT, udidesi simdidre modioda `zRviTa da

xmeleTiT~ (iqve, gv. 43).

arcni (arwe) udidesi da Zlieri savaWro centri iyo. is idga

mTavar savaWro gzaze, romelic konstantinopolidan (da

trapezuntidan) _ yarsis, anisisa da dvinis gavliT iranSi

miemarTeboda, mis Sesaxeb kedrenec werda: arcnSi vaWrobdnen

iranidan, indoeTidan da sxvadasxva mxridan Semosuli aziuri

saqonliT.

aranaklebi savaWro qalaqi iyo arzrumi.

344

saxalifodan da sparseTidan konstantinopolisken mimavali gza

jer gaivlida dvins, anissa da yarss. amis Semdeg, yarsis raionSi

gza orad iyofoda. erTi, CrdiloeTis Sto Sedioda artanujSi,

romelic udidesi savaWro kvanZi iyo, xolo meore, gzis samxreTi

Sto Sedioda arzrumSi, Semdeg orive es Sto isev erTiandeboda.

maTi SeerTebis punqti iyo trapizoni.

`es aniWebda trapizons udides mniSvnelobas. aRmosavleTSi

bizantiis imperiis yvelaze udidesi qalaqi ekonomikuri

TvalsazrisiT iyo trapizoni. mas mxolod konstantinepoli

aRemateboda ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT~ (iqve, gv. 44).

arzrumisaken mimavali gzis gasaRebi iyo yarsi, xolo Tavis mxriv

arzrumi iyo konstantinopolis gasaRebi, radganac warmoadgenda

anatoliis strategiuli da savaWro gzebis centralur punqts (iqve,

gv. 44).

TiTqmis msgavsi mniSvneloba hqonda artanujs, sadac aseve

yarsidan Sedioda gza artaanis gavliT.

yarsSi ki, rogorc iTqva, gzebi Sedioda dvinidan, anisidan,

artanujidan da arzrumidan.

am qalaqTa Soris, konstantinopolis strategiul gzaze arzrumi

idga, romelsac X s-Si daviT kurapalati akontrolebda.

iberiis samefos SemadgenlobaSi gadmosul olqebs bizantiis impe-

riisaTvis udidesi ekonomiuri da strategiuli mniSvneloba hqonda.

`politikurma gaWirvebam aiZula bizantiis mTavroba droebiT da-

viT kurapalatis mflobelobaSi ecno es olqebi, magram moZlierebis

Semdeg gaafTrebiT daiwyo brZola am miwis isev misataceblad~ (iqve,

gv. 45).

maSasadame, saerTaSoriso gzebi aseTi iyo:

1) dvini-anisi-yarsi-artaani-artanuji-arTvini-Savi zRva;

2) dvini-anisi-yarsi-arzrumi-trapezunti.

am gzebiT zRvispira portebi uerTeboda dvins, iqidan ki

sparseTsa da saxalifos.

pirvel anu dvini-artanuj-Savi zRvis saerTaSoriso gzis erT

mniSvnelovan monakveTs klarji xelmwifeebi akontrolebdnen, xolo

meore _ dvini-trapezuntis saerTaSoriso gzisas taos mefeebi,

radganac maT xelSi iyo arzrumis Sesasvlelebi.

am gzaTa baJiT maT didi simdidre daagroves, SeZles

grandiozuli mSeneblobebis wamowyeba da dasruleba, maT Soris

banasa da oSkis saxelovani taZrebisa.

345

bizantiaSi am gzis gakontrolebas did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen

da mas `gza sparseTisa~ erqva, radganac aerTianebda trapezunts

sparseTTan.

es gza viTarca strategiuli obieqti yvelaze metad ainteresebda

bizantias da cdilobda mis xelSi Cagdebas, radganac am gzas

basili keisramde qarTvelebi akontrolebdnen, amitom aristakes

lastivertecis sityviT Txovda kidec imperatori basili II mefe

giorgi I-s _ `sparseTis gzaze nu meRobebi~ anu iTxovda misgan

swored am strategiuli gzis gadacemas, rac cxadia mimdebare

qveynebis gadacemasac iTvaliswinebda.

gaZlierebis Semdeg basili keisars surda am gzis mTlianad

gakontroleba, amitomac basianis qveyanaSi Tavisi jarebiT Sesvlis

Semdeg saqarTvelos mefes giorgi pirvels, rogorc aRiniSna, elCad

gaugzavna valaS­ker­te­li qarTveli episkoposi zaqaria da `tkbili

sityvebiT miwera... nu gadameRobebi gzaze, romelic sparseTisaken

midiso~ (a. lastiverteci, istoria, 1974. gv. 51).

es gzebi moqmedi iyo XIX saukunemde. germaneli mogzaurisa

mecnieris gustav rades aRweridan kargad Cans, rom Woroxis xeobaSi

gamavali saerTaSoriso gza erTmaneTTan aerTebda yarss baTumTan

da Sav zRvasTan.

am gzam saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba dakarga rusebis batonobis

dros XIX-XX ss-Si.

gustav rade wers: `arTvinma, rogorc savaWro centrma, romelic

uwin erTTmaneTTan akavSirebda erT mxriv, konstantinopolsa da

trapizons, meore mxriv yarssa da ardagans, rusebis gabatonebis

Semdeg, Tavisi mniSvneloba dakarga da es procesi amJamadac

grZeldeba, savaWro brunva adgilobrivi mcxovreblebis masobrivi

gadinebis gmo mniSvnelovnad Semcirda~ (g.saiTiZe, i.aRlaZe,

germaneli mecnieri da mogzauri gustav rade, macne, istoriis seria,

2012, 2, gv. 121).

is XIX s. 70-90 wlebSi mogzaurobda.

(Woroxis xeobis miseuli aRwera sruliad eTanadeba strabonis,

prokofi kesarielisa Tu agaTias mier aRweril lazikis aRweras.

magaliTad erTnairad aRiwereba is faqti rom cxenebis sakvebi

Zalze mcirea, amis gamo lazikaSi sparselebs 20000 cxeni daeRupaT,

gustav rade wers _ `cxenebisaTvis sakvebis SeZena gvindoda, magram

versad viSoveT~ (iqve, gv. 117) anda is wers`Woroxis xeobaSi sakvebis

Sovna uWirT~ (iqve, gv. 120). es sityvebi gvagonebs cnobas, rom

346

sarapanasa da akandaSi Rvino, puri da sakvebi uWirdaT. misi aRweriT

xalxiT datvirTuli navi (katarRa) artTvinidan baTumSi 5 saaTSi

Cadioda. rom Woroxi wyaluxvi iyo da arTvinTan Zalze

`yuriswamRebad~ xmaurobda (iqve, gv.122), iseve rogorc fazisi

sarapanasTan strabonis cnobiT. xalibTa `qaldus qveyana~ arian-

qarTlis safuZveli).

saerTod, daviT kurapalatis samflobelo, anu `qarTvelTa

samefos~ didi nawili (anu taos samefo) Zalze momgebiani da

Semosavliani saerTaSoriso gzebiT iyo daserili. klarjeTis

zRvispireTSi im sazRvao punqts, sadac mTavrdeboda artaanuj-

dvinisaken mimavali saerTaSoriso gza X saukuneSi SeiZleba

yofiliyo xufaTi (xofa), radgan mis axlo mdgari Zveli petras

cnobili simagre ukve VI saukuneSive daingra.

`zemoni qveyananis~ SemoerTebam aRamaRla taos samefos

ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. rogorc iTqva, SemoerTebul qveyanaze

gadioda imdroindeli aRmosavleTis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

savaWro gza, romelzedac mdebareobda qalaqebi arcni, karnu qalaqi

(igive Teodosiopoli, arzrumi).

es savaWro gza saxalifodan artanujis gavliT dvinze gadadioda

da trapezuntamde miemarTeboda. am savaWro gzidan da qalaqebidan

samefos didi Semosavali Semosdioda~ (narkv. II. gv. 484, А. Манандян.

О торговле в городах Армении, gv. 215).

wina TavebSi aRiniSna, rom artanuj-dvinis damakavSirebeli gza

SavizRvispira portebs persarmeniasTan aerTebda VI saukuneSi, riTac

interesdeboda rogorc bizantiis ise sparseTis imperiebi. Sahi

xosro swored dvini-artanujis gziT unda Sesuliyo lazikaSi

petras cixesTan (prokofis lazika Woroxis xeobas moicavda

zRvispireTTan erTad).

prokofi kesarielis dros SesaZloa artanujs sxva saxeli erqva.

artanuj-dvinis savaWro gzas gulisxmobda konstantine

porfirogenetic, roca artanujis savaWro mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb

werda.

daviT kurapalatis drosac a. manandianisa da qarTveli

istorikosebis kvleviT artanuj-dvinis magistrali erT-erTi

mTavari monakveTi yofila, romelic saxalifos trapezuntTan

akavSirebda.

347

basili II-isa da sxva imperatorebis omebi

iberiis winaaRmdeg (1001-1054 ww.)

1001 wels gardaicvala daviT kurapalati, am cnobis miRebisTanave

imperatori basili II Tavisi laSqriT swrafi marSiT gamoeSura taos

samefos dasapyrobad, radganac daviTi Tavisi anderZiT mas utovebda

Tavis vrcel samflobeloebs.

daviT kurapalatis samefo, romelsac ucxoelebi iberias (iverias)

uwodebdnen, rogorc iTqva, moicavda samxreT taos, Crdilo basiansa

da TorToms, amis garda ki mas droebiT sargeblobaSi hqonda

vrceli miwa-wyali TiTqmis vanis tbamde _ dasavleT evfratis

xeobaSi mdebare klisura da misi cixe xaltoi-ariWi; araqsis

saTaveebTan mardaliis kantonis cixe sevuki; vanis tbis Crdilo-

dasavleT raionebSi harqisa da apahunis provinciebi; samxreT

basiani; Teodosiopoli (arzrumi) Tavisi TemiT, anu karini; Woroxis

saTaveebTan Cormairis Temi.

mTlianad es mxareebi axla ukve basil II-m daikanona.

`daipyra basili mefeman mamuli daviT kurapalatisa~ _ wers

sumbat daviTis Ze, amasTanave, aiZula qveynis aznaurebi TavianTi

sakuTari cixeebi bizantielebisTvis gadaecaT, didgvarianTagan

yvelaze gamoCenili patriotebi ki bizantiaSi gadaasaxla.

kedrene wers: `iberiaSi rom Cavida, micemuli memkvidreoba

daidgina... Tan waiyvana iberiis didgvarianebi, romelTagan

348

umTavresni iyvnen bakuriani, Tevdrate da fersi _ RviZli Zmebi,

romelnic patrikiosTa xarisxSi aiyvana~ (georgika, V, gv. 45).

rogorc iTqva, taoSi ori saxelmwifo iyo.

Crdilo taos saxelmwifos mefe gurgens, basilma SeunarCuna

damoukidebloba, ufro metic Sekra masTan zavi, romlis pirobiTac

gurgens Tavisi laSqriT ar unda ebrZola samxreT taos

gasaTavisufleblad, mas imperatorma magistrosoba uboZa. basils

Seegeba aseve gurgenis vaJi bagrati, romelic ukve iyo afxazTa mefe,

mas ufro meti pativi _ kurapalatoba uboZa.

kedrene Crdilo taos samefos _ `Sida iberias~ uwodebs (v.

kopaliani, saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba 970-

1070 wlebSi, 1969, gv. 46).

`Sida iberiis~ anu Crdilo taos mefe gurgeni ver Seurigda udi-

des danakliss, rac qveyanas samxreT iveriis dakargviT miadga,

amitomac mTeli Tavisi laSqriT SeiWra olTisSi _ samxreT taos

dedaqalaqSi, magram basili II-m mas didi jari daaxvedra da kidev

erTxel dauzavda.

qveynis dakargva gansakuTrebiT aSfoTebdaT samxreT iveriis azna-

urebsa da didebulebs, amitomac basils maleve dasWirda xelmeored

laSqroba qveynis dasaufleblad. qarTveli aznaurebi bizantiaSi ga-

daasaxles da iq mamulebi dauriges (v. kopaliani, dasax. naSr. gv. 81).

rogorc iTqva dapyrobil samxreT iveriaSi bizantiam e.w. iberiis

Temi _ sakatepano daaarsa.

samxreT iberiis mosaxleoba, mkvidri qarTveloba, ver urigdeboda

samSoblos Tavisuflebis dakargvas, eseni iyvnen ara marto, rogorc

mematiane uwodebs mamaci taoelebi, basianelebi, aramed arzrumis

qveynis, (anu karinis) da sxva mxareebis qarTvelebi, magaliTad, ufro

adre karinSi mamulebi da monastrebi hqonia Tornike erisTavs, da

iq, karinis qarTul monastrebSi, mravali qarTuli wigni iwereboda.

karinis mimdebare mxareebidan iyvnen is qarTveli didebulebi,

romlebmac iberiis damoukideblobisaTvis Tavi dades.

lastivertecis Txzulebidan kargad Cans, rom ara mxolod

qarTveli didgvarovnebi da aznaurebi ibrZodnen bizantielTa

winaaRmdeg, aramed ubralo adamianebic. amitomac, mTel maT

soflebsa da qalaqebs mteri sastikad anadgurebda.

samxreT iberiis mosaxleobis ganwyobilebam da patriotizmma

erTgvari stimuli misca CrdiloeTiT mdebare saqarTvelos mefes

giorgi I-s (bagrat III Zes), esargebla imiT, rom roca basili II

349

dakavebuli iyo bulgarelebTan omiT, gaefarTovebina Tavisi

sazRvrebi da daaxloebiT 1013-1020 wlebSi bizantielebs xelidan

gamoglija yvela is cixe-simagre, romlebic adre daviT III

kurapalats ekuTvnoda.

bulgarelebis damarcxebis Semdeg basili II-m epistole gaugzavna

giorgi I-s da moiTxova aRniSnuli cixe-simagreebis dacla. uaris

miRebis Semdeg bizantiuri laSqari gaagzavna qarTvel mefesTan sao-

mrad.

`bizantielTa winaaRmdeg a. lastivertecis cnobiT, taoelebi

mamacurad ibrZodnen da uxtigis (olTisis axlos) brZolidan

bizantielTa laSqari gaaqcieso~ (v. kopaliani, dasax. naSr. gv. 91).

Tavisi laSqris am damarcxebam ganarisxa basili II, da is 1021 w.

piradad SemouZRva Tavis saimperio jars.

Tavis mxriv, saqarTvelos mefem giorgim Sekriba didi laSqari

bizantiis imperatorTan sabrZolvelad.

bizantiuri da qarTuli laSqari erTmaneTs Sexvda basianis

qveyanaSi da erTmaneTis pirispir dadgnen ramdenime dRis manZilze,

brZolis gareSe. am dros qarTulma sardlobam, rogorc Cans

Secdoma dauSva da ukan daxevis brZaneba gasca. aman mteri ufro

gaaaqtiura, is qarTvelTa laSqars ukan daedevna.

sasawyobo Senobebi, sursaTisa da iaraRis saTavsoebi qarTul

laSqars q. olTisSi gadauwvavs, raTa mters ar esargebla amiT.

ukan daxeuli qarTuli laSqris bolo nawilebs wamoewia

bizantiis mowinave laSqari, brZola gaimarTa palakacios tbasTan

sofel SirimnTan.

omis Sesaxeb xma giorgi mefes sakmaod gvian miuvida. is mivida

omis adgilas, sadac am dros basili mefec movida _ qarTlis cxov-

rebis cnobiT, `iqmna brZola didi, da mosrnes berZenni friad da

warmoiRes avari, ezom gagrZelda maT Soris brZola, romel

sivltolad ganemzada basili mefe~ magram, samwuxarod `sulmokle

iqmnes qarTvelni, morides da warmovides~.

mterma gaimarjva. basilim gagzavna jarebi sxva da sxva

mimarTulebiT da ubrZana maT aravin SeebralebinaT, arc moxuci,

arc axalgazrda, arc bavSvi, arc qali. ase daangria da mospo

Tormeti qarTuli qveyana.

iahia antioqielis cnobiT basilma Tvalebi daTxara orasi aTasze

met qarTvel mamakacs (v. kopaliani saqarTvelosa da bizantiis

politikuri urTierToba 970-1070 wlebSi, 1969, gv. 95).

350

amasobaSi kaxeTisa da hereTis laSqriT gaZlierda giorgi I,

basili iZulebuli gaxda ukan dabrunebuliyo da trapizonSi gamo-

izamTra.

qarTul miwa-wyalze kvlav, xelmeored Semosul mters SeebrZola

saqarTvelos laSqari 1022 wlis 11 seqtembers arzrumTan axlos,

SerfTan _ lastivertecis cnobiT, magram qarTvelebi kvlav

damarcxdnen.

daido zavi, romlis Tanaxmadac daviT kurapalatis mTeli miwa-

wyali mterma miiTvisa.

erT dros ayvavebuli samxreT iberia ganadgurda, 1025 w. basili II

gardaicvala, magram man moaswro da mZevlad wayvanili mefe giorgis

Ze bagrati ukan daabruna.

yofili samxreT iberiis adgilas, rogorc iTqva, Camoyalibda

bizantiaSi Semavali iberiis Temi. miuxedavad amisa qarTvelebi am

TemSi mainc ganagrZobdnen damoukideblobisaTvis brZolas, amitomac

1025-1028 wlebSi imperatorma konstantine VIII-mac Tavisi laSqari

kvlav aoma iq mojanyeTa winaaRmdeg. es omi grZeldeboda imperator

romanozis drosac, 1028-1034 wlebSi.

valaSkerti da Tormeti qarTuli gavari (XI s.) a. lastivertecis cnobiT

1021 wels imperatori basili II didi jariT Semovida karinis

qveyanaSi qarTvelTa qveynis asaRebad, Tavdapirvelad elCi gaugzavna

saqarTvelos mefe giorgi I-s. es elCi iyo `qarTveli episkoposi

romelic qalaq vaRarSakertSi ijda, Seegeba mefes (e.i. imperators)

da daaimeda igi, rom rogorc ki ekeReacSi (e.i. ekelecSi) an karinSi

amoxval, giorgi Sen geaxlebao. mefem daijera episkoposis sityvebi

da darCa giorgis mosvlis molodinSi, xolo giorgim ver gabeda

wasuliyo mefis daZaxilze... roca CaiSala elCoba, mefe Zlier

ganrisxda da brZana cecxliT, maxviliTa da tyveobiT

gaenadgurebinaT didi daba-qalaqi okomi da mis garSemo mdebare

soflebi, aoxrda miwis savargulebi, brZana tyveebi waeyvanaT

qaldiis gavarSi, TviTon ki basianisaken gaemarTa da miaRwia

vanandis gavars, xolo giorgim miaRwia qalaq uxtiqs (e.i. olTiss)

351

ubrZana jarebs daewvaT lamazi nagebobebi, iavareyoT maTi saqoneli,

magram xalxisaTvis vneba ar mieyenebinaT (!), es rom Seityo mefem

(imperatorma) ufro ganrisxda... qveynis oTxive mxares jari gagzavna,

marbieli mohfina, mkacri brZanebiT moiTxova ar daendoT arc

moxuci da arc axalgazrda, arc yrma, arc srulasakovani, arc kaci,

arc qali da saerTod arc erTi asakisa. amgvarad man daangria da

aaoxra Tormeti gavari... vfiqrob, yovelive es Tavs gadaxdaT

nacvlad imisa, rom maT moglijes wmida kaTolike eklesiis karidan

samefo niSnis mqone jvris lursmnebi da Seuracxmyofelad

gaiZaxodnen - cxenebisaTvis nali unda gavakeToTo. ase samarTlianad

maT (!) Tavs daatydaT ubedureba, rac sazarel sanaxaobas qmnis...

ZuZumwovara yrmebs, zogs dedis mkerdidan glejdnen da qvebs

urtyamdnen, nawils ki dedis mkerdze aklavdnen SubiT... cxenis

CliqebSi agdebdnen... gaukacrielda keTilmowyobili qveyana~ (a.

lastiverteci, istoria, 1974, gv. 47).

a. lastivertecis cnobidan Zalze kargad Cans, rom basianis,

karinis, taosa da vanandis mosaxleoba qarTulia, radganac isini,

misi sityviT, samarTlianad daisajnen anisis eklesiis jvris

SeuracxyofisaTvis, anisis somxuri eklesiis jvari qarTvelebma

Seuracxyves, risTvisac mwared daisajnen. es `samarTlianad~

dasjilebi ki okomisa da mimdebare 12 gavaris mcxovrebni iyvnen. anu

okomisa da mimdebare 12 gavaris mosaxleoba qarTulia, aq

upirvelesad igulisxmeba karin-tao-basian-vanandis dasjili

qarTveloba. ase aRwers istorikosi.

qalaqi valaSkerti mdebareobda saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis

gzaze, basianis aRmosavleT mxares.

am qalaqze gamavali gza erTmaneTTan aerTebda trapezuntsa

(bizantiasa) da sparseTs. X saukunis bolosaTvis aRmoCnda, rom am

gzis mniSvnelovani nawili qar­TvelTa xelSi iyo, radganac isini aq

saxlobdnen _ basianSi, taoSi, valaSkertidan Teodosiopolamde anu

arzrumamde, Cans araqssa da murad-sus Suac.

giorgi I-isaTvis aRniSnuli teritoria ar iyo Soreuli mxare, is

iyo qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli miwa-wyali, romlisaganac iRebda

kidec did Zalas, gansakuTrebiT mkvidri didebulebis (aznaurebis)

mxridan. magaliTad, momijnave, kidev ufro samxreTiT mdebare

turuberanis gavaris mmarTveloba jojik erisTavT-erisTavis

sagvareulos xelSi iyo moqceuli, isini iq mkvidrebi iyvnen, am

352

qarTvel patriotTa saxlis wevri iyo cnobili fersi jojikis Ze. is

iyo memamule vrceli miwebisa zemo araqssa da murad-sus Sua,

romelsac tvarwatafi erqva (e. metreveli, narkvevebi aTonis keris

istoriidan, 1996, gv. 32). iq, sadac qsenofontes qarTuli tomebi

Sexvda (araqssa da murad sus Sua). fersi jojikis Ze mudam

saqarTvelos interesebis damcveli iyo, uSiSari mebrZoli

bizantielebis winaaRmdeg,

jer kidev 1001 wels iberiaSi Tavisi pirveli laSqrobis Semdeg

imperatorma basilim konstantinepolSi gadaasaxla fersi (feris)

jojokis Ze da misi Zma Tevdrati sxva didaznaurebis ojaxebTan

erTad, imedi hqondaT, rom isini iq daiviwyebdnen samSoblos, magram

ara. fersi 1019 wels dabrunda mSobliur miwa-wyalze da daiwyo

ajanyeba imperiis winaaRmdeg, imdenad STambeWdavi, rom imperatoris

taxti sagrZnoblad Seirya, kerZod, qarTvelTa qveynis siRrmeSi

(basianSi) basili II-is jaris dabanakebis Semdeg mis zurgSi

momzadda didi ajanyeba imperatoris winaaRmdeg. keisris spaspetma

da barda fokas Ze warvezim iseTi didi jari Sekribes, rom imperiis

aRmosavleTi maT xelSi moeqca `didad SeZrwunda amisTvis basili~

(sumbat daviTis Ze, cxovreba bagrationTa, 1990, gv. 55). mojanyeTa

erT-erTi ZiriTadi Zala qarTveli aznaurebi rom iyvnen, iqedanac

Cans, rom gamarjvebis Semdeg basili II-m upirvelesad feris jojikis

Ze daasjevina sikvdiliT.

ajanyebis Caqrobis Semdeg a. lastivertecis cnobiT basili II-s

upirveles saqmed miuCnevia fersis da misi siZis andronikes Sepyroba

`moiyvanes xaRtoiariWis cixe-simagremde, karinis sazRvarze, maT

miaRwies cixesimagris pirdapir mdebare mindors, iq SeCerdnen,

moiyvanes fersi da andronike da Tavebi mohkveTes, es mefisagan iyo

nabrZanebi, radganac fersi da andronike TavianTi ajanyebis dros

afxazis mokavSireni iyvnen da aRuTqves mas am adgilamde mTeli

teritoriis micema, vinaidan jer kidev winaT es adgilebi daviT

kurapalats epyra~ (a. lastiverteci, istoria, gv. 50).

maSasadame, `qarTvelTa mTavari~ fersi anu feris jojikis Ze sxva

patriotebTan erTad miiyvanes karinis anu Teodosiopolis qveyanaSi,

radganac am qveynis gadacema surdaT maT `afxazTa~ mefisaTvis,

giorgi I-saTvis, da swored amitom basili II-m sagangebod aqve

dasaja isini.

rogorc iTqva, rom ar yofiliyo karineli qarTvelebis didi

mxardaWera, fersi jojikis Ze ver gadascemda am miwa-wyals

saqarTvelos (afxazTa) mefes.

353

am qveyanaSi mxolod ori Zala Canda (bizantiuri da qarTuli),

somexi patriotis a. lastivertecis naSromSi odnavi miniSnebac ki

ar aris imisa, rom iyo mesame _ somxuri Zala, romelsac Tavisi

politikuri neba an zraxvebi hqonoda karinsa Tu basianSi,

maSasadame, rogorc Cans, feris `qarTvelTa mTavari~ azrumis

(karinis) dasabruneblad ibrZoda, raTa saqarTvelos SemoerTeboda

is, viTarca kidev erTi qarTuli mxare.

rogorc iTqva, `qarTvelTa mTavris~ tituli hqonda aseve VII

saukuneSi vaSdens (`qarTvelTa mTavars~), rac memkvidreobiT

gadaecemoda mis ojaxs. SesaZloa, am ojaxis memkvidre iyo feris

jojikis Ze, Tumca imJamad misi qveyana (anu tao da mimdebare

mxareebi) somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi iyo moqceuli. somxuri

eklesiis udidesi nawili VII s-Si qalkedonituri iyo, amitomac

somxuri eklesiis mrevlisa da ierarqiis erT nawils maSin eTnikuri

qarTvelebi Seadgendnen, gansakuTrebiT taosa da mimdebare

mxareebSi.

saeklesio iurisdiqciaTa cvlileba (XI s.)

ivane javaxiSvilis mier gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom bizantiuri

administraciuli erTeuli _ iveriis anu iberiis Temi daaarsa

imperatorma konstantinem, romelic romanozis Semdeg mefobda.

`bagrat IV-is Tanamedrove keisarma konstantinem bizantia-

saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia da

daucxromlad cdilobda TandaTanobiT rogorme gamoeglija

saqarTvelosaTvis monapire qveynebi. man daaarsa iveriis Temi -

sakatepano, romelic Tavdapirvelad daviT kurapalatis

samflobelosagan Sedgeboda, magram mere sxva miwebic miemata~ (iv.

javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, t. II, 1983, gv. 137).

am momentidan, Tu ufro adredan ara, mTlianad Seicvala

saeklesio iurisdiqciac. kerZod, bizantiuri administraciuli

erTeulis iveriis Temiis daarseba TavisTavad gulisxmobda imas,

rom am miwaze qarTuli eklesiis adgils iWerda konstantinopolis

sapatriarqo. maSasadame, valaSkertis an banas qarTuli samamamTavro

ukve eklesiurad aRar iyo uflebamosili iveriis Temis miwa-wyalze,

354

mis adgils axla daiWerda konstantinopolis romelime

samitropolito.

iveriis Temi, rogorc aRiniSna moicavda daviT kurapalatis

samflobeloebs, kerZod, imier taos, basians, mis mimdebare vrcel

qveynebs vidre vanis tbamde, maT Soris valaSkertsac, dasavleTiT ki

albaT arzrumsac. am miwa-wyalze marTlac mravali qalkedonuri

saepiskoposo iyo, romelnic konstantinopolma dauqvemdebara

`lazikis eparqias~.

konstantinopolis sapatriarqos lazikis eparqiis centri

trapezunti iyo, axla misi sazRvrebi gaizarda, moicva iberiis

Temic, anu vrceli miwa-wyali vidre vanis tbamde.

imer taos teritoriebis meti wili `iberiis TemSi~ Sevida,

Sesabamisad gamoiyvanes qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciidan da

dauqvemdebares konstantinopolis patriarqs.

iberiis Temis Camoyalibebam Secvala bizantiuri iurisdiqcia,

kerZod es axali administraciuli erTeuli eklesiurad gadauciaT

lazikis eparqiisaTvis, anu trapezuntis samitropolitosaTvis.

Sesabamisad, iberiis Temis daarsebis Semdeg konstantinopolis

sapatriarqos lazikis eparqiaSi Sevida vrceli miwa-wyali mravali

saepiskoposoTi vanis tbis mimarTulebiT, iqamde isini Sedioda

daviT kurapalatis samefos tao-valaSkertis qarTul

samamamTavroSi.

saba mtbevari, ezra anCeli, baneli ioane da zaqaria

valaSkerteli (XI s.)

355

(qarTulenovani samitropolito olqi bizantiis imperiaSi

(1001-1025 ww.)

qarTveli mRvdelmTavrebi, episkoposebi da TviT kaTalikos-mama-

mTavrebic aqtiurad monawileobdnen bizantia-saqarTvelos omisas

mxareTa dasazaveblad.

1021 wels trapezuntSi gamosazamTreblad dabanakebulma basilim

da saqarTvelos mTavrobam gadawyvites dazaveba, kerZod giorgi I

daTanxmda daeTmo daviT III kurapalatis sruli memkvidreoba.

bizantias dazaveba surda, giorgi I zavs daTanxmda iZulebiT.

zavis garantorebad basilim airCia saqarTvelos eklesiis

meTaurebi.

imperatorma giorgi I-is elCebs Tan gaayola Tavisi

warmomadgenlebi, raTa maTi TandaswrebiT qarTvelTa eklesiis

meTaurebs piroba CamoerTmiaT giorgi I-isaTvis, rom is aRar

ibZrolebda daviT kurapalatis memkvidreobisaTvis.

maleve basili II-is winaaRmdeg bizantiaSi moewyo didi ajanyeba

barda fokas Svilis nikiforesa da anatoliis mmarTvel qsifes

meTaurobiT. saqarTvelos mTavroba miemxro ajanyebulebs.

maSasadame, miRweuli zavi dairRva.

radganac zavis garantori qarTuli eklesia iyo da zavis

darRvevis gamo basili II aRar endoboda mas, miTumetes, rom ufro

adre, iberiaSi Semosvlis win aristakes lastivertecis TqmiT

keisarma mefe giorgisTan gaagzavna valaSkerteli qarTveli

episkoposi zaqaria, winadadebiT, xeli aeRo daviT III-is

memkvidreobaze _ `tkbili sityvebiT werda mas, rom rac

memkvidreobiT Seni araa, xeli aiRe imaze, nu damibrkoleb gzas

sparseTiskeno~.

valaSkertelma episkoposma zaqariam daarwmuna mefe giorgi I

daTanxmeboda basilis moTxovnebs, CamoarTva mefes xelwerili, rom

is uTmobda basils Tavisi winapris daviT kurapalatis

memkvidreobas da sixaruliT wavida imperatorTan, magram gzaSi mas

daewia mefe giorgis malemsrboli da moiTxova werilis ukan

dabruneba.

xelmocaruli zaqaria valaSkerteli episkoposi arc imperatorma

Seiwynara, piriqiT, cilic daswama, TiTqos is ajanyebulebs

emxroboda. sabolood ki nawyenma basil meorem dasaja qarTveli

356

episkoposi imiT, rom Camoacila valaSkertis kaTedras, Tavis

qveyanas da sacxovreblad konstantinopolSi gaamgzavra.

lastivertecis cnobiT zaqarias imperatoris brZanebiT enac amo-

glijes, sxva cnobiT ki zaqarias ena mokveTes ara 1021 wels, aramed

Semdeg, daaxloebiT 1025 wels sxva ajanyebaSi monawileobis gamo.

garda basilisa, arc sxva imperatorebi swyalobdnen imJamad

qarTul eklesias.

imperator konstantines brZanebiT 1027 (1028) wels imperiis

laSqarma moarbia samxreT iberiis qveyana da zogadad didi safrTxe

Seuqmna saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobas _ mematianes sityviT

`gandges kvalad aznaurni da warvides igini saberZneTs~ es imas

niSnavs, rom qveynis didebulebisa da aznaurebis erTma nawilma

bizantiis saxelmwifos gadasca sakuTari mamulebi da miwa-wyali da

cixe-simagreebi da romelTa sanacvlodac imperiaSi miiRes sxva miwa-

wyali da sasaxleebi, ase rom qveynis Sua gulSic bizantiis imperias

samarTlebrivad gauCnda sakuTari miwa-wyali, mamulebi da cixe-

simagreebi. sumbat daviTis Zis cnobiT bizantielebs wvrili eris

erTi nawilic, anu glexobac mimxrobia, xolo saqarTvelos mefem

Tavisi laSqari moarida mters, saqarTvelos

saxelmwifoebriobisaTvis aseT umZimes dros qveynis dacvis wminda

saqme Tavis xelSi aiRo qarTulma eklesiam, kerZod SavSeTis

episkoposma saba mtbevarma da meore episkoposma, aseve Zalze

saxelovani kaTedris mRvdelmTavarma ezra anCelma.

episkoposebma saba mtbevarma da ezra anCelma Tavis xelSi aiRes

qveynis Tavdacvis organizaciis saqme, aaSenes Tavdacvis centri,

didi cixe-simagre e.w. `sveti~, da marTlac RvTis SewevniT SeiZleba

iTqvas moxda namdvili saswaulebrivi movlena _ bizantiis laSqarma

da maTma meTaurma nikita parakimanosma, romelsac konstantine

keisris mier saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg brZola evaleboda, ver SeZles

qarTveli episkoposebis mier mowyobili TavdacviTi xazis garRveva.

mterma ver daimorCila `sveti~, anu rogorc aRvniSneT, ver SeZles

episkoposebis mier aRmarTuli cixe-simagris damorCileba.

sumbat daviTis Ze wers, rom svetsa mas Sina myofni `viTarca

erTgulni da WeSmaritni martvilni saRmrToni TavTa TvisTa

ganwirvides da sisxlTa dasTxevdes sityvisaebr mociqulTasa da

ganZlierdebodes~.

saba mtbevari ase amxnevebda Tavis mebrZolebs `numca Segvityueben

Cven liqnani ese da safaseni mswraflwarmavalni, aramed movigoT

357

madli erTgulebisa da gvirgvini axovanebisa~. aqedan Cans, rom ara

mxolod ubralo mebrZolebsa da `wvril ers~, aramed TviTon

episkoposebsac ki bizantieli agentebi pirdebodnen did simdidres

Ralatis sanacvlod, iseve rogorc zemoT xsenebuli aznaurebi da

didebulebi moxibles bizantiaSi qonebis micemiT.

sabednierod, amjerad qarTulma eklesiam gaimarjva da

bizantielebi iZulebulebi gaxdnen daeTmoT.

yovelive zemoT aRniSnulma basili keisari, Semdeg ki konstantine

VIII da saerTod bizantiuri mTavroba ganawyo qarTuli eklesiis

winaaRmdeg, rac gamoixata qarTuli monastrebis berebis devniT

bizantiis imperiaSi XI s-is I naxevarSi.

qarTuli eklesia da qarTuli sasuliero pirebi gansakuTrebulad

idevnebodnen bizantiis mier dapyrobil daviT III kurapalatis

egreTwodebul samemkvidreo miwa-wyalze, anu arzrumidan vidre vanis

tbamde, amis magaliTia zaqaria valaSkerteli episkoposis devna da

amis magaliTi unda iyos aseve baneli episkoposi iovanes saberZneTSi

wasvla. baneli episkopos iovanes bizantiaSi miwveva emsgavseba XIX

s-Si qarTlis kaTalikosis anton II-s ruseTSi miwvevas da

gadasaxlebas.

rogorc aRiniSna, XI saukunis 20-ian wlebSi bizantielebma daviT

kurapalatis samemkvidro miwa-wyalze, misi dapyrobis Semdeg,

daaarses iberiis Temi.

iqamde, rogorc cnobili aris, taoSi, da mis xeldebul miwebze,

arsebobda qarTuli samrevloebi, qarTuli monastrebi da qarTuli

saepiskoposoebi - amier taoSi banas cnobili samRvdelmTavro

kaTedra, imier taos samefoSi, rogorc Cans, msgavsi Rirsebisa da

didebulebis mqone qarTuli samRvdelmTavro kaTedra iyo qalaq

valaSkertSi.

qalaqi valaSkerti (Tanamedrove elaSkerti) mdebareobda basianis

sazRvarTan axlos, erT-erT umTavres saerTaSoriso savaWro gzaze,

ufro metic am qalaqTan ikvreboda savaWro gzebis kvanZi. q.

valaSkertSi, magaliTad daibanaka daviT kurapalatma, rodesac is

vanis tbisaken gaemgzavra manaskertisa da arWeSis

gasaTavisufleblad mahmadianTa batonobisagan.

valaSketeli episkoposi zaqaria cnobili qarTveli saeklesio

moRvawe iyo. rogorc aRvniSneT, is 1021 wels basili II-m gaagzavna

giorgi I-Tan mosalaparakeblad.

358

wyaroebSi sakmaod xSirad valaSkertel episkoposs ewodeba aseve

mamaTmTavari. is aseve yofila baneli svingelozi.

mamaTmTavari, saeklesio samarTlis terminia da aris Targmani

sityvisa patriarqi.

`mamaTmTavaris~ maRali sasuliero wodeba taos damoukidebeli

saxelmwifos SemTxvevaSi, Cans, gulisxmobda samitropolito olqis

meTaurobas.

rogorc viciT samitropolito olqis meTaurs, anu mitropolits

Tavis xelqveviT hyavda episkoposebi, romelTa kurTxevis uflebac

mas hqonda. aseTi iyo pirvelqristianuli eklesiis mowyobis wesi.

aseTi gagebiT saqarTvelos sapatriarqoSi, ZiriTadaT, ori

samitropolito olqi arsebobda: qarTlis sakaTalikoso da

afxazeTis sakaTalikoso, oRond maT meTaurebs ara mitropoliti,

anda arqiepiskoposi, aramed kaTalikosi (sayovelTao episkoposi)

ewodeboda.

IX-X ss-Si, saqarTvelos eklesiis sazRvrebis zrdis kvaldakval,

axalwarmoqmnil qarTul saxelmwifoebriv erTeulebSi qarTuli

samitropolito olqebic yalibdeboda magaliTad erTi aseTi iyo

afxazeTis sakaTalikoso _ TavisTavadi qarTuli saeklesio-

administraciuli erTeuli, rogorc Cans XIV-XV saukuneebSi Crdilo

kavkasiaSi daRestanSi Camoyalibebula meore aseTi saeklesio

erTeuli xunZeTis sakaTalikoso, moRweulia misi meTauris saxeli _

`xunZeli kaTalikosi oqropiri~. rogorc Cans mas daqvemdebarebaSi

sakuTari saepiskoposoebic hyavda, albaT waxu­risa, anwuxisa da sxva,

anu xunZeTis sakaTalikoso, afxazeTis sakaTalikosos msgavsad

warmoadgenda berZnuli gagebiT samitropolito olqs.

Cven gamovTqvamT Tvalsazriss, rom SesaZloa daviT III

kurapalatis vrclad gadaSlil miwa-wyalze olTisidan arzrumamde

da vanis tbamde viTarca damoukidebel samefoSi Camoyalibda axali

qarTuli saeklesio erTeuli, samitropolito olqis statusis

mqone, iseTive rogorebic iqamdec iyvnen, vTqvaT qarTlis

sakaTalikoso, anda afxazeTis sakaTalikoso, xolo am axali

samitropolito olqis meTaurs gaaCnda ara wodeba kaTalikosisa,

aramed mamaTmTavrisa.

Cven vfiqrobT, aseTi xanmokle rom ar yofiliyo daviT

kurapalatis samxreT taos samefos arseboba, aRniSnuli qarTuli

samitropolito olqi arzrumidan vanis tbamde albaT realur saxes

miiRebda, magram rogorc Cans misi arseboba gagrZelda sul

359

ramdenime aTeuli weli da zaqaria valaSkertelTan erTad gaqra

asparezidan.

aRniSnul teritoriaze, rogorc vTqviT, Semdeg bizantiuri

`iberiis Temi~ Camoyalibda, romlis miwawyalze, daviT kurapalatis

yofil samefoSi iqamde arsebuli qarTuli marTlmadidebluri

saepiskoposoebi bizantiam SeuerTa lazikis, anu trapezuntis

samitropolito olqs.

albaT, iberiis Temis daarsebamde atarebda zaqaria valaSkerteli

mamaTmTavris tituls e.i XI s-is 20-25-ian wlebamde.

eqvTime mTawmindelis mier Targmnil da zaqaria valaSkertelisa-

Tvis gadaweril sjuliskanonis minawerebSi ikiTxeba `ufalo ieso

qriste adide wmida mamaTmTavari zaqaria valaSkerteli~, da

`RmerTo adide zaqaria mamaTmTavari aqa da saukunesa~ (T. Jordania.

qronikebi, t. I, gv. 155).

T. Jordanias cnobiT yofila aseve sxva wignis minaweri `qriste

adide orTave Sina cxovrebaTa zaqaria mamaTmTavari, banaeli

svingelozi~ da aRniSnavs, rom zaqaria valaSkerteli unda

gamdxariyos banel svingelozado. SesaZloa zaqaria valaSkerteli

da baneli svingelozi sxvadsaxva piri iyo.

v. kopaliani wers `Tu zaqaria valaSkerteli iyo maSin roca mas

ena mohkveTes, amis Semdeg is baneli svingelozi ver gaxdeboda.

rogorc Cans zaqarias ena mohkveTes ara 1021 wels, aramed 1025 wels,

radganac skilice zaqarias 1025 wlis SeTqmulebis monawiled, da

amis gamo dasjilad Tvlis (v. kopaliani, dasax. naSr. gv. 115).

SesaZloa 1021 wlamde valaSkerteli zaqaria 1025 wlamde baneli

svingelozi gaxda, albaT konstantinepolSi misces mas es sapatio

wodeba mas Semdeg rac iovane banelma episkoposma banas kaTedra

datova.

amasTan dakavSirebiT mniSvnelovania v. kopalianis mosazreba _

`SeiZleba danamdvilebiT iTqvas, rom zaqaria ara saqarTvelos

samefoSi Semavali saeklesio obieqtis mamaTmTavari aramed, qarTuli

provinciis, magram bizantiis imperiis mier dapyrobili romeliRac

saeklesio centrisa da misi mrevlis mamaTmTavaria~ (v. kopaliani, sa-

qarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba 970-1070 wlebSi,

1969, gv. 116).

Cven veTanxmebiT am mosazrebas da migvaCnia, rom zaqaria iyo

mamaTmTavari da­viT kurapalatis samefos marTlmadidebeli

mrevlisa, xolo mas Semdeg rac 1001 wels es samefo daipyro

bizantiam, bizantia erT xans kidev iTmenda am dapyrobil qveyanaSi

360

am qarTuli saeklesio olqis arsebobas, Tumca ki misi mamaTmTavari

konstantinepolSi iyo gadasaxlebuli, xolo 1025 wlidan zaqarias

dasjis Semdeg qarTuli samitropolito olqi gauqmda da iberiis

Temis marTlmadidebeli mrevli gadaeca trapezuntis, anu lazikis

mitropolits.

am gadacemamde, anu 1001 wlidan 1025 wlamde TiTqmis meoTxedi

saukunis ganmavlobaSi bizantiaSi moRvawe qarTveli sasuliero

pirebi yoveli RonisZiebiT Tavdadebuli SromiT cdilobdnen

rogorme SeenarCunebinaT taos yofil teritoriaze eklesiis

qarTulenovneba, raTa aRniSnuli miwa-wylis eklesiebsa da

saepiskoposo kaTedrebSi wirva-locva yofiliyo kvlav

qarTulenovani. rogorc Cans berZenTa mxridan es wamowyeba did

winaaRmdegobas awydeboda, berZnebs ar SeeZloT pirdapiri uariT

qarTveli mrevlisaTvis qarTulenovani wirva-locvis akrZalva,

amitomac eZebdnen sababs. gamoCenilan `mayvedreblebi~, romlebic

amtkicebdnen, rom qarTuli wminda werili ar iyo sworad

Targmnili, rom mas raRac monofizituri biwi gaaCnda, radganac

somxuri redaqciebidan iyo Targmnili.

giorgi mcire, Tavis `giorgi mTawmidelis cxovrebaSi~ aRniSnavs

kidec, rom qarTuli saeklesio literaturis nawili namdvilad iyo

Targmnili somxuridan. unda vifiqroT, rom aTonis mTis wmida

mamaTa mTeli SemarTeba, raTa berZnulidan eTargmnaT saeklesio

literatura mizanmimarTulad emsaxureboda iberiis TemSi

qarTulenovani RvTismsaxurebis SenarCunebis saqmes, raTa

qarTulenovani wirva-locva ar aekrZalaT, raime momizezebiT, da mis

nacvlad ar daenergaT berZnulenovani wirva-locva.

giorgi mcires sityviT, braldebaTa gamo, iverTa monasterSi,

aTonis wminda mTaze, eqvTime mTawmindelma wamoiwyo didi Sroma,

raTa qarTuli wminda wignebi SeejerebinaT da gaesworebinaT imJamad

miRebuli berZnuli redaqciebis mixedviT. am Sromas eweoda radenime

Taoba, magram, pirveli, eqvTime mTawmidelisa da zaqaria

valaSkertelis Taobis SemarTeba am mxriv gasaocari iyo.

sabolood mainc, samxreT taos qarTuli samefo iqca berZnul

`iberiis Temad~, saidanac gaZevebuli iqmna qarTuli saeklesio

ierarqia da is eklesiurad konstantinopolis sapatriarqos lazikis

eparqiis nawilad iqca.

zaqaria mamaTmTavari aqtiurad TanamSromlobda aTonis mTis

mTargmnel mamebTan, raTa Tavis eparqiis mrevlisaTvis `ubiwo~

361

qarTulenovani liturgikuli literatura SeeTavazebina, rom amiT

berZen `mabralobelTa~ guli moego, magram politikuri mizezebis

gamo misi Sroma amao aRmoCnda, mis mrevls qarTulis nacvlad

berZnulenovani wirva-locva dauweses.

Cans, Crdilo taos umTavresi saeklesio centri banac iberiis

Temma SeierTa.

am didi saeklesio marcxis Semdegac, roca qarTvelma mamebma ver

SeZles `iberiis TemSi~ qarTulenovani eparqiis SenarCuneba (Tundac

konstantinopolis sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi), isini ukve

iRvwodnen raTa danarCeni saqarTvelos mrevls mainc SeenarCunebina

erovnul-eklesiuri TavisTavadoba.

unda iTqvas, rom XI s-is 20-50-iani wlebSi qarTuli eklesiis Tav-

dadebuli brZola saqarTvelos TavisuflebisaTvis mtrulad

ganawyobda bizantiis saxelmwifo da saeklesio centrebs qarTuli

eklesiis mimarT.

mTel bizantiis imperiaSi dawyebuli devna qarTuli sasuliero

pirebisa da monastrebisa gagrZelda 1054-1057 wlebamde da ZiriTadad

Sewyda bagrat IV-s konstantinepolSi Casvlis da molaparakebaTa

damTavrebis Semdeg.

`iberiis TemSi~ qarTulenovani

eparqiis gauqmeba (XI s.)

saeklesio iurisdiqcia, rogorc wesi, asaxavs politikur

cvlilebas. Sesabamisad, taos samefos gauqmebam da misi

teritoriebis bizantiis imperiaSi Seyvanam saeklesio iurisdiqciac

Secvala.

iqamde taos qarTuli eparqia Tavisi qarTulenovani saepiskoposo

kaTedrebiTa da monastrebiT brwyinavda mTel qarTul eklesiaSi,

magram, mas Semdeg, rac taos `qarTvelTa samefo~ gaauqma bizantiis

imperiam da mis teritoriaze Tavisi administraciuli erTeuli

`iberiis Temi~ daaarsa, Seicvala saeklesio iurisdiqciac.

axla ukve taos yofil samefoSi, romelic vrcel `iberiis Temad~

gadaiqca, qarTuli eklesiis adgili konstantinopolis sapatriarqom

daiWira.

362

`iberiis Temis~ qarTuli eklesia-monastrebi konstantinopolis

iurisdiqcias, kerZod lazikis samitropolitos daeqvemdebara.

konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi yofna cxadia iTvaliswinebda

berZnulenovan wirva-locvas, magram es mkacrad savaldebulo ar iyo

pirvel etapze mainc.

rogorc masala miuTiTebs, qarTveli mamebi XI saukunis 20-30-ian

wlebSi (da Semdegac) ibrZodnen imisaTvis, raTa bizantiaSi Semavali

`iberiis Temis~ eparqia yofiliyo qarTulenovani, rom

konstantinopolis sapatriarqoSi Sesul am miwa-wyalze eklesia-

monastrebSi qarTulenovani wirva-locva SenarCunebuliyo, Seabamisi

qarTulenovani wignebiT, galobiTa da sxva wesebiT.

erTi sityviT, qarTvel mamebs surdaT, konstantinopolis

sapatriarqos `iberiis Temis~ eparqia qarTulenovani yofiliyo. am

ideis mTavari sulisCamdgmeli da ganmaxorcielebeli iyo

valaSkerteli qarTveli episkoposi zaqaria. marTalia igi

konstantinopolSi iyo gadasaxlebuli imperator basili II-is mier,

magram Cans inarCunebda saeklesio Tanamdebobebsa da xarisxebs, Cans,

is svingelozadac iwodeboda.

konstantinopolis patriarqis mekare beri _ svingelozi maRali

wodeba iyo da rogorc wesi eniWeboda sxvebTan erTad iberiel

didgvarovnebs (patrikiosma Tornike erisTavma barda skliarosTan

gamarjvebis Semdeg svingelozis wodeba miiRo), Cans zaqaria

valaSkerteli iberieli didgvarovani iyo da daimsaxura es wodeba.

zaqaria valaSkerteli konstantinopolSi didad iRvwoda, raTa

iberiis Temis eparqia qarTulenovani yofiliyo da man did

warmatebasac miaRwia, magram XI s-is 30-ian wlebSi imperatoris

winaaRmdeg SeTqmuleba dabralda, risTvisac daisaja.

unda vifiqroT, rom zaqaria valaSkertelis dasjis Semdeg, e. i.

XI s-is 30-50-iani wlebidan `iberiis Temis~ eparqia ukve uSualod

daeqvemdebara trapezuntis samitropolitos da gaerTianebuli iqna

lazikis berZnulenovan eparqiaSi. amiT `iberiis Temis~, ase vTqvaT,

kulturuli avtonomiuroba gauqmda.

magram, amas Znelad eguebodnen qarTveli mamebi da XI saukunis

pirvel naxevarSi, gardamaval etapze, bizantia-saqarTvelos zavis

dadebamde (1054-1057 wlebamde), Tavdauzogavad iRwodnen `iberiis

Temis~ saeklesio qarTulenovnebisaTvis.

maT winaaRmdeg `iberiis Temis~ berZnulenovnebis mosurne

bizantiel sasuliero pirebs namdvili omi hqondaT gaCaRebuli

363

kulturis sferoSi. kerZod, bizantieli mamebi moiTxovdnen

qarTulenovani wignebis, wmida werilis amoRebas iberiis Temis

saeklesio praqtikidan, radganac, maTi mtkicebiT qarTuli wignebi

arasworad iyo Targmnili, miuTiTebdnen, rom isini Targmnilni

iyvnen somxuri redaqciebis e. i. biwieri, araswori, Seryvnili

teqstebidan, amis Sesaxeb vrclad weren aTonis mTis mamaTa Rvawlis

aRmweri mwerlebi.

amis gamo, XI saukunis mTeli pirveli naxevari mieZRvna qarTuli

redaqciebis berZnulis mixedviT Casworebas. mTargmnelobiTi

muSaobis saTaveebTan idgnen taoeli, zogadad `iberiis Temidan~

gamosuli qarTveli mamebi. berZnulis mixedviT Targmna-redaqtirebis

es procesi daiwyo gansakuTrebiT keisar basilis tao-basianSi 1001

wels laSqrobis Semdeg, radganac maSin ukve Seerya taos qarTul

eparqias safuZveli.

samwuxarod, didi, grandiozuli SemoqmedebiTi samuSaos

Sesrulebis miuxedavad ver moxerxda SenarCuneba `iberiis Temis~

eparqiis qarTulenovnebisa. marTalia, misi zogierTi eklesia-

monasteri kvlav qarTulenovani tipikoniT moqmedebda, magram

sabolood mTlianad `iberiis Temis~ eparqia berZnulenovani gaxda.

`iberiis Temis~ miwa-wyali, rogorc iTqva, miuerTes lazikis ber-

Znul eparqias, romlis samitropolito centri trapezuntSi mdeba-

reobda. e.i. 1001 wlidan 1030-ian wlebamde es eparqia qarTulenovani

iyo, xolo 30-70-ian wlebSi TandaTan berZnulenovnad iqca.

iqamde, basili II-is SemoWramde, 1001 wlamde, imier taos

`qarTvelTa samefoSi~ Semavali miwa-wylis sasuliero centrad

gamocxadda q. valaSkerti (p. ingoroyva. giorgi merCule, 1954, gv. 67-

68) da valaSkerteli episkoposi faqtiur mitropolits

warmoadgenda, romelic meTaurobda taos mier axladSemoerTebuli

qveynebis qarTul eklesia-monastrebs, Tavis mxriv, es qarTuli

eparqia mcxeTas eqvemdebareboda ukve X s-is 70-iani wlebidan.

valaSkertis eparqiis iurisdiqciaSi Cans Sedioda qarTvelTa mier

gaTavisuflebuli miwa-wyali _ `zemoni qveyanani~ Sesulni taos

samefoSi.

am vrceli mxareebis mkvidrma qarTvelma mosaxleobam gaTavisuf-

lebisTanave gadaigdo somxuri saeklesio uReli da daubrunda de-

daqarTul eklesias, romelsac mowyvetili iyo saukuneTa manZilze.

maTi sulieri mamebi, eTnikurad aseve qarTvelebi, Cans iqamdec,

gaTavisuflebamdec, zrunavdnen, raTa maT mrevls ar daekarga erov-

364

nul-qarTuli identoba, TviTSemecneba da qalkedonuri sarwmunoeba.

ase ukve Semzadebulma qarTulma mrevlma Seadgina mTeli sisavse

valaSkertis eparqiis mravalricxvovani samwysosi.

es SeuZlebeli iqneboda Tu ara mrevlis saojaxo

qarTulenovneba da maTi didi survili dabrunebodnen dedaeklesias.

daviT kurapalatma maTi didi xnis ocneba aRasrula. daviT

kurapalatis dros, isini qarTuli saxelmwifos moqalaqeebad iqcnen,

iq moRvawe sulierma qarTvelma mamebma ki ganagrZes iqamde, didi

xniT adre dawyebuli saqme.

saubedurod, es didi erovnul-eklesiuri aRtkineba umowyalod

Cakla bizantiis jarma da imperatorma basil II-m, romelic 1001 wels

Sevida taoSi, daviT kurapalatis memkvidreobis misaRebad.

1018 wels basil II meored SemoiWra saqarTveloSi kidev ufro

didi jariT, qarTuli jari ukuiqca, mterma kola-artaani da

javaxeTi gaanadgura basianTan da taosTan erTad. 1022 wels daido

qarTvelTaTvis mZime zavi. imperiaSi daiwyo qarTveli berebis,

saerTod qarTvelebis devna. e. xinTibaZis sityviT, saimperatoro

karze iberTa saxeli imperiis orgul mterTa saZulvel saxelebs

Soris ixsenieboda.

basili II-s am dapyrobil iveriis miwebze Seuqmnia samxedro-

administraciuli erTeuli `iberiis sakatepano~, igive `iberiis Temi~,

mis erT-erT mmarTvels `matiane qarTlisa~ uwodebs `aRmosavleTis

katabans~, romelsac iqamde mZevlad wayvanili yrma bagrat IV

konstantinopolidan amier taoSi daubrunebia.

`iberiis TemSi~, anu e.w. `aRmosavleTSi~ zogierTi istorikosis

TvalsazrisiT, Sedioda _ imier tao, Crdilo basiani, olTisi,

TorTomi, da aseve kola, artaani, SavSeTi, javaxeTi da aseve is

vrceli miwa-wyali, romelic Sedioda araqs-evfratis xeobebSi.

v. goilaZis azriT am qveynebis mierTebisTanave imperiis eklesiam

Tavisi iurisdiqcia gaavrcela maTze, amis gamo misi azriT oSkis

cnobili taZaric ki am periodSi imperiis eklesiaSi Sedioda, (v.

goilaZe, bizantiis aRmosavluri politikis asaxva qarTul

epografikaSi, 2008, gv. 122).

bizantiis imperiis eklesiaSi Sesula daviT kurapalatis samefos

mTeli teritoria (iqve, gv. 125).

imperiis SemadgenlobaSi es qarTuli teritoriebi darCenila 1001

wlidan 1072-74 wlebamde _ Turq-selCukebis mier maT dapyrobamde.

365

valaSkerti, romelic iqamde imier taos samefos sasuliero

centri iyo _ konstantinopolis sapatriarqos iurisdiqcias

daeqvemdebara oSkis taZarTan da sxva qarTul eklesia-monastrebTan

erTad (ix. iqve, gv. 137). Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom 1018 wlamde

bizantiis batonoba am miwaze ar iyo myari, aq isev igrZnoboda

qarTuli saxelmwifos xeli.

XI saukunis 30-ian wlebamde, rogorc iTqva, qarTveli sasuliero

pirebi cdilobdnen SeenarCunebinaT bizantiis imperiaSi Sesuli am

miwa-wylis eklesiebis qarTulenovneba. qarTuli wmida werilis

xelaxalma redaqtirebam, berZnul redaqciebTan Sedarebam, TiTqmis

naxevari saukune moicva.

sabolood ki mainc iberiis Temis eparqia berZnulenovani gaxda

zogadi TvalsazrisiT, Tumca eklesia-monastrebis arcTu mcire

nawilma SeinarCuna qarTulenovneba.

daviT kurapalatis yofili samefos qarTuli saepiskoposoebis

mrevli Semdgom saukuneebSic qarTuli eklesiis wevrad darCa Turq-

selCukebisa da osmalebis batonobis drosac ki, aseTebi iyvnen ara

mxolod oSkisa, banasa Tu xaxulis, aramed valaSkertisa da

arzrumis da sxva qarTveli saepiskopsoebis mrevlic.

valaSkertis samamamTavro da lazikis samitropolito (XI

s.)

ZiriTadi saeklesio administraciuli erTeulis _

samitropolitos meTaurs anu mitropolits, rogorc cnobilia,

Tavis uSualo daqvemdebarebaSi hyavs sakuTari episkoposebi. aseTi

saeklesio erTeulebi saqarTveloSi, rogorc iTqva, iyo qarTlisa

da afxazeTis sakaTalikosoebi (kaTalikosi iseTive saeklesio

xelisufali iyo, rogoric berZnul eklesiaSi aris mitropoliti).

sazogadod, msoflio pirvelqristianul eklesiaSi

samitropolito olqTa iurisdiqcia vrceldeboda mis momcvel

adgilobriv politikur-administraciul erTeulebze, eseni iyvnen

Tavis droze romauli provinciebi, Semdeg bizantiuri teritoriuli

politikuri erTeulebi.

366

saqarTveloSic afxazeTis sakaTalikosos iurisdiqcia

vrceldeboda afxazTa samefos farglebSi, mcxeTisa _ danarCeni

saqarTvelos farglebSi.

valaSkertis samamamTavros, anu valaSkertis `samitropolito

olqis~ iurisdiqcia, Cans, vrceldeboda taos samefos (imier taos)

farglebSi. taos samefo Tavdapirvelad moicavda imier taos,

Semdgom, daviT kurapalatis dros mas miuerTda vrceli miwebi e.w.

`zemoni qveyanani~, gadaWimuli TiTqmis vanis tbamde. maSasadame, am

miwa-wylis momcveli `taos samefo~ iyo valaSkertis `mamamTavris~

iurisdiqciis qveS. sxva sityviT rom vTqvaT, saqarTvelos eklesiaSi

iyo imdeni sakaTalikoso erTeuli, ramdeni politikuri erTeuli

anu `samefoc~ arsebobda qveyanaSi, Tumca kaxeTis samefos SigniT

arsebobda Tu ara aseTi `samitropolito~ CvenTvis ucnobia, aq

SeiZleba iyos gamonaklisi, radganac kaxeTs Tavdapirvelad

qorepiskoposebi marTavdnen viTarca saero-saeklesio xelisufalni,

qorepiskoposebi ki mcxeTeli kaTalikosis xelqveiTebi iyvnen. Cans,

kaxeTis saqorepiskoposo Zveli qarTlis samefos saeklesio

iurisdiqciaSi iyo. afxazeTSi viTarca TavisTavad samefoSi _

saeklesio iurisdiqcias adgilobrivi mitropoliti, anu kaTalikosi

axorcielebda, afxazeTis gareT msgavsi politikuri erTeulebi,

rogorc iTqva, iyo qarTlisa da taos samefoebi. maSasadame, Cveni

azriT, taos sazRvrebSi Camoyalibda taos qarTuli saeklesio-

administraciuli erTeuli _ taos samamaTmTavro, romlis

iurisdiqcia TiTqmis vanis tbamde ganivrco.

`naTesaviT qarTvelni~ (grigol bakurianis Ze)

iberiaSi mosvlisas basili keisarma zavi Sekra Sida iberiis

mmarTvelTan da bizantiaSi mZevlebad `waiyvana iberiis

didgvarianebi, romelTagan umTavresni iyvnen bakuriani, Tevdrate da

fersi, RviZli Zmebi~ _ wers kedrene (georgika, V, gv. 45).

SemdegSi cnobili didebuli, iberieli didgvarovani _ grigoli -

iyo erT-erTi am gadasaxlebulis _ bakurianis Ze.

grigoli TviTonve aRniSnavs Tu vin iyo is _ `var RviZli Svili

netari bakurianisa, brwyinvale erisTav-erisTavisa, warmoSobiT var

367

aRmosavleTis mxareebidan iberTa ubrwyinvalesi gvaridan~ (georgika,

V, gv. 99).

Tavis erovnuli warmomavlobis, Tavisi qarTvelobis Sesaxeb

grigoli petriwonis monastris tipikonSi aRniSnavs _ Cven varT

mamaci qarTvelebi da gamovlili gvaqvs yovelgvari samxedro

cxovrebao _ `romelni ese mkvidr varT monastersa amas Sina...

qarTvelni varT naTesaviT mxneni da mxedrobaTa Sina aRzrdilni~.

grigol bakurianis Ze amayobda Tavisi qarTuli warmoSobiT,

qarTvelebs mxne anu mamac ers uwodebda, samxedro saqmeSi

daxelovnebuls (SeiZleba isic vifiqroT, rom grigolma,

mxedarTmTavarma, Tavis monasterSi Sekriba ukve moxucebuli

(demobilizebuli) qarTveli jariskacebi, romelTac beroba

gadawyvites).

Tanamedrove somexi mecnierebi grigols eTnikur somxad miiCneven,

romelsac TiTqosda `naTesaviT qarTveli~ marTlmadideblobis gamo

erqva.

petriwonis tipikonSi, iseve, rogorc yvelgan, sityva `naTesavi~

erovnul vinaobas, eTnikur warmomavlobas aRniSnavs da ara

sarwmunoebriv orientacias. grigoli wers `varT qarTvelni

naTesaviT mxneni~. is mxne anu gmiruli, heroikuli suliskveTebis

mqone eris, `qarTvelTa naTesavis~ wevria da ara heroikuli

konfesiisa. konfesias `mxnes~ aravin uwodebs, rac Seexeba erebs,

zogi heroikuli, meomruli suliskveTebisaa, zogi ki ara.

v. kopaliani aRniSnavs, rom grigols (maSasadame, aseve Tevdrates,

ferss, bakurians, zaqaria valaSkertelsa da sxvebs) qarTvelad

miiCnevdnen TviT maTi Tanamedrove somexi avtorebi _ stefanoz

tarneli, maTe edeseli, aristakes lastiverteci (is grigolis

naTesav zaqaria valaSkertels `qarTvels~ uwodebs), sxva

avtorebidan iahia antioqieli, skilice, kedrene da sxvebi (v.

kopaliani, saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba 970-

1070 wlebSi, 1969, gv. 307).

ana komnene grigols somexs uwodebs, Cans imis gamo, rom

grigolis mamuls _ taos, basians, vanands Tu karins zogadad

`armeniis~ olqebad miiCnevdnen ukve mis Semdeg, rac pariadre,

xorZena da gogarena armeniis mefeebma iberebisagan miitaces jer

kidev qristeSobamde. grigoli im iberTa Rirseuli STamomavali iyo,

romelnic ukve armeniad wodebul regionSi cxovrobdnen.

368

grigolis ojaxis yvela wevri saqarTvelosaTvis Tavdadebuli

iyo.

erT-erTi iyo bizantiaSi gadasaxlebuli feris jojikis Ze, is

cdilobda rogorme CamoeSorebina saimperatoro taxtidan basili,

romelmac daipyro samxreT tao da mospo iq qarTuli

saxelmwifoebrioba. feriss unari Seswevda da SeZlo kidec basilis

sawinaaRmdego did ajanyebaSi aqtiuri monawileobis miReba. is

marTlac ajanyda. grigolis biZas feris jojikis Zes

samSoblosaTvis Tavganwirvis gamo `Tavi warekveTa~ bizantiis

imperatoris brZanebiT.

ajanyebis damarcxebis Semdeg, daaxloebiT 1022 wels, feris

jojikis Ze basilma daasjevina Tavis sakuTar mamulTan axlos

karinis qveyanaSi. ajanyeba iseTi didi masStabis iyo, rom basilis

samxedro banaki `SiSma da Zrwolam moicva~.

1025 wels samSoblos gasaTavisufleblad mowyobil sxva

ajanyebaSi monawileobisaTvis dasajes grigolis ojaxis wevri

zaqaria valaSkerteli episkoposi. Tavis mxriv is iyo aseve iberiis

TavisuflebisaTvis dasjili _ `Tevdrate patrikiosis naTesavi~.

amave ojaxidan iyvnen Tevdrates ZmisSvilebi, samSoblos

damoukideblobisaTvis SemdgomSi ajanyebuli cnobili pirebi

giorgi da varazvaCe. Tevdrates, rogorc viciT ori Zma hyavda

bakuriani da ferisi, bakurianis Svilebis saxelebi cnobilia,

amitomac fiqrobs v. kopaliani `iqneb fersis Svilebi arian giorgi

da varazvaCe~ (v. kopaliani, saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri

urTierToba 970-1070 wlebSi, 1969, gv. 174).

imperatori romanoz argvirosis sawinaaRmdego SeTqmulebaSi

monawileobisaTvis kedrenes sityviT 1028 w. `Teodosi patrikis

ZmisSvilebi giorgi da varazvaCe garozges da saxalxod

gamoyvanilni gadaasaxles~ (iqve, gv. 172).

kopaliani eTanxmeba n. skabalanoviCs da miiCnevs, rom konstantine

VIII-s mier dasjili zaqaria valaSkerteli naTesavi unda yofiliyo

giorgisa da varazvaCesi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom romanozis winaaRmdeg ajanyebaSi

monawileobisaTvis dasajes agreTve mesame winamZRvari iverTa

monastrisa giorgi maSenebeli (giorgi ukeTuri). k. kekeliZe

fiqrobda, rom zemoT aRniSnul giorgi da varazvaCe ara ori, aramed

369

erTi piri iyvnen, igive giorgi maSenebeli, rasac ar eTanxmebian sxva

mkvlevarebi, radganac maT miiCneven ara sasuliero, aramed saero

pirebad.

iberiis Tavisuflebis ZiebisaTvis ase daisajnen mravalgzis

ajanyebuli saxelovani qarTveli didebulebi, grigolis naTesavebi.

dapyrobis Semdgom bizantiam ver upatrona da mtrisagan ver

daicva samxreT iberia.

piriqiT `mxne iberielTa~ damarcxebam Turq-seljukebs gza

gauxsna konstantinopolisaken.

samxreT taos samefos yofili miwa-wyalis aoxrebiT mters gza

gaexsna trapezuntisa da bizantiis siRrmeebisaken.

aseT dros, Cans, bizantiaSi maRali Tanamdebobis qarTvelebi

cdilobdnen daeTanxmebinaT saimperatoro kari, raTa kvlav

saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi dabrunebuliyo samxreT iberiis

nawili mainc.

erTi aseTi moRvawe yofila grigol bakurianis Ze, romelic

piradad eaxla banaSi saqarTvelos mefe giorgi II-s da mas bizantiis

saxeliT gadaeca qalaq kari (yarsi).

mematianis cnobiT, grigol bakurianis Zis xelSi yofila imJamad

olTisi (samxreT taos yofili dedaqalaqi) da aseve arzrumi (karnu

qalaqi).

giorgi II-s kari (yarsi) gadaeca misi mimdgomi qveyniT anu

vanandiT.

ufro adre, daviT kurapalatis epoqaSi qarTvelTa samefo

saocari siswrafiT gaizarda, misi sazRvrebi TiTqmis vanis tbamde

gadaiwia, rogorc iTqva, es SeuZlebeli iqneboda evfratis

saTaveebisa da vanis tbis dasavleTiT mcxovrebi mosaxleoba rom ar

yofiliyo eTnikuri qarTveloba, romelTac surdaT da natrobdnen

qarTul saxelmwifoSi cxovrebas.

qarTvelebis ricxvi aRniSnul regionebSi Zalze didi rom iyo,

iqedanac Cans, rom am movlenis axsnas Cveni Tanamedrove somexi

istorikosebi imiT uZebnian, rom isini e.w. `qalkedoniti somxebi~

iyvnen, romelnic TiTqosda `gaqarTveldnen~. sinamdvileSi ki, isini

iyvnen pirdapiri STamomavalni fasianebis, qaldebisa da taoxebis im

qarTuli tomebisa, romelnic qsenofontem am adgilebSi ixila

qristeSobamde 400 wliT adre da romelTa erovnul-eTnikuri

370

qarTuli identoba mkveTrad gamoikveTa daviT kurapalatis epoqaSi,

rac grigol bakurianis drosac grZeldeboda.

qarTuli saepiskoposoebi

yofili mesxeTis miwebze

(XII-XVI s. `qronikebis~ mixedviT)

samxreT iberiis didma nawilma XI-XII ss-Si SeZlo im didi

Wrilobebis moSuSeba, romelic mas miadga bizantiis imperatorebisa

da Turq-seljukebis SemosevaTa Semdeg. qarTveloba kvlav

gamravlda da mravali saepiskoposo Camoayaliba. saeklesio

Canawerebis mixedviT esenia:

1. `iSxnelis samwyso gurjiboRazis aqeT sula TorTomi, taos

qvemoTi, artanujis Tavi (sakrulavi hqvian, imas aqeTi), daRmiT

orjoxis mTis aqeTi, sula sakavkasiZeo-sakavkasi(Z)o, ispiri,

trapizonis mTas gadmoRma.

2. anCelis samwyso, samwyals aqeTi xancxas. (xancTas) da opizas

Sua daxatula, amis qvemoTi niglis-xevi, gadaRma da gamoRmarTi,

goniis samZRuramdin.

3. mtbevaris samwyso, daxatulas zedaTi, ankerTs aqeTi, sula

SavSeTi, miWixianT batonis kaTalikosis yofila, im qveynis

episkoposis iasaulic is yofila. aWara dandalos zeviTi mas

hqonebia da dandalos qvemoTi aWara quTaTelis samwyso yofila.

4. wurwyabelis samwyso, xursiZis saxli, sula bocoT-xevi,

xerTvisis qveiTi, _ misia.

5. wyarosTvelis samwyso, zevTi, da imas zeiT palakacio kolis

samZRvramdin, mtkuars aqeTi artani.

6. eruSnelis samwyso, talaSos zeiTi, sula artana, kolis

samZRvramdin.

371

7. valaSkertelis samwyso, yazevans zeiTi, valaSkeTis aqaT, xinusi

da devabonis aqeTi (T. Jordanias SeniSvna _ xinusi _ baiburTis

axlos).

8. anelis samwyso sula zariStiani da Sirvoini da baRasbereTi

9. karelis smwyso sula kari da kolisa da olTisis samzRuris

gardmoRma ggeCviani da kaRzevani.

10. banelis samwyso sula bani, taoskari, fanaskerti, parizis

xeoba, sula olTisi da namurakani.

11. dadaSnelis samwyso sula kola da xortevani, yarasalzed mid-

gomamdin.

am episkoposTa mwyemsi da upiratesi saqarTvelos kaTalikosi amis

xelaT yofilan~ (qronikebi, II, 1897, gv. 53-54).

yofili iberiis Temis mimdebare qarTuli saepiskoposoebi

(XIV-XVII ss.)

yofili `iberiis Temis~ qarTveloba airaratSi, SirakSi, vanandSi,

taosa, kolasa da artaanSi XIV-XV saukuneebSi kvlav aRorZinda da

eklesiurad mravali qarTuli saepiskoposo daaarsa am mxareebSi,

kerZod XIV-XV saukuneebis xelnaweris mixedviT eseni iyvnen _ vanis

tbis Crdilo-dasavleTiT _ yofil iberiis TemSi, istoriuli arian-

qarTlis miwaze:

1. airaratSi valaSkertis qarTuli saepiskoposo. misi sazRvrebi

iyo _ `yaRzevans zeviT, valaSkeTs aqeT xinuri, devaboinis aqeTi;

2. SirakSi _ aneli _ anisis qarTuli saepiskoposos sazRvrebi iyo:

`sula ziriStiani da Siravoni da maRasbereTi~;

3. vanandSi kareli (yarsis) qarTuli saepiskoposos samwyso iyo:

`sula kari da kolisa da olTisis sazRvris gardmoRma gagCevani da

kaRzevani~;

4. taoSi baneli episkoposis samwyso iyo fanaskerti, parizis

xeoba, olTisis qveyana da narumakani;

5. kolaSi dadaSneli episkoposis _ `kola, xortevani yarasalzed

midgmamdi~;

6. artaanSi eruSneli episkoposisa _ artaani taloSidan kolas

sazRvramde;

372

7. palakacioSi wyarosTavelisa _ palakacios tbidan artaani

kolamde.

qarTvelTa mkvidrobas da Zireulobas yofil `iberiis TemSi~

miuTiTebs is, rom miuxedavad mtrebis gamanadgurubeli Semosevebisa

karinis (arzumis), TorTomis, taos, vanandis (karis), basianis da

mimdebare mxareebis kuTxeebSi trapizonidan _ vanis tbamde

(valaSkerti) qarTuli saepiskoposoebi uwyvetad arsebobdnen XV-

XVII saukuneSic ki. aRniSnulTa garda m. TamaraSvilis cnobiT

sxvebic arsebobdnen:

a) a. lambertis cnobiT qarTuli saepiskoposo XVII saukuneSi md.

evfratTan iyo, misi sakaTedro taZari yovladwmida RvTismSoblis

saxelobisa yofila, `arqanjelo lamberti 1633-1653 wlebSi werda:

`arzrumis qalaqis maxloblad axlac qarTuli soflebia. TviT am

qalaqSi ijda qarTveli episkoposi _ arzrumelad wodebuli~

(`moambe~, 1900, 4).

b) arTvinSic iyo qarTuli saepiskoposo, misi sakaTedro taZari

mociqul barTlomes saxelze yofila nakurTxi, saerTod

aRsaniSnavia, rom tao-klarjeTSi samxreT saqarTvelos

ganmanaTleblad mociquli barTlome miaCndaT.

g) sperSic ijda qarTveli episkoposi, misi mTavari taZari

mociqul andrias saxelobis iyo.

d) gansakuTrebiTaa aRsaniSnavi, rom XVII saukuneSi arzrumSi da

mis regionSi, Cans, meore qarTveli episkoposic ijda, misi taZari

mociqul Tomas saxelobis iyo.

e) olTisSi, romelsac somxebi uxtiks uwodebdnen amave saukuneSi

kvlav ijda qarTveli episkoposi, misi taZari mociqul petres

saxels atarebda.

v) a. lambertis cnobiT mis dros saepiskoposoebi iyo eruSeTSi,

kumurdoSi, iSxanSi, dadaSenSi, karSi (yarsSi), anisSi (anSi), tbeTSi,

is CamoTvlis aseve amave regionis sxva saepiskoposoebs, romelTa

saxelebi damaxinjebulia, eseni iyvnen sxalteli, azikieli, anJeli,

sxaltbeli, wurwyabeli, isemeli da sxva (m. TamaraSvili, qarTuli

eklesia dasabamidan dRemde, 1995, gv. 469). cxadia, yvela isini samcxe-

saaTabagos samTavroSi Sediodnen, zogi ki mis gareT iyo, erTi

sityviT, im miwa-wyalze, romelic XI s-Si `iberiis Temad~ iwodeboda.

Cans sxalTeli, aZikveli, sxal­tbeli, wurwyabeli.

a. lambertis cnobiT guriaSi ninowmideli episkoposi mjdara,

Tumca aq albaT xonowmidels gulisxmobda.

373

a. lamberti saqarTveloSi imyofeboda 1630-1649 wlebSi. mis garda

gelasi kesarielic wers, rom wmida ninos mier da mis dros

iberielebma da lazebma erTdroulad miiRes qristianoba, mas

eTanxmeba movses xoreneli, romelic wers, rom wmida ninom iqadaga

`klarjeTidan _ masquTebamde~. XVII s-Si devnili lazikis ierarqebi

werdnen, rom lazeTSi iverTa ganmanaTleblis saxelobis eklesiac

iyo. lazTa mitropoliti iverTa ganmanaTlebels lazeTis

ganmanaTlebladac miiCnevda, Tumca iq mociqulebis barTlomesa da

andrias avtoriteti Zalze maRali iyo, radganac maT mouvliaT es

mxareebi. lazikis mitropolitis cnobiT, wmida ninos of-rizes

kaTedra dauarsebia.

unda iTqvas isic, rom Cans iveriis Temis daarsebamdec,

konstantinepoli akontrolebda nawilobriv taosac, es iqedan Cans,

rom giorgi I-is sikvdilisTanave, roca Zalze mcirewlovani bagrat

IV taxtze avida, amiT isargebles taoelma orgulma didebulebma

`warvides aznaurni taoelni saberZneTs, vaCe kariWis Ze da baneli

episkoposi ioane da maT Tana simravle aznaurTa taoelTa~ (matiane

qarTlisa, gv. 254).

es wasvla gulisxmobda imas, rom cixe-simagreTa mqone aznaurebi

am TavianT qonebas da miwa-wyals aZlevdnen imperators, sanacvlod

ki misgan iRebdnen mamulebs imperiis Sida provinciebSi.

maT Soris yofila baneli episkoposi ioanec.

misi wasvla gulisxmobda Tu ara banas taZris da misi eparqiis

gadacemas imperiisaTvis es gaurkvevelia, es momxdara 1027-1028

wlebSi.

banas taZarSi, TiTqmis maleve jvari TviT mefes bagrat IV-s

dauweria. bagrats iq samefo gvirgvini daudgams.

Tu bana marTlac `waRebuli~ iyo anu Tu is bizantiis saeklesio

iurisdiqciaSi gadaiyvanes, is maleve ukan daubrunebiaT

qarTvelebisaTvis, ukanve daubrunebiaT saqarTvelos saeklesio

iurisdiqciaSi. imperatoris naTesavi elene dedofali bagrat IV-s

miaTxoves, qorwili da gvirgvinis kurTxeva aRsrulda banas

didebul taZarSi 1029-1030 wlebSi.

banas da valaSkertis kaTedrebi swored am epoqaSi, bizantia-

saqarTvelos omianobis dros gaerTianebuli yofila da mas erTi

mRvdelmTavari zaqaria valaSkerteli igive baneli marTavda Tu ki

zaqaria namdvilad iyo baneli svingelozi.

374

valaSkerti, rogorc iTqva, did saerTaSoriso gzaze idga.

safiqrebelia, rom basianSi giorgi I-sa da basili II-s jarebs Soris

SebrZoleba aRniSnuli gzis kontrolis mosapovebladac moxda

(arSaruniqis gavaris punqt SRfaSi, matiane qarTlisais SirimnSi).

savaWro gza didi Semosavlis wyaro iyo qarTvelTaTvis,

bizantielebisaTvis ki strategiuli mniSvneloba hqonda, radganac

basili II sparseTis mimarTulebiT afarTovebda Tavis imperias.

375

Tavi XIV

`Zveli qarTuli ena~`Zveli qarTuli ena~

Zveli qarTuli ena _

salaparako norma regionebSi

Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis ZeglebSi ar igrZnoba kuTxuroba,

mxareebisTvis niSandoblivi metyvelebis (enakavebisa Tu

dialeqtebis) gavlena. rogorc iTqva, romel regionSic unda iyvnen

isini dawerilni (afxazeTSi, egrisSi, svaneTSi, argveTSi, guriasa Tu

tao-klarjeT-kaxeT-hereTSi) _ yvelgan enobriv-gramatikuli norma

erTnairia, erTi da igivea.

kuTxur-regionalur warmomavlobas enobriv-stilisturad ar

asaxavs qarTuli werilobiTi Zeglebi.

regionaluri warmomavlobis miuxedavad Cvenamde moRweul Zveli

qarTuli mwerlobis yvela ZeglSi daculia erTi da igive enobrivi

norma.

ra iyo amis mizezi?

mizezi, Cans, iyo is, rom IV-X ss-Si (da Semdeg) qarTuli ena jer

kidev ar iyo daSlili dialeqtur doneze, amitomac saliteraturo

normis dacva (da misi Seswavla) ar iyo saZnelo saqme kuTxeebSi

moRvawe mwerlebisaTvis (isini xom ZiriTadad berebi iyvnen, umetesad

safiqrebelia, arcTu mainc da mainc ganswavluli).

Zveli qarTuli ena dialeqtur doneze daSlili rom yofiliyo I

aTaswleulSi (an mis maxlobel xanaSi), es uTuod aisaxeboda

mwerlobaSi.

magaliTad, XX saukuneSi Cven gvyavda sagangebod, umaRles

saswavleblebSi ganswavluli mwerlebi, miuxedavad amisa, isini

TavianT naSromebSi mainc amJRavnebdnen TavianTi kuTxeebis

metyvelebaTaTvis damaxasiTebel niSnebs, magaliTad, galaktion

tabiZes aqvs _ `gadiwera Cemi leqsi~ (unda iyos gadaiwera), vaJa-

fSavela da TviT akakic, romelic gmobda literaturaSi kuTxuri

metyvelebis danergvas, TavianT SemoqmedebaSi avlendnen TavianTi

376

kuTxeebis salaparako normebs, Tu aras vityviT otia ioselianze, o.

CxeiZesa, e. TaTaraiZesa da sxvaTa Sesaxeb. ratom?

mizezi amisa aris is, rom XX saukuneSi dialeqtur doneze

qarTuli ena mkveTrad iyo dayofili, ramac saliteraturo

mwerlobaSic gaJona. es magaliTi gviCvenebs Semdegs:

Zvelad dayofili rom yofiliyo qarTuli ena (e.i. Zveli

dialeqtebi Zalze ganviTarebulni rom yofiliyvnen), es uTuod

aisaxeboda Zvel qarTul literaturaSi, sadac amis niSan-wyalic ki

ar Cans.

marTalia, k. kekeliZem daamkvidra Tvalsazrisi, rom haemetoba

anda xanmetoba TiTqosda dialeqturi normis asaxva iyo, magram,

safiqrebelia, rom xanmetoba da haemetobac iyo saerTo sazogado

saliteraturo movlena. e.i. xanmetobis dros xanmeti iyo mTeli

literatura, anu xanmetoba mTeli xalxis salaparako enis norma

iyo, roca xani Seicvala haeTi, haemetoba iqca saliteraturo

normad, anu is ar iyo romelime kuTxis movlena, aramed mTel

qveyanaSi salaparako enis norma iyo, enis ganviTarebis Sedegi.

meore magaliTi, rasac patriarqi ilia II miuTiTebs xolme, aris

is, rom Zveli qarTulis normebi da leqsika amJamadac daculia

kuTxeebSi, magaliTad, imereTSi gavrcelebuli sityva `tylipi~-

Zveli qarTulia (elenTa _ axali qarTuli sityvaa), Zveli qarTulis

sityvebi `kveri, kveJo~ _ imereTSi axlacaa gavrcelebuli (axal

qarTulSia- CaquCi), aseve sityva `kuro~ (axali qarTulis buRa) da

sxva.

amJamadac, rogorc mTis, ise baris kiloebis uamravi gramatikuli

warmoTqma da leqsikuri erTeuli _ Zveli qarTulidanaa darCenili,

rac miuTiTebs, rom Zveli qarTuli odesRac am kuTxeebis

salaparako norma iyo.

zanur-qarTuli enobrivi erToba

zanur-qarTuli enobrivi erTobis Sesaxeb ZiriTadad arsebobs sami

Tvalsazrisi.

1. akad. g. meliqiSvilis naSromebis mixedviT (romelic mkafiod

aisaxa `saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebSi~) kolxeTis ena iyo

qarTul-zanuri. zanur-qarTuli enobrivi erTobisaTvis Zveli

377

welTaRricxvis XII-VI saukuneebi iyo Sualeduri xana, es periodi

emTxveva kolxuri kulturis ayvavebis xanas, amitomac qarTul-zanur

erTobas aseve kolxuri periodi ewodeba, igulisxmeba XII-VI ss.

am periodis dasasruls Seexeba g. maWavarianis da T. gamyreliZis

mier `sinantTa sistemebSi~ (1984) gadmocemuli Teoria, rom qarTul-

zanuri enobrivi erTobis daSla daiwyo ara qristeSobamde VI

saukuneSi, aramed ufro gvian `Zveli da axali welTaRricxvebis

mijnaze~. Zveli da axali welTaRricxvebis mijnis qveS cxadia unda

vigulisxmoT I-II saukuneebi qristeSobis epoqa.

am dros qristianuli sarwmunoebis gavrcelebisas, wm. saxareba

zepirad iTargmneboda. saxarebis zepiri Targmanis ena mTel

istoriul saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze zanur-qarTuli ena yofila,

amis mizezi iyo zanur-qarTuli jer kidev dauSleli enobrivi

erToba. anu rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT saqarTveloSi I-III

saukuneebSi imJamad moRvawe uamravi mqadagebeli saqarTvelos xalxs

erT enaze acnobdnen wmida werils, es ena ki jer kidev dauSleli

zanur-qarTuli iyo, rac Semdeg maleve safuZvlad dadebia Zvel

qarTul saeklesio-saliteraturo enas, romelzec iTargmna wmida

werili.

2. meore Tvalsazrisi gamoTqva arqeologma o. jafariZem, romlis

mixedviTac qarTul-zanuri erToba arsebobda ufro adre

TrialeTuri da ara kolxuri kulturis xanaSi, qarTul-zanuri

erToba misi azriT TrialeTuri kulturis dasasruliT unda

daTariRdes (o. jafariZe, arqeologiuri gaTxrebi TrialeTSi, 1969,

gv. 232-235).

3. mesame Tvalsazrisi ekuTvnis T. miqelaZes. is kolxur kulturas

megrul-Wanur (zanur) eTnikur samyaros ukavSirebs. misi azriT,

qarTul-zanur erTobis daSla ara ugvianes Zv. w. II aTaswleulis

damdegs unda momxdariyo (ix. miqelaZe, Ziebani kolxeTisa da

samxreT-dasavleT SavizRvispireTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis

istoriidan, 1974).

misgan gansxvavebiT, Cveni Tvalsazrisi mTlianad eTanxmeba akad. g.

meliqiSvilisa da g. maWavarianis Teorias, romelTa mixedviTac

zanur-qarTuli enobrivi erToba arsebobda farnavazis mier Zveli

qarTuli erTiani saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis epoqaSi da is mxolod

maSin iwyebda dialeqtur doneze daSlas. ufro metic, im enobrivi

reformebis Semdeg, romelic Zveli qarTuli saistorio wyaroebis

cnobiT gaatara mefe farnavazma, moxda enobrivi mTlianobis

378

saxelmwifoebrivi dafiqsireba, zanur-qarTuli gadaiqca saxelmwifo

da kulturis enad da mas ewodeba `Zveli qarTuli ena~.

anu Zveli qarTuli ena iyo e.w. zanur-qarTuli jer kidev

dauSleli ena.

wyaroTa mixedviT farnavazis samefos formirebaSi aqtiurad

monawileobda egrisis mosaxleoba. zan-qarTuli ena, anu Cveni

TvalsazrisiT igive Zveli qarTuli ena, gadaiqca saxelmwifo

savaldebulo enad da amasTanave is dafiqsirda viTarca erTaderTi

RvTismsaxurebis da kulturis ena.

Zveli qarTulis pirvandeli formebi xanmeturi da hemeturi _

ufro axlos idga zanur-qarTul enasTan, vidre Cveni Tanamedrove

qarTveluri dialeqtebi.

megrul-lazuri dialeqti rom saliteraturo zogadqarTuli enis

saTaveebTan idga, amas TiTqosda arqeologiuri Ziebac miuTiTebs.

arqeolog virjilio korbos mier md. iordanis napirze, beTlemis

CrdiloeTiT 1952 wels aRmoCenili monasteri wyaroebSi iwodeba

`lazTa monastrad~ (e. mamisTvaliSvili, qarTvelebi da bibliuri

samyaro, gv. 85).

`lazTa monasteri~ V saukunis 40-ian wlebSi augia petre iberis

moZRvars ioane lazs.

VI s-Si, prokofi kesarielis cnobiT, iustinianes ganuaxlebia

`lazTa monasteri ierusalimis udabnoSi~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 223).

e. mamisTvaliSvilis mosazrebiT wmida miwis am monasterSi ioane

lazTan lazeTidan Casuli ber-monazvnebi iyridnen Tavs (e.

mamisTvaliSvili, qarTvelebi da bibliuri samyaro, 1998, gv. 85).

lazTa monasteri imiTaa saintereso, rom aq aRmoCnda qarTuli

damwerlobis yvelaze adrindeli Zeglebi, lazTa monastris

qarTuli warwerebi arian dRemde aRmoCenil qarTul warweraTa

Soris yvelaze uZvelesni, isini naxevari saukuniT win uswreben

dRemde yvelaze Zvelad miCneul bolnisis warwerebs (g. wereTeli,

uZvelesi qarTuli warwerebi palestinidan, 1960, gv. 29).

ierusalimis udabnos lazTa monasterSi aRmoCnda oTxi qarTuli

warwera.

ismis kiTxva, ratom aRmoCnda lazTa monasterSi qarTuli

warwerebi?

saerTod, qarTuli ena istoriuli saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi (da

lazeTSic) erTaderTi saliteraturo, saxelmwifo, kulturis,

saeklesio da administraciis enas warmoadgenda, magram, radganac

379

Cvens epoqaSi, XX s-Si, gaCnda tendencia imisa, rom sxva kulturis

nawilad warmoadginon egris-lazeTi, saWiroa am kiTxvis dasma.

am kiTxvis pasuxis Ziebisas Cven SeiZleba gavixsenoT ori

kesarielis, kerZod prokopi kesarielisa da gelasi kesarielis

cnobebi lazeTis enisa da eklesiis Sesaxeb.

magaliTad, prokofi kesarielis cnobiT lazeTis qveynis cnobil

qalaqs, romelsac berZnulad erqva `kutaia~, lazur enaze ewodeboda

`quTaTisi~. maSasadame, prokofi kesarielis cnobiT `quTaTisi~

lazuri sityvaa, lazebis enis Sesabamisad nawarmoebi, magram es

sityva Tavisi sufiqsebiT aris Zveli qarTuli enis mixedviT

nawarmoebi, es miuTiTebs rom qarTuli saliteraturo ena da

lazuri dialeqti prokofi kesarielis dros uaRresad Zalze axlos

idgnen erTmaneTTan. prokofis cnoba mniSvnelovania, sazogadod,

Zveli qarTuli saliteraturo ena ki igive saeklesio enaa,

romelzec iTargmna wmida werili da daiwyo wirva-locva

saqarTveloSi.

lazebis saeklesio enac Zveli qarTuli unda iyos, radganac

gelasi kesarielis cnobiT iberebma da lazebma `tyve qalis~, anu

wmida ninos mier miiRes qristianoba.

e.i. gelasi kesarielis am cnobiT wmida nino lazebis

ganmanaTlebeli iyo, amasTanave, is iyo erTiani qarTuli eklesiis

damaarsebeli, erTi eniTa da saeklesio tradiciebiT.

Cans, wmida ninos dros lazuri jer kidev ar iyo bolomde

gamoyofili fuZe qarTuli enisagan.

marTalia, amJamad miRebulia Tvalsazrisi, rom zanur-qarTuli

enobrivi erToba daiSala qristeSobamde ramdenime saukuniT adre,

magram, rogorc iTqva, ar unda iqnas daviwyebuli g. maWavarianis is

Tvalsazrisi, romelic gamoTqva wignSi `sonantTa sistema~, rom

zanur-qarTuli enobrivi mTlianoba welTaRricxvis mijnaze jer

kidev arsebobda, anu axali welTaRricxvis dawyebisas, I-II

saukuneebSi qristianobis qadagebisas zanur-qarTuli enobrivi

mTlianoba jer kidev arsebobda.

III-IV saukuneebSi wmida werilis adgilobriv enaze zepirad

qadagebis epoqaSi, Cans yvela qarTuli tomisaTvis gamoyenebuli iqna

imJamad yvelasaTvis gasagebi jer kidev erTiani ena - es unda

yofiliyo zanur-qarTuli saerTo ena, romelsac SemdgomSi ewoda

`Zveli qarTuli ena~ da gadaiqca saliteraturod.

380

zanur-qarTuli saerTo ena, romelsac SemdgomSi ewoda `Zveli

qarTuli ena~ Cans, saeklesio oficialur enad gadaiqca IV

saukuneSi, roca zepiri saliteraturo ena iqca damwerlobis enad.

mosazrebas, rom wmida werilis qarTuli Targmanebis Caweris

dros gamoyenebuli iqna mTel imJamindel qarTul samyaroSi

gavrcelebuli e.w. zanur-qarTuli anu Zveli qarTuli saerTo ena,

ganamtkicebs is faqtebi, rom V saukunis ierusalimis lazur

monasterSi aRmoCnda ara lazuri dialeqtiT Sesrulebuli

warwerebi, aramed saliteraturo qarTuliT, aseve faqti imisa, rom

ioane lazi V saukunis dasawyisSi, Cvil petre ibers wmida werils

aswavlida qarTuli eniT.

wmida petre iberiis cxovrebis mixedviT 411 wels dabadebuli

petre iberi mZevlis saxiT waiyvanes konstantinopolis saimperatoro

karze 423 wels sul 12 wlis asakisa.

am droisaTvis mas ioane lazis daxmarebiT ukve zepirad hqonda

Seswavlili wmida werili qarTul enaze, swored am enas SeiZleba

vuwodoT `qarTul-zanuri~, radganac es ena mTel qarTul samyaroSi

gamoiyeneboda.

misi cxovrebis aRmweris cnobiT berZnuli ena da mwerloba petre

ibers Seuswavlia konstantinopolSi, xolo Semdeg ierusalimSi

Seuswavlia asuruli ena da mwerloba. aqedan Cans, rom petre ibers

samSobloSi wmida werili Seswavlili hqonda ara berZnul da

asurul enebze, aramed qarTulad. saerTod, qarTuli enis meoxi da

qomagi iyo petre iberis samefo ojaxi. movses xorenacis cnobiTac,

petres papa bakuri idga saeklesio qarTuli damwerlobis

ganvrcobis saTaveebTan. lazTa monasterSi aRmoCenili qarTuli

warwerebi ganamtkicebs am mosazrebas.

maSasadame, ioane lazi, rogorc mematiane wers, `3 wlis asakidan~

petre ibers aswavlida qarTuli eniT, is sagangebod unda moewviaT

lazeTidan ufliswulis aRsazrdelad.

aq, Cven SeiZleba davsvaT kidev erTi kiTxva, ufliswulis

aRsazrdelad iberiis samefo karze lazeTidan miiwvevdnen Tu ara

iseT moZRvars, romelmac saukeTesod ar icoda qarTuli ena? cxadia,

ioane lazi qarTulis SesaniSnavi mcodne iyo, imdenad, rom

ufliswuls zepirad Seaswavla wmida werili qarTul enaze, Semdeg

ki mis monasterSi qarTulad SesaniSnavi warwerebi aRbeWdes.

ioane lazis qarTulenovnebis mizezi, rogorc iTqva, unda

yofiliyo is, rom zanur-qarTuli enobrivi erToba I-V saukuneebSi

381

jer kidev SenarCunebuli iyo. imJamad lazuri da vTqvaT, qarTl-

kaxuri, Zalze axlo dialeqtebs warmoadgendnen erTmaneTis mimarT.

maSasadame, megrul-lazuri iseve idga zogadqarTuli saeklesio-

saliteraturo enis saTaveebTan, rogorc sxva kuTxeTa dialeqtebi.

qarTuli saliteraturo-saeklesio ena ar warmoadgenda qarTl-

kaxeTis mosaxleobis dialeqtze aRmocenebul enas, rogorc axla we-

ren, aramed zogadqarTul saerTo-saeklesio enas, romelic

lazeTSic iseve gasagebi iyo, rogorc vTqvaT kaxeTSi.

rogorc iTqva, am mosazrebis gamoTqmis uflebas iZleva Semdegi

faqtebi:

1) ierusalimis lazTa monasterSi aRmoCenili uZvelesi IV-V

saukuneebis qarTuli warwerebi, yvelaze pirvelni qarTul

warweraTa Soris. e.i. qarTuli warwerebi lazTa monasterSi, cxadia

lazi berebisa da mlocvelebisTvis keTdeboda da maT qarTuli

icodnen.

2) gelasi kesarielis cnoba, rom `tyve qalma~ anu wmida ninom

moaqcia `lazebi da iberebi~, e.i. lazebis gamaqristianebeli iyo

wmida nino, zogadqarTuli eklesiis damaarsebeli, amis asaxva iyo

is, rom Zveli saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi, maT Soris svaneTsa,

afxazeTsa Tu samegreloSi, iseve rogorc aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi

arsebobda erTaderTi saeklesio, anu wirva-locvis ena, romelzec

iTargmna wmida werili.

3) erTaderTi lazuri sityva, romelic Semonaxulia berZnul wya-

roebSi `quTaTisi~, prokofi kesarielis cnobiT lazuri enis

Sesabamisad iyo nawarmoebi, sinamdvileSi is zogadqarTuli sityvaa.

rac safuZvels iZleva mosazrebisa, rom zanur-qarTuli enobrivi

erToba jer kidev ar iyo daSlili VI saukuneSi. zanur-qarTuli

enobrivi erTobis gamo iyvnen qarTulenovanni egris-lazeTidan

gamosuli saeklesio moRvaweebi da didi mamebi _ ioane lazi da

ioane minCxi, Wyondidelebi da sxvani, aTeulobiT da aTasobiT mama,

Semoqmedni zogad qarTuli kulturisa.

qarTuli kulturis mkvlevarTa mier faqtiurad dRemde

miviwyebulia udidesi Rvawli wmida werilis pirveli qarTveli

mTargmnelebisa, gasaocari mTargmnelobiTi Sroma IV-V ss-is wmida

moRvaweebisa, romelnic idgnen qarTuli sasuliero mwerlobis

saTaveebTan.

maTi Rvawli erTgvarad gadaCrdila X-XI saukuneebis mTargmnelTa

didma muSaobam.

382

unda iTqvas, rom TviTon X-XI saukuneebis didi mTargmnelebi _

giorgi mTawmindeli, efrem mcire da sxvebi Zalze afasebdnen IV-V

ss-is pirvelmTargmnelTa namuSakevs.

1500 welia dRemde, rac qarTul eklesiaSi kvlav gamoiyeneba

teqstebi Targmnili `pirveliTganve~ anu IV-V saukuneebSi, isini

TiTqmis ucvlelad movidnen Cvenamde da dResac gamoyenebulni arian

saeklesio saWiroebisaTvis. eklesiaSi medaviTnis mier wakiTxuli

teqstebi (Jamnis wigni Tu sxva) ZiriTadad IV-V ss-dan modian

TiTqmis ucvleli saxiT.

eqvTime da giorgi mTawmindelebma xelaxla ki ar Targmnes wmida

werili, aramed pirvelmTargmnelTa teqstebi Seadares da

dauaxloves X-XI ss-Si bizantiis eklesiaSi gamoyenebul berZnul

redaqciebs.

IV-V ss-is pirvelmTargmnelTa didi pleadis wevrebi unda

yofiliyvnen ioane lazi, moZRvari petre iberisa, TviTon petre

iberi, TiTqmis maTi Tanamedrove, iberiis samefo karze moRvawe

pirebi da Cans ierusalimSi, petres garemos wevrebi.

somexTa mier wmida werilis Targmna imave epoqaSi, IV s-is bolosa

da V s-is dasawyisSi, daiwyo.

miiCneva, rom mesrop maStocma somxuri anbani 405 wels Seqmna.

daaxloebiT amave dros albaT ukve intensiurad muSaobdnen wmida

werilis qarTulad gadmosaRebad.

qarTvel pirvelmTargmnelTa didi pleadis wevri anda SeiZleba,

meTauric iyo ioane lazi, unda vifiqroT, rom mis monasterSi

ierusalimSi aRmoCenili warwerebi amas adasturebs _ isini SeiZleba

marTlac pirveli iyvnen qarTul saeklesio warweraTa Soris. 414

wlidan is ukve qarTul wmida werils aswavlida petre ibers.

lazTa monastris satrapezos iatakis mozaikur warweraSi

naxsenebi pirebi _ antoni, aba da iosia, safiqrebelia, wmida werilis

qarTveli mTargmnelebi iyvnen.

ierusalimis lazTa monasterSi aRmoCenili teqsti aseTia:

`SewevniTa qristesiTa da meoxebiTa wmidisa TevdoresiTa Seiwyalen

antoni, abai da iosia, momsxmeli amis sefisai da ded-mamai iosiaisi,

amen~.

miiCneva, rom monasteri aSenebuli yofila wmida Tevdores sa-

xelze, winamZRvari yofila antoni, mozaika ki daumzadebia (mousxams)

iosias (e. mamisTvaliSvili, qarTvelebi da bibliuri samyaro, 1998,

gv. 86).

383

Cveni azriT, romelic adreve gamovTqviT, aq moxsenebuli pirebi

antoni, abaY da iosia unda yofiliyvnen wmida werilis qarTveli

pirvelmTargmnelebi, petre iberis mama-papebis samefo karis sxva

moRvaweebTan erTad (ix. mitropoliti anania `ioane lazi~ da `petre

iberi marTlmadidebeli episkoposi~).

aseTi varaudis gamoTqmis uflebas iZleva is, rom jer kidev XIX

s-Si am warweris aRmoCenamde pirvelmTargmnelebis saxelebs TiTqmis

amave TanmimdevrobiT gadmocemdnen, oRond maT umatebdnen `daviTis~

saxels. xolo petres papis bakur mefis karze qarTuli anbanis

SeqmnisaTvis da saliteraturo-saeklesio enis SemuSavebisaTvis ga-

weul Rvawls aRwerdnen movses xorenaci da sxva somexi avtorebi

IV-V saukuneebisa.

antoni da abaY sxvadasxva pirebi unda yofiliyvnen.

ara anton abati, aramed antoni da abaY.

ZvelqarTuli saxeli abai saqarTveloSi cnobili iyo, misganaa

gvari abaiSvili. iosia ki unda yofiliyo ara mozaikis momsxmeli

xelosani, aramed qtitori, romlis safasiTac (TanxiTac) moisxa

iataki.

saerTod, xelosnebis saxelebs Zvel teqstebSi adgils ar

uTmobdnen, miT ufro aseT gamoCenil adgilas, xolo qtitorebis

moxsenieba, miT umetes Tu isini cnobili adamianebi iyvnen, miRebuli

wesi iyo.

maSasadame, Cven unda vifiqroT, rom petres papis bakur mefis

karze IV s-is bolodanve gaCaRebuli iyo mTargmnelobiTi muSaoba. am

saqmisaTvis samefo karze unda miewviaT ioane lazi, xolo roca

ufliswuli daibada _ ufliswulis aRmzrdelad anu gansaswavlad

dainiSna is (ioane lazi), rogorc am saqmis _ axladfexadgmuli

qarTuli literaturis _ specialisti.

marTlac, 411 wlisaTvis, qarTuli saeklesio literatura sul

axali Camoyalibebuli unda yofiliyo (411 wels, rogorc iTqva

daibada petre iberi). Zvel somxur wyaroebSi, rogorc iTqva,

Semonaxulia cnobebi, rom qarTuli saeklesio anbanis da qarTuli

saeklesio enis CamoyalibebisaTvis muSaoba mimdinareobda IV s-is

bolosa da V s-is dasawyisSi qarTlis samefo karze.

bakuri _ petres papa dedis mxridan, aseve buzmariosi buz-mihri

mamis mxridan iveriis mefeebi iyvnen swored am dros, maT uTuod

Rvawli miuZRviT qarTuli wmida werilis Targmnis saqmeSi, Cveni

384

azriT amitomac arian isini moxsenebulni lazTa monasterSi sxva

pirvelmTargmnelTa msgavsad.

petres mama _ buzmariosi cxadia, am saqmis xelisSemwyobi

iqneboda, deda _ bakurduxtTan erTad (buzmariosi _ Cans, Zvel

saqarTveloSi cnobili saxeli iyo, adigenis raionis sofel udeSi

dafiqsirebulia toponimi `buzmareTi~, petres saxeli ki maruani

yofila siymawvileSi, saxel maruanisgan SeiZleba iyo nawarmoebi

gvari _ maruaSvili, saerTod ki, saxeli maruani igive miriani unda

iyos _ iberiis samefo karze miRebuli saxeli).

ase, rom `lazTa monasterSi~ Cven unda gvqondes pirvelqarTvel

mTargmnelTa saxelebis CamonaTvali. maTi moxseneba am monasterSi

saWirod miuCneviaT, radganac maTi pleadis wevri unda yofiliyo

monastris damaarsebeli ioane lazi. maTi RvawliT giorgi

mTawmindelisa da giorgi mcires sityviT _ `pirveliTaganve gvqondes

werilnica da sarwmunoebai WeSmariti da marTali~.

wmida werilis qarTuli pirvelTargmanebi WeSmariti da marTali

yofila, amitomac X-XI ss-is `mTargmnel-redaqtorebs~ isini ar

SeucvliaT. am teqstebma dRemde ucvlelad moaRwies da saeklesio

msaxurebaSi amJamadac gamoiyenebian.

k. daneliam, gamoCenilma enaTmecnierma, gamowvlilviT Seiswavla

XI s-is dasawyisSi `Targmnili~ teqstebi da mivida daskvnamde, rom

sinamdvileSi XI s-Si xelaxla ki ar iTargmna berZnulidan qarTul

enaze wmida werili da sxva saeklesio teqstebi, aramed moxda Zveli,

ukve arsebuli qarTuli Targmanebis (teqstebis) Sedareba-

redaqtireba imJamindel berZnul redaqciebTan da amis Sedegad

miRebul iqna eklesiisaTvis `kanonikuri~ teqstebi. maSasadame,

eqvTime da giorgi mTawmidelebi, maTi epoqis wmida mamebi iyvnen ara

mTargmnelebi am sityvis pirdapiri gagebiT, aramed mxolod

redaqtorebi. `am faqts mxolod danaxva unda~ - werda am faqtSi

absoluturad darwmunebuli k. danelia, radganac man es teqstebi,

rogorc iTqva enaTmecnierulad gamowvlilviT Seiswavla.

aRsaniSnavia, rom giorgi mTawmideli Tavis anderZSi swored am

faqts aRniSnavs, rom is iyo ara `axlad mTargmneli~ wmida

werilisa, aramed mxolod `Semmowmebeli~ anu redaqtori romelic

`awamebda~, adarebda erTmaneTs ukve arsebul Zvel qarTul teqstebsa

da imdroindel berZnul redaqciebs.

erTmaneTTan `Sewameba~ anu Sedareba cxadia udides codnasa da

Sromas iTxovda mSromel-redaqtorisagan. giorgi mTawmidelis

385

anderZis ori redaqcia arsebobs, erTi redaqcia (Seuryvneli teqsti

anderZisa) daucavs samegreloSi, moqvSi dacul saxarebas, aseve

breTis, axalcixisa, eCmiaZinisa da ubisis saxarebebs. am Seuryvnel

anderZSi naTqvamia _ `ese wmidai oTxTavi ara Tu axlad gviTargmnia,

aramed friadiTa iZulebiTa ZmaTa vieTme, berZnulTa saxarebaTa

Segviwamebia friadiTa gamowvlilviTa~. am anderZidan sruliad

aSkarad Cans, rom giorgi mTawmidelma ki ar Targmna _ am sityvis

Semdegdroindeli gagebiT wmida oTxTavi, aramed mxolod `Seawama~

anu Seadara berZnul redaqciebs da Caaswora maT mixedviT.

Semdgom saukuneebSi aRniSnul wmida mamebs siyvaruliT

uwodebdnen `mTargmnelebs~.

maTi xelidan gamosuli wmida werilis redaqciebi iqca

oficialur saeklesio teqstebad, amitom pativiscemisa da

siyvarulis niSnad maT `mTargmnelebis~ aRniSnuli wodeba

daimkvidres.

Cans, am damokidebulis gamo, SemdegSi romeliRac gadamwers am

Tvalsazrisis Sesabamisad `Seusworebia~ giorgi mTawmidelis

anderZi, kerZod misgan amouRia zogierTi sityva, ramac warmoSva

anderZis axali teqsti iseTi saxisa, romelic dResdReobiT ufro

gavrcelda.

amJamad, ratomRac imaleba anderZis pirvelsaxe, romelic

Seryvnilad miiCneva.

sinamdvileSi giorgi mTawmideli TviTon uxsnis mkiTxvels Tu

ratom ar esaWiroeboda Zvel qarTul teqstebs xelaxla Targmna.

misi Zalze dabejiTebuli mtkicebiT daaxloebiT IV-V ss-Si

Sesrulebuli Zveli qarTuli Targmanebi `wmidadaa Targmnili~

Tavisi drois mTargmnelebis mier. amis gamo pirvelmTargmnelTa

xelidan gamosuli teqstebi iyvnen `keTilni~ anu misaRebi

eklesiisaTvis, maS ratom dasWirda am `wmidad da keTilad~

Targmnil teqstebs Sedareba berZnul redaqciebTan XI s-is

dasawyisisaTvis? am kiTxvas TviTon scems pasuxs giorgi mTawmideli.

giorgi mcires sityviT, `friadi iZulebiT~ giorgi mTawmidels

gauwevia udidesi Sroma, romelic ase saWiro iyo imJamindeli

qarTuli eklesiisaTvis, raTa cilismwameblebs (`mabraloblebsa da

mayvedreblebs~) avtoriteti ar SeebRalaT qarTuli wmida

werilisaTvis. giorgi mTawmidelis sityviTac, mis gverdiT yofilan

sasuliero pirebi `Zmanni~, romelTac dabejiTebiT uTxovniaT gaewia

es Sroma.

386

erTi sityviT, giorgi mTawmidelma iRvawa qarTuli wmida werilis

avtoritetis amaRlebisaTvis, daumtkica yvelas, rom is iseTive

Rirsebisa iyo, rogorebic iyvnen yvelaze kargi berZnuli redaqciebi

misi droisa. Tumca ki miaCnia rom ufro Zveli, pirvelqarTuli

Targmanebi Zalze kargi Targmanebi iyvnen _ is wers anderZSi _

`Cvenni yovelni saxarebani pirveliTgan wmidad Targmnilia da

keTilad _ xanmetnica da sabawmidurnica~ (n. papuaSvili, axali

aRTqmis qarTuli Targmani, 2007, gv. 92).

maSasadame, giorgi mTawmideli didad afasebda qarTvel pirvel

mTargmnelTa skolis muSaobas. es skola, rogorc iTqva, Camoyalibda

IV s-is bolosa da V s-is dasawyisSi, somxuri wyaroebis cnobiT

bakur mefis karze. anu petre iberis papis ojaxi iyo mecenati,

sponsori da damkveTi im didi muSaobisa, romelic esaWiroeboda

axalfexadgmul qarTul saeklesio mwerlobas, romelic am ojaxis

Tvalwin yalibdeboda.

movses xorenacis sityviT, qarTvelTa samefo karze SemoukrebiaT

qveynis sxvadasxva kuTxidan qarTuli enis mcodneebi.

sxva wyarodan Cans, rom maT Soris erTerTi rCeuli yofila ioane

lazi _ radganac swored is airCies axalgazrda ufliswulis aR-

mzrdelad, anu sityvierebis maswavleblad.

marTlac, man patara petres zepirad Seaswavla axalTargmnili

wmida werili.

es iyo, ase vTqvaT _ pirveli aprobacia pirvelmTargmnelTa

moRvaweobis Sedegis dasadgenad.

misi cxovrebidan Cans, rom petres marTlac keTilad Seuswavlia

wmida werili, imdenad, rom SemdgomSi yvelas aocebda wmida

werilis codniT konstantinopolis saimperatoro karze.

qarTuli saeklesio damwerlobac pirvel nabijebs dgamda petres

siymawvilis wlebSi.

saqme is iyo, rom Tu ki mesrop maStocs mravali Zieba dasWirda

somxuri anbanis aso-niSnebis moxazulobis mosaZebnad, qarTvel

mamebs ar esaWiroebaT amdeni Zieba _ qarTlis samefo karze iqamde

saukuneTa manZilze iyenebdnen e.w. armazul damwerlobas.

armazuli damwerlobiT Sesrulebuli warwerebi aRmoCenilia

vanSi, borSi (dasavleT saqarTveloSi), mcxeTaSi da sxvagan. es iyo

finikiuri damwerlobidan warmoSobili arameuli damwerlobis erT-

erTi saxe.

rogorc Cveni Tanamedrove mkvlevarebis (r. patariZe) naSromebidan

Cans, Cvens pirvel wmida mamebs mouZebniaT arameuli damwerlobis

387

pirveli saxe, anu am anbanis saukeTeso varianti. da Cveni fiqriT, is

daudviaT safuZvlad qarTuli saeklesio damwerlobisaTvis.

magaliTad, asomTavruli `a~, aris arameuli anbanis pirveli aso-

niSani, romelic igive saxisaa, maT Soris gansxvaveba isaa, rom

arameuli `a~ swori xazebis urTierTgadakveTiTaa miRebuli, xolo

asomTavrulis `a~, igive xazebia, oRond damrgvalebuli saxisa.

arameuli anbanis samkuTxedebi _ asomTavrulSi wreebiTaa

gadmocemuli. magaliTad, aso-niSani `bani~ arameulsa da qarTulSi

erTidaigivea, oRond arameulSi `bani~-s muceli samkuTxedis formis

mqonea, xolo qarTulSi is mrgvalia.

cxadia, qarTul saeklesio anbanSi saWiro iqneboda ramdenime aso-

niSnis damateba, Tumca, SesaZloa iqamdec, armazulSi es aso-niSnebi

arsebobda kidec.

yovel SemTxvevaSi, armazulis Tavdapirveli deda-saxe (Zveli

arameuli) unda yofiliyo safuZveli qarTuli saeklesio anbanisa.

maSasadame, qarTvelma pirvelTargmanebma ioane lazisa da petre

iberis yrmobis epoqaSi SeZles armazul-arameuli damwerlobis

safuZvelze asomTavrulis Seqmna, amasTanave qarTulad Targmna

wmida werilisa da aseve misi Cawera qarTulive, ukve qarTuli

saeklesio asoebiT.

aqedan Cans, rom ioane lazi idga zogadqarTuli saliteraturo

enisa da qarTuli saeklesio damwerlobis saTaveebTan.

rogorc aRiniSna, amis mizezi unda yofiliyo is, rom ioane lazis

dros aRmosavleT saqarTvelos xalxis metyveleba Zalze axlos

idga imJamindel megrul-lazurTan, iseve, rogorc saqarTvelos

sxvadasxva kuTxeebis metyvelebebTan. saerTo saliteraturo ena is-

is iyo isaxeboda da ibadeboda ioane lazis SromiT.

enaTmecnierulad aseve iyo evropisa da aziis sxva regionebSic.

magaliTad, IX-X ss-Si rodesac kirilem da meTodem slavurad

gadmoiRes wmida werili, slavuri saerTo enas warmoadgenda

zogadad slavebisaTvis, mxolod Semdeg XIV-XV ss-saTvis TandaTan

Caisaxa slavur enaSi ukrainuli, belarusuli, da e.w.

`velikorusuli~ (moskovuri) ena-metyvelebani, dasavleT slavebSi

Semdgom Camoyalibda serbuli, bulgaruli da sxva enebi. ase, rom

slavuri wmida werili enobrivad saerTo iyo Semdeg Camoyalibebuli

ukrainelebis, belarusebis, da sxva slavuri xalxebisaTvis.

msgavsadve laTinuri ena, romelzec iTargmna pirvel saukuneebSi

wmida werili, iqca safuZvlad Semdeg Camoyalibebuli franguli,

388

espanuri, italiuri Tu ruminuli enebisaTvis. maSasadame, jer

iTargmna laTinurad wmida werili, xolo Semdgom Camoyalibda

laTinuri enis safuZvelze sxvadasxva xalxebis enebi, amitomac am

xalxebisaTvis laTinur enaze wirva-locva pirvel xanebSi, sanam am

xalxebis enebi Tanamedrove saxes miiRebda, sruliad gasagebi iyo.

cxadia, am erTgvari zogadi wesisagan ar unda yofiliyo

gamonaklisi qarTulic.

IV-V ss-Si zogadqarTul enaze iTargmna wmida werili, romelic

gasagebi iyo yvela kuTxis qarTvelTaTvis, radganac es ena imJamad

mSobliuri da gasagebi iyo yvela kuTxis mcxovrebisaTvis, mxolod

Semdeg saukuneebSi am kuTxeebis metyvelebani gadaiqca

erTmaneTisagan daSorebul dialeqtebad. e.i. ioane lazis dros

lazeTisa Tu kaxeTis qarTveloba metyvelebda erTmaneTisaTvis

gasageb saerTo enaze, romelzec iTargmna wmida werili da

romelsac SemdgomSi ewoda Zveli qarTuli saliteraturo ena.

mxolod Semdeg saukuneebSi, rogorc iTqva daSordnen erTmaneTs es

metyvelebani.

enebi swrafad viTardebian, amitomac gvaqvs Zveli berZnuli, Zveli

somxuri, Zveli qarTuli da a.S. Cven erTmaneTs vadarebT Tana-

medrove megrulsa da Zvel saeklesio-saliteraturo enas. rogorc

viciT Tu arsebobs Tanamedrove megrul-lazuri, unda yofiliyo

Zveli megrul-lazuric.

ra saxisa iyo is (megrul-lazuri) 1600-1500 wlis win, ioane lazis

dros? Cveni TvalsazrisiT, rogorc mravaljer aRvniSneT, IV-V

saukuneebSi megrul-lazuri Zalze axlos idga saliteraturo Zvel

qarTulTan. amitomac ioane lazi, albaT mSobliur dialeqtze

dayrdnobiT sxvadasxva kuTxeebis mamebTan erTad ayalibebda

saliteraturo-saeklesio enobriv normas, raTa gasagebi yofiliyo

rogorc mTis, ise baris morwmuneebisaTvis, qveynis rogorc erT, ise

meore kuTxeSi.

Cvens Tvalsazriss, rom ioane lazis epoqaSi megrul-lazuri

saliteraturo qarTulis erT-erT safuZvels warmoadgenda

ganamtkicebs Zvel matianeTa da wyaroTa cnobebi. magaliTad,

`moqcevaY qarTlisaY~-s cnobiT, aleqsande makedonelis epoqaSi

arian-qarTlis mefis Ze azoni samxreTidan wamouZRva samxedro

elitis mravalsulian ojaxebs, romelTac Camoayalibes saxelmwifo

_ `qarTlis samefo~. amave wyaros cnobiT mis SemadgenlobaSi

389

Sedioda egrisi _ dasavleT saqarTvelo, radganac am saxelmwifos

Crdilo-dasavleTi sazRvari gadioda md. egriswyalze.

sad mdebareobda arian-qarTlis samefo, saidanac CrdiloeTiT, maT

Soris egrisSi, Casaxlda axali qarTuli saxelmwifos Semqmneli

azonis samxedro elita? vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobiT klarjeTi

azonis mamuli qveyana iyo, misi mimdebare mxareebiT. e.i. arian-

qarTli moicavda klarjeTs, qaldeas, tao-basiansa da im mezobel

kuTxeebs.

lazebis qveynis _ `qaldeas~ da `qarTlis~ etimologia erTi da

igive unda iyos, radgan orive sityvis fuZeSi Tanmxovnebia `qld~ da

`qrT~, cxadia, es erTi fuZea, radganac kanonzomieria gadasvlebi l-

r, d-T. lazTa (WanTa) qaldeas Semounaxavs arian-qarTlis qveynis

saxelis fuZe `qarT~.

Zvel wyaroebSi `samegrelo~ da `sofeli megrelTa~ erqva

trapezun-qaldeas regions, sadac pirvelad iqadaga andria

pirvelwodebulma. am qveynis anu qaldeas xalxis ena Semoinaxa

saliteraturo Zvelma qarTulma enam.

XX saukuneSi, sabWoTa okupaciis dros, saqarTveloSi Sesabamisma

samecniero wreebma gaabatones Tvalsazrisi, TiTqosda Zvel qarTul

saliteraturo enas IV-V saukuneebSi safuZvlad daedo qarTl-

kaxuri dialeqti.

es Tvalsazrisi Zireulad gansxvavdeboda saqarTveloSi iqamde

aTaswleulTa manZilze arsebulisagan, rom Zveli qarTuli saerTo

ena iyo qarTuli eklesiis mrevlisaTvis, romlis iurisdiqciaSic

yoveli qarTuli Temi Sedioda afxazeT-svaneTidan araqsamde da

Semaxiamde. qarTvelTa garda am faqts ucxoelebic aRniSnaven,

arqanjelo lamberti wers samegreloSi gamoiyeneba qarTuli wignebi,

`romelic dawerilia maTis namdvilis, Zveleburisa da wmida eniT. am

enisagan maTi mdabiuri ena ise ganirCeva, rogorc Cveni mdabiuri

laTinuridan ganirCeva~ (arqanjelo lamberti, samegrelos aRwera,

2011, gv.185). is wers: `saqarTvelos samefo gavrcelebuli iyo Tav-

rizamde, arzrumamde da kafamde, romelic xersonesSia. am mxriT

saqarTvelo Seicavda Tavis samflobeloSi afxazebs, anu abasqebs,

Cerqezebs da jiqebs anu Ziqebs. saqarTvelos samefos rom aseTi

sivrce eWira, amis cxadi kvali dResac ipoveba iq. arzrumis qalaqis

maxloblad axlac moipoveba qarTuli soflebi. uwindel droSi

TviT am qalaqSi ijda qarTveli episkoposi, arzrumelad wodebuli.

kolxidis gareT, afxazebisa da jiqebis qveyvebSi mSvenieri taZrebi

390

dganan qarTulad aSenebulebi da qarTulis zedwarwerebiT. iranis

mxriTac, TviT Tavrizamde, rogorc qarTuli eklesiebis, ise

qarTuli soflebis cxadi kvali dResac sCans~ (iqve, gv. 30).

lazikis samitropolitos

Zveli mosaxleobis ena

xelnawerTa erovnuli centris fondebSi daculia XV-XVI

saukuneebiT daTariRebuli qarTuli xelnaweri (# 3475), romelsac

aqvs berZnulenovani minawerebi, romelnic Sesrulebulia ara

berZnuli, aramed qarTuli asoebiT.

xelnaweri, rogorc n. maxaraZem gamoikvlia, Sesrulebulia

samxreT saqarTvelos im nawilSi, romelic osmalebma miitaces da

Sesabamisad, misi marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba konstantinopolis

sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi aRmoCnda (n. maxaraZe, liturgikuli

praqtika da pontouri dialeqtis gavlenis sfero, bizantia, qarTuli

wyaroebi, 2010, gv. 303).

iqamde bizantiis qaldeasa da iberiis Temebis miwawyalze

mcxovrebi es mrevli, daaxloebiT XIII-XVI saukuneebSi kvlav

dedaqarTuli eklesiis wiaRs daubrunda, magram Semdeg, osmalTa

batonobis epoqaSi, isini xelmeored, kvlav, berZnuli eklesiis

iurisdiqciaSi aRmoCndnen.

xelnaweridan da misi minawerebidan Cans, rom osmalTa epoqaSi,

qaldea-WaneTsa da, aseve, samcxe-saaTabagos samxreT nawilSi

qarTulenovan mrevls da mis samRvdeloebas daukanones

valdebuleba, raTa maT wirva-locva da RvTismsaxureba aRar

hqonodaT qarTulad, aramed berZnulad.

am valdebulebis gamo zemoT aRniSnuli xelnaweris mepatrone

qarTulenovani mRvdeli, romelsac berZnuli ar codnia, iZulebuli

gamxdara xmamaRla, mrevlis gasagonad warmosaTqmeli locva _ e.w.

`asamaRleblebi~ warmoeTqva berZnul enaze, am dros ki mas xelSi

eWira kondaki, sadac es berZnuli asamaRleblebi Cawerili iyo

qarTuli asoebiT. e.i. am mRvdelma berZnuli wera-kiTxva ar icoda,

amitom berZnulenovani asamaRlebeli qarTuli asoebiT dawera da

wirvis dros xmamaRla waikiTxa.

391

xelnaweridan, Cans, rom wirvis dros is, e.w. `saidumlo locvebs~

kvlav qarTulad kiTxulobda, xolo asamaRleblebs ki berZnulad

warmoTqvamda, aseve kvereqsebs. berZnuli asamaRlebeli ki, rogorc

iTqva, qarTuli asoebiT hqonda dawerili.

mkvlevarma, xelnaweris SeswavliT, daadgina, rom am regionis

mrevlica da samRvdeloebac qarTulenovani iyo, oRond maT

sacxovrebel garemoSi ukve axali ena, e.w. pontouri berZnuli ena

ikvalavda gzas.

mkvlevaris mier moZiebuli monacemTa erToblioba mowmobs faqts,

rom am garemoSi axali ena-metyveleba isaxeba, romlisTvisac ukve

`pontoika~ anu pontos dialeqti mSobliuri xdeboda.

es regioni istoriuli qaldea-WaneTia, gumuSxanes regioni,

saidanac ayrili mosaxleoba XIX saukuneSi saqarTveloSi

Camosaxlda. maT imJamad ukve `berZnebs~ uwodebdnen, magram maT

yofil saeklesio qarTulenovnebas is faqtic miuTiTebs, rom maT

WaneTis sofel imeradan Tan Camoitanes qarTulenovani Zvirfasi

saxareba, sxva qarTul saeklesio wignebTan erTad. yofili Wanebi

berZnebad iqcnen, qarTulenovani wirva-locva, niSani mTeli maTi

istoriuli regionis qarTulobisa _ daviwyebul iqna. isini

memkvidreni iyvnen pariadres mTianeTis iberebisa.

strabonis mier naxsenebi pariadres, xorZenasa, gogarenasa da mi-

mdgomi olqebis mosaxleobis anu Zveli iberebis ena unda yofiliyo

sustad diferencirebuli fuZe-qarTuli (e.w. fuZe-qarTveluri) ena,

anu is ena, romelic safuZvlad daedo Zvel qarTul saliteraturi

mwerlobas _ amis gamo Zveli qarTuli enis codna amave regionSi

mdebare taos, basianisa da mezobeli mxareebis mcxovrebTaTvis, am

mxareebidan gamosuli qarTvelebisTvis, bunebrivi iyo.

amis anareklia is, rom am da mimdgomi mxareebidanac gamosuli

moRvaweebis somxurenovan TxzulebebSi qarTulenovnebis naSTebia

SemorCenili.

magaliTad, grigol parTelis arabulenovan cxovrebaSi qarTuli

sityvebi gvxvdeba, iseve, rogorc daviT uZlevelis naSromebSi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTuli sityvebi aRmoCnda aseve, somxur xalxur

sagmiro epos `daviT sasuncSi~, misi ZiriTadi plastebi VIII-X ss-s

ganekuTvneba (Caiweres 1874 w.) da asaxavs 4 Taobis sagmiro saqmeebs.

rogorc aRiniSna, XI saukuneSi bizantiam aRniSnuli miwa-wyali

CamoaSora saqarTvelos. iqauri qristiani marTlmadideblebi

ganaSora mcxeTis deda eklesias da Seiyvana konstantinopolis

392

sapatriarqos lazikis samitropolitoSi, magram am qmedebiT

bizantiis imperiam, iseve, rogorc VI-VII ss-Si, ZirTadad

TavisdauneblieT, xeli kvlav Seuwyo qarTvelTa Soris somxuri

identobis ganvrcobas, radganac iqauri qarTveloba faqtiurad

somxur-qalkedonituri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi moeqca.

armenizaciis procesis Tavidan asacileblad iqaurma qarTvelobam

mxolod is moaxerxa, rom eklesiurad ganSorda somxur centrebs da

lazikis samitropolitos somxur-qalkedonitur saepiskoposoebSi

gaerTianda.

iqaur qarTul samrevloTa bazaze Camoyalibda lazikis, anu

trapezuntis samitropolitoSi qalkedonuri saepiskoposoebi _

olnutisa, xorZenasi, bizanasi, andakisa da sxva, xolo vanis tbis

irgvliv iyo somxuri mrevlis qalkedonuri saepiskoposoebi wm.

nikolozisa, arWeSisa, berkrisa, vanisa da sxva.

qarTulenovnebis naSTebi armeniaSi

somxeTi erTenovani qveyana ar yofila, aq gavrcelebuli yofila

sxvadasxva enebi, kerZod, korduelTa ena, albanelTa ena, sivnielTa

ena, xoiTelTa (artinis) ena, orTielTa ena, dasavleT WaneTisken ki

`ar ismoda somxuri ena~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, gv. 499).

VIII s-is somexi mwerali stefanos sivnieli werda, rom somxeTis 7

mxare somxeTis sanapiroebze, enobrivad ganirCeoda Sida

somxebisagan, radganac am mxareebSi adgilobrivi enebi (`mosazRvre

dialeqtebi~) yofila gavrcelebuli. es mxareebi yofila tao (imier

tao), speri (zemo speri), xoiTi _ sasunis mxare, arcaxi, sivnieTi,

korduena (korWea) da sxvebi. korduenaSi am droisTvis, p. ingoroyvas

393

sityviT, qurTuli yofila gavrcelebuli, Tumca ki korduena Zveli

qarTuli qveyana iyo n. adoncis sityviT. taosa da sperSi qarTuli

ena yofila gavrcelebuli. xoiTel-sasunelTa ena orTaelTa enad

iwodeboda da `artani~-s saxeliTac iwodeboda (Sdr. artaanelTa,

anu qarTuelTa ena). zemoT aRniSnuli es mxareebi lazikis

samitropolitos farglebSi aRmoCnda, misi mrevli ZiriTadad

identoba da vinaoba Seryeuli qarTveloba iyo, romelic xan somxur,

xan ki berZnul enobriv garemoSi moeqca.

Crdilo, Sua da dasavleT armenia karduxebisa da xalibebis

epoqaSi (Zv. w. V-IV ss.) qarTuli tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, amitomac

aq mdebare vrceli miwa-wyali pariadres mTianeTidan, xorZenasa da

gogarenas CaTvliT iberebis sacxovrisi iyo.

rogorc aRiniSna, strabonis cnobiT, mxolod qristeSobamde II

saukuneSi SeZlo imJamad gaZlierebulma armeniam iberebisagan

mietacebina maTi samSoblos mniSvnelovani nawili _ pariadres

mTiswineTi, xorZena da gogarena.

es teritoria armeniis nawilad gadaiqca.

miuxedavad amisa, qarTulenovnebis naSTebi mainc Jonavs am

mxareebidan gamosuli zogierTi somexi moRvawis Txzulebidan da

TviT xalxuri Semoqmedebidanac ki. magaliTad, qarTulenovnebis

naSTebi gvxvdeba:

a. daviT sasuncis cxovrebaSi, sadac gvxvdeba Semdegi qarTuli

sityvebi: nena, amirani, biWi, kakaba, iqvea lazizmebi (v. goilaZe,

asurel mamaTa samSoblo, 2002, gv. 39);

b. qarTulenovnebis naSTia agaTangelozis wm. grigolis cxovrebis

arabul TargmanSi;

g. vanis tbispira mxaris qarTulenovnebas mianiSnebs asureli

mamebis qarTulenovneba. v. goilaZis azriT, isini am mxareebidan

iyvnen;

d. daviT anRaTis wignSi gvxvdeba qarTuli sityva.

armeniaSi am qarTulenovan naSTebs Cveni mecnierebi `qarTizaciad~

Tvlian.

Tu ase Zlieri iyo qarTizacia da man SeZlo mesxeTis (tao-

klarjeTis) sruli `gaqarTveleba~ imdenad, rom dResac, XXI s-is

dasawyisSi, taoeli glexebi qarTulad laparakoben, maSin, roca tao

erTian saqarTveloSi sul 2-3 saukune iyo, ratom ver gaxda es

394

SesaZlebeli zogierT mxareSi, sadac qarTuli ena, eklesia da

kultura uwyvetia dRemde?

amitom iseTi sityvebi, rogoricaa biWi (buSis mniSvnelobiT, es

sityva gvxvdeba daviT sasuncis cxovrebaSi) goWi (es sityva gvxvdeba

grigol parTelis cxovrebis arabul TargmanSi) da sxva, aris

xalxis Sida enobrivi samyarodan gamosuli da ara kulturuli

zemoqmedebis, anu qarTizaciis Sedegi.

enis SenarCunebis mizezebi

trapezunt-arzrum-valaSkertis arealSi mcxovrebma mkvidrma

qarTulma mosaxleobam SeZlo qarTulenovnebis SenarCuneba, rac

gansakuTrebiT gamovlinda arabobis dasrulebis Semdgom IX-X ss-Si.

arabebis Semosevamde aRniSnuli miwa-wyali erTmaneTs Soris

gainawiles bizantiisa da sparseTis imperiebma da mas armeniis

nawilad miiCnevdnen, radganac IV-V ss-Si somxeTis saxelmwifoSi

Sedioda.

radganac qristeSobamde II saukuneSi es miwa-wyali armeniam

iberias Camoacala, Sesabamisad bizantielebmac da sparselebmac

TavianT mier dapyrobili qarTuli miwebis nawili Seiyvanes e.w.

`dasavleT armeniaSi~, sxva nawili `maRal armeniaSi~, nawili ki

`persarmeniaSi~ da a.S.

miuxedavad dampyrobelTa xSiri cvlisa, arzrum-tao-valaSkertis

regionis mkvidrma qarTvelebma mainc SeZles qarTulenovnebis

SenarCuneba, amis erT-erT mizezs asaxelebs v. goilaZe, Tumca sxva

regionTan dakavSirebiT is wers: `SuamdinareTi da vanis tbis

395

irgvliv mdebare raioni, marTalia araerTi dampyroblis da

saxelmwifos xelSi iyo, magram, rogorc Cans, ama Tu im teritoriaze

Sesuli da gabatonebuli ucxo eTnikuri elementi, yovelTvis ver

axerxebda damxvduri mosaxleobis asimilacias. maTi moTaveobiT

Seqmnili saxelmwifos dacemis Semdeg Zveli mosaxleoba arsebobas

ganagrZobda, da ara Tu eTnikur Segnebas, zogjer enasac mSobliurs

inarCunebda rogorc cnobilia, ase moxda aRmosavleT mcire aziaSi

Zv. w. XIII s-is damlevs xeTebis saxelmwifos daRupvis Semdeg

muSqebma Tavisi eTnikuri saxe da ena SeinarCunes, albaT ase moxda

SuamdinareTSic. asureTis imperiis dacemis Semdeg, rogorc `Zveli

msoflios istoriaSia~ miTiTebuli, `ar momxdara raime

mniSvnelovani eTnikuri cvlileba! daiRupa mxolod asiriuli

sazogadoebis zeda fena, nawilobriv qalaqelebi. soflis

mosaxleoba darCa Tavis adgilas da maTi STamomavlebi cxovroben

Crdilo eraySi dRemde, Tumca aqaduri ena didi xnis win dakarges~

(Zveli msoflios istoria, t. II, moskovi, 1982, rus. enaze. gv. 42. v.

goilaZe, asurel mamaTa samSoblo, 2002, gv. 49).

msgavsadve, arabTa batonobis dasasrulisTanave, yofili dasavleT

armeniisa da agreTve persarmeniis mkvidrma mosaxleobam (taos,

basiansa da mimdebare regionebSi) warmoaCina, rom isini SesaniSnavad

flobdnen qarTul enas, ufro metic, maT gaaCndaT qarTuli

identoba, Tumca ki ganaTlebuli qarTveloba flobda somxur enasa

da wera-kiTxvas. amJamad maT, usafuZvlod, `somexi-qalkedonitebis

erT gaqarTvelebul nawilad~ miiCneven.

somexi qalkedonitebis ena

bizantiis imperiaSi somex-qalkedonitTa monastrebsa da

eklesiebSi wirva-locva da saerTod RvTismsaxureba mimdinareobda

somxur enaze. amis Sesaxeb arsebobs wyaroebi. magaliTad, wmida saba

ganwmedilis monasterSi, romelic somxeTidan Sors, antioqiaSi

mdebareobda, RvTismsaxurebis enad somxebisaTvis somxuri iyo

nebadarTuli.

somexi-qalkedonitebi somxeTis patriotebi iyvnen da maTTvis Zal-

ze Zvirfasi iyo erovnuli kultura da somxuri eklesiis

396

tradiciebi. amitomac mtkiceba maTi e.w. `gaqarTvelebisa~ maTi

patriotizmis Seufaseblobaa.

`gaqarTvelebis~ Teoria mxolod politikuri mizniT Camoyalibda

XX saukunis dasawyisSi somxuri nacionaluri interesebis

dasakmayofileblad. aRniSnulis Sesaxeb TviT somexi avtorebi weren

`pravoslavnaia enciklopediaSi~:

`somexi qalkedonitebi TviTon TavianT Tavs Tvlidnen saak

parTevis, mesrop maStocis da nerse didis memkvidreebad (da ara

farnavazisa, kirionisa da grigol xanZTelisa, mitr. anania). somxuri

ena somex-qalkedonitTa saRvTismsaxuro ena iyo im SemTxvevaSic ki,

roca isini Sekedlebulni iyvnen berZnul monastrebs (maS rogorRa

xdeboda maTi `gaqarTveleba~? mitr. anania), magaliTad, `somexTa

saqmeebis moTxrobebis~ Tanaxmad, VI saukuneSi saba ganwmedilis

monasterSi somxebs nebas rTavdnen RvTismsaxureba mSobliur enaze

hqonodaT, imis Semdegac ki, rac somxeTSi gaimarjva

antiqalkedonurma mimarTulebam, somexi-qalkedonitebi mainc

inarCunebdnen mSobliur enas da mas iyenebdnen samisionero

miznebisaTvis (amis Sedegad SeZles maT VI-VII ss-Si taosa da sxva

qarTul Tavisuflebadakargul olqebSi gabatoneba da iSxnis

kaTedris daarseba qarTvel-qalkedonitTa Soris. mitr. anania),

magaliTad, iosebi, konstantinopolis marTlmadidebluri somxuri

Temis wevri, romelmac konstantinopolSive Seiswavla somxuri ena

da mwignobroba, 991w. Targmna berZnulidan mokle wliuri svinaqsari

konstantinopolis eklesiisa, romelic man Seavso somxuri wyaroebis

cnobebiT da gagzavna somxeTSi. somex-qalkedonitTa wreebidan

gamovida aseve berZnulidan gamomavali Tveni XI s-sa, somexi-

qalkedonitebi monawileobdnen somxuri literaturis Seswavlasa da

ganviTarebaSi~, _ wers pravoslavnaia enciklopedias statiaSi v.

aruTinova-fidaniani (pravoslavnaia enc. t. III, 2001, gv. 328).

aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTuladac iTargmneboda somex-qalkedonitTa

mdidari somxurenovani literatura, aseve somex-qalkedonitTa

dogmatur-saRvTismetyvelo polemikuri traqtatebis Semcveli

wignebic (iTargmneboda qarTul enaze) (iqve, gv. 328). somxur-

qalkedonuri agiografiuli, egzegetikuri da filosofiuri

literaturis qarTulad Targmna mimdinareobda rogorc V-VIII, ise

IX-X ss-Sic (iqve, gv. 328).

qarTulTan SedarebiT, somxur-qalkedonituri literatura

siRrmiTa da sisavsiT gamoirCeoda. amis mizezi iyo is, rom berZnuli

397

da siriuli qalkedonuri teqstebi somxur enaze ZvelTaganve

fundamenturad iyo gadmoRebuli.

aTonis mTis berebi aRniSnavdnen kidec, Tu ra mwirad miaCndaT

TavianTi epoqis mSobliuri literatura da iRwvodnen eTargmnaT

sxvadasxva enebidan.

armeniis iberiuli zolis mosaxleobis erTi nawili somxur-

qalkedonuri eklesiis mrevli iyo, maTi armenizacia mimdinareobda

da ara qarTizacia.

aqedanac Cans, rom somexi qalkedonitebi somxebadve darCnen da

SeuerTdnen maTTvis mSobliur somxur eklesias, xolo imJamindel

somxeTSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri qarTvelebi yovel gzas eZebdnen, raTa

mSobliur qarTul eklesiis wiaRs dabrunebodnen.

Zv. lazuris da Zv. qarTulis erTianobis mtkicebulebani

bizantiur epoqaSi qaldea erqva bizantiis administraciul olqs

anu Tems WaneT-lazikaSi.

trapezuntis mimdebare mxareebs iqamdec erqva qaldea. is

ZiriTadad dasaxlebuli iyo WanebiT.

es qveyana sainteresoa Tavisi saxelwodebiT.

rogorc cnobilia, qaldea jer kidev qristeSobamde aTaswle-

ulebiT adre erqva SuamdinareTis erTerT olqs, SemdgomSi `qaldu~

urartuelebma TavianT mTavar `RmerTs~ uwodes, magram maTgan, anu

semituri qaldisagan gansxvavdeboda qarTuli `qaldu~, romelic,

rogorc Cans, ufro luviur-frigiul samyarosTan iyo

dakavSirebuli.

gordu, qordu, qaldu _ frigiel samyaroSi sakmaod

gavrcelebuli saxelebi iyo.

saxeli `kardu-karduxi~, vanis tbasTan mcxovreb qarTvelur toms

erqva.

karduxebis qveyanaSia saZebni is Zveli iberia, saidanac

qristeSobamde VI saukuneSi nabuqodonosors (babilon-mesopotamiis

mefes) gadmousaxlebia iberebi pontos zRvispireTSi, trapezuntis

regionSi, romelsac daerqva kidec saxeli _ qaldea.

`iberiel-megreli Stos tomebis sakuTar saxelebSi erTi da igive

qveynis saxeli gvxvdeba. igi aris qarTu anu kardu. raki am qveynis

398

saxeli orive Stos tomebis saxelwodebaSi moipoveba, ueWvelia igi

qarTvelebis Tavdapirveli samSoblo unda yofiliyo.

samSoblos xsovna mesame Stos warmomadgenels, svanebsac aqvT

SerCenili - es karTu, anu qarTu ganTqmuli qveyana qaldea aris~ (iv.

javaxiSvili `qarTveli eris istoria, I, 1981, gv. 403-404).

WaneTs _ qaldeas, mis xalxs ki qaldevelebs uwodebdnen.

iv. javaxiSvilis azriT sityva `qaldeveli~ miRebulia qarTvelTa

fuZe qveynis `qarTu~-s saxelidan (aqedanvea `qarT~-ueli da svanebis

sasoflo Temebis `xalde~ da sxva msgavsi saxelebic). saxelebi

`galat~, `galatu~ saxelebi aseve mcire aziaSi gadmosaxlebul

kelt-galatebsac gaaCndaT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom prokofi da sxva Zveli berZen-romaeli avtorebi

ar axseneben sityva `egriss~, radganac saxelebi `egrisi, guria,

argveTi~ da sx. momdinareoben erTi saerTo fuZidan `gur~, `gor~,

rac etimologiurad Zalze axloa fuZe `kol~-Tan, am fuZidanaa

nawarmoebi `kolxi~ da `kolxida~, md. enguris Zveli saxelwodeba

`eguri~, aseve egrisis Zveli saxelwodeba `eguri~. Cans saxelebi

eguri da kolxida erTmaneTis mimarT identurni iyvnen.

fuZe `gur~ saerTo mniSvnelobisa unda yofiliyo.

fuZe `gur~, rogorc iTqva, albaT igive `kol~ (kolxida) fuZea.

amave fuZidanaa Cans argueTi, guria, egurisi (egrisi).

amave `gr~ fuZidanaa `gardmani~, `gardabani~, `agaraki~, `garisi~

(amJamad TeTriwyaro), algeTi, liganisxevi (lig-rig) da sxva.

amave fuZidan (`rg~, `gr~) unda iyos nawarmoebi qarTvelTa

aRmniSvneli eTno saxelebi _ `georgia~, ~georgien~, `gurj~ `gurZ~.

ase, rom `kolx~ dakavSirebulia `qarT~ da qarTvelTa qveynis

saxelebTan (gurgaq, georgien, georgia, gurZistan). gadasvlebiT g-k-q;

l-r; o-a (magaliTad, kol _ qar);

Zveli avtorebi dabejiTebiT miuTiTeben, rom SavizRvispirze

(Semdegdroindel afxazeTSi) cxovrobda `kerketebis~ tomi, xolo

Crdilo kavkasiaSi tomi `georgebi~, Cemi azriT `kerketebi~ igive

`gerg~, `georg~ tomia. Zalze cdebodnen qarTveli sabWoTa

mecnierebi, roca amtkicebdnen, TiTqosda `kerketebi~ igive

`Cerqezebi~ arian etimologiuri TvalsazrisiT. aq ucnauri isaa, rom

Turquli sityva `Cerqez-Carqaz~ araa Zveli warmoSobisa da Sua

saukuneebSia dafiqsirebuli. maSin roca etimologiurad `kerketi~

yvelaze ufro axloa `gerget~ - `gerg~ `georg~ `gogar~ fuZeebTan

(Sed. `gergetis mTa~ yazbegis r-Si).

399

sabWoTa istoriografia XX s-Si amtkicebda, rom TiTqosda

`kolxi xalxi~ sxva eTnosi iyo, xolo `qarTvelebi~ sxva,

etimologiuri Zieba sxvas aCvenebs.

enobrivadac lazebis anu `kolxebis~ ena da danarCeni

qarTvelebis ena erTidaigive unda yofiliyo, axlos mdgomi Zvel

qarTulTan.

rogorc zemoT iyo gamokvleuli, am gancxadebis Tqmis uflebas

iZleva prokofi kesarielis cnoba, rom lazebis eniT cixe-simagre

kotaions erqva `quTaTisi~.

prokofi wers: `am mxares Camoudis erTi mdinare, saxelad reoni,

mis sanapiroebTan Zveladve kolxebs augiaT cixe, ... maSin am cixes

kotiaions uwodebdnen elinuri eniT, amJamad ki mas lazebi quTaTiss

eZaxian, berZnuli enis ucodinarobiT mosdiT, rom am saxelwodebis

namdvili saxe Seryvnes. ase aqvs es moTxrobili arianes.

sxvebi ki amboben, Zvel droSi am adgilas qalaqi iyo da kvitaioni

ewodebodao, aqauri iyo aieti, ris gamoc poetebi mas kvitaiels

eZaxdnen, kolxidis qveyanas ki kvitatidso ... quTaTisis maxloblad

ki aris erTi metad magari cixe, saxelad uqimerioni~ (georgika, II.

gv. 196).

maSasadame, lazebma, TavianTi enis bunebis Sesabamisad, awarmoes

im cixis saxeli, romelsac berZnebi kvitaions uwodebdnen. lazebma

TavianT enaze mas uwodes `quTaTisi~. Cven viciT, rom es sityva

nawarmoebia Zveli qarTuli enis Sesabamisad _ quTaTisi (sufiqsi

`aT~, rogorc, magaliTad _ baRdaTi, gelaTi, mamaTi, da sufiqsi

`isi~, rogorc magaliTad Tbilisi, dmanisi, Zmuisi da a.S.), aqedan

safiqrebelia, rom lazuri ena igive iyo rac Zveli qarTuli ena,

yovelSemTxvevaSi es ase yofila I saukuneSi arianes dros, im

drosac Turme am cixes lazuri enis Sesabamisad `quTaTisi~ erqva da

VI s-Sic prokofis drosac. es faqti amtkicebs imas, rom Zveli

lazuri da Zveli qarTuli erTi ena iyo anda erTi enis axlo

dialeqtebi.

fuZe qarTuli ena naklebad iyo diferencirebuli arianesa da

prokofis dros, diferenciacia Semdgom gaRrmavda, Sesabamisad

qarTuli qristianuli kulturisa da wmida werilis Targmnis

epoqaSi (IV-V ss-Si) fuZe qarTuli ena aerTianebda iberebsa da

lazebs. isini erT enobriv da kulturul sivrces qmnidnen IV-V ss-

Si. Zveli qarTuli ena maTi (lazebisa da iberebis) saerTo

400

kulturis ena iyo, amitomac `quTaTisi~ erTdroulad lazuri da

Zveli qarTuli sityva iyo.

Zv. lazuri da Zv. qarTuli enis erTianobis, erTi bunebis gamo,

rogorc iTqva, moRvaweobdnen erTad ioane lazi da petre iberi

ierusalimSi. swored qarTul enas aswavlida petre ibers misi

aRmzrdeli ioane lazi saqarTveloSive 6 wlis asakidan

(mTavarepiskoposi anania, `petre iberi marTlmadidebeli episkoposi~,

2002, gv. 8).

radganac `quTaTisi~ Zveli qarTulis enobrivi normebiTaa

nawarmoebi, magram prokofi mas `lazur enad~ aRiqvams, unda

vifiqroT, rom VI saukunisTvis jer kidev ar iyo dasrulebuli

lazur-qarTulis diferenciacia da arsebobda saerTo fuZe ena,

romelic erTdroulad iyo lazurica da qarTulic. rogorc

aRvniSneT, am mosazrebis gamoTqmis uflebas albaT isic iZleva, rom

g. maWavarianis mixedviT zanur-qarTulis diferenciacia I

aTaswleulSi daiwyo (sonantTa sistema), Cans aRniSnul regionSi am

diferenciaciis procesi VI s-Si jer kidev ar iyo dasrulebuli.

amiT unda aixsnas albaT is movlena, rom Cven uamravi zanuri

toponimi da hidronimi gvaqvs guriasa da samxreT saqarTveloSi.

sinamdvileSi SesaZloa isini jer kidev gaudiferencirebeli zanur-

qarTulis enobrivi naSTebia. dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio

qarTulenovneba I aTaswleulSive (mag. ioane minCxis qarTulenovneba)

gamowveuli unda yofiliyo imiT, rom es ena aq yvelas esmoda,

radganac aqauri adgilobrivi metyvelebani warmoadgendnen saerTo

kulturis enis erT-erT safuZvels.

kolxi da glexi n. maris mixedviT

`lazi~ eTnonimia, romliTac berZeni avtorebi moixsenebdnen sa-

mxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis mosaxleobas. es sityva

cnobilia ukve I-II saukuneebidan.

aRniSnuli regioni, rogorc cnobilia dasaxlebuli iyo

qarTveluri tomebiT.

rogorc cnobilia, qarTul istoriul wyaroebSi sityva `lazika~

ar gvxvdeba. is yovelTvis iTargmneboda (`sofeli megrelTa~ an

401

`samegrelo~) da igulisxmeboda trapezuntis sanaxebi, sadac,

somxuri wyaroebiT, `egris~ olqi iyo ganlagebuli.

maSasadame, sityva `lazika~ qarTuli samyarosaTvis ucxo iyo misi

sufiqsis -`ik~ gamo. marTlac, Cveni azriT, sityva `lazika~

nawarmoebia somxuri enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sufiqsiT `ik~, iseve,

rogorc `utik~, `alznik~, `parsaik~, `korsaik~ da sxva. Tumca misi

fuZe `laz~-qarTulia. strabonis cnobiT am fuZe `laz~-iTaa

nawarmoebi xalibebis aRmniSvneli eTnonimi `alazonebi~ da maTi

qveynis saxeli _ `alazonia~.

xalibebi anu alazonebi mravalricxovani xalxi iyo.

maTi zogierTi sacxovrisi SemdegSi somxebma daimkvidres. maT

Soris unda yofiliyo somxuri provincia saxelwodebiT _ `alznik~.

sityva `lazik~ SesaZloa iyos `alznikis~ variacia. aRsaniSnavia, rom

XI s-Si `alznik~-Si ganlagebuli iyo lazikis saepiskoposoebis erTi

jgufi.

kidev erTxel SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom trapezuntis mxareebisaken

mcxovrebi qarTuli tomebis eTnonimebSi gvxvdeba qarTvelTa

aRmniSvneli eTnofuZe `gr~ sxvadasxva variaciebiT, magaliTad,

beqirebis tomi cxovrobda trapezuntidan afsarosamde da maT

qveyanas `beqirias~ uwodeben.

trapezunti mdebareobda regionSi, romelic `makroniad~

iwodeboda.

trapezuntis dasavleTiT farnakia `tibareniad~ iwodeboda.

yvela tomis saxelSi gamoiyofa zemoT aRniSnuli fuZe _ `gr~,

`qr~, `kr~, `bgr~.

beqirebi - beqir = bqr =bgr

makronebi - makron = kr = gr

tibarebi - tibar = ibar = br

beqirebi cxovrobdnen iq, sadac Semdeg Zidritebi, romelsac

Semdeg ewoda `lazika~.

amave eTnofuZiT unda iyos nawarmoebi cnobili eTnosaxelebi

`kolxi~ da `kolxida~.

`n. mari qarTuli sityva `glexis~ Sesaxeb dasZens _ socialuri

termini glexi Sesatyvisi somxuri `greh-ik-isa~, mdabiuri wodebrivi

saxeli. glexisagan warmoiqmna `glaxaki~, `glaxa~. `glaxa~ igive

`kolxia~, aRniSnavs glexs an monas~ (i. abulaZe, Sromebi, t. II, 1976,

gv. 168).

402

n. mari wers `ZiriTadi socialuri terminebi kavkasiaSi aris

eTnikuri warmoSobisa, udablesi fena qarTvelebsa da somxebSi

iwodeba kolxebis saxelis mixedviT qarTulad `glexi~, somxurad

`grexiki~ (n. mari, baTumi, ardagani, yarsi, petrogradi, 1922, gv. 31

(rusul enaze).

`glexi~ Seicavs fuZe-Zir `gl~ anu `gr~-s am fuZiT ki iwodebodnen

qarTvelebi (georgien, gugarqi, egrisi, guria da a.S.) `qarTlis cxov-

rebis~ mixedviT maT zeda fenad iqcnen e.w. `makedonelebi~ anu `arian-

qarTvelebi~. `moqcevaYs~ mixedviT, Sesabamisad, mkvidri qarTvelebi

ki iqca qveda fenad _ glexad. ase, rom glexs kavSiri aqvs ara

mxolod sityva `kolxTan~, aramed zogad qarTul eTno fuZesTan

`gr~, `gl~-sTan. es eTno-fuZe TiTqmis yvela qarTuli tomis saxelSi

Cans, magaliTad, georgien, gurZ, margveli, guruli, egreli,

provinciebi _ gogarena, gugarq, garisi, gardabani da sxva.

403

kari meoTxe

arian-qarTlis warsuli

Tavi XV

argonavtebi da amiraniani

aia-kolxida da pelasgur-kavkasiuri identoba

XX s-is dasawyisSi lingvistma berjix groznim gaSifra xeTuri

lursmuli damwerloba da waikiTxa xeTebis dedaqalaqis mdidari

samefo arqivi. am dokumentebSi Canda, rom xeTebis mezoblad

arsebobda saxelmwifo haiasa, zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT haiasas

adgilmdebareoba urartusas emTxveoda. is arzrumis platozec

Canda.

radganac somxeTs haiastans uwodeben, saxelma `haiasam~

aRafrTovana somexi mecnierebi, axla maT saSualeba eZleodaT, rom

ukve Zv. w. XIV s-dan emtkicebinaT mcire aziaSi somxuri

saxelmwifoebriobis arseboba. radganac iqamde miiCneoda, rom

somxuri kvali mcire aziaSi mxolod Zv. w. VI s-dan Canda.

iqamde, haiasas qveS igulisxmeboda Zv. w. VI s-dan urartus

mezoblad mdebare patara somxuri saxelmwifo, romelmac isargebla

urartus dasustebiT, daiwyo mis winaaRmdeg brZola, sabolood

mospo da misi adgili daiWira.

xeTur warwerebSi sityva `haiasas~ amokiTxvis Semdeg, somexi

mecnierebi amJamad amtkiceben, rom TiTqosda, haiasas memkvidre iyo

urartu da haiasa aris urartus Tavdapirveli, namdvili saxeli, rom

404

urartu-haisasa haikebis anu somxebis qveyana iyo, rom Sesabamisad

urartuelTa ena iyo somxuri. aseTi mosazreba sxva wyaroebiT ar

dasturdeba, is usafuZvloa.

Cveni fiqriT, qristeSobamde II aTaswleulis haiasas qveynis qveS

unda igulisxmebodes ara haikebis qveyana, aramed berZnul wyaroebSi

cnobili qveyana `aia~ anu aia-kolxida. is (aia-kolxida) amave

regions Woroxisa da evfratis saTaveebs moicavda zRvispirTan

erTad.

aia-kolxida saxelovani da cnobili qveynis saxiTaa mocemuli

Semdegi drois gadmocemebsa da miTebSi, romelTac Tavisi safuZveli

unda hqonoda.

miCneulia, rom homerosis (Zv.w. IX-VIII ss.) `odisea~ pirvelad

ixseniebs qveyanas saxeliT _ `aia~, es kolxeTis pirvandeli

saxelwodebaa. homerosma ar icoda saxeli `kolxida~, Cans imis gamo,

rom mis epoqaSi kolxeTis adgilas mdebare qveyanas saxeli `aia~

erqva. `odiseaSi~ homerosi geografiul saxel `aias~ sam adgilas

axsenebs (simRera X, XI, da XII). `odiseas~ mixedviT `aiaie~

mdebareobda mzis amosvlis mxares, `okeanis~ (ase uwodebda

zogierTi antikuri wyaro Sav zRvas) aRmosavleTiT. `aia~ berZen

mwerlebs, Cveulebriv, kolxeTSi mdebare qveynad miaCndaT,

zogierTis komentirebiT homerosi `kolxikes~ nacvlad xmarobda

`aias~, rogorc adgilis aRmniSvnel saxelwodebas, rac imas

miuTiTebs, rom `haiasas ~ samefos gaqrobis Semdeg misi saxeli `aia~

darCa, rogorc adgilobrivi geografiuli saxeli.

herodotec `aias~ kolxeTTan aigivebs. is wers `xomaldiT

miscures aia-kolxidaSi, mdinare fazisTan~.

miiCneva, rom `aia-kolxidaSi~ `aia~ niSnavs `kolxidis~ uZveles

saxels.

herodotes mixedviT mis droindel `kolxidas~ winaT,

argonavtebis epoqaSi, saxelad `aia~ erqva. asevea apolonios

rodoselTanac. misTvis aia kolxeTis sinonimia. zogi mwerlisaTvis

aia kolxeTis nawili, misi erT-erTi qalaqia, maSasadame, isinic aias

kolxeTTan akavSireben. Tavis mxriv albaT, SesaZlebelia termin

kolxeTis dakavSireba sityva qaldeasTan.

Cven qvemoT vikvlevT, rom amiranis (da zogierTi sxva) qarTuli

miTi TiTqmis zustad emTxveva im berZnul miTebs, romelnic kolxur

samyarosTanaa dakavSirebuli (miTi argonavtebisa da miTebi

promoTes Sesaxeb). amiranis miTis naSTebi SemorCenili iyo vrcel

405

terioriaze _ vanis tbasTan mdebare sasunis mTebidan vidre

afxazeTis CaTvliT Crdilo kavkasiamde. aia-kolxidis kulturis

vrceli areali ekontaqteboda berZnul-balkanur samyaros. maT

erTnairi miTebic ki hqondaT.

erT-erTi luviuri miTis Tanaxmad, rogorc aRiniSna, mokvdav-

aRorZinebadi RvTaeba telefinus simbolo (niSani) _ eias xeze unda

CamoekidaT misdami msxverplSewiruli cxvris tyavi (sawmisi), anu,

oqros sawmisis miTi ara mxolod kolxeTSi, aramed ufro adre

luvia-muSqebis qveyanaSi iyo cnobili.

saerTod, yamaris xasiaTi miagavs argonavtebis miTis kolxeTis

mefis asulis medeas xasiaTs, kerZod, yamari medeas msgavsad

Ralatobs Tavis ojaxs, Tavis mamas da mihyveba saqmros. argonavtebis

miTis siuJetis mixedviT iasons daedevneba medeas mama, am dros medea

exmareba iasons da akvlevinebs Tavisianebs, aseve, msgavsad _ yamari

exmareba amirans, raTa man mamamisi (e.i. yamaris mama) moklas _ `maRla

nu ki scem spilosa, dabla Semohkar rbilosa, daeWrebian ZarRvebi

daecemian Zirosa~ _ urCevs yamari amirans, Tu rogor moklas

mamamisi. yamaris mama ambobs amis gamo: `uyure bozsa qalasa qmari

irCia mamasa~ da swored aseTivea medeas xasiaTi. SesaZloa, is

berZnuli miTebi, romelnic kolxeTis Sesaxeb SeiTxza _ mosxebis

(muSqebis) qveyanasTan iyos dakavSirebuli.

marTlac, `mosxebi _ kolxuri tomia~ _ werda am epoqasTan

yvelaze axlos mdgomi qristeSobamde VI saukunis avtori hekatos

mileteli.

Cveni kvleviT, `mosxebi~ igive kolxebi, igive qaldebi iyo, is

eTnosubstrati, romeliTac Camoyalibda qarTveli xalxi da

romlidanac warmoiSva qarTvelTa tomebi e.w. `qarTebi~, `zanebi~ da

`svanebi~. misi miTebi aia-kolxidas miTebia, mcire aziisa da kavkasiis

qarTul samyaroSi gavrcelebuli.

f. haasis mier dadgenilia, rom mcireaziaSi gavrcelebuli rwmena-

Sexedulebebi da miTebi identuria antikur samyaroSi cnobili

zogierTi miTisa.

Cveni TvalsazrisiT iasonisa da medeas miTi garkveulwilad

identuria amiranisa da yamaris Tqmulebisa, romelic Cans

mcireaziis mkvidr qarTvelTa winaprebSi iyo gavrcelebuli, anu aia-

kolxidis vrcel samyaroSi, romlis erTi nawili Semdgom urartum

moicva.

406

iazoni da amirani

amirani yvela qarTul qveyanaSi iyo cnobili, vanistbispireTidan

kavkasiis mTebs iqiT, Cans, is gavrcelebuli iyo arian-qarTlSic, aq

unda hqonoda urTierToba qarTul da balkanur samyaros.

aqamde yuradReba aravis miuqcevia im saocari faqtisaTvis, rom

qarTuli eposis gmiris amiranisa da argonavtebis meTaur iazonis

ambebi ara Tu saocrad emsgavseba erTmaneTs, aramed identuricaa,

kerZod amirani da iazoni erTi sqemiT moqmedeben:

1. iazoni midis medeas mamis samefoSi;

amirani midis yamaris mamis koSkSi;

2. medeas mama adamian-RmerTia, zevsis STamomavalia, magiuri Zalis

mqonea - Tesavs kbilebs da amodian veSapebi,

aseTive bunebisaa amiranis sacolis mamac _ `yamars mama caSi

hyavs~ _ wvimis da amindis momcemia;

3. medea uRalatebs sakuTar mamas da midis Tavisi ojaxidan,

aseve yamaric lanZRavs Tavis mSoblebs da midis mamis saxlidan _

nawyeni mSoblebs eubneba _ `misusurebdiT danasa~.

4. medeas Tavisi mamis saxlidan malulad miaqvs saganZuri _

oqros sawmisi,

yamarsac malulad miaqvs Tavisi ojaxidan simdidre _ jadosnuri

jam-WurWeli.

5. iazons daedevneba medeas mama;

aseve amirans daedevneba yamaris mama.

6. orive qali (yamari da medea) aswavlan TavianT qmrebs rogor

daamarcxon misive (qalis) axlonaTesavebi;

yamari amirans aswavlis rogor daamarcxos mamamisi _ `maRla nuki

scem spilosa, dabla Semohkar rbilosa, daecemian ZarRvebi,

daecemian Zirosa~;

msgavsadve, iazoni medeas daxmarebiT amarcxebs mis Zmas arfsirtes

da hklavs.

6. iazoni Tavis megobar TanamolaSqreebTan erTad midis medeas

qveyanaSi,

407

aseve amiranic Tavis megobar-TanamolaSqreebTan badrisTan da

usupTan erTad midis yamaris qveyanaSi.

8. iazoni klavs gveleSaps, amirani hklavs veSaps.

9. iazonic da amiranic oqros mflobelebi arian, iazons aqvs

oqros sawmisi, amirans aqvs oqros kbili.

10. iazonic da amiranic TanamolaSqreebTan erTad ieriSiT iReben

koSks an maRali simagris kedels (iazonis molaSqreni). (ukarebo

brolis koSks, romlis kari iq Cndeba, sadac amirani wixls dakravs).

unda arsebobdes argonavtebisa da amiranis eposebis gmirebis

moqmedebaTa msgavsebis sxva niSnebic.

maSasadame, amirani da azoni erTi sqemiT moqmedeben:

1) amirani midis yamaris mamis koSkSi,

azoni midis medeas mamis (aietis) samefoSi;

2) yamars mama caSi hyavs _ wvimis da amindis momcemia,

medeas mamac msgavsi gmiria, Tesavs kbilebs da amodian veSapebi;

3) yamari lanZRavs Tavis mSoblebs da midis mamis saxlidan.

ambobs _ `misusurebdiT danasa~, Tan miaqvs ganZi _ WurWeli,

medeac midis mamis saxlidan, miaqvs ganZi _ sawmisi;

4) amirans daedevneba yamaris mama,

iazons daedevneba medeas mama;

5) rac yvelaze mTavaria, orive es qali aswavlian TavianT qmrebs

Tu rogor daamarcxon misi axloblebi anu colis axlo naTesavebi.

yamari Tavisi sakuTari mamis mokvlis xerxs aswavlis amirans,

ambobs: `maRla nu ki scem spilosa dabla Semohkar rbilosa

daeWrebian ZarRvebi, daecemian Zirosa~.

am xerxiT, yamaris RalatiT, amirani klavs yamaris mamas.

medeac aswavlis iazons rogor moklas misi Zma arfsiste. am

xerxiT medeas RalatiT, iazoni amarcxebs medeas Zmas;

6) amirans hyavs TanamolaSqre megobrebi (argonavtebi) da maTTan

erTad midis yamarTan,

iazons hyavs TanamolaSqre megobrebi (badri da usupi) da maTTan

erTad midis medeasTan;

7) iazonic amarcxebs gveleSaps da amiranic;

8) iazonic da amiranic oriveni oqros mflobelebi arian, erTs _

oqros sawmisi aqvs, meores _ oqros kbili;

straboni, aseve sxva berZen-romaeli istorikosebi midebs, Crdilo

somxebs, albanelebsa da iberelebs, aseve kavkasiis zRvispira tomebs

miiCnevdnen argonavtebisa da medeas STamomavlebad.

408

amiranisa da iazonis gmirobis ambebis msgavseba ar unda iyos Sem-

TxveviTi.

rogorc Cans, balkaneTidan kavkasiisaken gadmosaxlebaTa dros

frigielebs, pelsagebs da sxva tomebs da ufro adre piriqiT,

kavkasielT balkaneTSi, Tan gadahqondaT gmirebis ambebic.

luviaSi - vanisa da urmiis tbasTan mcxovrebi karduxi _

gordienebi Cans gadasaxldnen trapezuntisken daaxloebiT

qristeSobamde VIII-VI saukuneebSi. amas unda erqvas iberebis

gadasaxleba da es unda iyos asaxuli Zvel avtorTa cnobaSi, rom

nabuqodonosorma libielebis (luvielebis) mezobeli iberebi

gadaasaxla [Cans, karduxebis (gordienebis) qveynidan] pontos

zRvispireTSi, trapezuntisaken.

iberebi da pelazgebis gmirebi albaT amitom emsgavsebian

erTmaneTs.

e.i. karduxebis qveynidan anu luviidan nabuqodonosorma

mosaxleoba gadaasaxla trapezuntisken SavizRvispireTSi.

amirani iasonia, xolo medea _ yamari

f. haasis TvalsazrisiT Zveli mcireaziuri rwmenebi Semdgom

sicocxles berZnul antikurobaSi poulobdnen (n. abakelia, medeas

miTologiuri saxis interpretaciisaTvis, krebuli _ eTnografiuli

Ziebani, 1988, gv. 5).

iazons Tavisi gmirobisaTvis `qalRvTaeba~ medeas daxmareba

dasWirda.

f. haasis mier dadgenilia rom aseTi miTebi mcireaziaSi iyo

gavrcelebuli, saidanac SeaRwia antikur samyaroSi, Sesabamisad

gamoyofs da erTmaneTis gverdiT ayenebs wyvilebs inarasa da

xufasias, medeasa da iazons, n. abakeliam maT rigSi Caayena dali

(nadirTpatroni) da monadire _ qarTuli miTebis personaJebi.

409

Cveni TvalsazrisiT iasonisa da medeas miTi garkveulwilad

identuria amiranisa da yamaris Tqmulebisa, romelic Cans

mcireaziis mkvidr qarTvelTa winaprebs Soris iyo gavrcelebuli.

f. haasis cnobiT centralur anatoliaSi gavrcelebuli yofila

miTi gvel iluanqaze, romelic ebrZvis amindis RvTaebas.

amindis RvTaebas ki, Tavis mxriv exmareba qalRmerTi inara.

mas (inaras) surs daamarcxos iluanqa, risTvisac Tavis mxriv

masac esaWiroeba mokvdavi xufasias daxmareba.

xufasia da inara amyareben satrfialo kavSirs, inara aZinebs

gvels. miiCneva, rom es mcireaziul (xaTur-protoxeTuri) miTi

safuZvelia iason-medeas ambisa.

Tqmulebis erTi versiiT iasons ylapavs gveleSapi `am epizods, f.

haasis aRniSvniT, aseve vxvdebiT qarTuli `promeTeosis~ erT Tqmu-

lebaSi, romelSic gveleSapi amirans ylapavs~ (iqve, gv. 8).

Cveni azriT, amiranis TqmulebaSi yamaris mama, amindis RvTaeba

unda iyos, radganac mas SeuZlia `tarosis Secvla~ - misi cxenebis

Cliqebis mier aCqafebuli wylis nami wvimad iqceva.

f. haasis azriT, paralelebi aSkaraa _ inara da medea aZineben

urCxuls, orive uaxlovdeba mas uSiSrad, orives kavSiri aqvT oqros

sawmisTan,

Cveni azriT, saxelebi inara da yamari emsgavsebian erTmaneTs

(yinara _ yamari), aseve saxelebi `xufasia~ da `aram-xutu~ (xufasia _

xutu) (amirans megrel-lazur samyaroSi aramxutu erqva).

haasi erTmaneTs akavSirebs xufasias da iazons.

f. haasis azriT, amirani qarTuli promeTeosis gmiria.

Cven, Cveni mxriv, amiranis Tqmulebas argonavtikasTan vakavSirebT.

mogvyavs mravali magaliTi iasonisa da amiranis, medeasa _ yamaris

msgavsebisa.

amiranis Tqmuleba (misi pirvelsaxe) erT-erTi wyaro unda

yofiliyo argonavtebis miTisa. amiraniani da argonavtika erTi

saerTo Tqmuleba-warmodgenis nayofia.

gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom miTebi oqros sawmisis Sesaxeb

mcireaziulma migraciulma talRam Seitana balkaneTSi, Semdgom ki

Zv. w. 750 wlidan ukan, kolxeTSi, Semoitanes berZenma kolonistebma.

410

amirani da argonavtebi

zogierTi ucxoeli mkvlevaris azriT, argonavtebisa da oqros sa-

wmisis Tqmuleba xeTur-aRmosavlur anatoliaSi iyo gavrcelebuli,

aRsaniSnavia, rom amiranis Tqmulebasa da argonavtebis miTs erTi

siuJeti aqvT. kerZod, rogorc iTqva:

1. amirans ylapavs gveleSapi da kidev ufro Zlieri gamodis misi

muclidan, man daniT gauWra Signidan muceli gveleSaps.

zemo svaneTSi sofel lenjeris mTavarangelozTa eklesiis gare

kedelze gamoxatulia amiranis brZola veSapTan, mas aqvs aseTi

warwera _ `odes amiran veSapma STanTqa, veSapi mokla da gamovida~.

iazonsac ylapavs drakoni da medeas daxmarebiT muclidan

gamodis.

2. iazoni megobrebTan erTad miemarTeba samogzaurod.

amiranic megobrebTan erTad (badri da usupi) miemarTeba

samogzaurod (salaSqrod). svaneTis imave eklesiis garekedelze

daxatulia amiranis megobrebi _ `badri, sefedavle da usupi~.

am mogzaurobis dros iazoni amarcxebs gigant ciklops, amave

eklesiis kedelze gamoxatulia Tu rogor Wris gigant devs amirani

Tavs, mis gverdiT misi megobrebia SubiTa da fariT SeiaraRebuli;

3. amiranis sacole yamari Ralatobs Tavisi ded-mamis ojaxs, mamis

uCumrad mihyveba amirans, Semdeg ki akvlevinebs sakuTar mamas.

iazonis sacole medeac akvlevinebs sakuTar Zmas da amarcxebinebs

sakuTar mamas.

4. amiranis sasimamros magiuri Zala aqvs _ aminds cvlis, misi cxe-

nebis CliqebiT aCqefebuli wylis nami awvimebs.

iazonis sasimamrosac aseve magiuri Zala aqvs _ spilenZis

Cliqiani xarebi hyavs, Tesavs kbilebs da amodian jariskacebi.

5. amiranis sacoles (yamars) _ WurWleuli aumxedrdeba, isini

zecaSi mijriT garbian raTa Seatyobinon asulis Ralati mamas.

iazonis sacole iparavs yvelaze Zvirfas oqros sawmiss.

(rogorc Cans `oqros sawmisis~ identuri amiranianSi aris

`saWurWle~ _ `WurWeli~).

6. iazonis ambavSi apolonios rodoseli axsenebs `kvitaieli

aietis koSkebs~, sityva `koSki~ amiranianSic gvxvdeba _ algeTis

xeobaSi, `brolis koSkia~, romelsac karebi ara aqvs. mas uvlis

garSemo amirani, Semdeg wixls kravs da koSkis kedels Seangrevs.

iazonic gadalaxavs kedel-godols.

411

daskvna: argonavtebis miTi aris ara realuri ambavi, aramed miTi

pelazgur-Tesaliuri da misi monaTesave xalxebisa, romelTa

ricxvSic Cans, qarTvelTa winaprebic Sediodnen. an qarTvelTa

winaprebma gaitanes balkaneTSi es miTi.

saxeli `amirani~ Semdeg Seerqva gmirs. cecxlTayvanismcemlobis

epoqaSi mas albaT `ahrimani~ ewodeboda _ `boroti suli~.

amiranis mamis saxeli `sulkalmaxi~ _ `kolxs~ gvagonebs, mas

erqva.

sul-kalmax-i

kolxi

aia _ kolxida, SesaZloa aia-qaldeasac niSnavdes.

qarTulSi `q-g-k~ da `d-t-T~, aseve `a-o~ gadasvlebi iZleva

safuZvels vifiqroT, rom sityva `kolxi~, SesaZloa JRerda aseve,

rogorc `qalxi~, `qaldi~. sufiqsebi `xi, ti, Ti, di~ simravles

aRniSnavs da identuria. amitomac SesaZloa sityvam `kolxi~, mogvces

sityva _ `qalxi~, `qaldi~.

etimologiurad sityvebi kolxi da qaldi erTmaneTis identuria.

haiasas qveynis qveS SesaZloa igulisxmebodes aia-kolxida anu aia-

qaldea.

qaldea SemdegSi erqva trapezuntis regions, istoriul kolxeTSi,

gacilebiT adre ki urartus. qaldebis tomi, qsenofontis cnobiT,

Savi zRvidan vidre TiTqmis vanis tbamde cxovrobdnen. ase, rom

`qald~ termini uwyvetad cocxali iyo am regionSi (Savi zRvidan

vanis tbamde) saukuneTa manZilze. misi saxeli kolxididan

urartumde qmedebda.

rogorc vTqviT, urartus qaldea erqva da ara haiasa.

amasTanave, `aia~ fuZe-Ziri JRers urartus TviTsaxelwodebaSi _

`biaianili~, bi-aia-nili, sadac `bi~, SesaZloa prefiqsi iyos

mravlobiTobis aRmniSvneli. `nili, ili~ _ qarTuli sufiqsebia.

`haiasas~ qarTul samyarosTan kavSirs unda miuTiTebdes am

terminis sufiqsi `sa~. miiCneva, rom terminSi _ `haiasa~, sifiqsi `sa~

aris xeTuri warmomavlobisa da aRniSnavs rasac qarTuli `eTi~.

magram imaves aRniSnavs aseve qarTuli `sa-si~ (Tbilisi, quTaisi,

ubisa, kvaisa, jvarisa da sxva).

`haiasa~ _ `aia-kolxida~, igive aia-kardu, kolxida-qaldu, qaldea

unda iyos, anu saxeli vrceli qveynisa trapezuntidan-vanis tbamde.

412

413

Tavi XVI

arian-qarTlis winaistoria

(aia-kolxida da arian-qarTli)

`haiasa~ _ `aias qveyana~ (Semdgomi kolxida)

`haiasa~, `haiasa_acci~ (azzi) _ iyo saxelmwifo, romelic

moixsenieba xeTur lursmnul teqstebSi Z.v.w XVI-XIII saukuneebSi.

xeTologTa umetesoba haiasas aTavsebs SavizRvispirze Woroxisa

da evfratis saTaveebTan.

haiasis qveynis arseboba msoflio samecniero sazogadoebisaTvis

cnobili gaxda XX s-is dasawyisisaTvis, mas Semdeg rac gaiSifra

xeTuri warwerebi, am siaxles didi rezonansi hqonda da Secvala

iqamde arsebuli warmodgenebi msoflios Zveli istoriisa.

sityva haiasas da somexTa TviTsaxelwodebis `hai~-s msgavsebam

somex mecnierebs Camouyaliba amJamad somxeTSi damkvidrebuli

Tvalsazrisi, rom haiasis qveyana iyo somxuri saxelmwifo da

haiaselebi protosomxebi iyvnen.

es Tvalsazrisi msoflio samecniero wreebSi saeWvod miiCneva.

Tumca gavrcelebuli aris somxeTSi (da Cans saqarTveloSic,

rogorc amas uCvenebs qarTuli sainterneto statiebi somxeTisa da

somxebis eTnogenezis Sesaxeb).

somxebs haiasasTan akavSireben Zalze cnobili somexi mecnierebi.

Cveni azri ki gansxvavebulia _ aRniSnul teritoriaze (Woroxis

saTaveebidan vidre Sav zRvamde, sadac XIV s-Si mdebareobda haiasa),

berZnuli wyaroebis Tanaxmad (qristeSobamde XIII-XII

saukuneebisaTvis) mdebareobda saxelmwifo saxelwodebiT `aia~ da

swored misi saxelia asaxuli xeTur wyaroebSi.

Sesabamisad, haiasa unda iyos aias saxelmwifo, romelsac

SemdgomSi kolxeTi ewoda.

rogorc cnobilia, kolxeTis Zveli saxeli aris `aia~, sadac, mefe

aietis dros, Savi zRvis sanapiros moadgnen argonavtebi da miTis

414

mixedviT moitaces oqros sawmisi. herodote wers: `elinebma grZeli

xomaldiT micures aiaSi, kolxidaSi, mdinare fazisTan, moitaces

mefis asuli medea~ (I. 2).

marTalia `aia~ da argonavtebi miTebis sferos ganekuTvnebian,

magram, xeTuri wyaroebis `haiasa~ swored aRniSnul adgilas mdebare

saxelmwifo aRmoCnda, TiTqmis imave saxelwodebiT, es Cven SeiZleba

miviCnioT erT-erT dadasturebad imisa rom miTSi aRwerili ambebi

aireklavda istoriul realobas.

Cvens eramde XII saukunisaTvis, rogorc Cans, haiasa daiSala da

misi teritoria daipyres.

am periodSi haiasas teritoria SeiZleba daiaenis nawilad Cai-

Tvalos.

cnobilia, rom Cvens eramde XIV saukuneSi haiaselebi SeiWrnen

xeTebis teritoriaze da gadawves misi dedaqalaqi, romlis Semdegac

Tavis sazRvrad aqcies qalaqi samuxa. haiasa drodadro debda

samSvidobo zavs xeTebis samefosTan da xeTebs uxdida xarks.

lursmnuli firfitebidan cnobilia ramdenime haiaseli mefis

saxeli. rodesac xeTebis samefo taxtze avida mefe dudxalia III

haiaselebis winaaRmdeg gaigzavna mxedarTmTavari, memkvidre mefisa.

imJamad haiaselebi Tavis qveyanaSi ifaravdnen ltolvilebs

xeTebis teritoriidan, mxedarTmTavars daevala maTi da qalaq

samuxas ukan dabruneba.

haiasas mefem xeTebis mxedarTmTavarTan dado samSvidobo

xelSekruleba da dauzavda.

xeTebis mefem haiasas mefes colad misca Tavisi dai, im pirobiT,

rom haiasas mefes aekrZaleboda xeTebis samefo saxlis sxva

qalebTan raime saxis urTierToba.

samSvidobo SeTanxmeba Semdgom dairRva da haiasas beladi Tavs

daesxa xeTebis erT-erT olqs, Tavis mxriv xeTebmac alya Semoartyes

haiasa-accis cixe-simagre uras. brZolebi gagrZelda. xeTebis erT-

erTma mefem gadalaxa pontos mTebi, gavida Savi zRvis sanapiroze da

aiRo iq mdebare haiaselebis qalaqi aripse, iqedan gaemarTa accis

centrisaken, haiasis qveyana damorCilebul iqna.

rogorc iTqva, haiasis qveynis arsebobis Sesaxeb mecnierebma

Seityves mxolod xeTur-lursmnuli damwerlobis gaSifvris Semdeg,

XX saukunis dasawyisSi. iqamde urartus saxelmwifos, eTnossa da

kulturas protoqarTvelebTan, qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodebis fuZe

`qaldTan~ akavSirebdnen, armenielebs ki am arealze mxolod Zv.w. VI

415

saukuneSi gamoCenilebad miiCnevdnen, romelTac urartus

protoqarTvelTa memkvidreoba gaiTavises.

am Teorias aviTarebdnen wm. ilia marTlis epoqis gamoCenili

evropeli mecnierebi. iliam es faqti asaxa Tavis `qvaTa RaRadSi~,

sadac mkacrad gaakritika cnobili somexi istorikosi q. patkanovi

da, rogorc werda: `misi Segirdi niko mari~, tendenciuri

kvlevebisaTvis.

i. WavWavaZis Sefasebam gaaRiziana n. mari, man miznad daisaxa

sakadrisi pasuxiT Tavisi samecniero Rirseba daemtkicebina. am

miznis miRwevas man mravali aTeuli weli da mravali naSromi

miuZRvna. sabolood, mis kvleva-Ziebebs farTo asparezi mieca

sabWoTa kavSirSi XX s-is 20-30-ian wlebSi mis sicocxleSive. amave

periodSi is da misi mimdevrebi gaaxara xeTur warwerebSi ara

qaldis (qarTvelTa eponomis), aramed haiasas (somexTa eponomis)

saxelis amokiTxvam. radganac es faqti SeiZleboda gamoyenebuliyo

sawinaaRmdegod ilias mtkicebisa, rom urartu qaldis e.i

qalduelebis, qarTvelebis qveyana iyo. axla, xeTuri warwerebi maT

saSualebas aZlevda, faqtebze dayrdnobiT sazogadoebisaTvis

daemtkicebinaT TavianTi miukerZoebloba.

am aRmoCenam aRafrTovana n. maris gavlenis sferoSi momuSave

mecnierebi, radganac xeTurma warwerebma maT saSualeba misca

`mecnieruli pasuxi~ gaecaT qarTveli `moxalise

istorikosebisaTvis~, rom armenielebi ara Zv.w. me-6 saukuneSi

gamoCndnen urartusTan, aramed ukve Zv.w. 14 saukunidan mkvidrobdnen

iqamde qarTul samyarod miCneul qveynebSi, da maT ara mxolod

Worox-evfratis saTaveebTan, aramed mcire aziis sxva regionebSic

sakuTari saxelmwifoebi hqondaT, da ufro metic, maT axla ukve

daiwyes mtkiceba, rom urartu TviTve iyo protosomxuri

saxelmwifo. Tavdapirvelad ki n. maris mimdevarma mecnierebma

gamoaqveynes didtaniani wignebi da gamokvlevebi, rom urartus ar

erqva qaldea, rom urartus xalxs ar erqva qaldevelebi, rom aseTi

Tvalsazrisic ki didi Secdoma iyo da miuRebeli samecniero

TvalsazrisiT, axla maT daiwyes mtkiceba, rom yvelaferi piriqiT

iyo da xeTur warwerebSi haiasa erqva Worox-SavizRvispireTis

saxelmwifos Zv.w. XIV s-Si.

jer kidev haiasas qveynis raobis gaazrebamde sxvadasxva wyaroebis

urTierTSejerebiT g.gozaliSvilma gamoTqva azri, rom qveyanas Wo-

roxis saTaveebidan vidre Semdgom droindel trapezuntamde erqva

416

saxeli `gaia~, `aia~, `miwa _ qveyana~ (g. gozaliSvili, miTridate

pontoeli 1965 gv. 8,9).

Zalze mniSvnelovania gozaliSvilis azri, rom iqamde, sanam

aRniSnul miwa-wyals ewodeboda kolxida, mas erqva saxeli `gaia~,

gozaliSvilis es azri SemdegSi praqtikulad daadastura xeTuri

warwerebis analizma, maTSi marTlac aRmoCnda qveyana saxelwodebiT

haiasa.

xeTologTa mier aRiarebulia, rom am terminSi `haiasa~, fuZea

`haia~ xolo `sa~ aris xeTuri sufiqsi, gamoyenebuli qveynis saxelis

sawarmoeblad, igivea rac vTqvaT inglisurSi `lend~, `land~, anu

haiasa niSnavs, haias qveyanas, unda aRiniSnos, rom amave sufiqsiT

`sa~, `si~, qarTulSic aRiniSneba geografiuli saxelebi, magaliTad:

Tbilisi, quTaisi, bolnisi, kvaisa, jvarisa, ubisa, gorisa, dRnorisa,

perevisa, sxva soflebisa da qalaqebis saxelebi.

maSasadame, Cveni azriT, haiasa igivea, rac berZnul miTologiis

aia, aias qveyana, romelsac Semdgom kolxida uwodes.

aRniSnaven, rom lursmnul warwerebSive moixsenieba haiasas

maxloblad mdebare qveyana saxelwodebiT `giuriani~, `iuria~ an

`guria~, am qveynis saxeli zustad ar ikiTxeba (magram mas rogorc

aRiniSna erqva giuriani, iuria an guria) (Дъяконов, И. М. Предисторя

Армянского народа, глава II, Исторя Армянского нагоря в эпоху бронзи и

раннего железа, ст. 43/46).

qvemoT, sxvadasxva statiaSi mivuTiTebT, rom aia-kolxida igivea

rac haiasa-qaldi, arian-qarTli, rom etimologiurad erTmaneTis

identurebi arian terminebi haiasa, aia da ariani (aia, Cans aqedan

sityva _ ariani, aia-ariani), aseve qaldi da kolxida (qal-kol, `d~

da `x~ mravlobiTobis gamomxatveli identuri niSnebia).

diakonovi Tavis am naSromSi ramdenjerme aRniSnavs, rom qaldebi,

qarTul (qarTvelur) enovani tomi iyo, is aseve aRniSnavs, rom n.

marma strabonis mier moxseniebuli haliZon-qaldebi qarTul

samyaros daukavSira, xolo Tavis mxriv qaldebis tomi iyo haiasas

Semdgom warmoqmnili urartus mravaleTnikuri saxelmwifos erT-

erTi Semadgeneli tomi.

Cven aseve erTmaneTs vukavSirebT Zvel qarTul termin arian-

qarTlsa da zemoT aRniSnul haiasa-qalds. termini qarTveli igivea

rac qaldueli, Tavis mxriv qaldu iyo urartus xalxTa uzenaesi

RvTaeba.

417

Cven vfiqrobT, rom haiasas unda daukavSirdes termini `aia~ da

aseve troas qveynis meore saxeli `ilioni~, `ilia~ (aqedan homerosis

iliadas, poemisa da gmirebis saxelebi).

amasTanave, ilions etimologiurad unda daukavSirdes strabonisa

da sxva Zveli avtorebis mier aRniSnuli terminic _ `haliZoni~

(ali(Z)on _ alion _ ilioni).

vfiqrobT, rom sityva haliZonSi `h~ da `Z~ meryevi da cvalebadi

Tanxmovnebi iyvnen da zogjer arc ki gamoiTqmodnen, amitomac aseT

SemTxvevaSi, sityva aliZonidan sityva alianis an da ilionis miReba

SesaZlebelia, alianidan SemdgomSi SesaZlebelia miviRoT sityva-

alia(aria), aia.

`daiaeni~, `diaoxi~, `biainali~ da sxva aRniSnul terminebSi mudam

gamoyenebuli xmovnebi `aia~ ucvlelad gadadioda amave regionSi

warmoqmnili saxelmwifoebis saxelebSi _ `aia~, `ilia~, `gaia~,

`giuria~, `haiasi~, `daiaeni~, `diaoxi~, `taoxi~, `biainali~, maTSi,

rogorc iTqva, mudam meordeba erTi da igive fuZe-xmovnebi, es aris

`aia~ (aRsaniSnavia, rom megrulSi, Sesabamisad protoqarTulSi,

qveyanas, miwa-wyals, teritorias ewodeba `qiana~).

aia

gaia

haiasi

daiaeni

diaoxi

taoxi

biainali

ilia -ilioni,

alia -aliZoni

giuria da sxva.

zogjer am xmovanTa (igulisxmeba aia) Soris Cndebian sonantebi

(sonorebi) _ `l~, `n~ da `r~, da viRebT amave regionSi cnobil

saxelebs, magaliTad: nairi, ariani, da sxva. amasTanave aRniSnuli

`l~ da `n~ unda iyvnen e.w. `rbili l~ da `rbili r~, rac

damaxasiaTebelia qarTulisaTvis.

rbili `r~ da `l~ xSirad moismoda, rogorc `i mokle~, anda arc

ismoda, Sesabamisad magaliTad termini ilioni, moismoda, rogorc

iiani, an iia, alioni (aqedan aliZonebi), rogorc ariani, aiani, aia.

maSasadame, Tu asea, maSin aliani, ariani da aia erTida igive

terminebia, saxeli im qveynisa, romelsac Semdgom kolxida ewoda.

418

rogorc termin `nairSi~, aseve termin `arianSi~ Cven SegviZlia

gamovyoT xmovnebi `aia~, aseve Tanxmovnebi `r~ da `n~, isini, rogorc

iTqva, SeiZleba iyvnen rbili `l~, rbili `r~. termini `haiasa-acci~-Si

`acci~ zogjer iwereba rogorc `azzi~, safiqrebelia, rom am or

`zz~-s Soris idga `rbili l~, maSin miviRebT cnobil termins

`alzi~ (aqedan aqauri tomis saxeli alizoni anu aliZoni). es

saxeli (`alzi~) Semdgom saukuneebSi erqva qveyanas vanis tbis

siaxloves. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom yofili haiasa-azzis qveyanaSi e.w.

zRvis xalxis dasaxlebis Semdeg azzi anu alzi (igive aliZoni)

xalxis erTi nawili ufro aRmosavleTiT gadasaxlda da Seqmna

alzis olqi. (aRsaniSnavia, rom termini haliZoni SesaZloa

safuZvlad daedo mweral arianes mier naxseneb qveynis saxels

`xorasmions~. is wers, rom aleqsandre didTan mivida xorasmionis

mefe farasmani, romelsac konfliqti hqonda kolxebTan. saxeli

xorasmioni _ horasmioni (xorazm) _ horasm=horasm=harasm=

halasm=halazm=halaZm=halaZn=halaZon=xalizon. an xorazm=xalizon.

Tu aseea xorasmionis samefo alaZonebis tomisa yofila. kolxebisa

da xorasmielTa omi Sida konfliqtad unda CaiTvalos).

aRniSnuli saxelebi da terminebi ar aris xelovnurad

mofiqrebuli, aramed dasturdebian am teritoriaze (Savi

zRvispireTidan TiTqmis vanis tbamde) sxvadasxva epoqaSi

warmoqmnili saxelmwifoebisa da qveynebis saxelebSi, romelnic

saistorio wyaroebiTaa dadasturebuli.

Cveni azriT, rogorc iTqva, trapezuntidan vidre vanis tbamde

gadaSlil mTianeTs unda ewodos `arian qarTlis~ mTianeTi,

sxvadasxva saukuneebSi aq Camoyalibda sxvadasxva saxelmwifo,

romelTa terminologiaSi mudam meordeba erTi da igive xmovnebi _

`aia~.

unda iTqvas rom amave mTianeTSi Zalze xSirad gamoiyeneba

terminebi kolxi, xalitu da qaldi, Tavis mxriv es terminebic

erTmaneTTan unda iyvnen dakavSirebuli.

rogorc viciT, Tanxmovnebi g, k, q protoqarTulSi gamoiTqmoda

erTi TanxmovniT, aseve Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT rom erTi saSualo

TanxmovniT gamoiTqmoda d,t,T da xmovnebi a,o. Tu Cven aRniSnul

terminebSi, kolxsa da qaldSi aRniSnul Tanxmovnebs SevcvliT

Tanaidenturi TanxmovnebiT, anu `k~-s Tu SevcvliT `q~-Ti, `o~-s

SevcvliT `a~-Ti, maSin sityva kolxidan SeiZleba miviRoT sityva

`qalxi~.

419

rogorc cnobilia `xi~ gamoxatavs mravlobiTobas, iseve rogorc

eb (b), T, d Tanxmovnebi, amitomac sityva kolxSi sufiqs `xi~-s

Secvla SesaZlebelia sufiqsiT d TanxmovniT, maSin sityva kolxi

`qalxidan~ SesaZloa miviRoT sityva `qaldi~ da `qalitu~ (xalitu).

marTlac, qaldelebi erqva kolxeTSi mcxovreb aliZonebs, aseve,

Cans, urartus mravaleTnikur qveyanaSi mcxovrebTac, maT mTavar

`RmerTs~ amitomac urartus _ qaldis qveyanac erqva, aqedanvea

xalitu.

sabolood, unda vTqvaT, rom haiasas qveyana iyo

protoqarTvelebis saxelmwifo, aia_kolxida romlis xalxmac

Semdgom Woroxis saTaveebidan araqsamde da vanis tbamde xalitusa

da `nairis~ qveynebi warmoqmna, xolo Semdgom urartus _ qaldus

qveyanas daudo safuZveli, Zveli kolxebis anu imJamindeli qaldebis

uzenaesi RvTaebis (qaldis) meTaurobiT, vfiqrobT mTeli es miwa

wyali iyo arian-qarTli, uZvelesi aia-qaldu.

rogorc aRvniSneT, cnobili xeTologebis mier gamokvleulia, rom

termin `haiasaSi~ fuZe Ziria `haia~, xolo `sa~ warmoadgens xeTur

sufiqss, am sufiqsiT (asa, isi), xeTurSi aRiniSneboda qveyana. ase

rom `haiasa~ niSnavs `haias qveyanas~, uamravi mcdelobaa, rom sufiqsi

`sa~ rogorme daukavSiron imave mniSvnelobis somxur sufiqss `k~-s,

an da iranul `stan~-s, magram uSedegod, Tumca amis dasamtkiceblad

gamoqveynebulia mravali naSromi, Tumca, am naSromebSi arsad

miuTiTeben rom `sa~, `isa~, `asa~ qarTul enaSi imave mniSvnelobiT

gamoiyeneboda, rogorc xeTurSi `sa~, rogorc inglisurSi `land~ da

iranulSi `stan~, rom qarTulSi `isa~ da `asa~ aRniSnavs qveynis,

soflis Tu qalaqis saxels.

ase, rom termini haiasa iyo `qveyana haia~, es sityva qarTuli

sufiqsiT `sa~ _ ase gamoiTqmoda _ `haiasa~ (anu qveyana haia), igivea

rac berZnuli miTebis cnobili qveyana `aia~, romelsac Semdeg

kolxida ewoda.

e. w. somxeTis zeganze istoriulad arsebuli

saxelmwifoebi

(i. diakonovis mixedviT)

420

arian-qarTli, savaraudod, mdebareobda vanis tbidan arzrum-Sav

zRvamde mdebare teritoriaze, romelsac, i. diakonovi Tavis wignSi

(`somexi xalxis winaprebis winaistoria~) somxeTis zeganis anu

mTianeTis nawilad miiCnevs da wers, rom uZvelesi saistorio

monacemebi somxeTis mTianeTis Sesaxeb gvxvdeba xeTur wyaroebSi,

Cvens eramde XIV s-dan, sadac ixsenieba saxelmwifo haiasa-acci

xeTebis samefos yvelaze CrdiloeTiT (kaskebis satomo kavSiridan

aRmosavleTiT).

dRemde daudgenelia am ori saxelis `haiasa~ da `accis~

urTierTdamokidebuleba, isini iyvnen erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli

ori Tu erTi sazogadoeba.

gavrcelebulia mosazreba, rom haiasa unda veZioT erzinjanisa da

arzrumis axlos evfratis saTaveebTan, magram cnobilia, rom xeTebis

mefe mursil II-is dros accis erT-erTi yvelaze mTavari cixe-

simagre aripsa idga zRvis napirze, miiCneva, rom haiasa mis iqiT

mdebareobda. diakonovis azriT acci mdebareobda pontoSi mdinare

xartiSis regionSi, am SemTxvevaSi, ambobs is, haiasa SeiZleba

movaTavsoT Woroxis xeobaSi Tanamedrove baiburdTan da Semdgom

misi Zalaufleba gavrcelda evfratzec.

diakonovis azriT, dRemde moRweuli haiaselebisa da accelebis

sakuTari saxelebi da aseve maTi RmerTebis da maTi dasaxlebuli

punqtebis saxelebi sruli damajereblobiT SeuZlebelia

mivakuTvnoT romelime CvenTvis cnobil enas, cdilobdnen maT

dakavSirebas xuritulTan da aseve CvenTvis ucnob indo-evropul

enasTan, magram yvela warmodgenili etimologia masalis simciris

gamo Zlier uimedoa, cdiloben mis dakavSirebas xeTebis anda

Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis enaTa jgufebTan. asea Tu ise

haiaselebis mikuTvneba, romelime enaTa jgufTan gadauwyveteli

sakiTxia. aseve dausabuTebeli aris misi mikuTvneba somxur

enasTanac. is wers: `es nakleb damajerebelia~.

accis samxreTiT evfratis saTaveebTan mdebareobda cuxma,

asiriulad suxmu. mdinare arawan (muradsu)-evfratis SesarTavTan

mdebareobda isuva (asiriulad iSua), romelic iyo am raionSi

mniSvnelovani qveyana, qvemoT samxreTisken evfratis aRmosavleTiT

mdebareobda tegarma (Tegarma), aqedan xeTebis samflobelo iwyeboda.

aqve maxloblad iyo xurebis qveyana, rac miTanis sinonimadac

miiCneoda, maTi sakuTari saxelebidan zogierTi miiCneva xuritulad,

nawili ki luviurad (Cveni azriT, rogorc iTqva, nabuqodonosoris

421

mier gadasaxlebuli `libiis gverdiT~ mcxovrebi iberebis qveS unda

igulisxmebodes luviis qveynis gverdiT mcxovrebi iberebi), aqve

mdebareobda qveyana alzi. misi mdebareoba lokalizdeba mdinare

tigrosis Senakadebis saTaveebTan isuvas aRmosavleTiT mdinare

arawanis dablobze.

asiriuli analebi Cvens eramde XIII saukuneSi ixsenieben qveyanas

an toms (ufro sworia tomTa kavSiri) uruatri anu uruatru, vanis

tbis raionSi.

termini `nairi~ aRniSnavda ufro daSorebul mTian olqs,

romelic moicavda e.w. armeniis mTianeTs da samxreT kavkasias.

Cvens eramde XIV saukuneSi `accis~ xalxi SeiWra xeTebis

samflobeloSi (mdinare Ralisis zemowelze) da Tavis sazRvrad

aqcies qalaqi samuxi, es moxda xeTebis mefe xatusil III-is dros

(1275-1250), sxva mefeebis drosac Cans msgavsi procesebi grZeldeboda,

mefe tutxalia III-is dros haiasam droebiT morCileba gamoacxada,

Tumca maT winaaRmdeg damsjeli laSqrobebic grZeldeboda.

tutxalia III ebrZoda haiasas mefeebs karanniss da laniss, teqsti

ambobs, rom brZola moxda kummaxis qvemoT, SemdgomSi xalSekruleba

daido haiasas mefe xukkanasTan.

haiasasTan samSvidobo xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdgom xeTebi

miTans miuaxlovdnen, sadac kandidatebi erTmaneTs taxtisTvis

ebrZodnen, aman misca saSualeba xeTebis mefes evfratis saTaveebidan

daufaravad SeWriliyo miTanSi, maT platsdarmad miiCneva tegarma.

alzic moeqca xeTebis gavlenis qveS, sabolood xangrZlivi

brZolebis Semdgom miTanis samefo ganadgurda. erT xeTur teqstSi

naTqvamia _ `miTani ukve aRar arsebobs, asurisa da alzis xalxebma

is gaiyves~.

(Cven davamatebT, rom saerTod mTeli am vrceli olqis saxelebi

da terminologia Tavisi JReradobiT saocrad miagavs qarTuls,

magaliTad saxelebi dudxalia (tutxalia), samuxi da sxva mravali,

es saxelebi TiTqosda Tanamedrove qarTuli saojaxo-saubno-

xalxuri sityvierebidan aris aRebuli, pirTa es saxelebi, SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom axlac ki ismis im zedmetsaxelebSi, romelTac

mezoblebi da maxloblebi arqmeven qarTvel bavSvebs skolamdel

periodSi _ saxelebi titia, minua Tu tutxalia, amJamadac ki

mogesmebaT imereTisa Tu kaxeTis SukebSi (minua _ erqva erTerT

urartuel mefes, `mita~ _ frigia-muSqebis mefe midasis adgilobrivi

422

saxelia, `titia~ _ mxedarTmTavarisa, `tutxalia~ _ xeTebis mefesa,

pixunia _ kaskebis (haiasas mezobeli) qveynis beladis saxelia, rac,

rogorc iTqva, qarTveli bavSvis zedmetsaxels gavs da a.S. TiTqmis

yvela saxeli haiasa_urartus vrceli regionisa _ qarTuli

JReradobisaa. msgavsi Cans haiasas mefeTa saxelebi _ mariia, karanni,

xukkana, anania).

diakonovis sityviT haiasas saxelebis qarTulTan msgavsebis

Sesaxeb miuTiTebia kapaniancs, romelmac Tavis wignSi `haiasa _

somexTa akvani~ (erevani, 1947) sagangebod gamoikvlia etimologia

haiasas sakuTari saxelebisa da miiCnia, rom is iyo narevi tipis ena,

romelic Sedgeboda qarTuli elementebisaganac (gv. 247). mas ar

eTanxmeba i. diakonovi (dasax. naS. gv. 31/46).

i. diakonovi ganagrZobs, rom miTanis damxobis Semdeg, isargebles

ra imiT, rom haiasas (accis) mefe ananiasi SeiWra erTerT xeTur

olqSi da iqidan tyveebi gaitaca, xeTebma omi daiwyes haiasas

winaaRmdeg. haiaselebma isic ki SeZles, rom aiRes xeTebis cixe-

simagre, sabolood xeTebma dakarges tegarma da Ralisis zemowelis

olqis miwebi (evfratis dablobi tegarmas maRla).

mxolod omis meoTxe wels xeTebis mefe mursilisi II piradad

gaemarTa haiasa-accis winaaRmdeg da miaRwia SavizRvispireTamde

arpisis cixe-simagremde, aiRo is da accis centr tukkamasaken gaswia.

accis qveyana xeTur saxelmwifos SeuerTda.

amave epoqaSi asureTis mefe salmanasar I (1280-1260 Zv.w.) _ piradad

gaemarTa uruatrisa da sxva maxlobeli tomebis winaaRmdeg, aiRo

cixe-simagre saxelwodebiT `arinna~, rac Zalze waagavs qarTul

termins `ariani~. aseve ibrZoda Subarebis (e.i. xuritebis) mTieli

tomebis `babxebis~ winaaRmdeg.

erTerTi asirieli mefe ebrZoda nairis qveynis 43 tomis `mefeebs~.

`nairi~ _ siriul teqstebSi armeniis mTianeTs erqva (rogorc iTqva,

am naSromSi mas Cven arian-qarTlis mTianeTs vuwodebT).

xeTebis samefos dacema ukavSirdeba Zv.w. XII s-Si e.w. `zRvis

xalxebis~ Semosevebs. jer kidev egviptis faraoni ramzes III (Zv.w. XIII

s-is dasawyisi) miuTiTebda, `vercerTma saxelmwifom ver SeZlo win

aRdgomoda maT~ (am qveynebs Soris moxseniebulia `arcava~, romelic

mcire aziis dasavleTiT mdebareobda, Cveni azriT, SesaZloa am

saxeliT (arcava) moixseniebodes haiasas qveyana `acce~. Tu acce _

igive arcavaa, SesaZloa Semdgomi `arze~-`arwe~ misgan iyos

423

nawarmoebi, am dasaxelebiT I aTaswleulSi mravali punqti

saxeldeboda aRniSnul regionSi (arzrumi, erzinjani, arwe da sxva).

zRvis xalxebSi igulisxmebian balkaneTidan gadmosuli aqavelebi

da sxva tomebi, maT Soris frigielebic, romelnic Trakiidan fexiT

Sevidnen mcire aziaSi, aqavelebi ki zRviT.

berZnuli tradicia miiCnevda, rom mcire aziaSi mdebare troa

warmoadgenda mikenis mTavar mters. egviptelebi troelebs eTnikurad

dardanelebad miiCnevdnen, romlebic xeTebs exmarebodnen egvipte-

lebTan omisas. homerosis eposSi, romelic Cans Cvens eramde X-IX

saukuneebSi Camoyalibda, SemorCa zogierTi saxeli XIII-XII saukuneTa

troelebisa, romelTa qalaqi dawves mikenelma berZnebma 1200

wlisaTvis (troas aseve erqva `ilioni~).

xeTebis mefe tutxalia IV-is (Zv.w. 1250-1220) dros aqeas mefe SeiWra

mcire aziaSi da daiWira sanapiros qveynebi, Tavis mxriv xeTebic

cdilobdnen am qveynebis dabrunebas Tavis gavlenis sferoSi, maT

Soris ixsenieba `arcavi~.

homerosis eposis Tanaxmad troas omamde ramdenime xniT adre

troas mefe priamosi, viTarca frigielTa mokavSire, ebrZoda

`amazonebs~ md. sangarias (Tanamedrove saqarias) sanapiroze.

Cveni fiqriT, radganac amaZonebisa (amazonebisa) da alazonebis

(qaldebis) saxelebi identuria, amitomac amazonebi unda yofiliyo

erTerTi qalduri tomi. erTerTi cnobiT amazonebi qaldebis tomis

mamakacebi iyvnen, romelnic grZel Tmebs atarebdnen da amitom

qalebad miiCnevdnen. qaldebs _ qarTulenovan tomebad Tvlian TviT

i. diakonovi da n. mari, amitomac SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom berZnebs

roca `qaldebis~ tomis saxels, ase vTqvaT, uTargmnidnen, sityva

qaldSi, `qal~ miCneuli iqna sityvis fuZe-Zirad, qarTuli `qalis~

(Женщина) Sesatyvisad, xolo sufiqsi `d~ mravlobiTobis niSnad.

`qaldi~, anu `qalebis tomi~ (Cans ase iTargmna qarTulidan

berZnulad qaldebis am meomari tom alazonebis _ `amazonebis~

saxeli).

Trakiel-frigielebi evropidan mcire aziaSi Sevidnen helespontos

gavliT, amitomac maT brZola uxdebodaT qaldebTan, anu

amazonebTan, aq mosaxleebTan.

qarTuli ena miekuTvneba e.w. nostratiul enaTa ojaxs, romelsac

miakuTvneben winaindoevropul, qarTvelur, uralur, altaur da

elamo-dravidul enebs.

424

Cans, qarTul-qarTveluri enebi winareindoevropulTan erTad erT

enobriv sivrces qmnida. winareindoevropuli zogierT regionSi

indoevropulad formirda.

safiqrebelia, III-II aTaswleulSi, kavkasiidan evropaSi

gadasaxlebuli winareindoevropuli qarTveluri elementi, ukan,

mcire aziasa da kavkasiaSi dabrunda Zv.w. XII saukunis Semdeg

frigiul-Trakiuli indoevropuli tomebis talRebis saxiT, sadac

zogjer Setakebebic hqondaT qaldebTan da sxva adgilze darCenil

qarTul tomebTan, zogjer ki erTiandebodnen saerTo mtris

winaaRmdeg.

xeTebisaken saomrad sxva mxridanac (kavkasiidanac) daZrulan

qarTuli tomebi. diakonovis azriT frigielebTan erTad xeTebs

Seuties kavkasiidan gamosulma qarTulma tomebma, jer kidev troas

omamde xalxTa pirveli talRa balkaneTidan Sevida mcire aziaSi,

xalxTa meore talRa ki samxreT kavkasiidan.

rogorc Cans, kavkasiidan xalxTa gadaadgileba aseve or periodSi

mimdinareobda _ Cvens eramde III aTaswleulsa da Zv. w. XIII-XII

saukuneebSi.

Cvens eramde III-II aTaswleulebSi kavkasiidan balkaneTis gavliT

gadasaxlebuli qarTveluri tomebi samxreT evropaSi transformir-

dnen da frigielTa saxeliT ukan, mcire aziaSi, dabrundnen Cvens

eramde daaxloebiT XIII-XII ss-Si. am dros mcire aziaSi maT

SeuerTda kavkasiidan gamosuli axali nakadi qarTveluri tomebisa.

sabolood ki, mcire aziaSi maTi konsolidaciis Sedegad

Camoyalibda sxvadasxva erovnebebi, maT Soris qarTuelTa erovnebac.

i. diakonovi wers: XII s-is dasawyisSi Trakiul-frigiuli tomebi

mcire aziis centrSi gabatondnen da Cvens eramde 1165 wlisTvis

miaRwies evfratis zemowels, sadac SemdgomSi frigielebi

adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan erTad saukuneTa manZilze

cxovrobdnen.

safiqrebelia, rom es Tanacxovreba maTi TanametomeobiTa da

erTenovnebiT iyo gamowveuli. frigielebis nawili mosxebadac

iwodeboda. mosxebi ki, Zv. w. VI s-is avtoris hekatos miletelis

cnobiT kolxuri tomi iyo. kolxebis qarTulenovneba i. diakonovs

saeWvod ar miaCnia.

hekate wers _ `mosxebi, kolxuri xalxia, mitanelebis mezobeli~

(Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum, 1,1, Fragm. 228).

425

mitanelebTan mcxovrebi frigieli mosxebi kolxur xalxad

iTvleboda, anu mcire aziaSi mosxebisa da kolxebis kvlav

urTierTSereviT SesaZlebeli gaxda Tanamedrove qarTveli xalxis

eTnogenezi frigielebis Semosvlis Semdeg (Tavis mxriv terminebs

kolxsa da qalds etimologiuri Tanxvedra unda hqondeT, anu

kolxebis sxva saxeli SesaZloa qaldi iyo). Cans, ukve Cvens eramde

XII s-dan daiwyo qarTvelTa erovnebis Casaxvis procesi.

kolxebi, rogorc iTqva igive qaldebi anu qalduelebi

(qarTvelebi) arian. kolxebs _ `qaldebs~ jer kidev straboni

uwodebda, roca is haliZonebis qaldelobas miuTiTebda. haliZonebi

ki kolxeTis mTavari tomi iyo.

i. diakonovi wers, rom pontos qaldebisa da qsenofontes

qaldebis erTidaigiveobis Sesaxeb miuTiTa n. marma da b.

piotrovskim.

straboni imeorebs homerosis sityvebs, rom troelTa

dasaxmareblad gaemarTnen halizonebi alibes qalaqidan, sadac

`vercxls moipoveben~.

iTvleba, rom alibes qveyana nikopolisis maxloblad mdebareobda

(ix. diakonovi, gv. 38/46). aq unda igulisxmebodes giumuSxanes

regioni, sadac vercxls gvianobamde moipovebdnen da is,

mitropolit timoTes (gabaSvili) cnobiT, qarTveli mefeebis

istoriul miwa-wyals warmoadgenda

i. diakonovi wers _ `kolxebis qarTvelurisadmi kuTvnileba

ueWvelia~ (gv. 10/46), aseve wers _ `qarTulenovani qaldi-xalibebi~

(gv. 10/46) _ TavSi, romelsac ewodeba _ `xeTebis samefos dacema,

Trako-frigielebisa da qarTveluri tomebis winwaweva~.

rogorc iTqva, xeTebis mier haiasas samefos ganadgurebisTanave

mcire aziis miwa-wyalze xeTebisa da sxva didi saxelmwifoebis

winaaRmdeg erTdroulad daiZrnen qarTveluri tomebi samxreT

kavkasiidan da frigiuli tomebi balkaneTidan, maT Tavis mxriv

xeTebis saxelmwifo gaanadgures da i. diakonovi amis Sesaxeb wers

paragrafSi _ `qarTveluri tomebis winsvla-gadaadgileba~.

`mcire aziaSi Trako-frigiuli eTnosis gamoCenis droisaTvis (an

odnav mogvianebiT) Crdilo-aRmosavleT mcire aziisaken samxreT

kavkasiidan moZraobas iwyeben qarTveluri tomebi. ukve homerosis

poemebi icnoben am olqSi haliZonebs, SesaZlo `qaldaelebs~ anda

`qaldebs~ (urartuli xalitu), ar agverios babilonis `qaldeebSi~

wers diakonovi).

426

qaldebi damajereblad eTanadeba dasavlur-qarTul xalxs Wanebs

(lazebs), amjeradac pontoSi mcxovrebT.

amrigad, am raionSi qarTulenovani elementi dadasturebulad

igulisxmeba daaxloebiT Zv.w. IX saukunedan (`iliadas~ daweris

miaxloebiTi dro).

SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom is (qarTulenovani elementi) aq ufro

adre gamoCnda.

daismis kiTxva, arsebobda Tu ara qarTulenovani anda qarTulTan

axlo mdgomi elementi kaskebis SemadgenlobaSi Zv.w. XIII s-is bolos?

aseve ismis kiTxva, dasavleTiT qarTuli tomebis gadaadgileba

xom ar unda daukavSirdes acci-haiasas kavSiris daSlas XIII

saukunis bolos?

SesaZloa, swored am amoZravebiT (gadaadgilebiT) iyo gamowveuli

XII s-is pirvel naxevarSi kaskebis galaSqrebebi centralur mcire

aziasa da zemo evfratis dablobze.

asiriuli wyaroebi am dablobze SeWril tomebs xan `xeTis

qveynis~ kaskebs uwodeben, xan ki abeSaielebs. diakonovis azriT _

`es bolo eTnonimi SeiZleba afxazebis winaprebs daukavSirdes.

afxazur-adiReuri tomebis aseTi gadaadgileba SeiZleba

daukavSirdes qarTuli tomebis kolxidasa da pontoSi

gadaadgilebas~.

wyaroebi mowmoben, rom Zv.w. XII s-is bolos Woroxis xeobaSi

axali mniSvnelovani samefos _ daiaenis (urartuli diauxis)

arsebobis Sesaxeb, maT aigiveben mogviano berZnuli wyaroebis

taoxebs.

diaoxis eTnikuri kuTvnileba bolomde ar aris garkveuli.

g. meliqiSvili maT xuritebis tomad miiCnevs. aseve diakonovic.

daiaenma iarseba VIII s-is bolomde, wyaroebSi dadasturebulia

daiaenis dasavleTiT mcxovrebi qarTulenovani qaldi-xalibebi,

isini aq unda gamoCeniliyvnen ufro adre, jer kidev daiaenis

daarsebamde, savaraudod Zv.w. XII saukunis dasawyisSi.

Zv.w. VI s-dan pontoSi dadasturebulia mosxebis tomi, romelTac

qarTulenovan tomad adastureben. diakonovis sityviT, misi

saxelwodeba SeiZleba mowmobs mis Zvel kontaqtebs frigielebTan.

SeiZleba mosxebi aq jer kidev daiaenis samefos warmoqmnamde

gamoCdnen da isicaa SesaZlebeli, rom mosxebic igive xalibebi

iyvnen.

427

berZnulma tradiciam Semoinaxa legenda kolxidaSi `oqros

sawmisisaTvis~ aqeelTa gemis `argos~ micurvisa (jer kidev troas

omamde erTi TaobiT adre).

kolxebis qarTvelebisadmi mikuTvneba eWvs ar iwvevs.

argonavtebis legenda popularuli gaxdeboda berZnebis Sav zRva-

ze gamoCenis epoqaSi, anu arauadres IX saukunemde. saeWvod miiCneva

sityva `kolxidis~ arseboba XIII s-is bolosaTvis (periodSi,

romelSic legenda aTariRebs xomald argos naosnobas), magram is

ueWvelad arsebobda IX-VIII saukuneebSi Cvens eramde.

rogorc g. meliqiSvilma aCvena farTo mniSvnelobiT es termini -

`kolxida~ im droisaTvis moicavda ara mxolod md. rionis xeobas,

aramed aRmosavleT pontosac Woroxis xeobiT.

diakonovi aRniSnavs, rom kolxebisa da aseve sxvadasxva mcire

tomebis pontoSi gadaadgileba _ SeiZleba daTariRdes Woroxis

xeobaSi daiaenis samefos ganadgurebis Semdgomi periodiT (Zv.w. VIII

s. meore naxevridan) (am tomebSi igulisxmebian _ makronebi,

mosinikebi, biZerebi da SesaZloa mosxebi, diakonovi svams kiTxvas,

iyvnen Tu ara isini qarTulenovanni).

amrigad, monacemebis mTeli wyeba (ara pirdapiri, aramed iribi

monacemebiT), TiTqosda adastureben, rom erTdroulad

(balkaneTidan evfratis saTaveebamde) Trakiel-frigieli tomebis

svla mimdinareobda qarTulenovani tomebis Semxvedri moZraobis

fonze (kolxidasa da pontoSi Zv.w. XIII saukunis bolodan da XII s.

dasawyisidan X-VII saukuneebamde).

`Zv.w. I aTaswleulis SuaSi mcire aziis eTnikuri suraTi

mTlianad Seicvala~ _ wers i. diakonovi (gv. 10/46)

diakonovis aRniSnuli mosazrebebidan mniSvnelovania, rom is

imeorebs g. meliqiSvilis azrs, rom kolxebi troas omis

periodisaTvis cxovrobdnen ara mxolod rionis xeobaSi, aramed

isini aseve cxovrobdnen pontosa da Woroxis xeobaSi.

homerosis mier naxsenebi alibedan troasaken mimavali aliZonebis

laSqari strabonis mier qaldebad iwodeba da isini kolxur tomad

miiCneva.

qaldebis qarTulenovnebis Sesaxeb, rogorc aRvniSneT, diakonovi

sxvadasxva adgilas miuTiTebs. qaldebisagan qarTveli xalxis

warmomavloba Sesabamisad mas ar eeWveba, amasTanave, rogorc iTqva,

Cvens eramde VI saukunis avtoris hekate miletelis Tanaxmad,

mosxebi kolxuri tomi iyo.

428

kolxebis qarTulenovnebas rogorc aRvniSneT diakonovic

miuTiTebs, amasTanave, misi azriT, mosxebic qarTulenovani tomi

unda yofiliyo.

qaldebma, igive mosxebma da igive kolxebma, diakonovis azriT,

jer kidev Cvens eramde XII saukunis Semdgom, daiaenis saxelmwifos

warmoqmnamde, SeaRwia evfratis xeobasa da mcire aziis centralur

olqebSi, Sesabamisad es tomebi unda yofiliyvnen wevrebi nairis

qveynebis tomTa gaerTianebisa da Semdgom mniSvnelovani wili unda

SeeqmnaT urartus tomTa kavSirSi.

diakonovi, iseve rogorc sxva avtorebi, kaskebsa da abeSalaiebSi

eZeben afxazTa winaprebs da aseve afxazur-adiReur tomebs, maTi

Tvalsazrisi mxolod zogierTi eTnonimisa da satomo saxelis

msgavsebas efuZneba.

afxazTa winaprebad miiCneva aseve xeTebisa da urartuelebis

tomebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom xeTuri Tu urartuli enebi jer kidev

3-4 aTasi wlis win gaqrnen da faqtiurad isini dRemde Seuswavlelni

arian.

zogierTi mkvlevari maT (urartulsa da sxva mkvdar enebs)

egreTwodebul sino-kavkasiur enaTa jgufs miakuTvnebs, romelSic

gaerTianebulia CineTis, tibetisa da cimbiris xalxis zogierTi ena,

maT ricxvSi aTavseben Crdilo kavkasiis zogierT enasac.

amasTan dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas, rom zogierTi Crdilo-

kavkasiuri ena namdvilad SeiZleba Sediodes sinur-tibetur-

cimbirul enaTa jgufSi, amis mizezi unda iyos Semdegi faqti: axali

welTaRricxvis XIV saukuneSi didma dampyrobelma Temurlengma

sagangebod ilaSqra Crdilo-kavkasiaSi, mospo adgilobrivi

mosaxleoba da iq Caasaxla sul sxva xalxi, kalmikiis, samxreT

uralis da yazaxeTis stepebidan. amis Sedegad Crdilo-kavkasiaSi

aRmoCndnen samxreT ruseTisa da ural-cimbiris tomebi,

romelTaganac zogierTi rogorc Cans, matarebeli iyo

egreTwodebuli sino-cimbiruli enebisa, maT ricxvSi unda yofiliyo

adiRevelebis enaTa jgufSi Semavali amJamindeli e.w. `afxazuri~ ena.

afsua-adiRevelTa enas hqonda kavSiri ara urartus mTianeTis

uZveles xalxebTan, aramed Temurlengis epoqis sinur-cimbirul

tomebTan. Zveli afxazuri ena qarTul enaTa jgufebSi Sedioda,

axali `afxazuri~ ki adiReurSi.

Crdilo kavkasiis zogierTi ena egreTwodebul sinur enaTa jgufs

Temur lengis Semdeg daukavSirda. Sesabamisad, is, amJamad Sedis

429

egreTwodebuli sinur-kavkasiuri enaTa rigSi, xolo rac Seexeba

kaskebis, xeTebisa Tu urartuelebis enebs, isini rogorc vTqviT

saTanadod Seuswavlelia da maTi (saerTod, mcire aziis mkvdari

enebis) dakavSireba Crdilo-kavkasiis egreTwodebul sinur enaTa

matarebel tomebTan ZiriTadad xelovnuria an gaugebrobis nayofia,

zogjer politikasTanac aris dakavSirebuli.

xeTebis saxelmwifos daRupvam (Cvens eramde XII saukunisaTvis)

gamoiwvia asiriis gaZliereba, iqamde xeTebis samefos kaskebis tomebi

aSfoTebdnen, xolo muSqebi (muSkebi), romelTac Trakiul-frigiul

tomebsac uwodebdnen, gadavidnen evfratze, Sevidnen md. arawanis

xeobis siRrmeSi da alzis qveyana daikaves daaxloebiT 1165 wels

Cvens eramde. ase, rom alzi muSkebis qveynad iqca, amasTanave muSkebi

ukavSirdebodnen adgilobriv tomebs, amave dros diakonovis azriT

alzi-SubarielTa anu xuritTa qveyanadac miiCneva, romelic

daiWires muSqebma.

daaxloebiT 1112 wels Cvens eramde asirielebma TavianTi Zalebi

gadaisroles Savi zRvis mimarTulebiT da miaRwies sanapiromde,

sadac 23 adgilobrivi tomis mefeebs SeebrZolnen, Semdeg ki nairis

qveynis samoc mefes, miiCneva, rom nairis koaliciis ukandaxeva

xdeboda mdinare Woroxis xeobaSi baTumis mimarTulebiT, am

droisaTvis am teritoriaze ukve aRar Cans haiasas saxelmwifo.

Cvens eramde XI saukuneSi siriasa da mesopotamiaSi masiurad

Sevidnen dasavlur-semituri tomebi arameebisa. n. adoncis azriT,

somexi xalxi Camoyalibda am semituri arameebidan, maTi da

frigiul-qarTuli tomebis urTierTSerevis Sedegad, rom iqamde

mcire azia dasaxlebuli iyo ZiriTadad qarTuli tomebiT,

romelTac n. adonci miakuTvnebda rogorc karduxebs ise qaldebs,

mcire aziis es qarTuli eTnikuri masa Suaze gauWria armeniul

tomebs, amis gamo armenielTa samxreTiT vanis tbisaken qarTvelTa

karduxebis tomi aRmoCnda, xolo meore mxares SavizRvispirze

qaldebi, xolo armenielTa CrdiloeTSi mcxeTis iberiis qarTvelTa

saxelmwifo Camoyalibda.

diakonovis azriT frigielTa saxelmwifo Camoyalibda xeTebis

saxelmwifos dacemidan TiTqmis sami saukunis Semdeg, isini xeTebis

saxelmwifos damangrevelebad miiCnevian.

frigiis saxelmwifo daaxloebiT VIII saukuneSi Camoyalibebula.

asirielebi da urartuelebi am samefos uwodeben ase _ muSku an

muSki, misi dedaqalaqi iyo gordioni mdinare sangariaze, frigiis

430

saxelmwifos pirveli mefis saxeli yofila gordia. frigiis meore

mefis saxeli cnobilia, is iyo midasi (miTa), romlis simdidrec

saarakod iqca, diakonovi wers, rom gordionis arqeologiurma

gaTxrebma aCvena frigiisa da urartus Zlieri kavSiri, erTnairi

hqondaT saRvTismsaxuro wes-Cveulebebi da sxva. Cveni azriT, es imiT

unda yofiliyo gamowveuli, rom maT saerTo eTnikuri kavSirebi

hqondaT, rom ara mxolod muSkebi, aramed urartuelTa ZiriTadi

tomebic qarTuli warmomavlobisa iyo. frigiaSi iyenebdnen anbanur

damwerlobas berZnuli warmoSobisas, frigiis samxreT-dasavleTiT

luvielTa patara saxelmwifoebi arsebobdnen da iqve iyo

gaerTianeba tabali. Cveni azriT, rogorc aRiniSna is iberebi,

romlebic TiTqosda libiasTan cxovrobdnen da mefe

nabuqodonosorma gadaasaxla SavizRvispireTSi, iyvnen aRniSnul

luviasTan mcxovrebi mosxebi, igive qaldebi, romelic rogorc Cans,

Cvens eramde VI saukuneSi daimorCila aRniSnulma mefem

(nabuqodonosorma) da maTi erTi nawili gadaasaxla

SavizRvispireTSi. am mosazrebas is cnobac ganamtkicebs, rom

frigiis samefosTan (mosxebTan da tabalebTan) axlos mdebareobda

samefo saxelwodebiT gurgumi, Cveni kvleviT `gurg~ qarTvelTa

satomo eTnofuZea, romlisganac aris warmoSobili terminebi egrisi,

argveTi, guria, gugarqi. qarTvelTa saxelebi georgien, gurj, gurz

da sxva, amitomac termini gurgumi qarTul samyarosTan SeiZleba

iyos dakavSirebuli.

rogorc ramdenjerme aRvniSneT, egreTwodebuli nairis samefoSi

arsebobda mucaciris samTavro, aq qalaq ardinSi iyo RvTaeba

qaldis taZari (Sdr. ard-qald-qarT). qaldis taZarSi SemdgomSi

gvirgvins idgamdnen urartueli mefeebi da aqve inaxeboda urartus

samefos saganZuri, Tumca mucaciri formalurad ar Sedioda

urartus SemadgenlobaSi, aqve maxloblad iyo xubuSqias samefo,

unda aRvniSnoT, rom yvela es uZvelesi termini dResac qarTuli

JReradobisaa da rogorc zemoT aRiniSna msgavs sityvebs xSirad

gaigonebT saqarTvelos soflebSi. urartus adgilobrivebi

uwodebdnen ase _ biainali, romelic qarTuli JReradobis saxiT

esmis yurs, aseTive JReradoba aqvs urartus warwerebSi naxsenebi

centralur kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi tomTa gaerTianebebis saxelebs,

esenia: eriebi, ia, etivebi, abiliani, eri, erikuai da sxva. ufro

samxreTiT cxovrobdnen tomebi: viteru, luSa, katarza, igani, ia,

431

zabaxa, xuSa da maTi mezobeli kulxa. diakonovs isini yvela

qarTulenovan tomebad miaCnia.

diakonovi wers _ berZnuli wyaroebiT rkinis momwodebeli iyo

mosinikebis tomi, romlebic xalibebs emorCilebodnen, anu

qarTulenovan qaldebis toms, romelic pontoSi cxovrobda.

asiriis mefem salmanasan III (859-821) Cvens eramde daimorCila

mTeli mesopotamia, Tavs daesxa xubuSqias, SeebrZola urartus mefe

arames da SeaRwia laSqriT evfratis saTaveebTan, alzis qveynis

gavliT, Semdeg SeaRwia Woroxis xeobaSic da laSqari gaagzavna

daiaenis samefoSi, Semdgom ukan dabrunebisas daikava urartus

administraciuli centri.

Zveli welTaRricxvis 827 wlidan asiriaSi daiwyo Sida ajanyebebi,

amave periodSi Camoyalibda urartus Zlieri saxelmwifo, is

moicavda vanis tbas mdinare aracanisa da evfratis xeobaTa

saTaveebs, Semdgom man urmiis tbisaken waiwia, VIII-VII saukuneebSi

SeZlo asiriisaken galaSqreba, amasTanave CrdiloeTiT diaoxamde

miaRwia, daiaeni (diaoxi) daixarka. miaRwia aseve samxreT kavkasiaSi,

frigiis anu muSqus mefe midasi urartus mefe rusa I-is mokavSired

iqca.

Cvens eramde VIII saukuneSi, SavizRvispireTis CrdiloeTidan

samxreT kavkasiaSi SemoiWrnen kimerielebi da urartus dartyma

miayenes, maT SeebrZola asiriis mefe.

g. meliqiSvilis azriT Cvens eramde 676-675 wlebSi urartus mefe

rusa II megobrul urTierTobaSi iyo asirielebTan, Sekra kavSiri

kimerielebTan da maTTan erTad ilaSqra mcire aziaSi evfratis iqiT

muSqebisa da xalitus winaaRmdeg, anu frigiisa da xalibebis-

qaldebis winaaRmdeg, fiqroben, rom am periodSi gaqra frigiis

saxelmwifo.

Cvens eramde VII saukuneSi samxreT kavkasiaSi SemoiWrnen skviTebi,

romelTac urartu daasustes.

Cvens eramde VII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi asiriaSi daiwyo

samoqalaqo omi, amiT isargebles skviTebma da asiriis gavliT

evfratis sazRvramde miaRwies. diakonovi wers _ `am sayovelTao

areulobis epoqaSi, roca iRupeboda urartusa da asiriis

saxelmwifoebi, rogorc movses xorenaci aRniSnavs da mravali

Tanamedrove mkvlevari amas iziarebs, am saxelmwifoebis gaqrobaSi

Tavisi roli iTamaSa somexma xalxma~ (gv. 27/46).

432

somxeTis samefos Seqmna urartus adgilas ukavSirdeba midiis

mefe kiaksaris (625-585) saxels.

diakonovis azriT _ `sparseTis mefem darios I-ma (522-485), rogorc

Cans armeniaSi Seqmna ori satrapia, kerZod, maTgan erTerTi

mecameted iwodeba, iyo sakuTriv somxuri satrapia meore _

iwodeboda meTvrameted da is iyo urartus satrapia, maTi

mmarTvelebi armeniis pirvel mefeebs enaTesavebodnen~. diakonovi

varaudobs _ Zv.w. VII-VI ss-Si ukve arsebobda armeniis saxelmwifo da

arsebobda Zveli somexi xalxic (iqve gv. 30/46). sinamdvileSi me-18

satrapia iyo ara somxuri, aramed qarTuli, radganac aq qarTuli

tomebi cxovrobdnen, magram isini mudam ibrZodnen sparsTa

winaaRmdeg Tavisuflebis SesanarCuneblad, amis gamo sparseTis

imperia maT winaaRmdeg brZolisas iyenebda somxur Zalebs, rac

kargad Cans qsenofontes Sromebidan, romelic qvemoTaa

gaanalizebuli.

iarvandi – iaredos _ ariani

mxolod 323-200 wlebSi ewodaT `airaratis mefeebi~ ervandidebs, am

dros wauRiaT maT iberebisagan airarati, sadac fasianebi da

qaldebis tomebi mkvidrobdnen.

araqsis xeobis qveynis, airaratis, siZlieris wyaro iyo

nayofiereba misi miwebisa.

araqsis xeoba qsenofontes dros dasaxlebuli iyo fasianebiT

(arqass mis dros fasisi erqva), fasianebis STamomavalebi _

433

basianelebi, aq didxans cxovrobdnen da maTi iberielobis Sesaxeb

XI saukunis somexi istorikosi aristakes lastivertecic werda.

X saukuneSi araqss _ iberielTa sasazRvro mdinares uwodebda

konstantine porfirogeneti.

rogorc aRiniSna, fasianebs araqsis xeobis didi nawili

daukargavT Zveli eris 323-200 wlebSi.

Zv. w. IV saukuneSi araqsis xeobaSi SeebrZola fasianebisa da

qaldebis gaerTianebul jari qsenofontes berZenTa 10 000 kacian

jars. qarTuli tomebi am omSi damarcxdnen.

qsenofonte aRwers, rom berZenTa jars msvlelobisas Soridan

Tan dasdevda somexTa jari da brZolebSi monawileobas ar iRebda,

magram bunebrivia, somexTa jari sargeblobda berZnebTan omebSi

dauZlurebuli fasianebisa da qaldebis mdgomareobiT, sabolood

amarcxebda da iTvisebda maT qonebas, sacxovrissa da miwa-wyals. am

epoqaSi, qsenofontes cnobiT, somexTa da qaldTa Soris didi

mtroba iyo Camovardnili.

qsenofonte Tavis anabazissa da aseve kiropediaSi miuTiTebs rom

somxebs qaldebTan omSi exmarebodnen midielebi da sparselebi. ase,

rom dampyrobeli imperiebi somxebs xels uwyobdnen fasianebisa da

qaldebis miwa-wylis, araqsis xeobisa da mimdgomi regionebis

dapyrobisas.

amas Sedegic aCvenebs, magaliTad, Tuki Zv.w. V saukuneSi araqsis

xeoba mTlianad fasianebisa da qaldebs xelSi iyo, ukve Zv.w. III

saukuneSi is (araqsis xeoba), Cans sparsi ervandidebis xelSia, xolo

Zv.w. II s-Si, artaqsiasa da zariadres, dros, is ukve armeniis

saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi iqna Seyvanili.

araqsis xeobis samxreTiT mimdebare teritoriebi me-18 sparsul

satrapiaSi Sedioda aleqsandre makedonelamde, iq qarTuli tomebi

mkvidrobdnen, maTTvis armenielebi midiur anda sparsul

dampyrobel ZalebTan dakavSirebuli tomi iyo, qaldebi (fasianebTan

erTad) maT xan ebrZodnen da xan uzavdebodnen.

sabolood, artaqsiasa da zariadres dros, araqsis xeoba

somxeTis samefos nawilad gadaiqca.

amave dros Zv.w. 188 wlisaTvis, armeniis mefeebs artaqsiasa da

zariadras dros armenielebma iberebs waarTves xorZena, gogarena da

pariadre.

Tu Cven ervands CavTvliT azos mama iaredosad, maSin misi Ze

gaqcevia armeniel-sparselTa mZlavrobas, xolo ervandidoba, anu

434

ervadidebis politikuri memkvidreoba miuRia sxva, ucxo, maTi

qveynis dampyrobel dinastias, romelnic ervandidebis wodebiT

agrZelebdnen dapyrobili qveynis marTvas, aRsaniSnavia, rom somxuri

saistorio genealogiiT ervandi farnavazis Soreuli memkvidre iyo.

Cans maT dinastiebs erTmaneTTan adrec akavSirebdnen.

`moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ da `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad arian

qarTlis mefe iaredosis Zem azonma gadawyvita daetovebina samefo

(sataxto centraluri olqi) da didebulebisa da laSqris erT

nawilTan erTad saxelmwifos axali centri daefuZnebina ufro

CrdiloeTiT, gamefebuliyo iq, da saTave daedo axali Zlieri

saxelmwifosaTvis (romelic SesaZloa iqamdec mamamisis samefos

ufro naklebad ganviTarebul mxares warmoadgenda).

ram aiZula mefis Ze daetovebina mamis saxli da didebulebis

nawilTan erTad gadasaxlebuliyo CrdiloeTiT?

Cveni kvleviT, amis mizezi iyo arian-qarTlis centraluri,

sataxto olqis dapyroba armenielTa mier, msgavsi imisa rac

SemdgomSic, TiTqmis erTi saukunis Semdeg ganmeorda, roca

strabonis cnobiT armenielebma iberebs pariadre, xorZena da

gogarena waarTves, amis mizezi iyo samxreTidan CrdiloeTiT

armenielTa uwyveti gadasaxleba yofili XIII satrapiidan me-18 da me-

19 satrapiebisaken.

me-13 satrapia armeniad iwodeboda, xolo me-18 da me-19 satrapiebi

qarTuli tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli.

wyaroebis mixedviT iaredosi iyo makedoneli _ aleqsandre didis

naTesavi. azonic aleqsandre makedonelTan daaxloebuli yofila da

amitomac is qarTlis patrikad dautovebiaT.

`moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ Tanaxmad iaredosis-Ze azoni iyo qarTlis

pirveli mefe. mematianis cnobiT, roca aleqsandrem daipyro qarTli,

masTan iyo `arian qarTlis~ mefis-Ze da misTvis uboZebia samefo

qalaqad (anu sajdomad) mcxeTa. daudgenia misi saxelmwifos anu

qarTlis samefos sazRvrebi, rogorc aRvniSneT qarTlis samefos

dasavleTi sazRvari gadioda mdinare egriswyalsa da Sav zRvaze,

anu dasavleT saqarTvelo qarTlis samefoSi Sedioda. am samefos

aRmosavleTi nawili moqceuli iyo somxiTsa da crolis mTas Sua

hereTamde, amis Semdgom azo wasula mamis samefoSi, `arian qarTlSi~

_ saidanac wamouyvania Tavisi 8 da mama-mZuZis 10 saxli da damjdara

Zvel mcxeTas. zogierTi cnobiT erT `saxlSi~ SesaZloa

435

igulisxmebodes 100 da ufro meti suli, mas aseve wamouRia kerpebi

gaci da ga.

wyaro wers: `ese iyo pirveli mefe mcxeTas Sina _ azoY Ze arian _

qarTvelTa mefisaY~.

qarTlis cxovreba azos uwodebs azons, ixsenebs ara mefed aramed

qarTlis patrikad. `iaredosis Ze, naTesavi misi qveyaniT makedoniT~.

aleqsandre makedonels misTvis dautovebia 100.000 jariskaci,

qveyaniT hromiT, romelsa hqvian frotaTos da ubrZanebia, raTa

emsaxuraT yovlis dambadebeli uxilavi RmerTisaTvis, da pativi

ecaT mzisTvis, mTvarisTvis da 5 varskvlavisaTvis.

azos mmarTvelobis epoqaSi (daaxloebiT Zv.w. 329-305 w.),

saqarTvelos samxreTiT mdebare erTerT mniSvnelovan olqs

marTavdnen sparseli satrapebi, maT dinastias uwodeben ervandidebs

anu ervandeanebs (daaxloebiT Zv.w. 323-200 w.).

Zveli eris VII-VI ss-dan, urartus dacemidan garkveuli drois

Semdeg arian-qarTlis mTianeTis mniSvnelovani nawili aRmoCnda

sparsuli imperiis sferoSi, sadac Camoayaliba XVIII da XIX

satrapiebi.

herodote wers: `matienebs, sapeirebsa da alarodielebs Sewerili

hqondaT 200 talanti, esaa meTvramete satrapia. mosxebs, tibarenebs,

makronebs, mosinikebsa da marebs Sewerili hqondaT 300 talanti. esaa

mecxramete satrapia~ (T. yauxCiSvili, herodotes cnobebi

saqarTvelos Sesaxeb,1960, gv.75).

XVIII satrapiaSi, rogorc iTqva, Sediodnen qarTuli tomebi _

matianebi, sasperebi da alarodebi, yofili urartus gavlenis

sferoSi.

XIX satrapiaSi _ muSkebi, tibarenebi, makronebi da mosinikebi. es

tomebi unda CaiTvalos kolxidis tomebad. aRiarebulia, rom

kolxida, iseve rogorc zogierTi sxva satrapia (magaliTad sakebis,

induri satrapiebis nawili, nubia da Trakia) mxolod miwerilni

iyvnen imperiis provinciebad, da sinamdvileSi sparselebis mier

arasdros imarTebodnen, Tumca `kolxebma daiweses~ anu

daivaldebules yovel xuT welSi sparselebisaTvis saCuqrad

mierTmiaT 100 biWi da 100 gogo.

`kolxididan midia Sors araa, mxolod erTi tomia maT Soris~ (I,

104). esaa sasperebis tomi, midiasTan axlos mdebare kolxidis qveS

igulisxmeba trapezuntis regionis olqi, xolo midiasa da

kolxidas Sua Worox-evfratis saTaveebi da araqsis xeoba

436

mdebareobda, sadac sasperebi cxovrobdnen. araqsis xeoba ara

armenielebiT, aramed qarTveli sasperebiTa da sxva qarTuli

tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. es miwa-wyali, anu xorZena, strabonis

cnobiT, iberielebma dakarges artaqsiasa da zariadres dros, magram

am miwa-wyalze (araqis xeobaSi) iberielTa (Tumca, albaT erTgvarad

armenizebulTa) kvlav cxovrebas VI saukuneSic ki miuTiTebs

prokofi kesarieli rom iberielTa aRmosavleTiT mis dros

cxovrobdnen sparselebi. Cans, igulisxmeba araqsis xeoba da mis

samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mdebare olqi, romlis aRmosavleTiT

sparselebi cxovrobdnen. mewamuli zRvis zemoT, `CrdiloeTis

mimarTulebiT cxovroben midielebi, midielebis zemoT sasperebi,

sasperebis zemoT kolxebi, romlebic cxovroben CrdiloeTis

zRvamde, romelsac erTvis fazisi. es oTxi tomi cxovrobs zRvidan

zRvamde~ (IV, 37). am xalxTa Soris ar aris dasaxelebuli

armenielebi, maTi sacxovrisi araqsis xeoba rom yofiliyo herodote

maT zRvidan zRvamde mcxovreb xalxTa Soris axsenebda. araqsis

xeoba sasperuli da kolxuri anu qarTuli tomebiT iyo

dasaxlebuli.

herodotes epoqaSi armenielebi sxva satrapiaSi cxovrobdnen.

rogorc aRvniSneT, armenia Sedioda sul sxva satrapiaSi _ XIII-Si.

XIII sparsul satrapiaSi Sedioda `armenia, romlis

SemadgenlobaSia paqtia (paqtiika) da danarCeni xalxebi Sav zRvamde~.

es satrapia Tanamedrove TurqeTis samxreT-dasavleTiT mdebareobda

da Sors iyo araqsis xeobidan da vanis tbidan. SemdgomSi

sparselebis Zlieri mxardaWeriT armenielebma TandaTanobiT SeZles

urartus yofil teritoriaze _ vanistbispireTSi, politikuri

liderobis mopoveba, moaxdines armenizacia adgilobrivi

damarcxebuli tomebisa da miuaxlovdnen araqsispireTs.

bexistunis warweraSi CamoTvlilia realurad dapyrobili

xalxebi: `ambobs dariosi-mefe: ahuramazdas wyalobiT var mefe.

ahuramazdam momca samefo.

ambobs dariosi-mefe: ai qveynebi, romelnic momeca me ahuramazdas

wyalobiT, maTi mefe var _ sparseTi, elami, babiloni, asureTi,

arabeTi, egvipte, zRvispireTi, sparda (lidia), iauna (ionia), midia,

armenia, kapadokia, parTia, zranka (drangiana), xaraiva (aria), xorezmi,

baqtria, sogdiana, gaidara, saka, satagidiSi, araxozia (xaraxvati),

maka. sul 23 qveyana~.

437

CamoTvlil, realurad damorCilebul xalxTa Soris ar arian

qaldebi da sxva araqsispira tomebi. araqispira tomebi, sasperebi,

alarodebi da sxvebi kolxebTan erTad erT mTlianobas Seadgendnen,

Cans iqidanac, rom herodotes cnobiT samxedro SeiaraRebac

erTnairi hqondaT.

herodote xalibebs md. halisis xeobaSi mcxovreblad asaxelebs

sxva tomebTan erTad. qsenofonte aRwers, rom qaldebi (xalibebi)

sparseTis imperiisaTvis mojanyeebad iTvlebodnen.

sparselebi araqs-vanistpispireTis regionSi mtkiced uWerdnen

mxars armenielebs (somxebs), radganac isini (somxebi) mSvidobian

miwaTmoqmed, sparseTis morCil xalxad iwodebodnen. maT

imperiisagan Zlieri mxardaWera hqondaT. vfiqrob qsenofontes

naSromidan Cans, Tu rogor xdeboda armenizacia e. w. armeniis

mTianeTisa, romelsac Cven arian-qarTlis mTianeTs vuwodebT.

armenielebiT dasaxlebamde es teritoria (vanitbispireTidan araqs

trapezuntamde) qarTul tomTa sacxovrisi iyo.

n. xazaraZis kvleviT, sazRvari iberiasa da armenias Soris

Tavdapirvelad araqsze gadioda, Semdeg ki sazRvarma gadaiwia,

iberebma teritoria araqsTan dakarga, da mis nacvlad sazRvari

daido mtkvarsa da mosxur mTebze. es daskvna efuZneba strabonis

cnobas _ `iberTa nawili gadasaxlda pontosa da kolxidis zemoT

mdebare adgilebSi, romlebic apolodores mtkicebis Tanaxmad,

armenias esazRvrebian araqsiT, ufro ki mtkvriTa da mosxuri

mTebiT~ (I, 3, 31).

n. xazaraZe wers: `amgvarad irkveva, rom iberia-armeniis sazRvari

erT dros gadioda araqsze, xolo Semdeg mtkvarsa da mosxur

mTebze. am cnobaSi ori garemoebaa sayuradRebo: pirveli isaa, rom

masSi ori sxvadasxva xanis viTarebaa asaxuli: adreuli, rodesac

aRniSnuli qveynebis sazRvari araqsze gadioda, da ufro gviandeli,

rodesac igi mtkvarsa da mosxur mTebs gasdevda~.

am miwawyalze (araqs-vanistbispireT-trapezuntis regionSi) mcxov-

reb qaldebsa da mosxebs, romelnic eTnikurad erT elements

qmnidnen, urartus daSlis Semdeg mouxerxebiaT konsolidaca da erT

_ iber xalxad Camoyalibeba.

marTlac hekate miuTiTebda, rom mosxebi kolxuri tomi iyo,

xolo, rogorc iTqva, kolxebisa da qaldebis erTianoba

etimologiuradac Cans, qaldea ewoda kidec trapezuntis kolxeTs.

438

amasTanave, sparsTa mxardaWeriT kidev ufro gaZlierda qaldebis

armenizacia, maTi erTi nawili gasomxda, rasac miuTiTebs

`armenoxalibebis~ gaCena mosxebis qveynis gverdiT (pliniusi, VI, 29),

keravnis mTebTan, sakasenebTan, igulisxmeba araqsispireTis

maxlobeli regioni. iberebma, konsolidaciis Semdeg, Cans arian-

qarTlis saxelmwifo Camoayalibes, romelsac araqsTan sparsuli

ervandidebis satrapia esazRvreboda.

iaredosi, azonis mama, `arian qarTls~ marTavda Zv.w. 323 wlamde.

rogorc Cans, iaredosis dros sparselTa satrapi (romeliRac

ervandidi) SeiWra mis samefoSi (e.i. arian-qarTlSi) da Searyia misi

Zalaufleba, Cans amis gamo mefis-Ze azo iZulebuli gaxda ufro

CrdiloeTiT gadasaxlebuliyo Tavis xalxTan erTad da saTave

daedo qarTvelTa axali saxelmwifosaTvis.

ervandidebis samflobelo TandaTanobiT farTovdeboda da

Tavdapirvelad ar moicavda e.w. airaratis olqs, is iqamde

ZiriTadad yofili urartus (qaldevelebis) miwa-wyals ipyrobda.

am ambebis wina saerTo suraTi aseTi unda yofiliyo: unda

vifiqroT, rom urartus samefos damxobis (Zv.w. VII-VI ss.) Semdeg

qaldTa tomebi gaZlierdnen trapezunt-araqsis xeobis Crdilo

regionSi. iq, sadac SemdgomSi cxovrobdnen taoelebi, basianelebi,

gugarqelebi, rogorc Cans, aq qaldevelTa meTaurobiT qarTul

tomebs dauarsebiaT `arian qarTlis samefo~, rogorc Cans, imJamad

airaratis olqic `arian qarTlis~ samefoSi Sedioda, Semdgom ki is

(Semdgomi airaratis olqi) ervandidebis xelSi gadasula. kerZod,

mxolod 323-200 wlebSi ervandidebs ewodaT airaratis mefeebi.

safiqrebelia, rom am dros (Zv.w. 329-323 wlisaTvis) ervandidebma

`arian qarTlis~ mefeebs waarTves provincia airaratis olqi, magram

es iyo mxolod erT-erTi pirveli danaklisi.

strabonis cnobiT, daaxloebiT 212-188 wlebSi armeniis mefeebs

artaqsiasa da zariadras dros armenielebma iberebs waarTves

xorZena, gogarena da pariadre.

anu Zv.w. 329-188 ervandidebma iberebs yofili arian-qarTlis

teritoriis umTavresi nawilebi Camoacales, da faqtiurad bolo

mouRes am samefos.

pariadres mTiswineTis adgilsamyofeli cnobilia, is pontos

zRvispireTSi, trapezuntis samxreT-dasavleTiT mdebareobda.

aseve strabonis cnobiTve cnobilia gogarenas mdebareobac.

439

gogarena `mtkvris iqiT~ mdebareobda, magram mcxeTis iberiis

samefos gareT. amitomac unda vigulisxmoT, rom gogarena

mdebareobda Tanamedrove Saqis olqTan, mtkvris marcxena mxares,

Sesabamisad xorZena mdebareobda pareadres mTiswineTidan

gogarenamde anu mtkvramde.

Tu es ase iyo, maSin xorZena moicavda Tanamedrove somxeTs,

istoriul basians, taosa da arzrumis olqs, es mxareebi rogorc

aRiniSna armenielebs iberebisTvis waurTmeviaT qristeSobamde

daaxloebiT 188 wels.

unda vigulisxmoT `arian qarTlis~ samefo didi danakargebis

miuxedavad mainc arsebobda am dromde.

sabolood, arian-qarTlis miwa-wyalis didi nawili armeniis nawi-

lad iqca _ am danakliss ver urigdebodnen qarTveli mefeebi da am

danaklisis dasabruneblad sakmaod xSirad swored aRniSnul

mxareebSi laSqrobdnen, aq (ufro metad arzrum-trapezuntis

mxareebisaken) ilaSqres farnavazma, mefe mirianma, vaxtang

gorgasalma, xolo qristeSobamde I da Semdgom saukuneebSi I-II

saukuneebSi armenia TviTon imyofeboda iberielTa mcxeTeli

mefeebis xelqveiT.

rac Seexeba ervandidebs, maTi eTnikuri warmomavloba ucnobia.

iranuli enciklopediis Tanaxmad, isini iranuli warmoSobisani

iyvnen da yofili urartus (qaldeas) istoriul miwa-wyals

marTavdnen urartus dacemis axlo periodidan (daaxloebiT Zv.w. 570

wlidan) _ 200 wlamde.

aqemenidebis samefos damxobis Semdeg es provincia gadaeca spars

mxedarTmTavars miTrens da emorCilebodnen selevkidebs, maT aseve

`armeniis~ mmarTvelebsac uwodeben. 323 wlisaTvis aleqsandre

makedonelis gardacvalebis Semdeg es satrapiac daiSala da

ervandma (orontma) Tavisi Tavi mefed gamoacxada _ Camoyalibda

orontidebis anu ervandidebis dinastia.

saxelebis iaredosisa da ervandis msgavseba SeiZleba gvaZlevdes

safuZvels imisa, rom qarTuli wyaroebi am ervands uwodebdnen

iaredoss, xolo mis satrapeas miiCnevdnen `arian qarTlad~.

urartu – qalduelTa qveyana

440

urartu mdebareobda vanis tbidan vidre samxreT kavkasiamde zRvis

donidan 1500-1800 metri simaRlis mTianeTSi. buneba gamoirCeva

mravalgvarovnebiT da kontrastulobiT. am mTianeTSi Sedis

araratis mTac, romelsac adre `kardu~ erqva.

am mTianeTSi iRebs saTaves wina aziis didi mdinareebi: tigrosi,

evfrati, murati da araqsi. aqve mdebareobs sami didi tba: vanisa,

urmiisa da sevanisa.

asuruli saxeli `urartu~ gamoiyeneboda Cvens eramde mecxre

saukunidan da am terminma iarseba asiriis samefos damxobamde.

am sityvis warmomavloba ucnobia.

aseve urartus saxelmwifos erqva biaiani (biainili). esaa

adgilobrivi saxelwodeba am saxelmwifosi.

miiCneva, rom biaini-biainili sityvis etimologia ucnobia.

erTi SexedviTac Cans, rogorc es sityva (biainili), ise, rogorc

sxva mravali urartuli sityva, Tavisi JReradobiT Zalze miagavs

qarTuls, magaliTad biainili, iseve JRers, rogorc yoveldRiurad

saxmari qarTuli sityvebi _ mwvanili, marili, sadili, qadili da

ase Semdgom.

zogierT wreebSi, urartus aseve uwodeben `vanis samefos~,

radganac misi dedaqalaqi mdebareobda vanis tbis piras.

aRsaniSnavia, rom asiriaSi urartus teritoriaze adre mcxovreb

tomTa jgufs erqva _ `nairi~, amitomac urartus `nairis~ qveyanasac

uwodeben. es saxeli gvxvdeba Zv. w. XIII-XI saukuneebSi, zogierTi

mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom sityva `nairi~ iyo xuritebis xalxis saxeli.

Cveni azriT SesaZloa sityva `nairs~ qarTuli sityva `eri~

ukavSirdebodes. xSiri qarTuli SekiTxva `ra nairi kacia?~ unda

niSnavdes `ra eris~ `romeli tomis~ kacia anu `nairi~ albaT niSnavs

xalxs, mosaxleobas, ers.

aseve, urartus uwodeben `araratis qveyanasac~. miaCniaT rom

bibliis teqstebSi Semonaxuli arameuli `rrt~ aRniSnavda urartus.

Cveni azriT sityva `ararati~ axloa qarTul teqstebSi Semonaxul

qveynis saxelTan _ `ariani~. urartus qveyanaSi mravali saxeli `ar~

(er) winsarTiT iwereboda. aseTebia magaliTad erebuni, erikvuxi,

arzaSki, argiSti (aqedan -argiStixinili), uruatri, urmia, urartu

da sxva. aseve, urartus dacemis Semdgom warmoqmnili qalaqebis Tu

mdinareebis saxelebi ararati, aragawi, arvandaSati, arvandakerti,

armaviri, araqsi, arawani, arSami, arSamati da sxva.

441

am areebSi saukuneebis manZilze ganuwyvetliv `ar~ _ prefiqsis

xmareba uflebas gvaZlevs vigulisxmoT, rom swored am mxareebSi

mdebareobda qarTuli `ariani~ da aq iyo qveyana arian-qarTli.

miTumetes, rom urartus saxeli antikur wyaroebSi iyo xaldi

(qaldi). urartus qveyanas Zvel berZnul wyaroebSi erqva `qaldebis

qveyana~. amave dros urartus umTavresi RvTaebis saxeli iyo

`qaldi~. anu rogorc ariani aseve qaldi am miwa-wyalis

terminologia iyo. arian-qaldi da aqedan albaT arian-qarTli. Tu

ase iyo, maSin urartu haiasa-acis qveynis gagrZelebaa.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom urartus Sumerul teqstebSi erqva saxeli

`arata~, ufro sworad rom vTqvaT, arati-arata, saxeli erqva

Sumerebis CrdiloeTiT mdebare mTian mxares, sadac Semdgom

urartus saxelmwifo warmoiqmna.

qalduelebis qveyana, romelsac sxvadasxva saxelebi erqva _

`urartu~, `biaini~, `nairi~, `ararati~, `alarodebis qveyana~, `qaldea~

da `arata~ Tavisi SemadgenlobiTac mravalerovani, mravaltomiani

da mravalnacionaluri qveyana iyo.

bolo dros samecniero literaturaSi urartuelTa saxeliT mxo-

lod erT-erTi adgilobrivi tomi iwodeba, romelmac SeZlo Seeqmna

Tavisi damwerloba da SeZlo Tavisi eniT am damwerlobis gamoyeneba.

miiCneva, rom is iyo xurituli warmoSobisa.

urartus meore Zlieri tomi _ qaldebi

safiqrebelia, rom qaldebis anu urartus qarTvelebis tomi garda

centraluri olqebisa aseve flobda vanis tbis samxreT-

aRmosavleTiT mdebare olq musasirs (mucaciri). mis mTavar qalaqSi,

aseve saxelwodebiT musasirSi, aRmarTuli iyo qveynis yvelaze

mTavari taZari urartus umaRlesi RvTaebisa _ qaldisa. qaldis

xalxs, mis morwmune mimdevrebs Cans qalduelebi erqvaT da is

formirda rogorc eTnosi.

qaldis morwmuneni anu qalduelebi unda yofiliyvnen ara mxolod

qurumebi am mTavari qalaqisa, aramed aRniSnuli olqis ZiriTadi

mosaxleobac (SemdgomSi aqve axlos cxovrobdnen karduxebi.

urartus dasustebis Semdeg, safiqrebelia, rom urartus qaldis

tomma Sida olqebidan gadainacvla ufro dacul CrdiloeTSi,

442

araqsis xeobaSi, iq, fasianebisa da qaldebis saxeliT cnobili

tomebi, SesaZloa qsenofontes epoqaSi konsolidacis procesSi

imyofebodnen, SeZles konsolidireba mimdgom mxareebSi mcxovreb

qarTul tomebTan erTad erT saxelmwifod _ `arian qarTlad~.

saerTod, qarTul tomad miCneuli karduxebisa da qaldebis

saxelebis msgavseba safuZvels iZleba varaudisa, rom karduxebi

urartus qaldebis STamomavloba iyo).

olq musasiris gverdiT mdebareobda xububqias olqi, romlis

mosaxleobasac aseve qarTul samyarosTan akavSireben (m. qurdiani).

urartuSi qaldebis tomis mniSvnelobasa da gavlenas miuTiTebs

faqti imisa, rom am tomis umaRlesi RvTaeba `qaldi~ urartus Rmer-

Tebis panTeonis umaRlesi RvTaeba iyo. saerTod ki unda iTqvas, rom

swored asirielebis mier qaldis mTavari taZris dangrevis Semdgom

urartus mefe rusa I-is dros (daaxloebiT 714 wels qristeSobamde)

daemcro TviTon urartus saxelmwifos siZlierec.

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, Zv. w. XIII saukuneSi asirielebi

moixseniebdnen `nairis mefeebs~ rac miuTiTebs rom im droisaTvis

jer kidev ar iyo Camoyalibebuli urartus saxelmwifo da is

warmoadgenda tomTa kavSirs.

IX saukuneSi, 858 wlebSi moixseneba, rogorc fiqroben, uraratus

pirveli mefe arami. is marTavda 844 wlamde.

mecxre saukuneSi 828-810 wlebSi sarduri I-is mefobis dros

gaZlierebulma urartum SeZlo samxreT kavkasiamde miRweva, am dros

moxda uaratus religiis centralizeba. calkeuli tomebis

RvTaebebi gaaerTianes erTian panTeonSi, romlis TavSic dadga

qaldi. am dros Camoyalibda uaratus lursmuli damwerloba,

urartu kidev ufro gaizarda dasavleTis mimarTulebiT miaRwia

evfratis Sua dinebamde, aseve samxreTiT da amaT xelSi Caigdo

savaWro gzebi mimarTuli asiriidan mcire aziisaken.

argiSti I-dros 760 wlebSi urartum ilaSqra urmiis tbisaken da

aseve samxreT kavkasiaSi, Tanamedrove somxeTis teritoriaze man

aago qalaqi argiStixinili (romlis saxels amJamadac ki, qarTuli

JReradoba aqvs, albaT imis gamo, rom misi sufiqsi _ ili, nili _

qarTuli enis sufiqsebs eTanadeba). aseve man aago qalaqi erebuni,

Tanamedrove erevnis axlos (er-ar prefiqsebi, rogorc vTqviT

eTanadeba qarTuli arianis saxels).

443

urartus saxelmwifos mefeebi flobdnen absolutur Zalauflebas

da cdilobdnen daepyroT mezobeli xalxebi. dapyrobil xalxebs

imonebdnen anda sxva teritoriaze asaxlebdnen.

xalxTa gadasaxlebis Tema imiT aris saintereso, rom antikuri

wyaroebis cnobiT babilonis mefe nabuqodonosors Tavis mier

dapyrobili iberiidan iberi xalxis erTi nawili gadausaxlebia

pontospireTSi, e.i. Zvel samSobloSi. pontospireTis qveS aq

igulisxmeba is qveyana (trapezuntis regionSi), romelsac SemdgomSi

qaldea ewodeboda.

rogorc vTqviT, qaldebi urartus erT-erTi tomi iyo da swored

isini gadausaxlebia nabuqodonosors SavizRvispireTSi, am

mosazrebis gamoTqmis uflebas Cveni azriT iZleva is, rom

aRniSnuli qveyana _ `iberia~, Turme mdebareobda `libiis~ gverdiT.

`libiis~ qveS am wyaroSi unda igulisxmebodes ara afrikis libia,

aramed vanis tbispireTis regionis qveyana `luvia~, romelic

lursmuli damwerlobis epoqaSi, cnobil qveyanas warmoadgenda.

luvia mdebareobda daaxloebiT iq, sadac SemdgomSi mdebareobda

urartus xububqias olqi musasiris olqis maxloblad. rogorc

zemoT aRvniSneT, musasiris olqSi mdebareobda `qaldis~ umTavresi

taZari da Cans, aqve cxovrobdnen qaldebic anu qalduebic. eseni

unda iyvnen igive iberebi, romlebic nabuqodonosors gadausaxlebia

trapezontisaken, romlis olqsac aseve qaldea daerqva. nabuqo-

donosorma Zv.w. VI s-Si sabolood gaanadgura urartus naSTebi.

am ukanasknelTa, anu trapezontis qaldebis iberielobis Sesaxeb

migviTiTebs TviT Semdgom Camoyalibebuli qaldebis anu

trapezuntis imperiis mmarTvelTa titulatura.

trapezontis imperatorebi TavianT Tavs `iberebis avtokrators~

anu iberebis mmarTvels uwodeben. es imas niSnavs saimperatoro

ojaxis TvalsazrisiT maTi imperiis anu qaldeas mosaxleoba iberebi

iyvnen.

identuri magaliTi ganmeorda ramdenime saukunis Semdeg, rodesac

SavizRvispireTSi mdebare samegrelos samTvaros meTaurma levan II

dadianma ruseTis mefis winaSe wargzavnil sabuTebSi Tavis Tavs

ramdenjerme da dabejiTebiT uwoda ara samegrelos mmarTveli,

aramed iverTa xelmwife, Tavis mxriv ruseTis mefeebic samegrelos

am mmarTvels iveriis mefes uwodebdnen, aqedanac Cans, rom

nabuqodonosoris mier pontospireTSi Casaxlebuli iberebi igive

qaldebi arian.

444

rogorc Cans urartus samefos dacemis Semdeg, qaldevelTa anu

iberTa tomi erT-erT dampyrobels pontospireTSi gadausaxlebia.

urartu, rogorc aRvniSneT, warmoadgenda kulturulad da lin-

gvisturad danawevrebul qveyanas, man erTianobis SenarCuneba

mxolod mcire xniT SeZlo. marTalia mas Zlieri mtrebi hyavda,

magram urartus saxelmwifo ufro metad ganadgurda da daiSala

Tavisive tomebis xSiri ajanyebebis gamo.

urartus regionebi xSirad ebrZodnen centralur xelisuflebas.

ver moxerxda urartus tomebis integrireba TavianT

saxelmwifoSi, amitomac isini ZalTa balansis darRvevis dros

advilad eqvemdebarebodnen ufro Zlier centrs.

rogorc iTqva, urartus saxelmwifos saboloo dasusteba

gamoiwvia asirielebis mier urartus religiuri centris musasiris

ganadgurebam.

sargon II-m daangria TviTon qalaqi da RmerT qaldis mTavari

taZari (Cvens eramde 715 wels).

es imdenad mZime dartyma iyo saxelmwifosTvis, rom am ambis

gagebis Semdeg urartus mefe rusa I-ma Tavi moikla, musasirSi

qaldis taZarSi xdeboda urartus mefeTa koronaciac.

musasiris daRupvis Semdeg urartus RmerT xaldis (qaldis)

didebac Seirya.

fiqroben, rom urartus Zlieri dasusteba dakavSirebili iyo misi

religiuri centris da RmerT qaldis dasustebasTan.

amis Semdgom urartus mefeTa Zalauflebac dasustda. eseni iyvnen

rusa I-is Svili argiSti II, rusa II, sarduri III, sarduri IV, erimena,

rusa III da rusa IV iyo urartus bolo mefe.

bolo mefeebis dros urartus dedaqalaqi samxreTidan

gadanacvlebuli iqna CrdiloeTSi.

es qalaqi iyo kavkasiaSi mdebare - TeiSebaini. dedaqalaqis

CrdiloeTSi gadatana miuTiTebs aseve qveynis mosaxleobis nawilis

CrdiloeTSi gadasaxlebas, xalxis samxreTidan CrdiloeTSi

gadasaxlebas miuTiTebs `moqcevai qarTlisaic~.

am cixe-qalaqis babilonelTa anda midielTa mier dangrevis

Semdgom dasrulda urartus istoria, aqedanac Cans, rom qaldebis

nawili urartus qveynidan gadasaxldnen CrdiloeTiT da aseve

SavizRvispireTSi, rom qaldebi urartus mTavari, CrdiloeTSi

gadasaxlebuli erTerTi tomi iyo. qaldebis mmarTveli zedafenis

445

moZraoba samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken, Cans ganuwyveteli iyo

aleqsandre didis epoqamde.

rogorc iTqva, swored msgavs istorias gadmogvcems uZvelesi qar-

Tuli wyaro moqcevai qarTlisa, romelic amtkicebs, rom

Tanamedrove saqarTvelos samxreTiT arsebobda saxelmwifo arian

qarTli, romlis mosaxleobis erTi nawili anu arian-qarTvelni

mefis Ze azonma gadmoasaxla samxreTidan CrdiloeTSi da daasaxla

vrcel teritoriaze, dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi

egriswylidan vidre hereTamde.

urartus saxelmwifos dangrevis epoqaSi misi teritoriis

samxreT-dasavleTiT mcxovrebi armenielTa tomebi gaZlierdnen da

SeZles urartus siRrmeebisaken waweva.

armenielebma, aseve isargebles qristesSobamde VI saukuneSi

gaZlierebuli sparsi mefeebis mxardaWeriT da daikaves qaldebis

miwa-wyali, amis Sesaxeb SesaZlebeli aris informacia movipovoT

qsenofontes naSromebidan, kiropediadan, aseve anabazisidan.

am naSromebSi Cans, rom qaldebis tomi mudam ebrZoda sparselebs,

xolo armenielebi sparselTa momxreebi iyvnen. amis gamo sparselebma

nayofieri miwebidan gandevnes qaldebi da nayofieri miwebi gadasces

somxebs. qaldebi mudam Txoulobdnen saxnav-saTes miwebs, xolo

armenielebs esaWiroebodaT saZovrebi, romlebic unayofo mTa-

gorebSi iyo, sadac qaldebi iyvnen gandevnilebi. kirosma (Semdeg

sparseTis mefem) TiTqos izruna maTTvis da isini droebiT moariga.

aqedan Cans, rom urartus saxelmwifos dacemisTanave wyaroebSi

gamoCenili qaldebis, anu xalibebis tomi iqamde urartuSi

cxovrobda da iq mas mniSvnelovani adgili eWira.

urartus `RmerTi~ qaldi da qarTlis armazi

446

XIX s-is bolosa da XX s-is dasawyisSi gaCnda Tvalsazrisi, rom

mcire aziasa da Savi zRvispireTSi mcxovrebi qaldebi

warmoadgendnen urartus tomTa naSTebs, romelnic TavianT Tavs

saxels uwodebdnen urartus mTavari `RmerTis~ _ qaldis

pativsacemad, amJamad, XX s-is bolosaTvis, es mosazreba mcdarad

iTvleba meSCaninovisa da piotrovskis Sromebze dayrdnobiT. es

mecnierebi n. maris mimdevrebi iyvnen da radganac sabWoTa periodSi

TiTqmis 1951 wlamde maris SexedulebaTa kritika akrZaluli iyo,

sayovelTaod dainerga Tvalsazrisi, rom urartus qaldsa da mcire

aziis qaldebs Soris kavSiri ar arsebobda, rom urartus tomTa

memkvidreebi arian ara qaldi _ qalduelebi (qarTvelebi), aramed

somxebi.

urartus qaldebisa da qarTvelebis memkvidreobiTobis Sesaxeb

miuTiTebda ilia WavWavaZe Tavis `qvaTa RaRadSi~, romelSic

sastikad akritikebda niko mars, Tavis mxriv niko marmac Semdgom

wlebSi Tavis mimdevarTa mTeli skola aRzarda, romelnic

sapirispiros amtkicebdnen.

aRsaniSnavia, rom urartus `RmerTi~ qaldisa da armazis

garegnuli aRwerebi da zogierTi niSanTviseba erTmaneTis msgavsia,

magaliTad: `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad qarTlosis saflavze

aRmarTul armazis kerps, romelic damzadebuli iyo liTonisagan,

ecva jaWvis perangi, Tavze muzaradi exura, xelSi eWira brwyinvale

elvis msgavsi xmali, da TiTqosda es xmali moZraobda kidec,

swored aseTia urartus `RmerT~ qaldis kerpis gamosaxuleba, Cndeba

STabeWdileba, rom msgavsi gamosaxulebisa iyo armazis kerpic.

urartus qaldis kerpi aseve damzadebuli iyo liTonisagan, oqros

(zogjer spilenZisagan) da masac xelSi uWiravs Zalze grZeli

maxvilis msgavsi xmali, romlidanac (am xmlidan) cecxlis patara

enebis saxiT gamoSverili iyvnen patara maxvilebi, rogorc Cans es

oqros maxvili, (romlidanac kidev sxva patara maxvilebi gamodioda)

sinaTleze sxvadasxva kuTxiT elvarebda kidevac da amiT brunva-

trialis STabeWdilebas qmnida, anu es iyo `xmali brwyinvale~ da

miagavda elvis krTomas, gaelvebas, garda amisa mniSvnelovani aris

is, rom urartus qaldis kerps exura muzaradi, Zalze myari da

masiuri, msgavsi imisa rogoric aris dRemde SemorCenili urartus

mefis sardur II-isa.

muzaradi sardurisa, aRmoCnda cixe-qalaq TeiSebainis gaTxrebisas

(kamerblurze) damzadebulia brinjaosagan da masiuria, myaria.

447

rogorc iTqva msgavsi muzaradi exura qaldis kerps, am muzarads

Tan erTvis ukan kisris dasacavi jaWvi, anu mavTulebisagan

moqsovili naWeri _ Cabalaxi. msgavsad aRwers qarTlis cxovrebac

armazis Cafxuts _ `tansa missa ecva jaWvi oqrosi da Tavsa missa

Cabalaxi myari~.

swored myari Cafxut-Cabalaxi aris qaldis kerpis Tavsaburavi

muzaradi. aRsaniSnavia rom qaldis kerps icavda Tor-abjris msgavsi

Cans liTonis firfitebisagan Sekruli naWeri. es unda iyos is rac

qarTlis cxovrebiT ecva armazs, kerZod `jaWvi oqrosi~.

rogorc aRvniSneT armazs xelSi eWira `xmali brwyinvale

viTarca elva~, romelic `iqceoda~ anu moZraobda `xelTa Sina~, anu

armazis kerpis win mdgom adamians eqmneboda STabeWdileba, rom

armazis xmali moZraobda, aRsaniSnavia rom igive STabeWdilebas

tovebda qaldis kerpis gamosaxulebac, kerZod mis elvis msgavs

swor xmals, romlisganac cecxlis enebis msgavsi danebi gamodis,

aseve emateba TviT kerpisganac gamomavali aseve elvis enebis msgavsi

xmlebi, saerTo STabeWdileba mzis sxivebis anareklebis

sxvadasxvagvari gardatexis wyalobiT iseTi iyo, rom TiTqosda

armazis maxvili moZraobda.

gamoTqmulia sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisi armazis kerpTan

dakavSirebiT, rom is iyo an mTvaris `RmerTi~, an da ahuramazda,

magram ahuramazdas ar qonia Tavisi kerpi, mxolod saxeli SeiZleba

iyos aRebuli misi, xolo rac Seexeb TviT armazis kerps, misi

dakavSireba ver moxerxda mcire aziis vercerT sxva kerpTan,

rogorc vTqviT is ufro miagavs urartus mTavar `RmerT~ qalds.

rogorc aRvniSneT qaldebis toms amJamad ar ukavSireben

urartus, magram rogor avxsnaT is faqti rom urartus

dacemisTanave misi teritoriis, rogorc samxreT ise Crdilo

nawilebSi Cndebian tomebi `qald~ saxelis mqoneni, kerZod samxreTSi

`karduxebi~, xolo CrdiloeTSi `xalibebi da qaldebi~? es kiTxva

arsebiTia da mas pasuxi unda gascen urartus mkvlevarebma.

urartus saxelmwifo arsebobda Cvens eramde daaxloebiT 850-580-

ian wlebSi.

Cvens eramde VI saukunis 80-ian wlebSi urartus samefo daeca,

swored amave saukuneSi moixsenebs qsenofonte `xalibebis~ anu

qaldebis toms urartus saxelmwifos teritoriis dasavleT da

Crdilo dasavleT nawilSi, is maT axsenebs sparseTis monarqis

damaarseblis kirosis (Zv. w. 560-529) saxelTan kavSirSi. kerZod,

imJamad midiis sardals kiross mourigebia erTmaneTTan meomari

448

somxebi da qaldebi (xalibebi), iqve aRwerilia rom kirosi

mfarvelobda somxebs da am mfarvelobis ZaliT maT (somxebs) xelSi

CaugdiaT xalibebis saxnav-saTesi miwebi. amis gamo umiwawylod

darCenili xalibebi iZulebuli gamxdaran gaxizuliyvnen

saxnavsaTesad gamousadegar mTebSi, gaRaribebulan da mudam

ebrZodnen somxebs, raTa ukan daebrunebinaT saxnav-saTesi miwebi,

Tavis mxriv somxebs esaWiroebodaT saqonlis gamosakvebad mTiani

adgilebi da ialaRebi, romelnic xalibebis xelSi iyvnen. kiross

gadauwyvetia erTmaneTTan moerigebina isini.

ase aRwers am ambavs qsenofonte kiropediaSi.

miiCneva, rom kiropedia mxatvruli nawarmoebia, magram misi

cnobebi sandoa armeniasTan dakavSirebiT. qsenofonte TviT

imyofeboda iq, Tavisi TvaliT xedavda da pirvel pirTagan esmoda

Zveli ambebi.

qsenofonte Tavis meore Txzuleba anabazisSi aRwers yofili

urartus samxreT-dasavleTSi mcxovreb karduxebs, romelTa saxelic

aseve qaldusTan aris dakavSirebuli, isini cxovrobdnen kerp

qaldis umTavres yofil sataZro qalaq musasirTan (mucacirTan)

axlos.

aRsaniSnavia, rom istoriulad am adgilebSi SemdgomSic

arsebobda kord saxelis mqone provinciebi (kordvaci da sxva).

Tuki urartuSi qald saxelis mqone tomi ar cxovrobda, maSin

rogor aRmoCndnen urartus teritoriaze qald saxelis mqone

aRniSnuli tomebi samefos daSlis­Tanave?

rogorc cnobilia, urartu ar iyo erTi eris saxelmwifo, is iyo

mravalerovani qveyana, amitomac bunebrivia rom urartus mraval

eTnoss Soris erTerTi tomi yofiliyo qaldi.

qarTlis cxovreba ase aRwers armazis kerps: `ixila wmidaman nino,

rameTu dga kaci erTi spilenZisa, da tansa missa ecua jaWvi oqrosi,

da Tavsa missa Cabalaxi myari, da Tualni esxnes zurmuxti da

bivrili, da xelTa misTa aqunda xmali brwyinvale, viTarca elva, da

iqceoda xelTa Sina. ukeTu vinme Seexebin, Tavi Tvisi sikudilad

ganwiris da ityvan: `hoi Cemda, nu ukue da-same-vakle didebasa didisa

amis RmrTisa armazissa, anu Se-same-vsceT sityuad ebraelTa Tana,

gina moguTa Tana smenisa (da romel ityvian ucebni ucxosa visTvisme

RmrTisa), nu ukue poos rame biwi da mces me maxvili igi misi,

romlisagan eSinis yovelsa.

da SiSiT Tayuanis-cemen mas.

449

da kualad iyo marjveniT missa kaci oqrosi da saxeli misi gaci;

da marcxeniT missa udga kaci vecxlisa,

da saxeli mis gaim, romelni-igi RmerTad uCndes ersa mas

qarTlisasa~. (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, t. I. gv. 90).

urartus `RmerTTa~ panTeons meTaurobda sami mTavari `RmerTi~ _

qaldi (urartus mTavari RvTaeba), TeiSeba da Sivini. maT Soris

umTavresi iyo qaldi, romlis saxelzec igeboda urartus mTavari

taZrebis umravlesoba.

TiTqosda misi aRweriloba miagavs imas, rac wminda ninos uTxres

armazis Sesaxeb _ `RmerTi RmerTTa armazs, romel ara ars missa

gareSe sxva kerpi~ (iqve, gv. 89).

rogorc vTqviT urartus sami mTavari `RmerTi~ hyavda, maT Soris

ki umTavresi iyo qaldi, aseve sami mTavari kerpi hyavdaT Zvel

qarTvelebs, armazis kerpis gverdiT idgnen gaci da gaimi.

aRsaniSnavia, aseve sxva msgavsi Tvisebebic urartusa da qarTul

panTeons Soris.

magaliTad, jer kidev wminda ilia marTalma miaqcia yuradReba,

rom qarTvelebi RmerTs evedrebodnen wyalTan dakavSirebuli

sityvebiT. SeTxovdnen wyals, aqedanaa sityvebi _ wyaloba, mowyaleba

da sxva. miiCnevda rom es sityvebi aCvenebs, rom SesaZloa qarTvelebi

odesRac Zalzed cxel qveyanaSi cxovrobdnen, sadac mTavari

saTxovari RvTisadmi wyali iyo. aRsaniSnavia da Zalze

mniSvnelovania urartusTan dakavSirebiT, rom urartus kerpebis

gamosaxulebebzec sakulto sagnad naCvenebia wyliani jami, kerZod

isini (wylis jamiani `RmerTebis~ gamosaxulebebi) aRmoCndnen tuSpis

raionSi arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros mopovebul urartul

sabeWdavebze (Религия Урарту, материал из Википедии).

qaldis gamosaxulebebze, romlebic dRemdea moRweuli, zogjer

qaldi gamoxatuli aris lomze mdgom frTosani mamakacis saxiT, ro-

melsac erT xelSi uWiravs jami, xolo meore xelSi wylis

sasxureblis msgavsi nivTi, dRemde dauzustebelia am jamisa da

nivTis mniSvneloba, Cveni azriT is jamidan wyals asxurebs xalxs

an mlocvels, anu xdeba mlocvelis Sewyaleba. aseTi qmedeba did

wyalobad, rom miiCneoda, es Cans mefe daviT winaswarmetyvelis amave

epoqis locvis sityvebidan uzenaesisadmi _ `masxure me usupiTa~,

qaldsac marjvena xelSi usupi, xolo marcxenaSi wyliani jami unda

Weroda.

450

rogorc aRvniSneT, qaldis mTavari taZari idga qalaq musasirSi,

vanis tbis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT, romelic gvalviani da uwylo

adgilia. am taZarSi urartuelebi qalds saukuneebis manZilze

wiravdnen Sesawir-saganZurs, Cvens eramde 734 wels urartus mefe

rusa II-is dros asirielebma es taZari daangries da misi saganZuri

gaitaces.

asiriis mefe sargon II-s masalebidan Cans, rom is gaocebuli iyo

qaldis saganZuris simdidriT, misma armiam qaldis taZridan daitaca

asi tona spilenZi, 25000 fari, 1,5 aTasi Subi da 300000-ze meti xmali

da xanjali, damzadebuli spilenZisa da brinjaosagan. asirielebs

qalaq musasiridan am dros wauRiaT 2 tona oqro da 10 tona ver-

cxli, romelic maT zodebad CamousxiaT.

qaldis taZris dangrevam bolo mouRo urartus saxelmwifos

Zlierebas, asirielebma icodnen rom urartuelebs Zalasa da

mxneobas aZlevda rwmena qaldis uZlevelobisa da misi iaraRis

Zlierebisa, amitomac maT gadawyvites rom swored qaldis taZari

daengriaT da amiT daemtkicebinaT, rom asirielebis `RmerTis ~

aSurisa da misi iaraRis Zala meti iyo `RmerT~ qaldze, da es

TvalsaCinod daemtkicebinaT urartuelebisaTvis qaldis taZris

dangreviT da `RmerT~ qaldis datyvevebiT. qaldis kerpi maT

wauRiaT, marTalia is Zaladakargulad iTvleboda misi taZris

dangrevis Semdgom, magram mainc, urartuelebs is ukan gamousyidiaT

didi Tanxis safasurad.

aqedan Cans, rom erTmaneTs ebrZoda ori `RmerTi~, qaldi da

aSuri, rom isini erTmaneTis mtrebi iyvnen. aRsaniSnavia, rom aseve

erTmaneTs ebrZodnen qarTlis armazi da iTrujani.

armazis kerpis daqcevis Semdeg rac is mexis dartymiT

ganadgurda, qariSxlisas mis win mdgari qarTlis eri ambobda:

`qaldevelTa RmerTi iTrujan da Cueni ese RmerTi armaz yovladve

mter arian: ama same mas zeda zRua moaqcia, da aq man Suri iZia da

mis mier moiwia ese~ (qarTlis cxovreba, I, 1955, gv. 92). `qarTlis

cxovreba~ asureleba qaldevelebs uwodebda, radganac maTi qveyana

mesopotamiis CrdiloeTiT, SuamdinareTis qaldead wodebul

qveyanaSi mdebareobda.

wminda ninos cxovrebaSi aRwerilia, rom qariSxlis Semdeg

armazis kerpi ukvalod gaqra, is sruliad daimsxvra, mosaxleobas

ukve maSinve hqonda mza-mzareuli pasuxi am movlenis asaxsnelad,

rom qaldevelTa `RmerTma~ iTrujanma Suri iZia da is gaaqro, aseve

451

odesRac, wina saukuneebSi gaqra qaldis RmerTic musasiris

taZridan, roca is daatyveves da asureTSi waiRes, magram is isev

dabrunda Semdgom urartuSi (asurelebisgan gamosyidvis Semdgom), am

ori `RmerTi~-s qaldisa da aSuris (igive iTrujanis) brZolis dros

Tavdapirvelad armazma (qaldma) imarjva, aman `maszeda zRva

moaqcia~, ese igi aSurze wyali miuSva, imdenad mravlad rom is

datbora. wylis marTva rom SeuZlia qalds es iqidan Cans rom

qaldis kerpi ixateboda wylis jamiT xelSi.

Tu qaldi armazia maSin aSuri `qaldevelTa RmerTi iTrujania~.

cnobilia rom arameul warwerebSi sityvebi zogjer ikiTxeboda,

rogorc marcxnidan marjvniv, ise marjvnidan marcxniv. aq erTi

wuTiT warmovidginoT, rom sityva `aSSuri~ dawerilia ase:

`aSSurTi~, `ajurTi~, maSin Tu am sityvas wavikiTxavT marjvnidan

marcxniv miviRebT sityvas `iTruja~. `aSSuri~-`ajurTi~-iTruja igive

iTrujania.

maSasadame, `iTruja~ igivea rac `ajurTi _ aSurTi~, aSSurTi _

aSuri.

Cveni azriT termini iTrujani gamomxatveli iyo asurelTa anu

qaldevelTa mTavari RmerTis aSuris saxelisa, aseTia Cveni savara-

udo hipoTeza (SuamdinareT-asureTs Zvel wyaroebSi qaldeas uwo-

debdnen).

urartuelebis panTeonSi mravali RmerTi iyo (TiTqmis 70-mde), maT

Soris rogorc vTqviT qaldi, TeiSeba da Sivini umTavresi iyvnen,

iTvleba rom am `RmerTebis~ saxelebi dakavSirebuli iyo mTa-bor-

cvebTan, Tu ase iyo SeiZleba qaldis saxeli JRerdes saqarTvelos

mTebis saxelebSic. magaliTad, mTa skaldis saxelSi, romelic

svaneTSia, aseve TeSebas saxeli SeiZleba JRerdes aseve svaneTis

mTis uSbas saxelSi, xolo Sivinis saxeli TuSeT fSavxevsureTSi

mdebare mTa `civi~-s saxelSi, saerTod yvela `RmerTi~-s saxeli

miagavs qarTuls sityvebs da aqvs qarTuli JReradoba, aseTebia

magaliTad: Selardi, xara, airaini, ardini, ebani, babania, arubaini,

xuba, cinvardi da sxva. anu TiTqmis yvela mTavrdeba `i~ asoTi, iseve

rogorc qarTuli sityvebi, da rogorc cnobilia sxva enebs aseTi

Tviseba ar aqvT da sxva TvisebebiTac Cans msgavseba, magaliTad:

gzebis anu Saragzebis `RmerTs~ erqva saxeli xara, SeiZleba

vifiqroT rom mas erqva saxeli `Sara~ da SeiZleba aqedan qarTuli

sityva Saragza.

452

saerTod, rogorc mravalgzis aRiniSna, unda iTqvas, rom urartu

eTnikurad araerTgvarovani qveyana iyo da Sesabamisad iq mravali

tomisa da mravali xalxis ena iyo gavrcelebuli, magram

werilobiTi urartuli ena ekuTvnoda erT-erT urartul toms.

safiqrebelia, rom urartus mmarTveli xalxi iyo qaldebi, xolo

urartus werilobiTi ena erT-erTi kulturosani adgilobrivi tomis

ena iyo. magaliTad, saerTod unda iTqvas, rom wina aziaSi mravali

xalxi xmarobda arameul enas (Tavis werilobiT sabuTebSi), Tumca

arameelebs araferi hqondaT saerTo eTnikurad am xalxebTan,

arameuli mxolod werilobiTi kulturis ena iyo, anu teqnikuri

saSualeba warwerebis gakeTebisas, amitomac ar aris savaldebulo

urartus warwerebis enis mqone tomi rom mmarTveli tomi yofiliyo.

SesaZloa es iyo erTerTi rigiTi tomi, xolo qaldis tomi

umTavresi tomi unda yofiliyo, radganac maTi RmerTi qaldi

urartus uzenaes RvTaebad iqca.

miiCneva rom sityva qaldis etimologia ucnobia, Cven vfiqrobT,

rom qaldi da xuriti etimologiurad identurni arian,

q a l _ d i

x a l _ d i

x u r _ i t i

qarTulSi niSandoblivia gadasvla al _ ur, anu sityvebSi

SesaZlebeli aris al Seicvalos ur-iT, amasTanave aRsaniSnavia isic

rom qarTulSi rogorc `d~ ise `T~, `t~ gamoxatavs mravlobiTobas,

am SemTxvevaSi Tu sityva xuritSi ur-is nacvlad davwerT mis

Semcvlels _ `al~, xolo `t~-s nacvlad `d~, maSin sityva xuritidan

Cven miviRebT sityvas xalidi, aqedan albaT sityva xalibi, romelic

erTerTi cnobili qarTuli tomis saxeli iyo, amitomac sityva

qaldi SeiZleba niSnavdes xurits, xuritebi amave regionSi erTerTi

didi civilizaciis Semqmnelebi iyvnen, Cans urartuelebsac da

qarTvelebsac maTTan aqvT memkvidreobiTi kavSiri. aRsaniSnavia, rom

abraamis epoqaSi SuamdinareTis qaldeas qveyana xuritebiT yofila

dasaxlebuli. es ori saxeli (qaldi da xuriti) erTmaneTTan

kavSirSi unda iyvnen. Tu asea, maSin SuamdinareTis qaldsa da

xalibebis qalds ermaneTTan memkvidreobiTi kavSiri aqvT, SesaZloa

isic, rom xuritebi, anu am SemTxvevaSi qaldebi, urartus erTerTi

tomi iyo.

ymawvilebis msxverplad Sewirva erTnairad yofila qarTlsa da

urartuSi.

453

qarTlis mefe rev marTalma (III s.) Secvala iqamde arsebuli wesi

yrmaTa Sewirvisa _ `aman mefobasa Sina missa arRaravis uteva

qarTlsa Sina yrmaTa klva, romelsa igi amissa uwinares da pirvel

kerpTa mimarT Seswirvides msxverplad yrmaTa, da vidre igi iyo

mefed, arRaravin kvlida yrmaTa kerpTaTvis~ (q. c., I, 1955, gv. 58).

qarTlis msgavsad yrmebs msxverplad wiravdnen urartus kerp

qalds, arqeologiuri kvlevebis Sedegad aRmoCenilia nakvalevi

adamianTa msxverplad Sewirvisa, rusa II-is droindeli erT-erTi

cixe-simagris gaTxrebisas aianisSi, aRmoCnda urartuli lursmuli

dokumenti, romelSic aRwerilia procedura yrmis msxverplad

Sewirvisa `RmerT~ qaldisadmi _ «Обнаружены следы человеческих

жертвоприношении, а при раскопках еще одной крепости периода Русы II,

Аянисе, был обнаружен урартский клинописный документ, описывающий

процедуру жертвоприношения мальчика для бога Халди» (религия Урарту,

Википедия).

maSasadame, qalds iseve wiravdnen yrmebs, rogorc qarTlis

kerpebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTlosTan igive qaldTan armazs

mcxeTaSic akavSirebdnen, radganac es kerpi qarTlosis saflavze

dadges.

maSasadame, msgavseba urartus qaldsa da qarTlis armazs Soris

Semdegia:

1. orives wiravdnen biWebs, yrmebs;

2. qalds xelSi wyliani jami uWiravs da meore xeliT

amwyalobebs anu wyals apkurebs, igive Tviseba, e.i. wylis stiqiasTan

kavSiri hqonda armazsac, radganac man `zRva moaqcia~ anu wyali

mimarTa iTrujanis mimarT, `qaldevelTa RmerTis~ Cans, aSuris

winaaRmdeg. aSuri da qaldi erTmaneTis mtrebi iyvnen.

3. armazica da qaldic umaRles `RvTaebebad~ iTvlebodnen _

`RmerTi RmerTa armaz~, aseve iyo qaldi.

4. armazsa da qalds, orTaves xelSi `brwyinvale xmali~ eWiraT

da sxva garegnuli niSnebic erTmaneTis msgavsi hqonda, CacmulobiT

gansakuTrebiT Cans es.

5. urartusa da qaldSic panTeons marTavda 3 umaRlesi kerpi

`RmerTi~.

6. aSurma qaldis taZari daangria, iTrujanma ki `armazis~ kerpi _

`mis mier moiwia ese~.

454

urartuelebi enis mixedviT enaTesavebodnen xuritebs~ («Урарты по

языку были родственны хурритам» (Ванское Царство,

http://www.bibliotekar.ru).

Cveni azriT, etimologiurad termini `qaldi~ da termini `xuriti~

identurebi arian, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT qarTul gadasvlas al=ur

da d, t, T TanaTanxmovnebs da sityva qaldSi `al~ Seicvleba `ur~-

iT, xolo `d~ Sicvleba identuri `t~-Ti, maSin qaldi aseT saxes

miiRebs `qurti~ anu `xuriti~. qaldevelebis anu qaldebis

memkvidreebi arian qarTvelebi.

Sesabamisad, kidev ufro sakvlevia qarTulisa da urartuli

enebis SesaZlo kavSiri. ramdenime msgavs sityvaTa Soris erT-erTia

urartus mefis cxenis saxeli `arcibini~, romelic iTargmneba

rogorc qarTuli sityva arwivi. Tanxvedra identuria. qaldis

mTavari taZari mdebareobda musasiris anu mucaciris provinciaSi,

sadac Cveni fiqriT imJamad qaldebis sacxovrisi unda yofiliyo, aq

unda iyos SemorCenili msgavsi toponimebi. magaliTad, arcTu Sors

am provinciidan mdebareobda Semdgom aRmocenebuli provincia

sasuni. sityva mucaciri anu `musasiri~ SesaZloa nawarmoebi iyo

qarTuli prefiqsiT `mu~ da sufiqsiT `iri~ mu-sas-iri. aq fuZe-Ziria

_ `sas~. aRsaniSnavia, amasTan kavSirSi, rom sityva sasunis fuZe-Ziri,

aseve `sas~ unda iyos. ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi, rom daviT sasuncis

poemaSi aRmoCenila ramdenime qarTuli sityva, rac SesaZloa

urartus sasunisa da qarTlis yofili enobrivi kavSiris niSani

SesaZloa iyos. saerTod ki, termini `sas~ JRers qarTul sityvaSi

`sasa~ (piris ca, anu xaxis zeda nawili, unda niSnavdes `zeca~-s).

qarTuli sityva `ca~ (zeca) aseve kavSirSi unda iyos `sas~ anu `cac~-

Tan (mucaciri).

erTi sityviT, urartus kulturuli da eTnikuri memkvidre unda

iyos qarTveli xalxi da ar unda gamocxaddes `ZirSive mcdarad~

urartusa da qaldebis tomis kavSiri, rogori Tezac gavrcelebulia

msoflio mediaSi _ «В научной литературе первой половины ХХ века

упоминалось предположение о том, что Халды представляют собой остатки

урартских племен... это предположение оказалось в корне ошибочным» (Халды,

материал из Википедии).

455

qarTvelebi (qalduelebi) urartusa da zRvispireTSi

ilia WavWavaZis mtkiceba qarTvelTa urartudan warmomavlobis

Sesaxeb, mkacrad iqna uaryofili meoce saukuneSi, magram bolo

kvlevebi aCvenebs _ es uaryofa usafuZvlo iyo, arqeologiuri

monapovari da sxva raime samecniero mtkiceba amis safuZvels ar

iZleva.

amJamindeli somexi mecnierebi miuTiTeben: `urartus saxeli

antikur istorikosTa mier marTalia `qaldead~ (xaldead) iwodeba

da urartuelTa umaRles RmerTs qaldi (xaldi) ewodeboda, magram

es aris mxolod fonetikuri Tanxvedra. lingvistur-istoriuli

kvleva-ZiebiT, da aseve Sua saukuneTa somxuri wyaroebis mixedviT,

aseTi Tanxvedra SecdomiTia~ (ix. saiti Armenia.ge, history, Древнее

Армянское Царство Урарту (Араратское царство).

maSasadame, iliasa da aseve mecxramete saukunis istorikosTa

Tvalsazrisi qarTvelebis qaldeasTan kavSiris Sesaxeb uaryofili

iqna Sua saukuneTa somxur wyaroebze apelirebiT, Tumca ki

cnobilia, rom somxur wyaroebs urartuze araviTari cnobebi ar

moepovebaT, urartus istoriis wyarod isini ar gamodgebian.

sinamdvileSi urartu arqeologiurad Seuswavlelia.

1916 wlis i. orbelisa da n. maris arqeologiuri eqspediciis

Semdeg vanis tbis sanapiroebi (sadac iyo centri urartus

saxelmwifosi) arqeologebs arc ki SeuswavliaT, mizezad saxeldeba

aq mcxovrebi qurTebis omi damoukideblobisaTvis.

aqve aRniSnulia, rom faqtiurad Seuswavlelia urartus

werilobiTi wyaroebic.

Sesabamis kvlevaSi aRniSnulia, `marTalia Tanamedrove mecniereba

flobs did cnobebs urartus saxelmwifos Sesaxeb, magram rCeba

mravali gadauwyveteli sakiTxi da dausabuTebeli mosazreba. es

ZiriTadad dakavSirebuli aris arqeologiuri muSaobis arasakmaris

moculobasTan.

urartus werilobiT wyaroebTan erTad SemorCenili aris

urartus Zeglebi da xelovnebis nimuSebi, romelTagan mravali

cudadaa Seswavlili. magram arsebiTia is, rom miuxedavad urartus

ganfenisa did teritoriaze, organizebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebi

iq Catarda mxolod or adgilas _ qalaq vanTan da qalaq erevanTan

(karmir-bluris borcvze da erebunis cixe-simagre arin-berdis

mTaze).

456

ase rom Zvel-somxur saistorio wyaroebs, Tanamedrove

arqeologiasa da lingvistikas ar SeuZlia erTmniSvnelovnad Tqvas,

rom qarTvelebs urartusTan kavSiri ar hqondaT da iq ar

saxlobdnen.

faqtebi imisa, rom urartus saxeli antikur avtorTa cnobebiT

iyo `qaldea~, maTi mTavari RmerTis saxeli `qaldi~, araratis mTis

Zveli saxeli `kardu~ da aseve arqanjelo lambertis mowodebuli

cnoba, rom wmida epifane kidobnis gaCerebis adgils (araratis

mTebs) `arminelTa da qarTvelTa qveynis Suaguls uwodebda~ (a.

lamberti, samegrelos aRwera, 2011, gv. 24) safuZvels gvaZlevs

mosazrebisa, rom swori iyo mecxramete saukunis istoriografia am

sakiTxis Sesaxeb, miTumetes, rom urartu iyo mravalerovnuli

qveyana, dasaxlebuli sxvadasxva tomebiT, romlebic mudam ibrZodnen

qveynis centraluri xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg, damoukideblobis

mosapoveblad.

urartus tomTa Soris erTerTi qaldebis tomi unda yofiliyo.

miTumetes, rom urartus saxelmwifos dacemisTanave asparezze

gamodian qaldebi anu xalibebi mcxovrebi urartus yofili

teritoriis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi, vidre Sav zRvamde.

ismis kiTxva, ratom erqvaT maT saxeli `qaldebi~ (urartus

mTavari RmerTisa da qveynisa) da urartus saxelmwifos

dacemisTanave ratom gamoCndnen asparezze?

lingvisturad, marTalia, mecxramete saukuneSi miiCnevdnen, rom

urartus ena naTesaobiT kavSirSi iyo qarTulTan, somxurTan da

semitur enebTan, magram meoce saukunis dasawyisSi is daukavSires

ramdenime kavkasiur enas.

n. maris, i. meSCaninovis, b. piotrovskis, g. meliqiSvilis, i.

diakonovis ZalisxmeviT gamoqveynda urartus warweraTa korpusi da

maTi Targmanebi. dadginda, rom urartus enas xuritulTan hqonda

kavSiri. Semdeg ki axali hipoteza SeimuSava s. starostinma, rom

urartuli da xurituli enebi enaTesavebian naxur-daRestnur enebs.

aqedan Cans, rom urartuli enis lingvisturi kvleva jerac

burusSia, amasTanave aRiarebulia isic, rom urartus ar aerTianebda

erTi ena da erTi kultura da aRmoCenili warwerebi gakeTebulia

ara zogad urartul enaze, aramed erTerTi tomis enaze.

aqedanac SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom, rogorc iTqva, urartus

tomebis gverdiT cxovrobda sxva tomebic, maT Soris qarTuli anu

qaldus tomi, romelic imiT iyo saxelovani, rom misi mTavari

RmerTi meTaurobda urartus tomTa `RmerTebis~ panTeons.

457

mkvlevari wers: `urartul enas mxolod pirobiTad SeiZleba

ewodos `urartuli~. mas hqonda Zalze gaugebari leqsika, fonetika

da gramatikuli wyoba. lingvistebi mkiTxaoben romel enaTa jgufs

miakuTvnon es ena~ (iqve).

urartus enis raoba daudgenelia. amasTan dakavSirebiT

aRsaniSnavia, rom arameuli ena wina aziis sxvadasxva

saxelmwifoebis, xalxisa da kulturis werilobiT enas

warmoadgenda, magram arcerTi es xalxi ar iyo arameeli. msgavsadve,

SesaZlebelia, rom urartus warwerebis ena iyos ara urartus tomTa,

aramed sagangebod am warwerebisTvis aRebuli romelime sxva ena,

Sesabamisad am eniT urartus tomTa eTnokuTvnilebis dadgena

gaWirdeba.

amiT, rogorc Cans, kargad sargebloben is somexi mecnierebi,

romelnic mTel msoflioSi, da gansakuTrebiT sainterneto sivrceSi,

amkvidreben Tvalsazriss, rom urartu Tavidanve iyo armenielebis

qveyana.

somexma mecnierebma (v. xaCatrianma da sxvebma) wamoayenes

koncefcia, rom meore aTaswleulis xeTur wyaroebSi naxsenebi

qveyana xaiasa (haiasa) iyo qveyana `nairi-urartu~, rom Zv. w. II

aTaswleulis haiasas qveynis sazRvrebi emTxveoda meSvide saukunis

avtoris anania Sirakacis mixedviT Sedgenil somxeTis rukas.

maSasadame, maTi azriT, urartu haiasas anu somxebis saxelmwifo

iyo Tavidanve.

rogorc vTqviT, amis mizezi is aris, rom urartu faqtiurad

arqeologiurad da lingvisturad Seuswavlelia, es iZleva

safuZvels srulebiT sxvadasxva Teoriebisa da koncefciebis

wamoyenebas.

Sesabamisad, tabu unda aexsnas Tanamedrove qarTul

istoriografiaSi damkvidrebul dogmas, rom ar SeiZleba urartus

qarTvelebTan dakavSireba. amisTvis araviTari samecniero safuZveli

ar arsebobs. piriqiT saWiro aris intensiuri kvleva-Zieba am kuTxiT

da axali Teoriebis gamomzeureba.

qaldebis saxeli Cans ismoda ara mxolod urartuSi, aramed

vrcel geografiul sivrceSi urartudan Sav zRvamde araqsisa da

Worox-evfratis saTaveebis CaTvliT. aq saukuneTa maZilze

figurirebda saxelebi _ xalitu, qaldu da xaldi (qaldi)

strabonis cnobiT, troas omis dros troelTa dasaxmareblad

gaeSurnen aliZonebi igive qaldebi.

458

qaldebi strabonis epoqaSi SavizRvispireTSi, istoriul

kolxeTSi, cxovrobdnen. ufro adre ki qsenofontes dros (Zv. w. 401

wlisaTvis) isini aseve evfratis da arawanis xeobebTan cxovrobdnen.

qsenofontis leqsikonSi maT (qald-xalibebs) ewodebaT `homerosis

halibebi, haliZonebi, alibes mkvidrni, strabonis droindeli

qaldebi, Wanuri tomi, romlis kvali Cans mdinare fazisis auzidan

Woroxamde Zv. w. II aTaswleulSi~ (TinaTin giorgobiani, qsenofontis

leqsikoni, Tbilisi 2004, gv. 131).

jer kidev wmida ilia WavWavaZem brZana, rom Zveli qarTvelebi

urartuSi mkvidrobdnen.

urartus `qaldeas~ qveyana erqva da Sesabamisad mis mosaxleobas

ewodeboda `qalduelebi~. ZvelqarTulad qarTvelebs `qarTuelebi~

erqvaT.

aqedan Cans, rom qarTuli tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli vrceli miwa-

wyali vanis tbidan Sav zRvamde.

strabonis cnobiT, troas omis dros troelTa dasaxmareblad

gaeSurnen aliZonebi igive qaldebi.

strabonis epoqaSi qaldebi Savi zRvispireTSi cxovrobdnen. ufro

adre ki qsenofontes dros (Zv. w. 401 wlisaTvis) isini aseve evfratis

da arawanis xeobebTan cxovrobdnen.

ratom exmarebobdnen troel-frigielebs qaldebi?

amis mizezi unda yofiliyo maTi eTnikuri erTgvarovneba.

troelebi, rom frigielebi iyvnen am cnobas Cven gvawvdis

qsenofontis leqsikoni (TinaTin giorgobiani, qsenofontis

leqsikoni, Tbilisi 2004, gv. 131).

frigielebTan mesxebis kavSiris Sesaxeb vinkleris cnobaze

dayrdnobiT miuTiTeben sxvebic (episkoposi anania jafariZe,

qarTvelTa qarTvelTa winaprebis bibliuri istoria, 1994).

Tavis mxriv kolxebisa da mesxebis igiveobis Sesaxeb miuTiTebda

megasTene qristeSobamde VI saukuneSi.

rogorc cnobilia, troelebi gadasaxlebulan italiaSi da ukan

frigielebis saxeliT dabrunebulan mcire azia-kavkasiaSi.

maTi es mogzauroba SeiZleba miviCnioT mesxur-kolxuri anu

qarTuli tomebis migraciad kavkasiidan evropaSi da ukan mcire

aziaSi. kavkasiidan evropisaken gadaadgilebis dros isini

nostratiul anu protoindoevropul enaTa jgufs ganekuTvnebodnen

459

(am jgufs akuTvneben qarTul enasac), xolo ukan dabrunebis dros

indoevropuls anda kvlav nostratiuls.

rogorc cnobilia, xalibebi da qaldebi miiCneva metalurgiiT

saxelganTqmul pelazgur-kolxur tomad.

amave qsenofontis leqsikonSi maT (xalibebs) ewodebaT `homerosis

halibebi, haliZonebi, alibes mkvidrni, strabonis droindeli

qaldebi, Wanuri tomi, romlis kvali Cans mdinare fazisis auzidan

Woroxamde Zv. w. II aTaswleulSi~.

jer kidev wmida ilia WavWavaZem brZana, rom Zveli qarTvelebi

urartuSi mkvidrobdnen.

urartus `qaldeas~ qveyana erqva da Sesabamisad mis mosaxleobas

ewodeboda `qalduelebi~ (ZvelqarTulad qarTvelebs `qarTuelebi~

erqvaT). amJamad es Tvalsazrisi kategoriulad miuReblad iTvleba

somexi mecnierebis aqtiurobis wyalobiT, magram qarTulma

istoriografiam am mimarTulebiT kvleva unda gaagrZelos.

ismis kiTxva, ra SeiZleba yofiliyo mizezi imisa, rom qarTuli

tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli vrceli miwa-wyali vanis tbidan Sav

zRvamde?

niko mari werda, rom iafeturi anu qarTuli modgmis xalxebiT

iyo dasaxlebuli xmelTaSua zRvispireTi qristeSobamde aTaswleu-

lebiT adre. Semdgom isini SeuviwroebiaT sxva xalxebs, mcire azia

ki am modgmiT darCa dasaxlebuli.

`n. maris gamokvlevebis mixedviT mTa ararati (urartuSi)

gviandeli saxelwodebaa, ufro adrindel xanaSi ki am mTis saxeli

iyo `kardu~ (sumeruli nasiri)~ _ werda z. gamsaxurdia

(https://zviadgamsakhurdia.wordpress.com).

samxreT kavkasia da momijnave qveynebi

elinizmis periodSi (lev gumiliovi)

damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebi IV-III ss-Si Cvens eramde

aleqsandre makedonelis mier aqemenidTa damarcxebis Semdeg sam-

xreT kavkasiis qveynebis urTierToba iranTan Sewyda, makedonuri ja-

rebi ar yofilan samxreT kavkasiaSi da araqsis samxreTiT mimdebare

mTianeTamde. adgilobrivma satrapebma da naxevrad damokidebulma

460

mefeebma, romelnic aleqsandres mimarT loialurebi iyvnen, misi

gardacvalebis Semdeg damoukidebloba moipoves.

kolxida _ dasavlur-qarTuli gaerTianeba didi xania

damoukideblad iyo. ukve Cvens eramde VIII saukuneSi man savaraudod

memkvidreobad miiRo taoxebis xurituli saxelmwifos Crdilo

nawili, urartuelebis mier ganadgurebuli, romelic Woroxis

xeobaSi mdebareobda, masSi savaraudod Sedioda, baTumi, kolxidis

Tavdapirveli centri _ wers gumiliovi (Cemi azriT, ki acci-haiasa

da diaoxi (taoxi) imTaviTve iyo qarTuli anu kolxuri).

uZvelesi kolxida, Cans, ganadgurda VIII-VII ss-Si Cvens eramde

kimeriul-skviTuri SemosevebiT.

axali kolxida, romlis centri rionis xeobaSi iyo, SesaZloa, I

aTaswleulis SuaSi Cvens eramde dasaxlebuli iyo megrelebisa da

SesaZloa afxazebis winaprebiT _ ambobs is da ganagrZobs:

aqemenidebis dros me-19 satrapiaSi Sediodnen dasavlur-qarTuli

tomebi (xalibebi anu mosxebi, Cans TurqeTSi amJamad mcxovrebi

Wanebis winaprebi) da zogierTi sxva, romelTa kavSiri sparsul

xelisuflebasTan sakmaod susti iyo (termini `xalibi~, Cans

dakavSirebuli rkinis uZveles saxelTan (xaTuri `xabalki~),

romelsac isini Tavdapirvelad monopoliurad moipovebdnen TavianT

sacxovris teritoriaze, termini `mosxi~ SesaZloa maT mier

frigiuli kulturis miRebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli (frigielebis

erTerTi saxelia _ muSki), isini aseve Cans iwodebodnen ase _

`xalitu~ anu `xaldi~ _ termini, romelic adre arasworad

gadaitanes urartuze).

kolxebi drodadro ugzavnidnen aqemenidebs simbolur xarks _

miwebis saxiT da ugzavnidnen damxmare razmebs, Cans armeniis

gankargulebis qveS.

Tavdapirvelad aqemenidebis me-13 satrapia, armenia, melitinad

iwodeboda.

gumiliovi ganagrZobs: `Crdilo dasavleT armenia~ (urartu) _

Seadgenda me-18 satrapias, romelic, jer kidev ar unda yofiliyo

bolomde armenizebuli enobrivad, mis SemadgenlobaSi somxebTan,

urartuel-alarodebTan, xurit-matienebTan erTad Sediodnen

aRmosavlur qarTuli tomi _ sasperebi (e.i. gumiliovis daskvniT me-

19-e satrapiaSi gasomxdnen sasperebi da urartus sxva tomebi _

alarodebi da matienebi. xolo, XVIII satrapiis xalxebis _

461

sasperebis, alarodebisa da matienebis gasomxebis procesi ukve

dawyebuli iyo).

aqemenidebis dacemis Semdeg erTerTi bolo sparsi satrapis

Svilma miTridat II-m (300-266 Zv.w.), SeZlo me-19 satrapiidan samefos

Seqmna _ mas pontos samefo erqva. misi mosaxleobis nawili

Sedgeboda dasavlur protoqarTuli tomebisgan.

Cans, pontom, Tavis gavlenis qveS kolxidac Seiyvana, Tumca am

samefos siZlieris safuZvels berZnuli (an elinizirebuli) qalaqebi

Seadgendnen (rogorc aRiniSna gumiliovi xalibebs aseve uwodebs

mosxebs da aseve xaldebs (xalitu). misi azriT xalibebi, mosxebi da

xaldebi _ erTi xalxi iyo _ isini me-18 satrapiis ZiriTadi

mosaxleoba iyo, xolo me-19 satrapiis tomebi urartuelebi anu

alarodebi, matienebi anu xuritebi da sasperebi _ im periodSi ukve

armenizaciis procesSi imyofebodnen. gumiliovis azriT _ sasperebi

_ qarTuli tomi iyo.

maSasadame, qarTveli sasperebi _ urartus Zveli xalxi _

gasomxda.

Cveni azriT, terminebi alarodi da xuriti erTmaneTTan etimolo-

giurad unda iyvnen dakavSirebuli, Tuki termin alarodSi bgera `l~

iyo e.w. `rbili l~, romelic gamoiTqmoda rogorc `mokle i~ an h (x),

maSin miiReba: alarodi = aiarodi _ aharodi _ axarodi, axurodi,

axuroti, axuriti, xuriti).

gumiliovi wers: `SesaZloa `arian-qarTli~ _ es aris qarTul

tomTa teritoria, romelic Sedioda erTerT aqemenidur satrapiaSi

da Semdeg selivkidur satrapiaSi, ufro metad me-18-Si, radganac,

cnobilia, rom am satrapias miekuTvneboda protoqarTuli sasperebis

tomi~.

arsebobda legenda, rom iveriaSi azosTan erTad Camovida

gadmosaxlebulTa didi jgufi. maT TavianT warmoSobas

ukavSirebdnen iveriis zeda fenis zogierTi sagvareuloebi. rogorc

Cans am gadmosaxlebulebs miiCnevdnen im qarTvelebad, romlebic

adre cxovrobdnen aqemenidTa teritoriaze _ wers gumiliovi, misi

TvalsazrisiT ufro sando aris meore qarTuli gadmocema, romelic

iveriis samefos fuZemdeblad miiCnevs ara azos, aramed farnavazs,

romelsac kavSiri hqonia selevkidebis samefosTan Cvens eramde III

saukuneSi.

iveriis saxelmwifos dedaqalaq mcxeTaSi napovni Zveli warwerebi

ganekuTvnebian I saukunes da isini Sedgenilia arameul enaze. aseve

462

napovnia I saukunis berZnuli warwera, romelic gaukeTebiaT imasTan

dakavSirebiT, rom iveriis mefis TxovniT romael jariskacebs

monawileoba miuRiaT fortipikaciul samuSaoebSi.

ufro Zveli warwerebi saqarTveloSi mopovebuli ar aris, (magram

albaT aq cdeba gumiliovi, radganac rogorc varaudoben vanis naqa-

laqaris gaTxrebis dros aRmoCenilia Cvens eramde III saukunis

berZnuli da arameuli warwerebi), aRniSnulis gamo I saukuneze

ufro adre, iveriis samefos Sesaxeb wyaroebi ar arsebobs.

sxva viTareba aris somxeTis samefosTan dakavSirebiT,

qsenofontes Tavis kiropediaSi mocemuli aqvs cnoba somxeTis

samefos Sesaxeb, miiCneva, rom qsenofontes kiropedia literaturuli

Txzulebaa, magram mkvlevarTa azriT armeniis Sesaxeb qveTavSi es

Txzuleba (igulisxmeba kiropedia) iZens istoriulobas, radganac

qsenofonte Tavis 10 000 kaciani jariT TviTonve imyofeboda

armeniaSi, kerZod kiropediaSi aRniSnulia, rom Cvens eramde VI

saukuneSi arsebobda armeniis samefo, romelic midias emorCileboda,

aRebuli hqonda valdebuleba gadaexada xarki, daxmareboda jariT

da ar aeSenebina cixe-simagreebi da sxva. ar aris dasaxelebuli

armeniis mefis saxeli, magram ixsenieba misi Svilebis kirosis

megobar tigranisa da sabarisis saxelebi, aRniSnuli aris am samefos

simdidrisa da samxedro Zlierebis Sesaxeb, kirosi im dros yofila

ara mefe, aramed mxolod midiis sardali, man mSvidobiani gziT

daimorCila armenia da amasTanave armenielebs daexmara

daeregulirebina TavianTi urTierToba Crdilo-dasavlel mezobel

xaldebTan _ xalibebTan, SemdgomSi kirosma daamxo midiis samefo

da daafuZna sakuTari samefo, am dros is kvlav eyrdnoboda somxur

jars, romelsac tigrani meTaurobda (esaa gumiliovis azri).

Cveni azriT, qsenofonte imeorebs legendas kirosis Sesaxeb,

romelic misgan daSorebuli iyo TiTqmis saukuniT, amitomac misi

cnoba, rom kirosis dros arsebobda armeniis samefo, mTlad ueWveli

ar aris, magram, mas kargad SeumCnevia is, rac Tavis TvaliT naxa, es

iyo Seuwyveteli brZola armenielebsa da qarTvelTa winapar

qaldebs Soris. mizezi amisa iyo is, rom armenielebi spars-

midielebis mxardaWeriT qaldebs arTmevdnen saukeTeso saxnav-saTes

miwebs, tovebdnen umiwawylod da aZevebdnen TavianTi qveynidan, n.

adoncis kvleviT qarTvelTa miwa-wyali im droisaTvis moicavda

araqsis pirebs da mis gacilebiT samxreTiT mdebare miwa-wyals,

463

romelic Suaze gakveTes armeniulma tomebma, samxreTiT darCnen

karduxebi, xolo CrdiloeTiT qaldebi.

qsenofontes cnobiTac, qaldebic da karduxebic samkvdro-

sasicocxlod ebrZodnen armenielebs, magram marcxdebodnen

uTanasworo omSi, radganac armenielebs exmarebodnen rogorc

sparselebi, ise maTi memkvidre aleqsandres Semdgomi berZnul-

elinisturi saxelmwifoebi. qsenofonte aRwers Tavis anabazisSi

karduxebis, qaldebis da armenielebis urTierTobis Sesaxeb.

gumiliovis azriT kiropediis cnobiT, Cvens eramde VI saukuneSi

somxeTis samefos arsebobis Sesaxeb SeiZleba dadasturebulad

CaiTvalos movses xorenacis msgavsive cnobiT, sadac is ixseniebs

kirosis dros somxebis mefis saxels ervands, romelic midias

ebrZoda. amave dros bibliaSic e.w. Togarmas saxli samefod iwodeba,

Tu es samefo namdvilad arsebobda, is maleve gardaqmnila sparsul

satrapiad, radganac bexistunis warweraSi darios I laparakobs

armeniis Sesaxeb, Tumca ki babilonur teqstSi es armenia jer kidev

urartud iwodeba, cnobilia, aseve dariosis mxedarTmTavarTa

ajanyebis Sesaxeb, romelTaganac erTerTi armenielad ixsenieba.

TiTqosda, herodotes cnobidan gamomdinareobs, rom somxuri iyo

me-13 da me-18 satrapiebi, magram me-18 satrapiis Sesaxeb cnobebi amas

ar miuTiTebs.

qsenofonte, romelmac 401 wels armeniaze gaiara Tavisi 10 000

berZniT, axsenebs armeniis satraps ervand oronts, romelsac colad

hyavda sparseTis mefis qaliSvili da aseve dasavleT armeniis

giparxs tiribazs.

qsenofontedan Cans, rom 401 wlisaTvis armenielebi araqss ar

flobdnen.

zemoT aRniSnul cnobaTa urTierTmsgavsebam (Zv.w. VI saukuneSi

ervands _ armeniis mefed ixseniebs movses xorenaci, xolo 401 wels

qsenofonte aseve ervands uwodebs armeniis satraps), warmoqmna myari

varaudi, rom TiTqosda Zv.w. VI-IV saukuneebSi arsebobda

ervandidebis dinastia, romlebic Tavdapirvelad armeniis mefeebi

iyvnen, Semdgom armeniis satrapebi da Semdgom kvlav armeniis

mefeebad iwodnen.

ervandidebis Sesaxeb cnobebi aseTia:

I. movses xorenaciT Cvens eramde VI s-Si ervandi erqva armeniis

mefes, qsenofontes kiropediis cnobiT ki _ armenias Tavis mefe

hyavda.

464

II. 401 wels anabazisis cnobiT ervandi erqva armeniis satraps.

III. 320-ian wlebSi aleqsandre makedonelis epoqaSi ervandi erqva

dariosis satraps armeniaSi, romelic Semdgom armeniis mefed iwoda.

IV. I saukuneSi ervandi ixsenieba komagenes mefis warwerebSi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom straboni ixsenebs bolo ervands Cvens eramde III

saukuneSi.

Cvens eramde III saukunis armeniis Sesaxeb istoriis wyaroebi

Zalze mwiria.

araqs-axurianis SesarTavSi aaSenes airaratis samefos axali

dedaqalaqi ervandaSati urartus argiStixinilis adgilas da aseve

maxloblad aSenda sxva dasaxlebebi ervandis saxeliT.

Cvens eramde 212 wels antioqos III-m gailaSqra sofenas

dedaqalaqisaken, SeSinebulma sofenas mefem zavi iTxova, mas

antioqosma Tavisi dai SerTo colad da laSqroba gaagrZela

egviptisaken, airaratis samefos bolo mmarTveli ervandi antioqoss

daemorCila.

atropatenas samefos Sesaxeb cnobilia Semdegi: roca aleqsandrem

daamarcxa darios III-is laSqari gavgamelasTan, sparselebis mxares

ibrZoda midiis satrapi atropati (aseve armeniis satrapi ervandi).

damarcxebis Semdgom, dariosis satrapebis umravlesoba mivida

aleqsandresTan, romelTaganac man zogierTi datova Zvel

Tanamdebobaze, aseve datova midiis sardali atropati. aleqsandres

sikvdilis Semdeg man (atropatma) Tavisi Tavi mefed gamoacxada,

Tumca pretenzia ar hqonda mTeli midiis satrapiaze, aramed mxolod

mis Crdilo nawilze. man midias Camoacila Crdilo nawili (urmiis

tbispireTi da mdinare araqsis orive sanapiro), da Seqmna samefo,

romelsac erqva atropatis midia, romelsac Semdgom berZnulad

ewoda atropatena.

222-230 wlebSi atropatenas marTavda artabazani, mas eWira aseve

araqsis Crdilo da samxreT teritoriebi, atropatenas dedaqalaqi

maZaka mdebareobda mdinare araqsze.

berZeni istorikosis polibiosis cnobiT, artabazanis

samflobelo ganfenili iyo kaspiis zRvidan fazisis zemowelamde,

gumiliovi md. fazisad miiCnevs mdinare rions, amitomac mas

polibiosis cnoba sworad ar esmis da miiCnevs, rom artabazanis

samflobelo grZeldeboda kaspiis zRvidan rionis saTavemde, anu mas

hgonia, rom aRmosavleT saqarTvelo artabazans ekuTvnoda, magram

fazisad iwodeboda ara rioni, aramed Woroxi, amitomac artabazanis

465

samflobeloSi Sedioda ara aRmosavleT saqarTvelo, aramed

araqsispireTi vidre Woroxis saTaveebamde.

polibiosis cnobaSi gumiliovs eWvi epareba, radganac fiqrobs,

rom iveria (misi azriT ase erqva aRmosavleT saqarTvelos) ar

ekuTvnoda artabazans, magram polibiosis cnobis kritika saWiro ar

gaxdeba im SemTxvevaSi Tu fazisad miviCnevT mdinare Woroxs.

selevkidebi (antioqia) da atropatena erTmaneTs ecilebodnen

araqsis am miwa-wyals.

aleqsandres Semdeg vercxlis monetebi iWrebodnen mxolod

kolxeTsa da sofenaSi (Cvens eramde III saukuneSi), savaWro gza

gadioda Crdiloevfrat-Woroxis monakveTze, es unda iyos Semdgomi

artaan-artanuj-Woroxis damakavSirebeli gza, romelic artaanidan

uerTdeba, rogorc yarss aseve erzrums.

araqsis xeobisa da misi mTianeTis armenizacia

arian-qarTlis centraluri olqis (Semdgomi airaratis)

armenizacia

l. gumiliovi, rogorc aRiniSna, miiCnevs, rom arian-qarTli

SesaZloa me-18 satrapiaSi mdebareobda da iq (me-18 satrapiaSi)

mcxovrebi tomebi _ alarodebi (urartuelebi), matienebi (xuritebi)

da sasperebi _ armenizaciis procesSi imyofebodnen elinizmis

epoqaSi.

aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom l. gumiliovs me-19 satrapiis tomebi

xalibebi, mosxebi da xaldebi _ erT protoqarTul eTnosad miaCnia.

Cveni azriT qaldebi da kolxebi erTi xalxi iyo, radganac

terminebi `qaldi~ da `kolxi~ erTi etimologiisaa, amasTanave

qaldebisa da kolxebis gansaxlebis arealebi erTmaneTs kveTen

istoriulad. sasperebic, l. gumiliovs iberebad miaCnia, romelmac

armenizacia ganicada XVIII satrapiaSi.

me-18 satrapia ZiriTadad moicavda urartus yofili samefos teri-

torias, vanis tbispireTs, urmiis tbisken da aseve araqsis xeobisken

mimarTul teritoriebs. urartus samefos daSlisTanave mis rogorc

samxreTiT, aseve CrdiloeTiT _ (araqsis xeobasTan) fiqsirdebian

qarTuli tomebi karduxebi da qaldebi (xalibebi).

466

Sesabamisad, Camoyalibda Teoria, rom qaldebica da karduxebic

erTi xalxi iyo,

miiCneoda, rom qaldebi (xaldebi) erTerTi ZiriTadi mmarTveli

tomi iyo urartus samefosi, romlis RmerTic _ qaldu (xaldu)

urartus uzenaes RvTaebad iwodeboda da, rom, saerTod, urartus

unda ewodos qaldus qveyana. am Teoriis safuZvelze XIX s-Si ilia

WavWavaZe miiCnevda kidec, rom urartuelebi qarTvelTa winaprebi

iyvnen.

es Teoria XX saukuneSi ukugdebul iqna da amJamad Secdomad

miiCneva, ZiriTadad es Teoria uaryofil iqna somexi mecnieris

kvlevebis safuZvelze, romelTac SemdgomSi haiasas (da ara qaldus)

qveynad dasaxes urartu.

magram am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc iTqva, pasuxgaucemeli rCeba kiTxva,

Tu ki urartuSi qaldebis tomi ar cxovrobda, misi ngrevisTanave

rogor aRmoCnda rogorc mis CrdiloeTSi, ise samxreTSi tomebi

`qald~ saxelwodebiT (qaldebi da karduxebi)? es kiTxva upasuxoa,

anda politizirebuli.

n. adonci miiCnevda, rogorc aRiniSna, rom urartus mTianeTi

araqsispireTTan erTad qarTuli tomebis sacxovrisi iyo, romelic

SemdegSi Suaze gaikveTa somxuri tomebis mier, amitomac

CrdiloeTSi qaldebi, samxreTSi ki karduxebi aRmoCndnen.

saerTod urartueli alarodebis da sasperebis da matienebis

armenizaciis procesi daiwyo da didxans gagrZelda. axla aris

mcdeloba da uamravi gamokvleva keTdeba imis mtkicebad, rom

matienebi da muSqebic ki, TiTqosda protosomxuri tomebi iyvnen.

axla, es Tvalsazrisi mTlianadaa gaziarebuli.

axla muSqebi protosomxebad, xolo mosxebi _ protoqarTvelebad

miiCneva.

yovel SemTxvevaSi faqtia, rom qarTuli tomebis armenizacia

qristeSobamde saukuneebiT adre daiwyo da SuasaukuneebSic

gagrZelda.

strabonis epoqaSi, araqsi jer kidev iTvleboda sazRvrad

iberebsa da somxebs Soris. aseve, araqsi iTvleboda sazRvrad

iberiasa da bizantias Soris konstantine porfirogenetis epoqaSi. XI

s-Si bizantiam araqsispireTi `iberiis Tems~ miakuTvna.

qristeSobamde III saukune iyo periodi selevkidebis Zlierebisa,

antioqos III-m daimorCila samxreT kavkasiis nawilebzec ki Tavisi

gavlena gaavrcela.

467

mas Semdeg, rac Cvens eramde 190 wels antioqos III romaelebma

daamarcxes magnesiasTan, armeniis aqtiuroba maSinve gaZlierda.

strabonis cnobiT 189 wels armeniam Seqmna sakuTari patara

samefo, romlis mefe iyo artaSes I (iqamde armeniis selevkidis

strategi), misi mama iyo cnobili zariadre. amave dros sofenaSi

aRdga samefo, romelsac sxva zariadre marTavda (aseve yofili

selevkidis strategi), romelic is zariadre unda iyos, romelmac

artaqsiasTan erTad iberebs waarTva vrceli miwa-wyali, pariadres

kalTebidan, xorZenasa da gogarenas CaTvliT.

es miuTiTebs, rom aRniSnuli somxuri samefoebi Camoyalibdnen

iberielTa miwebze.

ufro adrec iberielTa miwebis nawili yofili ervandidebis

samflobeloSi Sedioda.

aRniSnuli artaSesis samefo moicavda araratis dablobs Sua

araqsze, esec erTerTi nawili unda yofiliyo iberebis im miwa-

wylisa, romelic strabonis cnobiT zariadrem da artaqsiam

waarTves iberebs. maSasadame, rogorc Cans, araratis xeoba Sedioda

xorZenas xeobaSi, romelic strabonisave cnobidan gamomdinare

mdebareobda pariadresa da gogarenas Sua, gogarena ki mtkvris iqiT

mdebareobda. maSasadame, xorZena moqceuli iyo pariadresa da

mtkvars Sua. gogarenas adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb straboni Tavisi

Sromis or adgilas iZleva erTsa da imave cnoba, pirvelis mixedviT

gogarena mdebareobda araqsis nayofieri xeobis bolos mdebare

sakasenas iqiT _ mtkvris meore sanapiroze anu mtkvris marcxena

sanapiroze. meore cnobaSic straboni wers, rom gogarena mtkvris

iqiT, anu marcxena sanapiroze mdebareobda. rac Seexeba xorZenas, is

mdebareobda gogarenasa da pariadres Sua, mTian-Tovlian regionSi.

maSasadame, mtkvarsa da pariadres Sua, aqedan Cans, rom xorZena erqva

araqsispira, mis CrdiloeT mTianeTs, mtkvar-araqsis xeobaTa gamyof

mTian zols, gadaSlils pariadredan mtkvramde (da ara klarjeTTan

mdebare mcire teritorias, rogorc amJamad miiCneva). Tu ase iyo,

maSin araqsis xeobis mTianeTi (Crdilo mTianeTi) iberebs mxolod Zv.

w. 188 wels daukargavT.

strabonis cnoba, rom gogarena `mtkvris iqiT~ mdebareobda

amJamad ugulebelyofilia, anda miiCneva, rom aq mtkvris qveS

igulisxmeba misi monakveTi saTavesTan, magram straboni garkveviT

ambobs, rom gogarena `mtkvris iqiT~ mdebareobda.

468

aq mtkvris qveS igulisxmeba ara mtkvris saTave, aramed Semdgomi

xunanis qvemoT mtkvris monakveTi arcaxTan. mtkvris am monakveTis

marcxena sanapiroze mdebareobda gogarena, qarTuli wyaroebi mas (am

regions) hereTs uwodebdnen. maSasadame, pariadredan gogarenamde anu

hereTamde xorZena mdebareobda. Sesabamisad, araqsi (misi nawili)

unda yofiliyo iberebiT dasaxlebuli.

mdinare araqsze artaSess augia Tavisi pirveli dedaqalaqi

artaSati, airaratis samefos ZiriTadi nawili aq mdebareobda, aq

mraval qalaqs erqva zariadres saxeli, anu im piris, romelmac

iberebs xorZena waarTva, pariadresa da gogarenasTan erTad.

artaSes I-ma, zariadres mamam gaafarTova Tavisi samflobelo im

olqebis xarjze, romelnic adre atropatenasa da iverias ekuTvnoda,

gumiliovi wers, rom misi samflobelo gacda im teritorias,

romelzec somxureonovani mosaxleoba cxovrobda.

misi miTiTebiT mokles iveriis mefe, farnavazis memkvidre da

taxtze somexi ufliswuli aiyvanes, Semdgom artaSesma kidev ufro

gaafarTova Tavisi sazRvrebi dasavleTisa da samxreTis mimarTu-

lebiT.

artaSes I-is sikvdilis Semdeg daiwyo parTia-armeniis omebi,

parTiam Tavisi gavlena gaavrcela atropatenasaken, marTalia is iyo

susti samefo, magram SeZlo somxeTTan gamarjveba da mZevlad

waiyvana mefis Ze tigrani.

is maleve gaTavisuflda da qristeSobamde 95 wels tigran II

didis saxeliT avida armeniis taxtze, man somxeTs SeuerTa

atropatenaSi cnobili 70 uxvmosavliani veli (isini albaT araqsis

xeobaSi mdebareobdnen) da Semdgom SeierTa sofena.

tigrani dauzavda miTridates, pontos mefes, SeirTo colad misi

qaliSvili. maT molaparakebis Semdgom Suaze gaiyves kapadokia.

tigranma SeierTa aseve siria da finikia.

kapadokia movses xorenacis cnobiT iberebiT iyo dasaxlebuli,

movses xorenaci wers, rom kapadokiis mTavari qalaqi mazaka

eqvemdebareboda iberebis im mTavars, romelic pontospireTSi

mcxovrebi iberebis mmarTvelad daadgina samxreTis mefem,

Sesabamisad pontospireTi da kapadokiac xorenacis cnobiT iberebiT

iyo dasaxlebuli, Tavis mxriv aq iberebi gadmousaxlebia

nabuqodonosors.

armeniis gaZliereba tigran II-is dros gumiliovis azriT

gamouwvevia im faqts, rom romi da pirTia samoqalaqo omis

469

qarcecxlSi iyo gaxveuli, am omebis damTavrebisTanave tigranis

samefos stabiluroba Seirya, tigranis samefo iyo aramdgradi,

aramyari, droebiTi da SemTxveviTi politikuri movlena, tigranis

armenias Zala ar Seswevda dapyrobili xalxis damorCilebisa,

Sesabamisad, Cans man gadawyvita saxelmwifos Semosavlis mTavar

wyarod eqcia savaWro-saxelosno centrebis, qalaqebis gamravleba.

tigranma daafuZna axali dedaqalaqi tigranakerti, alzis olqSi.

es olqi alzi istoriulad muSqebiT iyo dasaxlebuli da Zveli

mesxebis sacxovrebels warmoadgenda, amitomac erTerTi antikuri

cnobis Tanaxmad, tigranma Tavis qalaqi daafuZna iberiasa da zevgmas

Soris, Cans mesxebiT dasaxlebuli alzis olqi da mis CrdiloeTiT

mdebare teritoriebi iberebis miwa-wylad miiCneoda, es ar aris

gasakviri, radganac rogorc aRiniSna, mTeli es ariali vanis

tbispireTidan da karduxebidan trapezuntamde da qaldebamde

iberebis _ qarTvelebis istoriul miwa-wylad miiCneoda, romelic

Suaze gakveTes armeniulma tomebma.

romaelebTan daamarcxebuli miTridate gaiqca tigranTan, mas

daedevna romaeli sardali lukuli da miadga tigranakerts, tigra-

nakertis mosaxleoba ajanyda somxebis winaaRmdeg, romaelebs darCaT

qalaqi da samefo saganZuri.

armeniam dakarga siria, finikia da mcire aziis nawili, magram Zv.w.

68 wels lukuli damarcxda artaSatTan araqsze, xolo miTridate

pontoSi dabrunda.

Zv.w. 68 wels pompeusma miTridate daamarcxa da tigrani dauzavda

romaelebs.

artaSatidan pompeusi gaemarTa iveriisaken, viTarca tigranis

mokavSirisaken da Semdgom is gumiliovis azriT, iveriidan

fazisisken ukan dabrunda suramis uReltexilis gziT, Cveni azriT

pompeusi ukan dabrunda artaan-artanuj-Woroxis samdinaro gziT,

romlis SesarTavTanac (amJamindel goniosTan) mdebareobda qalaqi

fazisi, fazisTan pompeuss eloda romauli floti, aqedanve da amave

gziT pompeusi advilad Sevida ukan somxeTSi da samxreTis gavliT

gaemarTa albaneTSi, sadac uwylo baskanis udabnoSi kaspiis

zRvasTan axlos daamarcxa albaneli jari.

iberia da albaneTi romaelTa mokavSireebad iqcnen. romTan

megobrobam orive es saxelmwifo gaaZliera.

470

pompeusma kolxida gamoyo pontosgan da iq dasva vinme aristarxi,

romlis monetebic moRweulia, amasTanave pontos nawili da mcire

armenia gadasca galatis (kelt) belads deiotars.

Cvens eramde 55-34 wlebSi armenia da parTia SekavSirdnen romis

jaris marcxis gamo, armenia kvlav gafarTovda dasavleTis

mimarTulebiT, Cvens eramde 36-34 wlebSi romisa da parTiis omi

gadaizarda armeniasTan omSi, roms esaWiroeboda mezobeli

saxelmwifoebis daxmareba.

armeniisTvis ibrZoda antoniusi kleopatras daxmarebiT, qalaqi

artaSati daangries, mefeebis Secvlis Semdeg (artaSesi, tigran III,

tigran IV, erato) tiberiusma armenia gadasca pontoel ufliswuls

da Semdeg Sepirdnen iveriel ufliswuls.

armeniisTvis ibrZodnen romaelebi, parTelebi da iberielebi,

sabolood am asparezze gaimarjva iberiam. iberielma mefeebma

miTridate I-ma da farsman I-ma TavianTi Svilebi armeniis mefeebad

dasves.

armeniisTvis iberielebis gamarjveba parTelebTan da romaelebTan

asparezisas miuTiTebs, rom eTnikuri iberielebiT jer kidev iyo

dasaxlebuli armeniis vrceli olqebi, araqsis xeobasa,

egreTwodebul dasavleT armeniasa da sxva miwa-wyalze yofil

pariadresa, xorZenasa da gogarenaSi, am faqtoris gareSe patara

iveria ver SeZlebda win aRdgomoda romisa da parTiis imperiebis

Zalebs.

Cans armeniaSi mcxobreb iberebs usargebliaT xelsayreli

momentiT, roca armenielTa ZiriTadi Zalebi damarcxebuli iyo

romaelebisa da parTelebis mier, ajanyebulan armenielTa batonobis

winaaRmdeg da armeniis samarTavad mouwveviaT mcxeTis iberiis mefe

da ufliswulebi, mxolod am mosazrebiT Tu SeiZleba aixsnas

mcxeTis iveriis patara saxelmwifos gamarjveba im asparezze,

romelic gaimarTa armeniis dasaufleblad romaelebisa da

parTelebis saukeTeso mxedarTmTavrebis meTaurobiT da ara imiT

TiTqosda iberebs exmarebodnen albanebi da sarmatebi, rogorc

miiCnevs gumiliovi, misi azriT albaneTic iberiis gavlenis qveS

Sedioda.

armeniaSi iberebis hegemonoba miuRebeli aRmoCnda romisaTvis,

romelic TiTqmis erTi saukune ibrZoda armeniisTvis (korbulonis

dros artaSatic ki gadawva). 64 wels (axali welTaRricxviT)

randeeSi, mdinare arawanze daido samSvidobo xelSekruleba romsa

471

da armeniaSive moZiebul im Zalas Soris, romelic misaRebi aRmoCnda

romisaTvis, Trdati Caiyvanes romSi, uboZes `damoukidebeli mefis~

tituli neronis xeliT. neronma mas didi Tanxa uboZa dangreuli

artaSatis aRsadgenad. ase, rom iberiuli miwebi araqssa, pariadresa,

xorZenasa da gogarenaSi iberiuli saxelmwifosaTvis daikarga. iq

mcxovreb iberebs meorejer, mxolod arabobis epoqaSi (IX-X

saukuneebSi) miecaT TavianTi erovnulobis (identobis) aRorZinebis

saSualeba, aq kidev erTxel Camoyalibda qarTuli samefo (taos

samefo), romlis sazRvrebma kvlav vanis tbamde miaRwia.

aqauri iberielebis armenizaciis naSTi aRmoCenila TviT somxur

enaSi.

gumiliovis mtkicebiT somexi xalxi da misi sazogadoeba

warmoadgenda gagrZelebas xuriti urartuelebisa, magaliTad

somxurSi `monas~ aRniSnavdnen xuritul-urartuli sityviT glaxa

(sinamdvileSi gumiliovi imeorebs niko maris azrs, rom somxursa da

dabali fenis qarTulSi sityva `glaxaki~ TiTqosda aRniSnavda

Zveli kolxebis STamomavlobas, Tu es asea, maSin gumiliovs miaCnia,

rom qaldebi da kolxebi xurito-urartuelebi iyvnen).

somxurSi sxva qarTulenovani terminebicaa SemorCenili.

gumiliovs miaCnia, rom atropatenaSi, armeniasa da iveriaSi

Camoyalibda saerTo saxalxo koine enebi _ saSualo midiuri,

somxuri da qarTuli. dasavleT saqarTveloSi gumiliovis mtkicebiT

koine ar iyo, amiT is imeorebs sabWoTa istoriografiis mtkicebas,

rom TiTqosda qarTuli ena dasavleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelda

qarTizaciis procesis Sedegad IX-X saukuneebSi, maSin roca Zveli

qarTuli istoriografiis Tanaxmad, azo-farnavazis dros dasavleT

saqarTvelo Sedioda maT mier dafuZnebul qarTlis samefoSi,

romlis sazRvari gadioda mdinare egriswyalze, Sesabamisad

dasavleT saqarTvelo azo-farnavazis droidanve qarTul

saxelmwifoebriv da kulturul sferoSi Sedioda, sadac farnavazma

`ganavrco ena qarTuli da ar izraxeboda aq sxva ena Tvinier

qarTulisa~. maSasadame, dasavleT saqarTvelo qarTuli koine enis

sferoSi Sedioda. es iyo ena, romelic jer kidev Zvel iveriaSi

(yofil arian-qarTlis samefoSi) iyo SemuSavebuli, razec miuTiTebs

ara marto arsen beris cnoba, rom `Cven arian-qarTvelTa ena vuwyiT~,

aramed is faqtic, rom miuxedavad armeniis saxelmwifoSi taos,

basianisa da mimdebare mxareebis mravalsaukunovani yofnisa, IX-X

saukuneebSic ki adgilobrivi mosaxleoba SesaniSnavad metyvelebda

472

koine qarTuli anu Zveli qarTuli eniT, rasac miuTiTebs aTonis

mTaze am mxareebidan gamosuli berebis mier dafuZnebuli

saliteraturo skolac, aseve am mxareSi arsebuli qarTuli

saepiskoposoebis saeklesio qarTuli ena (maT Soris yvelaze

samxreTiT valaSkertis saepiskoposo mdebareobda airaratis olqTan

da araqsTan).

10.02.2014

473

Tavi XVII

etimologiuri Zieba

xeTebis qalaqi arina, nairi da arian-qarTli

Cven gamoTqmuli gvaqvs mosazreba rom arian-qarTlis saxeli unda

JRerdes Tanamedrove saqarTvelos samxreTiT mdebare regionis iseT

toponimebSi rogoric aris arzena, arzni, arzrumi, karini, kari, da

sxva. maT saxelebs SeiZleba albaT daematos erzinjani, anu

arzinjani, artaani, arTvini, artanuji da msgavsi saxelebi, romelTa

fuZeebSi JRers `ar~.

aRniSnul regionSi `ar~ fuZis mqone saxelebs axseneben somexi

istorikosebi, romlebic aRweren me-10-11 saukuneebis ambebs. es aris

arce _ arwni. is iyo didi qalaqi Tanamedrove arzumTan axlos,

romelic Turq-selCukebs gaunadgurebiaT. rogorc iTqva,

konstantine porfirogeneti artanujis mxareebsac arzenis qveyanas

uwodebda. es saxeli SeiZleba momdinareobdes sityva arianisagan.

sagangebodaa aRsaniSnavi, rom aRniSnuli regionis maxloblad

Zvel xanaSi mdebareobda xeTebis qveyana, romlis qalaqi arina

warmoadgenda xeTebis mzis RmerTis sakulto centrs. arinas mzis

qalRmerTi Weqa-quxilis RmerTTan erTad warmoadgenda xeTebis

panTeonis meTaurs. amitom sityva arina saxelovani saxeli iyo

xeTur samyaroSi (i. tatiSvili, ramdeni mze hyavdaT xeTebs,

aRmosavlur-kavkasiuri krebuli, 2001, gv. 109-120).

asuruli wyaroebi vanis tbis sartyelSi md. boxTansus regionis

momcvel qveyanas nairis qveyanas uwodebdnen. Zv.w. aRricxvis me-9

saukunidan asuruli wyaroebi nairis uwodebdnen xubuSqiis samefos.

amave regionSi mdebare, asurul provinciasac nairis uwodebdnen (g.

meliqiSvili, nairi-urartu, I tomi. 1954, gv. 17-19).

aRniSnulidan Cans, rom qristesSobamde saxeli nairi - arina -

arian ewodeboda vrcel teritorias tao-basianidan vidre vanis

tbamde.

474

vanis tbasTan mdebare nairis siaxloves SemdgomSi cxovrobda

karduxebis qarTuli tomi. cnobilia, rom aqve cxovrobdnen

aRmosavleTis muSqebi. dasavleTis muSqebi ki cxovrobdnen mdinare

yizilirmakis Sua welis qvemoT. miiCneva, rom mesx-iberebi anu

mosxebi arian muSqebis memkvidreebi. am ukanasknelT ki aigivebdnen

frigielebTan.

eTnonimi `qarTveli~ g. meliqiSvilis TvalsazrisiT aRniSnavs

cixe-simagris mobinadres, aseve qalaqis cixe-simagris aRmniSvneli

aris frigielTa dedaqalaqis `gordionis~ saxelwodeba. aRsaniSnavia,

rom frigielTa saxelmwifos damaarsebels gordiasi erqva.

frigielTa memkvidreebad igulisxmebian ara mxolod muSqebi, aramed

zogadad iberebi:

`qarTvelur samyarosTan frigielTa mimarTebasTan dakavSirebiT

yuradRebas ipyrobs Sida anatoliaSi (iazilikiaSi) napovni

qalRmerT kibelasadmi miZRvnili Zvel frigiul areiastis warweraSi

(Zv.w. me-VI saukunis I naxevari) moxseniebuli eTnonimi `vrekun~,

romelic gaigivebulia erTerTi frigiuli tomis brekunebis anu

brigebis saxelwodebasTan. herodotes cnobiT, brigi iyo

frigielebis aRmniSvneli termini, vidre maT ar miatoves balkaneTi,

mcire aziaSi gadmosaxlebamde. eTnonimi vrekun avlens msgavsebas

qarTvelTa aRmniSvnel somxur eTnonimTan virk, vrkan, vrasti-sTan.

termini vrkan gvxvdeba me-X saukunis somex istorikosTan

uxtanesTan, aseve me-V saukunis wyaroSi - lazar farpecis somxeTis

istoriasa da movses xorenacis naSromSi, igive datvirTva aqvs

termin vrois~ (g. qavTaraZe, anatoliuri warmomavlobis 2

amierkavkasiuri eTnonimi, kavkasiur-axloaRmosavluri krebuli 2001,

gv. 57).

aRsaniSnavia, rom termini vrkan moxsenierebuli aris aseve

epistoleTa wignSi.

maSasadame, ivaraudeba, rom frigiel tom brigebisagan warmoiSvnen

iberebi, igive vrkan-vracebi, aseve eTnonimebi egri, egriseli,

margveli, gurieli da sxva msgavsi qarTuli satomo saxelebi

frigiul `brig~-Tan, aseve gordion, gordiasTan `gr~, `rg~ fuZiT

dakavSirebulni (i-brig, ibrg, iber; ibrg, irg, arg, egr, gur).

aseve sagulisxmoa, rom Zveli saeklesio avtorebi qarTvelebs,

somxebsa da sxva kavkasiur toms erT winapars _ Targamoss

uZebnidnen da miiCnevdnen, rom Targamosis mama TarSi Trakiul-

elinur eTnarq iavanis Ze iyo iafetur xalxTa rigidan. anu Zvel

475

qarTvelTa warmodgeniT qarTvelebi iafeturi (e.i. indoevropuli)

xalxi iyo Trakiul-balkanuri wridan.

`iafetis Zeni-gomeri, magogi, madai, iavani, Tubali, meSeqi da

Tirasi... iavanis Zeni-eliSa, TarSiSi, qiTami da dodanimi~ (dabadeba, 1

0,1-3).

`ese Targamos iyo Ze TarSisi, Ziswuli iafeTisi, Zisa noesi~

(qarTlis cxovreba, I, 1955, gv. 3).

e.i. genealogia ase warmoidgineba:

noe-iavani-TarSi (TarSiSi) _ Targamosi.

iavani-Trakiul-elinur eTnarqad iTvleboda, xolo misi Ze

Targamosi-kavkasielTa eTnarqad.

es uCvenebs, rom Zvel saqarTveloSi kavkasielebsa da balkanur

tomebs erTi warmoSobis xalxebad miiCnevdnen.

Zveli qarTveli saeklesio avtorebi qarTvelebs indoevropelebad

miiCnevdnen, kerZod ki iafetis STamomavlebad, iafetma ki yvela

indoevropels daudo safuZveli.

am mosazrebiT qarTvelebi arian indoevropelebi da araferi

uSlis xels isini frigielTa pirdapir STamomavlebad miviCnioT,

iseve, rogorc somxebi da albaT sxva Zveli mcireaziuli tomebic.

marTalia, amJamad gabatonebulia dogma rom qarTvelebi ar arian

indevropelebi, magram axalma midgomam SeiZleba mas safuZveli

gamoacalos kidec.

rogorc Cans, qarTvelTa eTnosis CamoyalibebaSi brigebis, frigi-

el-musqebis garda monawileoba miiRo aseve balkanuri gziT

Semosulma sxva tomebmac. SesaZloa galatebmac, romelnic Tavis

mxriv kelt-iberiul samyarosTan unda yofiliyvnen dakavSirebuli.

safiqrebelia, rom galatebis Semosvla mcire aziaSi moxda Zv. w.

III saukunemdec, maT mcire aziaSi kontaqti hqondaT im frigielebTan,

romelnic qarTvelTa ZiriTadi maformirebeli eTnosi iyo. am

mosazrebis gamoTqmis uflebas iZleva is, rom qarTlis cxovrebiT

saxelmwifos xerxemals warmoadgendnen `makedonelebi~, isini mefe

farnavazma md. egriswylidan albaneTamde mTel Tavis saxelmwifoSi

Tanabrad Caasaxla, viTarca samxedro elitaruli zeda fena, maTgan

`aznaurebi~ anu zedafena warmoSobila.

amave Tvalsazrisisaa `moqcevaY qarTlisaYc~, am wyaros

Tanaxmadac arian-qarTlis mefis Ze azoni Tavis aseulobiT aTass

mxedars (saxelmwifos fuZemdebeli zeda fenis saxiT) anawilebs md.

egriswylidan vidre albaneTamde.

476

arsen bers, XII s-is moRvawes, miaCnia, rom qarTveli xalxis,

viTarca erTiani eTnosis, formireba moxda jer kidev arian-qarTlSi.

`Cven Svilni varT arian-qarTliT gamosulTani da ena maTi vuwyiT~ -

werda is. arsen beris, da Cans Zvel qarTvel saeklesio pirTa azriT,

qarTveloba iyo STamomavali `arian-qarTlidan gamosulebisa~, arian-

qarTlSi cxovrobdnen qarTvelebi, romelTa uSualo STamomavlebic

iyvnen XII s-is qarTvelebi, amasTanave maT erTi enac hqoniaT.

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ genealogiiT qarTvelebi indoevropelebia,

radganac iafetis STamomavalia. qarTlos-egrosis mama Targamosi

iafetisagan momdinareobas. e.i. saeklesio Tavalsazrisi qarTvelebs

iafetisagan warmoSobil indoevropelTa jgufs akuTvnebda.

n. adoncis mixedviT somexi xalxis (armenielebis) formirebaSi

monawileoba miuRiaT qarTvelebsa da semitur armas toms.

g. qavTaraZe wers: `somxuri enis monacemebi miuTiTeben somexTa

bevrad ufro adreul kontaqtebze qarTvelurenovan samyarosTan,

rasac savaraudod anatoliaSi hqonda adgili~ (g. qavTaraZe,

anatoliuri warmomavlobis 2 amierkavkasiuri eTnonimi, kavkasiur-

axloaRmosavluri krebuli 2001, gv. 56).

am teritoriis qveS unda igulisxmebodes is miwa-wyali, romelic

Zv.w. II saukuneSi somxeTma miitaca iberiisagan, kerZod strabonis

cnobiT, pariadres kalTebi, pariadres mTis gayolebaze mdebare

miwebi, agreTve xolarZena da gogarena (straboni, 11, 14, 5).

balkanur Trakiul modgmis frigielebis viTarca qarTvelebis

(mesxebis) winaprebad miCneva ar ewinaaRmdegeba Zveli qarTveli

saeklesio istorikosebis mosazrebebs qarTvelTa warmoSobis

Sesaxeb.

g. meliqiSvils muSqebis uZveles pirvel sacxovrisad mcire aziis

Crdilo aRmosavleTi teritoria miaCnia, rogorc Cans aqve

Camoyalibda arian-qarTlis samefo, ufro adre qristeSobamde

meTormete saukuneSi muSqebis erTi nawili (aRmosavleTis muSqebi)

Crdilo mesopotamiisken gaiWrnen. ufro gvian ki muSqebis meore

nawilma (dasavleTis muSqebma) mcire aziis centralur da dasavleT

raionebze gaavrceles TavianTi Zalaufleba. asirelebi maT samefos

muSqebis qveynis saxeliT icnobdnen. antikuri periodis wyaroebi ki

frigias eZaxdnen, qristeSobamde 676 wels kimerielTa da

urartuelTa erToblivi Semotevebis Sedegad muSqebis samefo

ganadgurda amis Semdeg muSqebis erTma nawilma wamoiwia Crdilo-

aRmosavleTisaken, da igi gviandeli mesxeTis teritoriaze

477

damkvidrda (g. meliqiSvili saqarTveloSi klasobrivi sazogadoebisa

da saxelmwifos warmoqmnis sakiTxisaTvis 1953 w., gv. 84).

Zveli frigiidan CrdiloeTSi wamoweul mesxebs qristeSobamde VI-

IV saukuneSi unda Seeqmna arian qarTvelTa saxelmwifo. evfratisa

da Woroxis saTaveebTan. aq Semdgom droindel tao-basiansa, karinsa

da vanandSi, rogorc Cans, xdeboda mesopotamiidan CrdiloeTisaken

daZruli muSqebis _ karduxebis SeRwevac. arian-qarTlis samefodan

kidev ufro CrdiloeTiT gadanacvlebul arian qarTvelebs

Tanamedrove saqarTvelos teritoriaze SeutaniaT armazis kerpi.

hekatos mileteli kolxebs da mesxebs erT xalxad miiCnevda. T.

miqelaZe mesxebs kolxur xalxad miiCnevs (T. ivelaSvili, samxreT

saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, kavkasiur-axlo aRmosavluri krebuli 2001

w., gv. 192).

rogorc Cans, arian qarTlSi jer kidev ar iyo dasrulebuli fuZe

qarTulis diferenciaciis procesi. amiT unda avxsnaT iqaur

toponimikaSi zanurad miCneuli enobrivi fenis arseboba. n. xazaraZe

miiCnevs, rom argonavtebis Tqmulebis kolxeTi saZiebelia ara

rionis dablobSi, aramed saqarTvelos samxreT dasavleTiT. aseTi

lokalizacia eTanxmeba mosazrebas romlis mixedviTac friqses mier

agebuli taZari da samisno, straboniseuli levkoTeas, taZari

mdebarebda qarTlSi (mesxeTSi). (n. xazaraZe saqarTvelos Zveli

istoriis eTno-politikuri problemebi 1984 w. gv. 189).

arian qarTli mdebareobda, rogorc Cans, evfratis saTaveebTan da

mis aRmosavleTiT vidre tigrosis sanapiromde. aq varaudobs n.

xazaraZe mosxebis miwa-wylis arsebobas, xolo ufro adre

qristeSobamde me-12 saukuneSi muSqebis olqis arsebobas. misi azriT

arian qarTli igive zemo qarTlia, mis mefeTa, anu azos

mamapapiseuli adgilsamyofeli klarjeTia (iqve gv. 194) araqsidan

arsianis mTebamde.

daskvna: herodotes cnobiT mosxebi, tibarenebi, makronebi,

mosinikebi da marebi gaerTianebuli iyvnen aqemenidTa imperiis 19-e

satrapiaSi, 18-Si ki saspeirebi, aralodielebi da matienebi, xolo

rac Seexeba armenielebs isini Sediodnen 13-e satrapiaSi.

XVIII da XIX satrapiebi (aRniSnuli qarTuli tomebiT)

Semdegdroindel arian-qarTls moicavda, xolo XIII satrapia sul

sxvagan mdebareobda, samxreT-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT.

478

aqedan Cans, rom CvenTvis saintereso teritoriaze, araqsispireTSi,

herodotes cnobiT, aqemenidaTa epoqaSi armenielebi jer kidev ar

saxlobdnen.

omis dros qarTuli tomebi erTad ibZrodnen sparsul laSqarSi

da maT gverdiT ar Candnen armenielebi, Tumca rogorc Cans

qristeSobamde 5-e saukuneSi maT (armenielebs) samxreTidan

CrdiloeTiT gadaunacvlebiaT da miuRweviaT aRniSnul qarTul

tomebamde. amave dros aq mimdinareobda qarTuli tomebis

konsolidacia xalibebis saerTo meTaurobiT, armenielebs

xalibebisaTvis saukeTeso saxnavi miwebi da savargulebi

waurTmeviaT, da uvargis miwebze gadasaxlebul xalibebs

partizanuli omebi dauwyiaT armenielTa winaaRmdeg, rac

qsenofontes naSromebSi Cans.

amave epoqaSive me-18 da me-19 satrapiebis qarTul tomTa Serwyma-

gaerTianebis procesic mimdinareobda da mas aCqarebda samxreTidan

sxva qarTuli tomebis am satrapiebSi SeRwevis procesi.

sabolood, am satrapiebis qarTul tomTa Serwymis Sedegad iq

arian-qarTlis saxelmwifo Camoyalibebula, Tumca armenielebis

Seteva grZeldeboda da qarTuli mosaxleobis zeda fena ufro

CrdiloeTiT, Tanamedrove saqarTvelos teritoriaze inacvlebda.

sabolood ki, qristeSobamde II saukuneSi armenias

iberielebisaTvis CamouWria vrceli teritoriebi _ pariadres

kalTebi, xorZena da gogarena.

ariani-arzeni

sityva lazika, Cans, sufiqs `ikas~ darTviT isevea nawarmoebi, ro-

gorc misi axlo provinciebis saxelebi, magaliTad, korCaika (kordu-

ena), parsfaika (nor-Sirvani), alznika (arzanena), utiki (otena),

gugarqi, cofki (sofena) da sxva. rogorc cnobilia sufiqsi `ika~

araaa berZnuli warmomavlobisa. berZnebi lazikas ufro `lazivs~,

`lazons~, `lazias~ uwodebdnen.

saxelwodebaSi `lazika~ fuZe `laz~ romaa, iqidanac Cans, rom

misganaa nawarmoebi sityvebi lazeTi da lazistani.

sityvebSi korCaika, parsfaika, alznika, lazika somxuri sufiqsebi

_ `k~, `ka~, `ika~ igivea, rac qarTuli `eTi~, imave paraleluri

mniSvnelobis somxuri sufiqsi `ena~ gvxvdeba sityvebSi `korduena~,

`arzanena~, `otena~, `gogarena~, `sofena~ da `arzena~. es sufiqsebi am

479

miwawyalze armenielebis dasaxlebamde mcxovrebi mosaxleobis

enidan unda Sesuliyo somxurSi.

vanis tbis dasavleTiT, evfratis Senakad aracanTan axlos,

mdebareobda olqi alzniki, anu rac igivea _ arzanena.

orive saxelwodebis fuZea `alzni~ (arzni), xolo `ik~ (k) da `ena~

ki _ sufiqsebi. esaa yofili olqis `alzis~ (alzis samefos)

Semdegdroindeli saxeli.

arzni anu arzena, konstanine porfirogenetis TqmiT, erqva aseve

artanujis olqsac (qarTvelTa samefoSi), amasTanave, karinis, anu

Teodosiopolis saxelic arzen-er-rumi (arzrumi) _ arzen-Tanaa

dakavSirebuli.

`arzen~ saxeli, Cveni azriT, dakavSirebulia im mosxebTan,

romlebic alzis samefos mkvidri mosaxleoba gamxdara

qristeSobamde XII saukuneSi. am mxriv mniSvnelovania strabonis

cnoba da aseve vrceli msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, rom xalibebis

(qaldebis) Zveli saxelwodeba aseve iyo `alazonebi~ an `alizonebi~

(alaZonebi, aliZonebi). es saxelwodebebi nawarmoebia fuZisagan _

alz-alZ.

es fuZe `alZ-alz~ unda iyos igive `arZ-arz~, romelic SeiZleba

`gurZ-gurz~ saxelSic JRerdes, radganac swored ase uwodebdnen

alzis samefos mezoblad mcxovrebi sirielebi qarTvelebs.

md. aracanis saxeli, p. ingoroyvas azriT, JRerda rogorc arawani,

SesaZloa is JRerda, rogorc `arazani~, anu `alazani~ (qarTuli

sufiqsi `ani~, `oni~).

arezi erqva aseve araqssac.

SeiZleba Tavisi Tavdapirveli qveynis saxelebi mesxebma da

qaldebma `alznis~ qveynidan ufro CrdiloeTSi gansaxlebis dros

miitanes.

mesxebi, anu iberebi, Zveli avtorebis cnobiT, TavianTi qveynidan

mefe nabuqodonosors gadausaxlebia pontos zRvis piras. aq isini

gamravlebulan da `modebian vrcel areals pontos zRvispireTidan

vidre albaneTamde~ (m. xorenacis da sxva avtorTa cnobiT).

safiqrebelia, rom `alzidan~ pontos zRvis pirze gadasaxlebulma

mesxebma (mosxebma _ kolxurma tomma megasTenes cnobiT) Tan waiRes

Tavisi qveynis saxeli `alz~ da daumkvidres SavizRvispireTis im

sanapiro qveynebs, sadac gansaxlda _ magaliTad, alz-ika, alz-ena

(arzena-artanuji) da arzen-er-rum (arzena _ karini).

480

`alz-iki~ unda iyos, safuZveli misgan nawarmoebi saxelisa

`lazika~ (alzika-lazika), ramdenime Tanxmovnis gadaadgilebiT

sityvis fuZeSi.

straboni, rogorc iTqva SavizRvispireTSi mcxovreb `qaldebs~

aseve uwodebs `alazonebs~, sityva `lazonisagan~ warmoebul saxels.

Tavis mxriv `lazonis~ fuZea `lazi~ (lazi-lazoni-alazoni).

strabonma gamowvlilviT gamoikvlia Tu ratom ewodeboda mis dros

Zvel alibebs xalibebi da Semdeg qaldebi, maTve aseve erqvaT

`alazonebi~ da maTive tomis qalebis saxeli iyo `amazonebi~. sonari

bgerebis `n~-sa da `m~-s urTierTgadasvla bunebrivia, amitomac

sityva `alazonisagan~ sityva `amazonis~ miReba advili SesaZlebelia.

strabonis mier wamoWril am sakiTxs sxvagan SevexeT, amitom aq ar

gavimeorebT.

erTi sityviT, `alz-laz~ (`arz-arZ~) erqva samxreTiT mdebare erT-

erT qarTul qveyanas, romlis saxeli ganivrco SavizRvispireTsa da

mis maRla mdebare mTian regionebSi.

arian-qarTlis adgilebi _ kari, karini, arwni, arzrumi,

artaani, artanuji, arzene da xorZene

kar, arw, arz, art _ Zirebi da fuZeebia im vrceli qveynis

toponimebisa, romelsac, rogorc Cans arian-qarTli erqva, am fuZeebs

etimologiuri kavSiri aqvs qveynis saxelTan `xorZene~, es sityva

SesaZloa iyos berZnuli forma qarTuli xarZ, arZ, arzene sityvisa.

aRsaniSnavia, rom konstantine porfirogenetis sityviT artanujis

qveyanas arzene erqva.

xorZene _ evfratis zemowels moicavda. `s. janaSias

gansazRvrebiT istoriuli xotene _ xorZene Seicavda zemo evfratis

auzSi gumuSxanas Temis aRmosavleT nawils da baiburdis Tems

(miaxloebiT). am Zveli xorZenes memkvidrea somxeTis dasavluri Temi

_ xorZiana (xorZianena). (s. janaSia, Sromebi, II, gv. 93). Cveni kvleviT

ki xorZene ufro vrcel olqs erqva _ pariadredan gogarenamde. es

ukanaskneli ki, strabonis cnobiT, sakasenas iqiT, mtkvris marcxena

sanapiroze mdebareobda. maSasadame, xorZena pariadredan vidre

mtkvramde iyo gadaWimuli.

481

dasavleT evfratis zemowelSivea karinis olqi. misi mTavari

qalaqebi iyo karini (Teodosiopoli, arzrumi) da arwni, sofeli

arnaTi da sxv. `karinis gavari Tavisi momijnave teritoriiT did

somxeTs pirvelad SeuerTa artaSes I-ma (189-160). karinis saxeli

dakavSirebulia iqamde maRalmTian somxeTSi damkvidrebul

karinitebad wodebul tomis saxelTan~ (iqve, lastiverteci, istoria,

1974, gv. 163).

rogorc vTqviT, karinis, arzrumis, xorZenes, arznis da msgavsi

`ar~ fuZis mqone saxelebis siuxve aRniSnul regionSi, iZleva

saSualebas mosazrebisa, rom xorZenes regionsac moicavda arian-

qarTli.

karinitebis tomis saxeli, romelic iberiuli warmoSobisa Cans,

Seicavs fuZe-Zirs `kar~ _ aqedan karian _ da SesaZloa `arian~.

karinitebis toms miucia saxeli vanandis gavaris qalaq

karisaTvis. CvenTvis isini istoriuli saqarTvelos provinciebia,

romelnic Tavisi iberiuli mosaxleobiT miitaca somxeTma, roca

strabonis cnobiT miitaca xorZene, gogarenasTan da pariadresTan

erTad. isini unda yofiliyvnen nawilebi arian-qarTlisa.

konstantine porfirogenetis sityviT, `arzena~ erqva artanujis

qveyanas. sxva adgilas es imperatori azustebs romelia artanujis

mflobelis qveynebi _ `iberiis kurapalats, konstantine

porfirogenetis cnobiT, eqvemdebareba oTxi erisTavi: veriasaxis,

karnatais, yuelisa da aWaris~. samwuxarod, wers s. yauxCiSvili,

pirveli ori adgilis mdebareobis dadgena ar xerxdeba, imdenad

damaxinjebulia maTi saxelebi (veriasaxi da karnatai), rom

SeuZlebeli xdeba maTi miaxloebiT mainc mimsgavseba romelime

cnobil sageografio saxelTan~ (georgika, IV, naw. II, 1952, gv. 294).

sityva `veriasaxi~ SeiZleba daiSalos ase _ veria, veriasi,

veriasaxi. aq, SeiZleba saxeli _ `veria~, iveria gamoiyos (aqedan

`veriisa~, iveriisa, xolo `xi~ albaT sufiqsia), iveria konstantine

porfirogenetis epoqaSi taos olqs erqva. amitom SesaZloa veriasaxi

taos olqis romelime nawils gulisxmobdes.

sityva karnaiti axloa sityvasTan `kareniti~, romeloc erT-erT

toms erqva karnuqalaqTan (TeodosiopolTan).

marTalia, cnobilia, rom Teodosiopols ar flobda kurapalati,

magram misi olqis romelime nawilSi SesaZloa kurapalats Tvisi

saerisTao hqonda.

482

Teodosiopolss Semdeg ewoda arzrumi _ am saxelSi Cven gvaqvs

fuZiseuli nawili _ `arz~ _ igive, rac artanujis qveynis saxelisa

_ arzeni.

ufro metic, s. yauxCiSvilis cnobiT, saxeli arzrumis mTavari

fuZea `arzen~, swored es saxeli erqva konstantine porfirogenetis

sityviT artanujis qveyanasac _ `arzena~.

s. yauxCiSvilis wers _ `Teodosiupoli daaarsa Teodosi II-m (408-

450ww) mTaze qalaq karinis zemoT, mere mas uwodes arzen-er-rum

(romaelTa arzeni), gansasxvaveblad Zveli arzenisagan, romelic mis

aRmosavleTiT iyo (georgika, IV, II naw. gv. 262).

maSasadame, iyo ori arzeni _ Zveli da axali. Zveli arzeni

karinis aRmosavleTiT yofila.

provincia `arzanenas~ strabonic axsenebs. is iyo evfratis

saTaveSi vanis tbis dasavleTiT, iq, sadac ufro adre iyo qveyana

`alzi~ da alzis samefo (alzi igive arzia. `ena~ aris sufiqsi).

riTaa saintereso es sityva `arz~-`alz~ CvenTvis?

Cveni azriT, `alz~ fuZedanaa sityvebi `alzena~, anu `alzika~,

`alzika~ ki, Cans, daedo safuZvlad misgan warmoSobil `lazika~

sityvas.

unda iTqvas, rom alzis samefo _ muSqebis sacxovrisi iyo, igive

mosxebisa, mosxebi ki kolxuri tomi iyo. lazebad iwodebodnen

arzrumelebic.

aRiniSneba, rom Алдзник-Арзанена erTsa da imave provincias erqva,

Cans, somxurad “ик” da “ена” _ erTi da igives aRmniSvneli sufiqsia,

e.i. alzika arzena=lazika.

arian-qarTlis etimologia

ras niSnavs sityva `arian-qarTli~, saerTod `ariani~, anda sad

mdebareobda qveyana am saxelwodebiT?

Cven SeiZleba gamoTqvaT ramdenime mosazreba.

vanis tbasTan mdebareobda qveyana `alzi~, Supriis CrdiloeTiT,

mdinare tigrosis saTaveebTan. am mdinares erTvis Senakadi

`kentriti~ marjvena mxridan (urmiis tbis samxreTiT), sadac

483

cxovrobdnen karduxebi, igive gordienebi. am mdinare kentritze

ufro adre mdebareobda muSq-mesxebis qveyana xubuSqia.

miiCneva, rom yvela es qveynebi qarTvelTa winapari tomebiT iyo

dasaxlebuli, iseve, rogorc kabadokia.

sainteresoa sityva `alzis~ etimologiuri variaciebi.

alzisagan SeiZleba pirdapir migveRo:

alzi _ arzi _ arZi _ ari _ arian;

alzi _ arz _ arzenena,

maSasadame, alzi Cven gvaZlevs `arian~-s da aseve arzenenas.

aseve alzi pirdapir gvaZlevs sityvas - `arzena~.

arzena, konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT, erqva artanujis

(klarjeTis) mxares.

`alzi~ qveynidan CrdiloeTiT odnav wanacvlebuli `alz~ tomis

xalxis qveyana SesaZloa iwoda `arzenad~.

aseve safiqrebelia, rom sityva `alzi~ gvaZlevs sityvas _ `laz~

anu lazikas.

Tu ki gaviTvaliswinebT konstantinopolis sapatriarqos XI

saukunis lazikis saepiskoposoTa CamonaTvals, yvela isini

mdebareobdnen trapezuntidan vanis tbis mimarTulebiT, anu iq sadac

mdebareobda regioni `arzena~. am olqs konstantinopolis eklesia

`lazikas~ uwodebda, is trapezuntidan istoriul `alz~ qveynisaken

iyo gadaSlili.

erTi mxriv alzi Cven gvaZlevs ariansa da arzenens, aseve,

lazikas, meore mxriv alzi gvaZlevs `urZ~-s albaT SesaZloa aqedan

`gurZ~ - `gurz~ (siriuli saxeli qarTvelTa).

alzi _ alZi _ arZi _ arzenena _ arzena

arZi _ ari _ arian

arZena _ areana _ ariana

_ rZ (rb, rj) bgeraTkompleqsi zogjer iyofa da fuZeebSi mis

nacvlad Cndeba - `r~ an `Z~ (`z~, `j~).

rz _> r. anda rz _> z.

amitom sityva `arziana~dan _ SeiZleba miviRoT sityva `ariana~.

karduxebis qveynis meore saxeli iyo - gordiene

g o r d

k a r d u

q a r T u

gord _ gordi-ene

kardu _ kardu-xi

484

qarTu _ qarTu-eli

mu S en

mu S qi

mu s xi sx

mo s xi sg

ba s xi sk

ba s gi Sk

me s xi

mu sk i

mu Sk i

mu-Su-an, muSqi _> svani.

aRsaniSnavia, rom `art~-`urt~ _ iyo saxeli xalxisa, romelic

cxovrobda alzis qveyanaSi, anu igive muSqebi=gordienas xalxi.

ingoroyva wers _ `zanur (megrul-Wanur) dialeqtebSi bgera `r~

gadadis bgeraSi `j~ (Tavdapirvelad rTuli bgera: `rj~) _ p.

ingoroyva, g. merCule, gv. 437).

safiqrebelia, rom ara bgera `r~ gadadis `j~-Si, aramed Cans

protoqarTulSi arsebobda rTuli bgeraTkompleqsi `rj~, romelic

iSleboda ase _ `r~ da `j~ ; misgan nawarmoeb sityvebSi xan erTi `r~

bgera Canda, xan meore _ `j~;

rj_> r anda rj_> j

magaliTad: xorji - xori-(xari)

xoji

furji - furi

fuji

klarji - klari

klaji (klazi-lazi)

gurji - guri

guji- (quji)

alz-alZ-arZ-arj fuZeebSi `rj~ _ p. ingoroyvas azriT, aris

`Tavdapirveli rTuli bgera~. es Tavdapirveli rTuli bgera `rj~

iSleboda calkeul or `r~ da `j~ bgerebad, romelTac asaxva ipoves

dialeqtebSi, magaliTad, xari Tavdapirvelad gamoiTqmoda rogorc

`xorji~. am Tavdapirveli sityvidan miRebuli iqna saliteraturo

qarTulis xori (xari) da megrul-Wanuris `xoji~ (niSnavs xars),

Tavdapirveli formidan furji, furi da fuji (p. ingoroyva, gv. 437).

xorji-xori-xoji, furji-furi, fuji. arji-ari, aji

485

msgavsadve alZena-arZenadan _ arena (rZ-r) _ `arena~ SeiZleba

miRebuli iyos arian-qarTli, anu alzis qveyana da aseve alZika anu

laZika-lazika. aqedan SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom sityva `arianis~

(`arian-qarTlis~) Tavdapirveli forma iyo arjiani-arZiani-arziani

(arzian-qarTli).

486

I daskvna

avani da `iverTa aRmosavalis sakaTalikoso~avani da

`iverTa aRmosavalis sakaTalikoso~

wmida kirion II werda: `iveriis (qarTlis) uZvelesi samefos garda

(romlis dedaqalaqebic mcxeTa da Tbilisi iyo), arsebobda aseve

meore iveriac, romelic ufro mogvianebiT VII-VIII saukuneebSi

gamoCnda~ (episkoposi kirioni, romel iverias mieniWa avtokefalia XI

saukuneSi? 1906, g. burduli, kirion II, 2011, gv. 53).

sad mdebareobda meore iveria?

kirion meorem gamoikvlia es sakiTxi da daadgina, rom is

mdebareobda taos samxreTiT, vanis tbis mimarTulebiT. `meore

iveriis~ vrceli qveyanis dapyrobis Semdeg, kirion II-is kvleviT,

bizantiam mis miwawyalze cnobili `iveriis Temi~ Camoayaliba XI s-

Si, iqamde mis marTlmadidebel (qalkedonur) eklesias avtokefalia

moupovebia antioqiisagan. antioqiis sapatriarqo Tavis iurisdiqcias

arzrumamde (Teodosiopolamde) da mcxeTis iveriamde da afxazeTis

samefomde (abazgiamde) avrcelebda. meore anu samxreTis iveria

iqamde mis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda.

kirioni wers: `ase rom, XI saukuneSi, meore avtokefalia, romelic

bevrs aRelvebda, mianiWes ara mcxeTis iveriis kaTedras, aramed tao-

klarjel bagrationTa iverias, romlis didi nawili SemdgomSi

iveriis Temad gardaiqmna. iveriis Tems qaldiis Temis dacemis Semdeg

bizantiis imperiis cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili eWira~ (iqve, gv,

56).

maSasadame, mcxeTis iveriis garda arsebobda sxva, meore anu

samxreTis iveria, romelsac sakuTari avtokefaluri eklesia gaaCnda.

ganvixiloT Cveni mosazrebani samxreTis anu meore iveriis

eklesiis warmoqmnis, misi mrevlis vinaobisa, am eklesiis

iurisdiqciis sazRvrebisa da misi Semdgomi bedis Sesaxeb.

meore iveriiis eklesia Tavis iuridiqcias im miwawyalze

axorcielebda, romelic amJamad Crdilo armeniadaa cnobili.

iveriis TemSi Sedioda taos, anisis, arzrumisa da yarsis sanaxebi,

basiani da ufro samxreTiT mdebare miwebi.

487

daviT kurapalatis samefos teritoria Semdgom iveriis TemSi

aRmoCnda, qarTvelTa es samefo ki vanistbispireTidan taomde iyo

gadaSlili da Tavisi mravalricxovani mosaxleobiTa da simdidriT

iyo saxelganTqmuli. is meore iveriis ZiriTadi nawili iyo.

XIX saukuneSi q. patkanovis saistorio skolam wamoayena Teoria,

romelic XX s-Si sabWoTa kavSirSi saistorio dogmad gadaiqca,

TiTqosda samxreT iveriis anu e.w. Crdilo somxeTis mosaxleoba

eTnikuri somxebi iyvnen, romlebic IX-X ss-Si gaqalkedonitdnen da

amis Sedegad `gaqarTveldnen~, TiTqosda isini iyvnen ara qarTvelebi

aramed somexi-qalkedonitebi.

es Teoria amJamadac gavrcelebulia TviT saqarTvelos saistorio

da filologiur wreebSi da aRiarebulia ucxoeTSic. magaliTad,

`pravoslavnaia enciklopedias~ mtkicebiT oSki, bana, xaxuli, oTxTa

eklesia da sxa mravali TiTqosda somxuri eklesiebia, maSin roca am

eklesiaTa `qvebic ki RaRadeben~ TavianT qarTulobas TavianTi

uricxvi qarTuli warwerebiT.

amJamadac gaugebrobas badebs erTmaneTis gamomricxavi cnobebi

saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, saeklesio

samarTlis iseTi cnobili mkvlevari, rogoricaa v. cipini miiCnevs,

rom saqarTvelos eklesiam antioqiisagan avtokefalia VIII saukuneSi

miiRo. aseve cnobili istorikosi b. lominaZe miiCnevda, rom

saqarTvelos eklesiam avtokefalia samjer moipova V, VIII da XI ss-

Si, jer vaxtang gorgaslis dros, Semdeg Teofilaqte antioqiis

patriarqis dros (VIII s.) da aseve XI s-Si (balsamonis cnobis

Sesabamisad).

amJamad oficialurad miiCneva, rom balsamonis cnoba aRwers V s-

Si antioqieli patriarqis petres (romelsac petros mkawvralad

icnoben Zveli wyaroebi) mier qarTuli eklesiisaTvis avtokefaliis

miniWebas, magram maSin ra unda vuyoT efrem mciresa da nikon

SavmTelis antioqiur qronografze damyarebul im wyaroebs

romelnic qarTuli eklesiis mier avtokefaliis miRebas VIII s-Si

miuTiTeben? es dilema Tavis dros SesaniSnavad axsna kirion

kaTalikosma, magram is daviwyebuli iqna. kirionis gamokvleviT VIII

s-Si avtokefalia mianiWes ara mcxeTis iveriis eklesias, aramed

`meore iveriis~ eklesias, rogorc aRvniSneT.

samwuxarod, CvenSi daviwyebulia ara mxolod TiTqmis Cveni Ta-

namedrove kirionis naazrevi, aramed TviT strabonis cnobebi

488

samxreT iveriis Sesaxeb, romelic, Cveni kvleviT, iyo zemoT

aRniSnuli meore iveria.

strabonis am cnobidan ki kargad Cans Tu sad mdebareobda meore

iveria, vin iyo misi mosaxleoba, da rogor aRmoCnda meore iveriis

qarTveloba armeniis saxelmwifos sazRvrebs SigniT.

strabonis es daviwyebuli cnoba kargad xsnis eTnikur erovnulad

vin iyo Crdilo armeniis anu rac igivea samxreT iveriis mosaxleoba.

straboni wers: `mogviTxroben, rom warsulSi armeniis patara

qveyana gafarTovda artaqsiasa da zariadrias omebis Sedegad. isini

iyvnen antioq didis mxedarTmTavrebi, misi damarcxebis Semdeg ki

mefeebi gaxdnen. maT erTad gaafarToves TavianTi samflobelo,

CamoaWres ra irgvliv mcxovreb xalxebs olqebi, kerZod...

iberebisagan miitaces pariadres mTiswineTi, xorZene da gogarene,

romelic kiris meore mxaresaa, xalibebs da mosinikebs CamoaWres

kareniti da qserqsene, mcire armeniis mosazRvre nawilebi~

(straboni, geografia, XI, 14, 5).

maSasadame, strabonis cnobiT, qristeSobamde II saukuneSi iberebs

armeniis saxelmwifom CamoarTva is miwawyali, romelsac samxreTis

anu meore iberia ewodeba _ esenia pariadres kalTebi, xorZene da

gogarene (mtkvris meore mxares), maT garda aseve xalibebisa da

mosinikebis miwebi _ kareniti (arzrumis regioni) da qserqsene. ase

rom samxreTis iberia vrclad gadaSlili qveyana iyo qaldea-

WaneTidan mtkvramde da TiTqmis vanis tbamde.

armenielTagan am miwebis mitacebis Semdeg mkvidri iberiuli

mosaxleoba didxans inarCunebda saojaxo sferoSi qarTulenovnebasa

da qarTul identobas, magram is iZulebuli iyo armeniul

sazogadoebriv asparezs Serwymoda, Tumca, xelsayrel politikur

momentSi Tavis iberielobas srul upiratesobas aniWebda.

eklesiurad Crdilo armeniis iberiuli mosaxleoba yovel xelsay-

rel momentSi emijneboda somxur eklesias.

erTi aseTi momenti armeniis iberiuli mosaxleobisaTvis damdgara

VII s-is dasawyisSi, roca avanis sakaTalikoso dvins gamoeyo.

VI s-is bolos (VII s-is dasawyisSi) avanis sakaTalikoso

sarwmunoebrivi niSniT gamoeyo dvinis sakaTalikosos.

is Tavis iurisdiqcias ZiriTadad avrcelebda qarTvelebiT

dasaxlebul miwa wyalze, tao-basianze da agreTve gugarqad

489

wodebul teritoriaze, romelic somxuri geografiis mixedviT

Woroxamde vrceldeboda.

es olqebi, zemoT aRniSnuli meore iveriis teritoria, istoriuli

xorZena, marTalia qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, magram saukuneTa

manZilze somxeTis mier iyo mitacebuli da somxeTis SemadgenlobaSi

Sedioda, ZiriTadad ase iyo VI-VII saukuneebSic, avanis

sakaTalikosos arsebobisas.

iqauri qarTveloba somxuri kulturisa da eklesiis gavlenis qveS

moeqca, Tumca eTnikur-erovnuli (qarTuli) identoba bolomde

dakarguli ar hqonda.

am mosaxleobam anu avanis sakaTalikosos qarTulma mrevlma

(Tavis aseve eTnikurad qarTul ierarqiasTan erTad) SemdgomSi,

kerZod VIII saukunidan wamoiwyo udidesi mniSvnelobis saqme:

rogorc ki es SesaZlebeli gaxda ganerida somxuri saeklesio

centris monofizitur aRmsareblobas da qalkedonitoba aRiara

Tavis sarwmuneobriv mimarTulebad.

iqamde avanis sakaTalikoso sarwmunoebrivi niSniT, Tavisi

arasomxurobis (anu qarTvelobis) gamo ganSorda somxur eklesias

da Tavis sarwmunoebad qalkedonitoba anu saqarTvelos erovnuli

aRmsarebloba gamoacxada, aseve miiRo qarTuli eklesiisaTvis sxva

damaxasiaTebeli niSnebic (magaliTad, saeklesio arqiteqtura).

avanis sakaTalikoso aseve aRidgenda saeklesio da kulturuli

saWiroebisaTvis qarTul enasac, rom dacloda. is maleve gaauqma

somxurma eklesiam.

SemdgomSi, rogorc aRiniSna, es dawyebuli saqme mainc gagrZelda.

daaxloebiT erTi saukunis Semdeg gugarqis, taosa da basianis qar-

Tvelobam aRidgina qarTulenovneba, anu, Tu ki iqamde, maTi wirva-

locvisa da literaturis ena iyo somxuri, axla is uaryofil iqna

da mis nacvlad mosaxleobam qarTulenovneba daibruna saeklesio

saWiroebisas (e.i. maTi saSinao-ojaxuri (qarTuli) ena axla ukve

sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis saSualebad, kulturis enad iqca)

Zvel somxur saistorio geografiaSi `iveria~ ZiriTadad erqva

taosa da basians.

aristakes lastivertecis cnobiT iveria mdebareobda ara anisis

CrdiloeTiT, aramed mis dasavleTiT.

VI s-Si `iverTa mTavari~ taos mflobels erqva.

VII-X ss-Si arabTa Semosevebis Semdeg, anisis CrdiloeTiT

mdebareobda Tbilisis saamiro da taSir-Zorakertis samefo, xolo

490

Sida qarTli sadavo qveynad iyo afxazeTis, kaxeTisa da Tbilisis

saamiro-samTavroTa Soris, am dros saxeli `iveria~ Zveleburadve

erqva taos miwa-wyals (basianTan erTad) da taos momijnave

mxareebsac, anisis dasavleTiT.

amitomac, XI s-Si imier taos samefos miwa-wyals bizantielebma

misi dapyrobis Semdeg, `iveriis Temi~ uwodes da masSi anisic

Seiyvanes.

bizantielebi ~iverias~ konstantine porfirogenetis epoqamdec

uwodebdnen taos olqsa da mis momijnave mxareebs.

X s-Si aRniSnuli imperatoris cnobiT iverielebs araqsis

marcxena sanapiros qveynebi ekuTvnoda.

konstantine porfirogeneti bevrs saubrobs amis Sesaxeb.

maSasadame, araqsis dasavleT sanapiros qveynebi, sadac

mdebareobdnen TviT dedaqalaqebic ki somxuri administraciuli

erTeulebisa, mainc `iveriad~ iwodeboda da es wodeba (iveria) am

mxareebisaTvis ar iyo usafuZvlo.

amis mizezi iyo is, rom istoriuladac es miwebi iverielebiT iyo

dasaxlebuli, kerZod, Zv.w II saukunisaTvis, rogorc aRiniSna,

strabonis cnobiT iberebisagan armeniam miitaca pariadres kalTebi,

xorZena da gogarena, amitom araqsis marcxena sanapiros qveynebi (Tu

ufro meti ara) iberebis istoriuli sacxovrisi iyo, radganac

strabonis xorZena da somxebis mier gugarqad saxeldebuli qveyana,

swored am mxareebSi unda veZioT.

armenielebma mitacebul mxareebis zeda fenebSi gaavrceles

somxuri kultura.

dabali fenebi kvlav iberiuli iyo.

somxuri eklesiis Camoyalibebis Semdeg, aRniSnul mxareebis

armenizaciis xarisxi jer kidev ar iyo yovlismomcveli, rogorc es

Semdgomma saukuneebma aCvena.

vfiqrobT, ZiriTadad am mizezis gamo, avanis sakaTalikoso

gamoeyo somxuri eklesiis mTavar centrs _ dvins.

am gamoyofis mizezad miiCneva sarwmunoebrivi momenti, magram mas

ufro metad eTnikuri safuZveli unda hqonoda.

kerZod, Tanamedrove erevnis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT 588 wlidan

(sxva azriT 591 wlidan) Zvel sofel avanSi rezidencia daido

armeniis marTlmadidebelma (qalkedonitma) patriarqma.

491

miiCneva, rom amas safuZveli daudo imperator mavrikes (582-602)

sazavo xelSekrulebam sparseTTan, ris Sedegadac avani da tao

bizantiis imperiaSi moeqca.

es faqti unda yofiliyo safuZveli (da ara mizezi), ramac

gaabedina adgilobriv, metwilad qarTuli warmoSobis taoel-

basianel da avanel mosaxleobasa da samRvdeloebas mieRoT im

sarwmunoebrivi mimarTulebis sapirispiro aRmsarebloba, romelsac

dvinis somxuri sakaTalikoso aRiarebda.

cnobili kanonisti kartaSevi, Tavis wignSi `saeklesio krebebi~

wers rom VI saukuneSi egviptelebma, sirielebma da somxebma

monofizituri aRmsarebloba miiRes TavianTi eTnikuri niSnis gamo.

kerZod, maT surdaT bizantiis centrisagan TavianTi eTnikuri

gansxvavebulobis sarwmunoebrivi gamoxatva. amitomac roca

bizantiis centrma mtkiced dauWira mxari qalkedonitobas,

periferiebma mis sapirispirod _ monofizitoba aRiares.

Tu kartaSevis am mosazrebas mivusadagebT eTnikurad iseT rTul

regions, rogoric iyo tao-basian-avanis mxareebi, SeiZleba msgavsi

suraTi davinaxoT.

tao da basiani iyo arasomxuri mxareebi, misi mosaxleoba

`iverebad~ ZvelTaganve iwodeboda, Tumca ki somxuri saeklesio da

administraciuli uRelis qveS.

xelsayreli politikuri momentis dadgomisTanave maT myisve

Seqmnes dvinis sawinaaRmdegod saeklesio centri avanSi,

qalkedonituri sakaTalikosos saxiT, mkveTrad gamoxatuli

qarTuli arqiteqturiT agebuli eklesiebiTa da Cans, aseve sxva

mravali qarTuli niSniT.

v. aruTinova-fidaniani ra Tqma unda, avanis arqiteqturas ar

akavSirebs qarTulTan da miiCnevs, rom `mas aqvs eCmiaZinis,

bizantiuri martiriumebis da konstantinopolis sofiis taZris~

gavlena (`pravoslavnaia enciklopedia~ t 1. moskovi, 2000, gv.74 ),

magram mcxeTis jvris da avanis taZris arqiteqtura TiTqmis

identuria.

damtkicebulad miiCneva, rom avanis `arqiteqturuli ansambli

somxuri arqiteqturis erT-erTi pirveli miRwevaa, mis gverdiT

mdebare sasaxlesTan erTad agebulia 588-597 wlebSi kaTolikos

ioanes mier~ (iqve, gv. 74).

TiTqosda, jer is augiaT da Semdeg misi gegmiT mcxeTis jvari,

magram qarTul wyaroebSi naTlad Cans, Tu rogor miiRo saukuneTa

492

manZilze mcxeTis jvarma Tavisi Camoyalibebuli saboloo saxe,

avanis agebis Sesaxeb aseTi cnobebi ar arsebobs.

kerZod, mcxeTaSi jer aRimarTa wminda ninos mier didi zomis

jvari, es jvari gumbaTiT gadaaxurina rev mefem IV s-is bolos, am

jvars garSemo gaukeTes `kubo~. anu is SemosazRvres kedlebiT. e.i.

mas hqonda kedlebic da saxuravic (gumbaTi).

jvris taZris gumbaTis simaRle gansazRvra im xem, romelic

mokveTes wminda ninos dros da romlisganac Seamzades jvari.

matianeSi moTxrobilia: `viTarca naTel iRes mefeman da ...

yovelman erman, maSin dga xe erTi adgilsa erTsa... auwyes

episkopossa xisa misTvis, xolo episkoposman Tqva... `mis xisagan jer

ars Seqmnad jvari patiosani, romelsa Tayvani sces yovelma

simravleman qarTlisaman... mohkveTes xe igi... moaqvnda aTsa aTeulsa

kacsa... saswauliTa zecisaTa CvenebiT jvari patiosani mcxeTas

ipyres xeliTa kacobriviTa da mivediT borcvsa mas qveSe... xolo

xvalisa dRe aRvides kldesa mas zeda... mun aRimarTa jvari igi

didebiTa mefeTagan da modrka eri igi uricxvi da Tayvani sces

jvars... raodenisame dRisa Semdgomad, martvilisa ukan, ixiles

saswauli didi... sveti naTlisa, saxed jvarisa dga jvarsa mas zeda

da Tormetni igi varskvlavni saxed gvirgvinisa, garemos misa, xolo

borcvi igi kumoda saxed sulnelad da xedvides saswaulsa amas

yovelni da mravalni uRmrToTaganni moiqces... mere kualad ixilnes

sxva saswauli jvarisa, viTarca ra cecxli dga Tavsa zeda misa,

Svid wilad mzisa ubrwyinvalesi zeda daadgra mas da, viTarca

saxumilisa naberwyalni aRavlen, egresaxed angelozni RvTisani

aRvidodes da gardamovidodes mas zeda, xolo borcvi igi iZvroda

Zlierad... iqmnebodes saswauli igi wliTi wlad da yoveli eri...

movidodes Tayvanismcemad gulsmodgined. da mas Jamsa revis Zesa

mefisasa, esva ymawvili mcire da iyo sneul da miwevnul iyo

sikvdilad ... da moiRo da dadga igi winaSe jvarisa da cremliT

ityoda: `ukueTu miboZo yma ese cocxali aRvaSeno kubo sayudelad

Senda~ da munqvesve ganikurna yrma igi... movida (revi) aRnaTqvamisa

aRmasruleblad... da gulmodginebiT aRaSena kubo jvarisa mcxeTisa

rev, Zeman mefisaman... guaram kurapalati dadga morCilebasa zeda

berZenTasa... aman iwyo eklesia jvarisa patiosnisa da aqamomde jvari

velsa zeda iyo da qmna eklesia weliamdis oden... guaram

kurapalatsa esxnes Zeni... stefanoz da demetre. ...Zma stefanozisi

saxeliT demetre aRaSenebda eklesiasa jvarisa patiosnisa, rameTu

493

senica iyo mis Tana da ver SemZlebel iyo ganSorebad karsa

eklesiisasa (q. c., I, gv.120-140).

stefanozi da demetre bagrationebi herakle keisarma

prosparsuli orientaciisaTvis taxtidan gadaayena, mis nacvlad

qarTlis taxti misca adarnase xosroians `...maSin mouwoda keisarma

Zesa bakurisasa, qarTvelTa mefisasa naTesavsa daCisasa, vaxtangis

Zisasa, romeli erisTaobda kaxeTs, romelsa erqva adarnase~

matianedan Cans, rom mcxeTis jvris taZris mSenebloba daiwyo IV

s-is bolos rev mefem, man `kubo~ anu kedlebi auSena jvars, mis

gverdiT sxva eklesiis mSenebloba guaram kurapalatis dros VI s-is

bolos daiwyo.

Cans, rom rev mefis mier aSenebuli `kubos~ forma imeorebda

jvris frTebis formas, arqiteqturulad tetrakonqis tips..

jvris eklesias ukve meoTxe saukunis bolosve eqneboda jvris

ori frTis Sesatyvisi kedeli, romelmac sabolood tetrakonqis

saxe miiRo anu tetrakonqis mSenebloba gansazRvra taZris centrSi

aRmarTulma jvris formam.

imdenad misaRebi yofila qarTuli eklesiisaTvis jvris taZris

forma, rom ukve VI s-is Sua wlebSi mis Sesabamisad aages ninowmidis

eklesia. VI s-is bolos kvlav aRsdga jvris taZris mSenebloba

magram ara nebismieri arqiteqturiT, aramed im formiT, romelic

axsovda mosaxleobas da borcvze aRmarTuli am jvrisaTvis ukve

tradiciuli iyo. VII s-is jvris taZris arqiteqtura gaimeores

WyondidSi.

ase, rom mcxeTis jvris taZari saukuneTa manZilze Sendeboda da

man Tavisi arqiteqturuli saxe TandaTanobiT miiRo, xolo gumbaTi

aSkarad qarTuli xalxuri arqiteqturisaganaa gadmoRebuli.

xalxi mcxeTis jvris gumbaTis msgavs gumbaTebs XX s-is

dasawyisSic ki agebdnen. magaliTad, is gamoyenebulia leCxumSi

sofel sairmeSi sacxovrebeli saxlebis gadaxurvis sistemaSi.

aqedan gamomdinare IV-VI ss-Si Camoyalibda jvris taZris

arqiteqtura, romelic gaimeores avanis arqiteqtorebma, romelic

qarTul-eTnikuri warmomavlobis gamo cdilobdnen avanis

arqiteqturaSic qarTuli elementebi SeetanaT.

rogorc iTqva, tao-basians da mis mimdebare miwebs _ somxebic da

bizantielebic `iverias~ uwodebdnen.

494

amitomac unda vifiqroT, rom am regionis momcveli avanis

qalkedonuri sakaTalikoso _ `iveriis eklesiad~ iwodeboda

saerTaSoriso-saeklesio wreebSi.

Cans, antioqiis sapatriarqo avanis sakaTalikosos da mis

memkvidre qalkedonur eparqiebs _ `iveriis eklesias~ uwodebda.

saqme isaa, rom Teodosiopolis-arzrumis regionSi antioqiis

iurisdiqciis qveS iyo ramdenime qalkedonuri saepiskoposo,

saerTod, es miwa-wyali _ antioqias Tavisi sapatriarqo

iurisdiqciad miaCnda. amitomac, SesaZloa avanis anu `iberiis

sakaTalikoso~ mas Semdeg, rac ganSorda dvins, Tavdacvis mizniT

SeuerTda Zlieri antioqiis sapatriarqos iurisdiqcias (anda is

romelime sxva eklesias unda mikedleboda avtokefaliis

saerTaSoriso dadasturebamde).

arabebis Semosevebis Semdeg kavSiri antioqiasa da avanis memkvidre

qalkedonur eparqiebs Soris gawyvetila, Semdeg ki Cans antioqiaSi

kvlav ganuxilavT samxreTis am e.w. `iveriis eklesiis~ sakiTxi.

saqme isaa, rom marTalia avanis erTaderTi kaTalikosis ioane

bagaranelis (+609/10) Semdeg gauqmda avanis kaTedra, magram misi

qalkedonuri memkvidreoba miiRo taom, sadac VII s-Si qalkedonuri

saepiskoposo centri iSxnisa da sxva Camoyalibda.

somxurma eklesiam VII s-Si ukanve SeierTa qalkedonuri kaTedrebi,

riTic Cans antioqiac gaanawyena.

somxuri eklesia Tavis saeklesio mTlianobas imiT inarCunebda VII

saukuneSi, rom garkveul kompromisze midioda da saerTo somxur

saeklesio taxtze qalkedonit kaTalikosebsac svamda (rCeulebi maT

Soris: magaliTad, nerse III taoeli Cans eTnikuri qarTveli iyo,

iseve, rogorc, vTqvaT, iqamde somxur eklesiaSi moRvawe airaratis

qorepiskoposi kirioni).

726 wels manaskertis monofizituri kerebis Semdeg qalkedonuri

tao-basiani ganSorda somxur eklesias. am dros, Cans, aq, anu

`iveriaSi~, kvlav gaixsenes antioqiis eklesia da misgan moiTxoves

avtokefalia, saeklesio TavisTavadobis saerTaSoriso dasturi. am

dros ara mxolod tao-basianSi, aramed mis gareTac qarTveli

qalkedonitebi aarsebdnen TavianT kaTedrebs, magaliTad

valaSkertSi.

valaSkertis mRvdelTmTavris wodeba `mamaTmTavari~ SesaZloa

niSnavdes, rom is erT periodSi iqca `iveriis qalkedonuri~

495

eklesiis memkvidred, romelsac saTave, Cans, aseve qarTuli

warmoSobis, ioane bagaranelma daudo.

e.w antioqiuri qronikebis nawyvetebi iZleva kidec zemoT

aRniSnuli mosazrebis safuZvels _ `qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobili

CanarTi unda exebodes avanis anu iverielTa (qarTvelTa)

qalkedonur eklesiasa da antioqias Soris urTierTobas da ara

mcxeTisa da antioqiisa _ `da wargzavnes antioqias monazoni erTi

sakurTxevelad, rameTu ganwesebul iyo kurTxeva antioqiiT

kaTalikosisa da verRaravis xelewifeboda svlad gzasa

antioqiisasa... xolo dReTa Teofilaqte antioqiel patriarqisa

waravlines mociqulni.. da miuTxres... didsa Wirsa Sina arian

qristianeni, mkvidrni qarTvelTa soflebisani, rameTu dRiTgan

netarisa anastasi mRvdelmowamisaTa ara kurTxeul ars

siZnelisaTvis gzaTasa. xolo man hyo kreba da ganaCina... raTa

Sekrbebodnen episkoposni samrevlosa misisani da akurTxevdnen

kaTalikossa JamiTi-Jamad ... xeldasxmul hyo... erTi movlinebulTa

monazonTagani, saxeliT ioane... amas antioqiis krebasa Sina

gapatiosnda~ (q. c., I, gv. 226).

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ am CanarTis Sesaxeb jer kidev 1906 wels

gamoTqva Tavisi mosazreba kirion II kaTalikosma, rom es monaTxrobi

exeboda samxreT saqarTvelos tao-basianis mxareebis saeklesio

mowyobas. v. goilaZis azriT ki, aq, gadmocemulia afxazeTis

sakaTalikosos daarsebis cnoba. afxazeTis sakaTalikosos daarsebis

Sesaxeb cnobas gvawvdis qarTlis cxovrebis sxva CanarTi _ `aman

bagrat ganaCina kaTalikosi afxazeTs~ (IX s-Si).

e.i zemoT aRniSnuli pirveli CanarTi qarTlis cxovrebis

mixedviT ar ukavSirdeba afxazeTs, amitomac swori unda iyos kirion

II, rom es CanarTi ukavSirdeboda tao-basianis (Sesabamisad avanis)

saeklesio mowyobis sakiTxs.

CanarTSi naxsenebia `qristianeni, mkvidrni qarTvelTa

soflebisani~ (q. c., I, gv. 226).

`qarTvelTa~ provincia erqva, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, tao-

basianis mxareebs da mis irgvliv teritorias, romelic droebiT,

armeniaSi mdebareobda.

am mxareSi mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili qarTvelebi iyvnen, magram

politikurad isini `somxebad~ iwodebodnen.

am CanarTSi amitomac ganmartavs antioqiis patriarqi, rom saqme

Seexeba `qarTvelTa soflebis mkvidrT~.

496

aseT SemTxvevaSi qronologiuradac ufro dalagebulia msjeloba

_ anastasi antioqieli patriarqi TiTqmis Tanamedrove iyo avanis

qalkedoniti kaTalikosis ioane bagaranelisa, romelic 609 Tu 610

wels gardaicvala.

amis Semdgom, arabobis Semosevebis gamo, marTlac, rTuli

iqneboda antioqiisa da tao-avanis saeklesio urTierToba.

avanis kaTedra marTlac umRvdelTmTavrod darCa da qalkedoniti

episkoposebi SeierTa somxurma eklesiam VII s-Si, magram es

mdgomareoba, anu eTnikuri mRvdelTmTavris gareSe yofna, ar

akmayofilebda tao-basianis qarTuli qalkedonituri soflebis

mrevls.

maT Cans, surdaT saerTaSoriso mxardaWeris mopovebiT gamoexsnaT

TavianTi Tavi somxuri eklesiisagan.

magaliTad, moRweulia iSxanis taZris minaweri, sadac

adgilobrivi mRvdelTmTavari trapezuntSi Cavida, raTa

konstantinopolis patriarqs daesxa misTvis xeli.

arzrum-Teodosiopoli tradiciulad antioqieli patriarqis

samwysos ganekuTvneboda da iqve mdebareobda kidec avanis memkvidre

tao-basianis qalkedonituri vrceli qarTuli samrevlo.

iberiis eklesiis pirvelierarqad antioqiam daniSna qarTveli

monazoni saxeliT ioane.

es niSneulia, radganac avanis pirvel kaTalikossac ioane erqva.

ase, rom avanis qalkedonituri kaTedris warmoSobis mTavari

mizezi unda yofiliyo eTnikuri gansxvavebulobis gamo qarTuli

mrevlis gamoyofa somxuri eklesiisgan da damoukidebel

sakaTalikosod Camoyalibeba.

aseT Tvalsazrisamde mivalT Tuki aRniSnul CanarTs

davukavSirebT samxreT saqarTvelos _ tao-basianis mxareebs.

samxreT taos samefo karze _ daviT III kurapalatis epoqaSi,

mravali ucxoeli avtori axsenebs qarTvel kaTalikoss Tu qarTvel

patriarqs. SesaZloa, samxreT saqarTvelos am saeklesio erTeuls,

marTlac, mianiWa antioqiam avtokefalia, Semdeg aTaswleulSi ki es

cnobebi mcxeTis eklesias daukavSires da miiCnies mcxeTis eklesiis

avtokefaliis damadasturebel dokumentad.

taos (iberiis) samefos adgilze daviT kurapalatis memkvidreobis

dauflebis Semdeg, rogorc iTqva, bizantiam Camoayaliba

administraciuli erTeuli _ `iberiis Temis~ saxelwodebiT, XI s-is

dasawyisSi.

497

maSasadame, SesaZlebelia, avanis sakaTalikoso ucxoelTaTvis,

kerZod ki antioqieli qalkedonitebisaTvis warmoadgenda ara

somxur, aramed qarTvelTa, anu `iverielTa~ eklesias. mizezi amisa

iyo misi mrevlis umetesi nawilis (tao-basianis mosaxleobis)

qarTveloba.

rogorc iTqva, ioane bagaranelis dros, somxur monofizitur

eklesias gamoeyo qalkedonituri frTa, romelmac damoukidebeli

sakaTalikoso daarsa. ismis kiTxva: ecdeboda Tu ara es eklesia,

rogorc TavisTavadi eklesia, Tavisi damoukideblobis aRiarebas,

anda dakavSirebas ucxoeTis sxva marTlmadidebel sapatriarqoebTan?

Cans, aseTi urTierToba maT daumyarebiaT antioqiis sapatriar-

qosTan netari anastasi mRvdelmowamis zeobisas, magram Semdeg

avanis eklesiis TavisTavadoba gauqmda. tao-basianis iverielma

mosaxleobam moiTxova kvlav eZebnaT TavisTavadi eklesiis

Camoyalibebis gzebi da misi saerTaSoriso aRiareba.

es mouxerxebiaT antioqiis patriarq netari Teofilaqtes dros.

Sesabamisad, Camoyalibda tao-basianis, anu daviT kurapalatis

samefos saeklesio samamamTavro, ukve qarTuli saeklesio erTeuli.

amiT iqamde somxurenovanma avanis sakaTalikosos memkvidre

eparqiebma aRadgines qarTulenovaneba.

grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi naxsenebia _ `rameTu pirvelad

aRmosavalisa kaTalikosTa mihroni ierusalimiT mohyvanda, xolo

efrem qristesmieriTa brZanebiT mihronis kurTxeva qarTls ganawesa

ierusalimis patriarqisa ganwesebiT da wamebiTa sixaruliT, aramed

qarTlad friadi qveyana aRiricxvebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa

eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locva yoveli aResrulebis~ (Zveli

qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, 1978, gv. 182).

qarTvelTa samyaroSi romel qveyanas erqva `aRmosavleTi~? _

ufro metad tao-basianis mxareebsa da agreTve im qveynebs, romelnic

daviT kurapalatma SemouerTa Tavis samefos. am qveynebs bizantiaSi

`zemoni qveyanani~ erqva.

marTlac, afxazTa samefosaTvis, romelic imJamad Tbilisis

arabTagan pyrobis gamo qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobisa da Semecnebis

centrs warmoadgenda, da dasavleTiT mdebareobda, es qveynebi

realurad aRmosavleTSi mdebareobdnen, amitomac Cans mas

`aRmosavleTs~ uwodebdnen kidec.

iahia antioqielisa da asoRikis cnobebiT mefe daviT kurapalatis

karze iyo umaRlesi rangis sasuliero piri patriarqisa da

498

kaTalikosis wodebiT. SemdgomSi valaSkertel episkopossac

`mamamTavris~ wodeba hqonda. Cven gamoTqmuli gvaqvs mosazreba, rom

daviT kurapalatis samefoSi erT periodSi Camoyalibda TavisTavadi

qarTuli saeklesio-administraciuli erTeuli afxazeTis

sakaTalikosos msgavsi, romelsac Tavisi mmarTveli umaRlesi

sasuliero piri hyavda. Cans, swored mas uwodebdnen qarTvelebi

`aRmosavleTis sakaTalikosos~.

aRmosavleTis sakaTalikosos miwa-wyali anu igive `zemoni

qveyanani~ marTalia qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, magram iqamde,

rogorc iTqva, somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi iyo moqceuli,

misgan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg is wm. mirons Cans, jer antioqiidan,

Semdeg ki ierusalimidan iRebda, magram qarTveli mamebis

mecadineobiT, axla ukve `qarTls~ anu mcxeTas ganewesa mironis

kurTxeva, radganac es e.w. `aRmosavleTi~ TviTonac qarTlis nawils

warmoadgenda iqaur taZrebsa da monastrebSi gaCaRebuli

qarTulenovani wirva-locvis gamo. ioane _ saxeli yofila

aRmosavalis pirveli kaTalikosisa (ioane bagaraneli) da bolo

(parxlis eklesiis kedelze amotvifruli daviT kurapalatis

droindeli) kaTalikosisa.

aRmosavalis, anu meore iveriis es qarTuli sakaTalikoso, Cans

gauqmda bizantiis imperatorebis basili meoris, romanozisa da

konstantines iveriaSi laSqrobaTa Semdeg, rac maT es qveynebi

mowyvites qarTul saxelmwifoebriv sistemas da bizantiurs

miuerTes. aq maT Seqmnes administraciuli erTeuli `iberiis Temi~,

xolo eklesiurad is lazikis eparqias miuerTes, romlis saeklesio

centri trapezunti iyo.

499

500

II daskvna

eTnokulturuli situacia

somexi qalkedonitebis iverebad moxseniebas safuZveli daedo XIX

saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi, roca niko marma

pirvelad uwoda egreTwodebuli somex qalkedonitebs iverebi.

statiaSi _ «аркаун Монголъское Название христиан в связи с вопросом об

армянах – халкидонитах» (1906 w.).

somex-qalkedonitebis Sesaxeb werdnen, v. aruTinova-fidaniani, p.

xaranisi, r. bartikiani, p. muradiani. n. maris mravali Sroma mieZRvna

somxur-qalkedonitur Zeglebs, romelnic somxuridan qarTulad

iTargmna. somexi qalkedonitTa mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb

werdnen i. abulaZe, n. akiniani, p. muradiani, a. kazariani. arsebobs

Sromebi n. adoncisa da i. akinianisa.

v. aruTinova-fidaniani `pravoslavnaia enciklopediis~ statiaSi

`somexi-qalkedonitebi~ TviTve aRniSnavs _ `somex-qalkedonitTa

Seswavlis sirTule aixsneba wyaroTmcodneobiTi bazis siZneleebiT:

somex-qalkedonitTa Sesaxeb cnobebi moipoveba sxvadasxva enovan

(somxur, berZnul, qarTul, siriul da arabul) wyaroebSi da aseve

sxvadasxva heterogenur wyaroebSi (istoriul qronikebSi, wmidaTa

cxovrebebSi, saRvTismetyvelo da polemikur traqtatebSi,

epigrafikasa da a.S), Tumca ki arcerT maTganSi ar arsebobs raime

pirdapiri anda obieqturi informacia somex-qalkedonitTa Sesaxeb~.

aqedan kargad Cans, rom TviT yvelaze tendenciuri v. aruTinova-

fidanianis aRiarebiTac ki somex-qalkedonitTa e.w. `iberielobas~ ar

miuTiTebs arc erTi wyaro. amitomac, dainteresebuli pirebi

wyaroTa saocar simwires avseben magaliTad iseTi TxzulebiT,

rogoricaa petriwonis tipikoni, romelic usabuTod cxaddeba

somxur qalkedonitur Txzulebad.

unda aRiniSnos, rom ar arsebobs saerTod aRiarebuli gasagebi

aparati aRniSnul regionSi eTnokulturuli procesebis

Sesaswavlad, saWiroa sxva midgomebi, sxva meTodika da ara is, rac

demonstrirebulia v. aruTinova-fidanianis wignSi (В.П. Степаненко

Армяне – халкедониты в истории византии XI в. Византиискии временик.

Т. 59. с. 60).

501

`saWiroa monacemTa bazis Seqmna somexi qalkedonitebis Sesaxeb

bizantiasa da saqarTveloSi, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom qarTuli

teritoriebis nawili X s-Si aRmoCnda imperiis SemadgenlobaSi. es

mkveTrad Seamcirebs istoriuli konteqstebidan amoglejili

informaciiT manipulirebis SesaZleblobas. fesvebi eTnopolitikuri

situaciisa, romelic Seiqmna imperiis aRmosavleT sazRvrebTan X s-

Si, unda veZioT misi istoriis ufro adrindel periodebSi~ (v.

stepanenko, dasax, naSr, gv. 61) .

piradad Cven, bizantiis imperiis aRmosavleTiT (istoriuli saqar-

Tvelos samxreTSi) Seqmnili eTnopolitikuri da eTnokulturuli

situaciis fesvebs veZebT ara mxolod VI-XI saukuneebSi, aramed

gacilebiT adreul periodSi.

am regionSi (trapezuntis pontoszRvispireTidan vanis tbamde)

qarTvel tomTa cxovrebas miuTiTebs mravali wyaro _ megasTenedan

da qsenofontedan, vidre konstantine porfirogenetamde.

wignSi ganxilulia ufro adrindeli periodebic.

mravali paragrafi mieZRvna imis kvlevas, rom magaliTad, Zv.w. XIV-

XIII ss. xeTuri wyaroebidan cnobili Woroxis saTaveebisa da

zRvispireTis momcveli qveyana `haiasa~ iyo ara armenielebis qveyana,

rogorc amJamad miiCneva somxur istoriografiaSi, aramed cnobili

aia-kolxida. am mxareebis momcveli im droisaTvis, aseve analizis

Sedegad Camoyalibda mosazreba, rom miuxedavad n. maris skolis

mier uaryofisa marTali iyo wmida ilia WavWavZe, roca is urartus

qalduelTa (anu Zvel qarTvelTa) qveynad miiCnevda, amis

samtkiceblad wignSi mravali masalaa damowmebuli (mag. f. haasis

mier dadgenilia, rom mcireaziaSi gavrcelebuli rwmena-

Sexedulebebi da miTebi identuria antikur samyaroSi cnobili

zogierTi miTisa, Cveni TvalsazrisiT iasonisa da medeas miTi

garkveulwilad identuria amiranisa da yamaris Tqmulebisa,

romelic, Cans, mcire aziis mkvidr qarTvelTa winaprebSi iyo

gavrcelebuli, anu aia-kolxidis vrcel samyaroSi, romlis erTi

nawili Semdgom urartum moicva).

`mosxebi _ kolxuri tomia~ _ werda am epoqasTan yvelaze axlos

mdgomi, qristeSobamde VI saukunis avtori hekatos mileteli. aseve,

didi mniSvneloba unda mieniWos cnobas babilonis mefis

nabuqodonosor II-is (Zv. w. 605-562 ww.) epoqaSi pontospireTSi

(CvenTvis saintereso regionSi) iberTa cxovrebis Sesaxeb, romelic,

TviT klasikuri xanis mweralTa miTiTebis Tanaxmad, miewereboda

502

mcireaziel berZens, istorikoss, geografossa da diplomats,

`indikis~ avtors megasTenes (daaxl. Zv. w. 350-290 ww.).

Cveni kvleviT, `mosxebi~ igive kolxebi, igive qaldebi iyo, is

eTnosubstrati, romliTac Camoyalibda qarTveli xalxi

qristeSobamde VI-V ss-Si aRniSnul miwa-wyalze, romelsac `meore

iberias~ uwodebda wm. kirion kaTalikosi.

strabonis cnobiT, Zv.w. II s-mde iberebisa iyo aRniSnuli vrceli

miwawyali, iqamde, sanam maT somexTa mefeebma pariadres kalTebi,

xorZena da gogarena ar waarTves. es olqebi arian-qarTlis ZiriTadi

nawilebi unda yofiliyo.

kvleva aCvenebs, rom arian-qarTlis umTavresi nawili moicavda

klarjeTs, tao-basians, yarsisa da arzrumis olqebs, im miwa-wyals,

romelzec Semdgom bizantiam Camoayaliba `iberiisa~ da `qaldeas~

Temebi, vanistbispireTidan da avan-anisidan trapezuntamde.

mTlianad ki, arian-qarTli moicavda pariadres areebs, aseve

`mtkvris iqiT~ mdebare gogarenasa da maT Soris moqceul xorZenas,

iberebis im sacxovriss, romelic Zv.w. II saukuneSi miitaca armeniam.

xorZena ganvrcobili iyo pariadredan gogarenamde, anu mtkvramde,

Cveni azriT umarTebuloa amJamad miRebuli Tvalsazrisi gogarenasa

da xorZenas mdebareobis Sesaxeb. straboni miuTiTebs, rom gogarena

`mtkvris iqiT~ anu marcxena sanapiroze mdebareobda Zv.w. I

saukunisaTvis, amitom is araa `gugarqi~. straboni Tavis naSromSi

orjer aRniSnavs, rom gogarena mtkvris iqiT, marcxena sanapiroze

mdebareobda olq `sakasenas~ Semdeg.

sakasena, misive cnobiT, araqsis dablobis boloSi, mtkvarTan

mdebareobda.

gogarenas marjvnidan mtkvari sazRvravda, strabonis cnobidan

gamomdinare aqamde anu mtkvramde aRwevda xorZena, is pariadredan

mtkvramde vrceldeboda.

(xorZena arian-qarTlis umTavresi nawili yofila, is unda iyos

`xorasmioni~ (xorazmi), romlis mefe farasmanesi aleqsandre

makedonels ewvia Sua aziaSi mweral arianes cnobiT, _

`aleqsandresTan movida farasmanec xorazmelTa (dedanSia

`xormasion~) mefe 1500 mxedriT, man Tqva, rom is cxovrobs kolxTa

modgmisa da amazoni qalebis mezoblad~ (ariane, aleqsandres

anabazisi, IV,15, 1-7, `antikuri kavkasia~, I, 2010, gv. 310). straboni wers

`xorZena~, mwerali ariane ki wers `xorasmion~, fuZeebi `xorZ~ da

`xoras~ identuri Cans). Tu es asea, maSin SesaZloa farasmanesi iyos

azos (anu azonis) mama, `arian-qarTlis~ mefe).

503

Zv.w. III-II ss-Si araqsis xeobisa da misi mTianeTis armenizaciis

miuxedavad am teritoriaze mcxovrebma mkvidrma qarTvelebma

ZiriTadad SeZles erovnul-eTnikuri identobis SenarCuneba. xolo

gaqristianebis Semdeg am did saqmes upirvelesad xels uwyobda maTi

mxurvale sarwmunoeba da qalkedonuri aRmsarebloba.

rogorc aRiniSna, imis Semdeg, rac 726 wlis krebam somxuri

eklesia monofizitobas srulad daubruna, `meore iberiis~

qarTvelobam Tavi gaiTavisufla somxuri eklesiisagan da aRidgina

erovnul-qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobac, rac SeiZleba iTqvas,

uZvelesi arian-qarTlis samefos aRorZineba iyo. Sesabamisad, am

regionSi ayvavda qarTuli eklesia da kultura, samwuxarod, e.w.

daviT kurapalatis memkvidreobisaTvis omis dros bizantiis imperiam

XI s-is 20-30-ian wlebSi sastikad gaanadgura `meore iveria~ da misi

sakaTalikoso, riTac TavisdauneblieT mospo is jebiri, romelic

bizantiis aRmosavleTs Turq-seljukebisagan icavda. maT amiT myisve

isargebles da amave saukunis 70-ian wlebSi ukve bizantiis siRrmebSi

SeiWrnen (Turq-seljukebi).

wignSi aRiwera araqsispireTsa da Woroxis saTveebSi qarTvelTa

(iverTa) cxovreba uZvelesi epoqidan XI s-is 70-ian wlebamde.

504

ZiriTadi daskvna

saerTaSoriso samecniero wreebSi amJamad damkvidrebulia

umarTebulo Tvalsazrisi, TiTqosda iverebi (ivirebi) ewodebodaT

ara mxolod qarTvelebs, aramed somex-qalkedonitebsac

(`pravoslavnaia enciklopedia~, t. III, moskovi, 2001, gv. 326, 327, v.

aruTinova-fidaniani, grigol pakurianis tipikoni, erevani, 1978, rus.

enaze, misi damowmebani vikipediis Sesabamis da sxva saenciklopedio

statiebSi, mag. `somexi _ qalkedonitebi~, fond `haiazgis~

enciklopeda da sxva).

iberiis Temis, taosa da aseve, misi mimdebare regionebis

mosaxleoba cxaddeba somex-qalkedonitebad, am mxareebidan

gamosuli wminda mamebi da qarTveli didebulebi ki eTnikur

somxebad (mag. Tornike erisTavi da sagvareulo Cordvanelebisa,

grigol bakurianis Ze da sxvani), Sesabamisad am mxareTa qarTuli

kultura, eklesia-monastrebi _ somxurad.

saqarTvelos samxreT nawilSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi anu iverebi

somex-qalkedonitebad gamoacxades istoriuli konteqstebidan

amoglejili informaciis manipulirebis Sedegad, mtkicebiT, rom

TiTqosda isini ara eTnikurad iyvnen qarTvelebi, aramed mxolod

saeklesio-kulturuli TvalsazrisiT da mas Semdeg iwodnen

qarTvelebad, rac qalkedonuri aRmsarebloba miiRes. cxadia es aris

Teoria romelic amJamad iwodeba `qarTizaciis Teoriad~.

sinamdvileSi tao-basiani, mimdebare olqebi, da serTod `iberiis

Temis~ teritoria warmoadgenda qarTvelTa istoriul sacxovriss iq

somxebis dasaxlebamdec.

strabonis cnobiT aRniSnuli samxreTis teritoriebi (pariadredan

gogarenas CaTvliT) iberiam dakarga Zv.w. II s-Si armeniis mefeTa

eqspansiis. am miwa-wylis mkvidri qarTvelebi (iberebi) miuxedavad

imisa, rom ukve armeniis saxelmwifos mcxovreblebi iyvnen, gaqristi-

anebis Semdeg IV-V saukuneebSi mtkiced icavdnen

marTlmadideblobas. SemdegSi, VI-VII saukuneebSi, es miwa-wyali

(araqsis xeoba, Woroxis saTaveebi, vanis tbisaken mimarTuli

teritoriebi), aRmoCnda bizantiis SemadgenlobaSi, mas bizantiuri

505

somxeTi ewoda da aq mravali qalkedonituri saepiskoposo daarsa

mkvidrma mosaxleobam. am periodSi somxuri eklesia loialobas

gamoxatavda bizantiuri eklesiis mimarT da TiTqosda

qalkedonitoba aRiara kidec, rac mkvidri qarTvelobisaTvis

mTlianad misaRebi iyo, radganac qarTveloba mtkiced icavda

marTlmadideblobas.

bizantielebTan arabebis gamarjvebisas somxurma eklesiam

sarwmunoebrivi orientacia mkveTrad Seicvala. arabobis epoqaSi

somxur-erovnuli anu monofizituri eklesia gaZlierda, isargebla

ra am regionSi arabebTan omisas bizantiis dasustebiT, Seaviwrova

qalkedonituri saepiskoposoebi.

VIII s-isTvis bizantiam, TandaTanobiT, SeZlo arabebis mier

dapyrobili miwebis gaTavisufleba da bizantiam kvlav moiTxova

Zveli ierarqiuli damokidebulebis ganaxleba, amis sapirispirod,

726 wlis manaskertis krebaze gaimarjva somxur-erovnulma

saeklesio mimarTulebam, aman gamoiwvia iurisdiqciis sazRvrebis

cvlileba. kerZod, adgilobrivi somxur-qalkedonuri eklesiebi uars

ambobdnen bizantiasTan ierarqiul damokidebulebis ganaxlebaze da

uerTdebodnen somxur-erovnul eklesias, anu somxur sakaTalikosos.

somxur-erovnul eklesiasTan dabrunebis am sayovelTao process

Tavi aarides bizantiis somxeTis arasomxurma qalkedoniturma

eparqiebma, kerZod ki qarTveli mrevlis saepiskoposoebma.

adgilobrivma qarTulma mrevlma tao-basiansa da mimdebare

olqebSi yovelgvari kavSiri gawyvita somxur eklesiasTan da

daubrunda deda qarTuli eklesiis wiaRs, radganac somxuri eklesia

sabolood gamonofizitda, xolo qarTuli mrevli, rogorc aRiniSna,

mtkiced icavda qalkedonitobas. am viTarebisas, adgilobrivi

qalkedonuri mosaxleoba ZiriTadad sakuTar erovnul eklesiebSi

gaerTianda - qarTvelebi qarTulSi, somxebi ki somxurSi.

sabolood, rogorc iTqva, bizantiuri somxeTis eTnikurad

qarTuli mrevlis didi nawili axal viTarebaSi SeuerTda ara

somxur eklesias, aramed qarTul, misTvis erovnul eklesias,

imavdroulad, saqarTvelos moSorebiT mcxovrebi bizantiuri

somxeTis qarTuli mrevlis umetesma nawilma umjobesad miiCnia

berZnulSi darCena, magram kategoriulad ar Sevida somxuri

eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi.

506

mizezi amisa is iyo rom qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciis Zala ver

wvdeboda maT areals _ sacxovrebel trapezuntis vrcel olqs,

romelsac berZnebi `lazikis qveyanas~ uwodebdnen. isini iyvnen

trapezuntis mitropolitis iurisdiqciis qveS.

wignSi gamokvleulia, rom araqsis xeobisa da tao-basianis

momcveli iberiis Temis miwawyali qristeSobamde IV-III ss-Si

iwodeboda `arian-qarTlad~ da aq qarTveloba (iverebi) yovelTvis

mkvidr mosaxleobas Seadgenda. aqve maT daafuZnes kidec mravali

qarTuli saepiskoposo _ valaSkertisa, arzrumisa, karisa, anisisa da

sxva, romelTagan zogierTi XVI-XVII ss-Sic ki funqcionirebda.

iverebis somex-qalkedonitebad gamocxadeba Secdomaa, romlis

gamosworebisTvisac unda izrunos qarTulma istoriografiam, rome-

lic amJamad `qarTizaciis Teorias~ emxroba, rac misi dabrkolebis

lodia.

01.06.2014

ათტომეულის წინასიტყვაობა

მეუფე ანანია ჯაფარიძის წიგნი „საქართველოს სამოციქულო ეკლესიის ისტორია“

რამდენჯერმე გამოიცა.

პირველად მისი პირველი ტომი, მომზადებული ახალციხეში, დაიბეჭდა 1988

წელს, ჯერ კიდევ საბჭოთა კავშირის დროს, არაოფიციალურად, იატაკქვეშა

სტამბაში.

მეორეჯერ ის დაბეჭდა ოთხტომეულის სახით გამომცემლობა „მერანმა“ 1996-1998

წლებში.

მესამედ, 2009 წელს დაბეჭდა გამომცემლობა „ალილომ“ ერთ დიდ ტომად, ხოლო

შემდეგში ასევე ოთხტომეულის სახით დაბეჭდა გამომცემლობა „გუმბათმა“ 2012

წელს.

ამჟამად იბეჭდება სრულიად სხვა, შევსებული, უკვე 10 ტომეულის სახით.

1-4 ტომი უშუალოდ საქართველოს ეკლესიის ისტორიას ეხება.

507

ამ წიგნის, „საქართელოს სამოციქულო ეკლესიის ისტორიის“, დაწერა

დაკავშირებულია ჩვენი ეკლესიის ავტოკეფალიისათვის ღვაწლთან.

ვმადლობთ უფალს, რომ 1990 წელს კონსტანტინოპოლის მსოფლიო საპატრიარქომ

აღიარა საქართველოს ეკლესიის ავტოკეფალია, მაგრამ მას გააჩნდა თავისი

დაძაბული წინაისტორია.

ეპისკოპოსად კურთხევის შემდეგ 1981 წელს უწმიდესმა პატრიარქმა მეუფე ანანია

დანიშნა საქართველოს საპატრიარქოს საგარეო განყოფილების თავმჯდომარის

მოადგილედ. ამიტომ მას ევალებოდა გაცნობოდა უცხოეთიდან მოსულ შესაბამის

წერილებსს. ამ დროისათვის პატრიარქი დიდ მნიშვნელობას ანიჭებდა მსოფლიო

საპატრიარქოსთან და ბერძნულ სხვა საპატრიარქოებთან ურთიერთობას.

იგზავნებოდა და იქედანაც მოდიოდა წერილები. როგორც მეუფე ბრძანებს მას,

იჟამად ახალგაზრდა ეპისკოპოსს, აოცებდა ის, რომ კონსტანტინოპოლის

საპატრიარქოდან მოსულ წერილებში ჩვენი პატრიარქი არასოდეს მოიხსენებოდა

პატრიარქად, მას ამ წერილებში ეწოდებოდა „უნეტარესი კათალიკოსი“.

მიზეზი ამისა, როგორც უწმიდესმა ბრძანა, იყო ის, რომ იმჟამად

კონსტანტინოპოლი არ აღიარებდა ჩვენი ეკლესიის საპატრიარქო ღირსებას,

მაშასადამე მათთვის ჩვენი პატრიარქი იყო არა პატრიარქი არამედ მხოლოდ

კათალიკოსი ანუ მიტროპოლიტის რანგის პირველიერარქი. უფრო მეტიც

კონსტანტინოპოლი იმჟამად არ აღიარებდა ჩვენი ეკლესიის ავტოკეფალიას და

აყენებდა ავტონომიურ ეკლესიათა რიგში.

მეუფეს ახსოვს, რომ იქედან მიღებული ზოგიერთი წერილი უწმიდესს ცუდ

ხასიათზე აყენებდა. მაგრამ უწმიდესი უკან მრავალ წერილ აგზავნიდა.

კონსტანტინოპოლიდან საპასუხოდ მოსულ წერილებში თანდათან იცვლებოდა მათი

განწობილება ჩვენი ეკლესიის სასარგებლოდ, ბოლოს ისინი დაჟინებით მხოლოს

იმას მოითხოვდნენ, რომ მათთან გაგზავნილიყო საქართველოს ეკლესის

ავტოკეფალიის შესახებ სამეცნიერო გამოკვლევა წყაროებით გაჯერებული.

აღმოჩნდა, რომ საქართველოში ასეთი გამოკვლევა თანამედროვე სახისა, ახალი

მასალებით და მიდგომებით სათანადოდ გაჯერებული, არ არსებობდა, ალბათ,

მეცნიერებს მიაჩნდათ, რომ ავტოკეფალიის კვლევა უკვე აღარ იყო საჭირო.

მეუფე ბრძანებს, რომ მას ერთი საინტერესო მაგალითი შეემთხვა - ქუჩაში შეხვდა

ძველ ნაცნობი, ამჟამად ცნობილი, იმჟამად კი ახალგაზრდა ისტორიკოსი. მან

იცოდა მეუფის სიყვარული ისტორიის მიმართ და შეეკითხა თუ რა თემაზე

მუშაობდა. მეუფემ უპასუხა, რომ ვმუშაობს საკითხებზე საქართველოს ეკლესიის

ავტოკეფალიის მოსაპოვებლად. მან ირონიულად შემოხედა და უთხრა „ჩვენი

508

ეკლესიის ავტოკეფალია მე-11 საუკუნეში უკვე მოიპოვა გიორგი მთაწმინდელმა“,

უთხრა და მაშინვე გაშორდა, პასუხსაც არ დალოდებია.

ეს ნიშნავს, რომ მან, ახალგაზრდა ისტორიკოსმა, რომელსაც აინტერესებდა ეკლესია

და დაახლოვებული იყო სამეცნიერო წრეებთან, ოდნავადაც კი არ იცოდა თუ რა

საკითხები აშფოთებდა საპატრიარქოს იმჟამად 1980 -იანი წლების დასაწყისში.

ეს ფაქტი ასახავს სურათს იმისა, რომ კომუნისტ-ათეისტურ ეპოქაში მეცნიერები და

საერთოდ ინტელიგენცია არა თუ იცნობდა ეკლესიას, პირიქით ერიდებოდა მასთან

კონტაქტს, შესაბამისად მათთვის უცნობი იყო არა მხოლოდ კონსტანტინოპოლის

საპატრიარქოსთან არსებული ჩვენი პრობლებები, არამედ, ზოგადი საეკლსეიო

საკითხები.

მათ მისაზიდად უწმიდესს დიდი ძალისხმევა დასჭირდა.

საერთოდ, იმჟამად, პატრიარქი მათი მხრიდან გარკვეულ ვაკუუმში იყო, ამასთანავე

ის ერთეული ისტორიკოსებიც (მაგალითად საგანგებოდ მიწვეული ძვირფასი

ქალბატონი ბაბილინა ლომინაძე) ბოლომდე ვერ ერკვეოდა საეკლესიო

საერთაშორისო ურთიერთობის საკითხებში და თუ რა სახის ნაშრომებს

მოითხოვდნენ უცხოელები, საეკლესიო სპეციფიკა მათთვის გამოცანა იყო.

ამ მხრივ, როგორც ჩანს უფრო სასურველი იქნებოდა თუკი თვით რომელიმე

სასულიერო პირი თავის თავზე მიიღებდა ამ საკითხების კვლევას. როგორც ჩანს

უწმიდესიის თვალში ერთერთი მათგანი მეუფე ანანია იყო. 1980-იანი წლების

დასაწყისში უწმიდესმა მეუფე ანანიას თავდაპირველად დაავალა დაეწერა თემა:

„საქართველოს ეკლესიის ადგილი მართლმადიდებლურ დიპტიხში“, ეს იყო

სრულიად გამოუკვლეველი საკითხი.

დიპტიხის საკითხი იყო სადავო მსოფლიო მართლამდიდებლურ სამყაროში,

იმდენად მნიშვნელოვანი, რომ შეყვანილი იყო იმ ათ თემას შორის, რომელიც

უნდა განეხილა სამომავლოდ „მსოფლიო საეკლესიო კრებას“, რომლის

მოსაწვევადაც იმჟამად აქტიურობდა კონსტანტინოპოლი.

ამ „მსოფლიო საეკლესიო კრების“ მოსამზადებლად იმჟამად ტარდებოდა მრავალი

საერთაშორისო შეხვედრა, ერთერთ მათგანს მეუფე ანანიაც ესწრებოდა შამბეზში

1980-იანი წლების დასაწყისში.

ამ დროისათვის ყველა ეკლესიისაგან დაბეჯითებით მოთხოვეს, რათა მათ

მოემზადებინათ ათივე აღნიშნული საკითხის შესახებ თავიანთი კვლევები და

შეხედულებები.

დიპტიხის საკითხის შესახებ სხვადასხავა საპატრიარქომ მოამზადა სკუთარი თემა.

509

მეუფე ანანიამ მაშინ მოიძია კონსტანტინოპოლის, მოსკოვისა და სხვა

საპატრიარქების, ასევე ელადის ეკლესიის მიერ მომზადებული თემები დიპტიხის

შესახებ.

ყველა მათგანში ცენტრალური ადგილი ეკავა მსჯელობას იმის შესახებ თუ რა

ადგილი ეკუთვნოდა დიპტიხში საქართველოს ეკლესიას. ამავე დროს კი ჩვენს

ეკლესიას არ ჰქონდა რაიმე გამოკვლევა დიპტიხის შესახებ. საჭირო იყო ჩვენს

ქართულ წყაროებში მოძებნილიყო დიტიხის შესახებ არსებული მასალა.

უნდა ითქვას, რომ მეუფე ანანიას 1980-იანი წლების შემდეგ მრავალი წელი,

თავდადებული შრომა დასჭირდა დიპტიხის თემის მოსამზადებლად, და ბოლოს

მან ეს ნამუშევარი ჩართო წიგნში „საქართველოს სამოციქულო ეკლესიის ისტორია“.

სამწუხაროდ, დიპტიხის საკითხი ამჟამადაც გადაუწყვეტელია, რადგანაც რამდენიმე

ათეული წლის შემდეგ, 2016 წელს მოწვეულმა ე. წ. მსოფლიო საეკლესიო კრებამ

ეს სადავო საკითხი აღარ ჩართო დღის წესრიგში და თანაც ის კრება ფაქტიურად

ჩაიშალა.

საბედნიეროდ, 25 წლით უფრო ადრე, 1990 წელს, წარმატებით გადაიჭრა

საქართველოს ავტოკეფალიის აღიარებისა და მისი საპატრიარქო ღირსების

დადასტურების საკითხი ჩვენი უწმიდესის ღვაწლის შედეგად.

იქამდე, 1980-იანი წლების დასწყისში, როდესაც ჩვენი ეკლესიის ავტოკეფალია ჯერ

კიდევ არ იყო აღიარებული, დიპტიხის საკითხთან ერთად მეუფე ანანიას

უწმიდესმა ილია მეორემ დაავალა მომემზადებინა თემა „საქართველოს ეკლესიის

ავტოკეფალია“.

უწმიდესი, ცხადია, ამ საკითხის კვლევას სხვა პირებსაც ავალებდა, მაგრამ მეუფე

ანანიას, ვფიქრობ, საგანგებო ყურადღება მიაპყრო, რაც იქედან გამოჩნდა, რომ

უწმიდესმა მას პირადად გადასცა სპეციალური ლიტერატურა, რომელიც, ზოგადად,

საეკლესიო ავტოკეფალიის საკითხს შეეხებოდა. კერძოდ, თავის მეგობრებს

მოსკოვში რუსულად ათარგმნინა ბერძენი კანონისტი მიტროპოლიტის მაქსიმე

სარდელის ნაშრომი „საქართველოს ეკლესია და მისი ავტოკეფალია“. ეს წიგნი

მიტროპოლიტ მაქსიმეს დაუბეჭდავს ათენის ჟურნალ თეოლოგიაში 1966 წელს

ბერძნულ ენაზე, ის თარგმნეს, და ფაქტიურად ერთადერთი ხელის საბეჭდ

მანქანაზე დაბეჭდილი რუსული თარგმანის სახით გადმოუგზავნეს უწმიდესს. და,

ეს, როგორც ითქვა, ხელისსაბეჭდ მანქანაზე დაბეჭდილი ეკზემპლიარი უწმიდესმა

მეუფე ანანიას გადასცა, რათა მას ავტოკეფალიის თემაზე ემუშავა, ასევე ამავე

საჭიროებისათვის უწმიდესმა მეუფე ანანიას პირადად გადასცა ათეისტურ სსრკ-ში

იშვიათი, ცნობილი რუსი კანონისტის ა. კარტაშევის 1964 წელს პარიზში რუსულ

510

ენაზე დაბეჭდილი წიგნი “მსოფლიო საეკლესიო კრებები“. მათ გარდა უწმიდესმა

საგანგებოდ მოაგროებინა რუსეთის საპატრიარქოს ჟურნალების („ჟურნალ

მოსკოვსკოი პატრიარხიი“) ის ეგზემპლიარები, რომლებშიც ავტოკეფალიის

საკითხები იყო გაშუქებული, მეუფეს ახსოვს,რომ ასეთი იყო რამდენიმე 1949, 1950

და მის შემდეგ წლებში დაბეჭდილი ჟურნალები, მათ გარდა მეუფემ მოითხოვა და

უწმიდესის კურთხევით მას გადასცეს ქართული „გეორგიკების“ ყველა ტომი

(„ტანჯვით შეგროვილი“), და ასევე სხვა მასალები, სადაც ქართული წყაროები ანდა

უცხოელ ავტორთა მითითებები იყო გადმოცემული საქართველოს ეკლესიის

ავტოკეფალიის შესახებ.

რატომაა საჭირო ამ ამბის გახსენება? იმიტომ რომ მეუფე ანანიამ უწმიდესის

დავალებით მის მიერ მომზადებული აღნიშნული თემები „საქართველოს ეკლესიის

ავტოკეფალია“ და „დიპტიხში ადგილის შესახებ“ საფუძვლად დაუდო ამ წიგნს -

„საქართველოს სამოციქულო ეკლესიის ისტორია“.

მეუფე ბრძანებს -„მახსოვს თავდაპირველად, ხელნაწერ ეგზემპლიარში ჩვენი

ეკლესიის ისტორიას ვიწყებდი მე-6 სუკუნით, რადგან იმჟამად ძალზე მაწუხებდა

და მაინტერესებდა სომხურ-ქართული საეკლესიო ურთიერთობის საკითხები და

მათი არასწორი გამოკვლევები ქართველი ავტორებისა. მაგალითად, ყველაზე

ცნობილი მეცნიერი ამ საკითხებისა ზ. ალექსიძე ამტკიცებდა, რომ კირიონ 1-მა, მე-

6 ს. ბოლოსა და მე-7 ს. დასწყისში ქართულენოვანი წირვა-ლოცვა დაუწესა

გუგარქის სომხებს და ამით ისინი „გააქართველა“.

VI-X სს. თითქმის ყველა სომეხი მემეტიანის ნაშრომების გაცნობის შემდეგო -

ბრძანებს მეუფე - მე მივხვდი, რომ საქმე პირიქით იყო. მე-6 საუკუნეში არმენიისა

და ქართლის მპყრობელი სპარსეთის იმპერია ქალკედონურ ბიზანტიის

იმპერიასთან მუდმივი ომის გამო სასტიკად დევნიდა ქალქედონურ ქართულ

ეკლესიას და აძლიერებდა სომხურ მონოფიზიტურს. ასეთივე მდგომარეობა

გაგრძელდა მე-7 საუკუნეშიც არაბთა მპყრობელობის დროს.

ასეთ დროს სპარსელთა მხარდაჭერით სომხური ეკლესია გაბატონდა ალბანურ

ეკლესიაზე, მალე ალბანურ ეკლესიაში სომხურმა ეკლესიამ აკრძალა

ღვთისმსახურება ალბანურ ენაზე და ალბანეთში შემოღებული იქნა სომხურენოვანი

ღვთისმსახურება, ამას მიუთიტებს კიდეც მოვსეს კალანკატუაცი მე-7 საუკუნის

ამბების აღწერისას.

მაშასადამე სომხური ეკლესია VI-VII საუკუნეებში ქართულ ეკლესიაზე უფრო

ძლიერი იყო, როგორც ეკონომიკურად, ისე პოლიტიკურად, ამიტომაც მან, თვით

„ეპისტოლეთა წიგნის“ ცნობით, შეძლო გუგარქში აეკრძალა ქართულენოვანი

511

ღვთისმსახურება და ამის ნაცვლად შემოიღო სომხურენოვანი ღვთისმსახურება, ეს

კი მოუთმენელი იყო ქართლის კათალიკოს კირიონისათვის, რომლის ერთერთი

ეპარქიაც იყო გუგარქი.

კირონმა ისარგებლა პოლიტიკური მომენტით, როდესაც ბიზანტიამ სპარსეთთან

ომის ფრონტზე წარმატებას მიაღწია, ამით გულმოცემულმა კირიონმა აღუდგინა

ქართულენოვანი წირვა-ლოცვა გუგარქის ქართველობას, მაშასადამე სომხები კი არ

გაქართველდნენ, როგორც ამტკიცებს ამჟამინდელი ქართული ისტორიოგრაფია,

არამედ, გუგარქის მკვიდრმა ქართველებმა აღიდგინეს ქართულენოვნი

ღვთისმსახურება.

ასევე მოხდა ერთი საუკუნის შემდეგ, დაახოებით 780 წლისათვის, ტაოშიც.

მალევეო, ბრძანებს მეუფე, მივხვდი, რომ არ იყო სასურველი ისტორიის დაწყება

მე-6 საუკუნედან, მაგრამ, იმჟამად, ეკლესიის იტორიის დაწყება 1-ლი საუკუნედან,

მოციქულების ეპოქიდან, მკრეხელობადაც კი მიიჩნეოდა საბჭოურ საზოგადოებაში.

მაგალითად, იმჟამად „ეკლესიის კალენდრის“ რედაქტორმა მეუფეს განუცხადა:

„დიდი ხანია ივანე ჯავახიშვილმა დაამტკიცა, რომ ანდრია მოციქულის

საქართველოში ქადაგება არის ლეგენდა და არამეცნიერული თვალსაზრისი“, ანუ

ჩვენი ეკლესიის ისტორიის დაწყება მოციქულთა ეპოქიდან არამეცნიერულად

მიიჩნეოდა.

იმჟამად ხელმისაწვდომი არ იყო რაიმე ლიტერატურა მოციქულთა შესახებ,

ამიტომ ძალზე დიდი ძიება დასჭირდა მეუფეს და საბოლოოდ ეკლესიის

ისტორია დაიწყო საქართველოში მოციქულების ქადაგებიდან, იმჟამად, პირველად

მის წიგნში ჩაიწერა, რომ არა ერთმა, არმედ ექვსმა მოციქულმა იქადაგა

ისტორიულ საქართველოში. ამ თემის წინ წამოწევა მას ესაჭიროებოდა იმისათვის,

რათა ემტკიცებინა, რომ საქართველოს ეკლესია ავტოკეფალური იყო უკვე

მოციქულების ეპოქიდან. მოციქულების მიერ დაფუძნებული ეკლესიები

იმთავითვე ავტოკეფალურები იყვნენ. ეს ძველი თეორია, ჩამოყალიბებული მე-11

საუკუნეში წმიდა გიორგი მთაწმიდელის მიერ, ამჟამადაც უყურადრებოდაა

მიტოვებული. მისმა ჩართვამ წიგნში შექმნა პრეცენდენტი იმისა, რომ თურმე

შესაძლებელია ჩვენი ეკლესიის ისტორიის დაწყება წმიდა მოციქულებიდან.

ეს მომენტი შეაფასა ბატონმა ვ. გოილაძემ. ის მეუფის წიგნის წინასიტყვაობაში

წერდა „naSromis erT-erT siaxled unda CaiTvalos mociqulTa droindeli

saqarTvelos vrceli da detaluri istoriis gadmocema, rasac aqamde

saTanado yuradReba ar eqceoda“.

512

ეს და მრავალი სხვა საკითხია გამოკვლეული წიგნში, შემდეგში მეუფემ ამ წიგნის

შესავლის სახით დაწერა შრომა „ქართველთა წინაპრების ბიბლიური ისტორია

ადამიდან იესომდე“, მისი ნაწილი შემდეგ წინ დაურთო „ალალოს“ მიერ

გამოცემულ ერთტომეულს.

მეუფე ბრძანებს - „1988 წლიდან, ვიდრე 2019 წლამდე როდესაც იწერებოდა ეს

ტომეულები, თითქმის 40 წლის მანძილზე, შეიცვალა თვით ჩემი

დამოკიდებულება ზოგიერთი საკითხის მიმართ, რადგანაც თვით ეკლესიის

ინტერესები შეიცვლა.

მაგალითად, 1990 წლამდე საქართველოს საპატრიარქოს ინტერესის სფეროს

წარმოადგენდა ავტოკეფალიის საკითხების რკვევა, იმის შემდეგ რაც ეს პრობლემა

გადაიჭრა, მალევე ეკლესიის წინაშე დადგა არანაკლებ მნიშვნელოვანი საეკლესიო

იურისდიქციის საკითხი.

ეს, ანუ საეკლესიო იურისდიქციის საკითხი სადავოდ იქცა მის შემდეგ, რაც მტერმა

მოახდინა საქართველოს ისტორიული ოლქების - აფხაზეთისა და ცხინვალის

რეგიონის ოკუპაცია.

ოკუპირებულ ტერიტორიებზე გამოჩნდნენ საეკლესიო საპარტისტების ძალები,

რომელნიც იბრძვიან რათა საქართველოს ახლა უკვე ეკლესიურად ჩამოაშორონ

აფხაზეთი და ცხინვალის რეგიონი. ჩამოაყალიბეს სეპარატისტული, თვითმარქვია,

განყენებული ე.წ. „აფხაზეთის ავტოკეფალური სამიტროპოლიტი“ და ცხინვალში

ე.წ. „ალანიის თავისთავადი სამიტროპოლიტო“. ამისათვის საეკლესიო

სეპარატისტები საგულდაგულოდ იკვლევენ ისტორიას და ცდილობენ მოიპოვონ

თავიანთი ოლქებისათვის საქართველოს ეკლესიიდან დამოუკიდებლობის

დამადასტურებული საბუთები. ამ სულისკვეთებით დაწერეს წიგნები, მათ შორის

ქართველ ისტორიკოსთა ნაშრომებზე დაყრდნობითაც. მათ, მაგალითად, კარგად

გამოიყენეს ჩვენს მეცნიერებაში მტკიცედ დანერგილი თვალსაზრისი რომ მეათე

საუკუნემდე თითქოსდა დასავლეთ საქართველო, (შესაბამისად აფხაზეთი)

კონსტანტინოპოლის საპატრიარქოს იურისდიქციაში იმყოფებოდა. ეს მტკიცებანი

მათ მიიჩნიეს თავიანთვის ძალზე სასარგებლოდ და წარადგინეს

კონსტანტინოპოლის საპატრიარქოში. საქართველოს ეკლესიის შესახებ იგივე

თვალსაზრისი გამოაქვეყნა კიდეც მოსკოვში დაბეჭდილმა „პრავასლავნაია

ენციკლოპედიამ“, „თუმცა მე წინააღმდეგი ვიყავი, მაგრამ მაინც თბილისიდან

მასალები გაიგზავნა მოსკოვში დასაბეჭდად“ -ბრძანა მეუფემ და განაგრძო-

513

„საქმე ისაა, რომ ჩემი წიგნის პირველი ტომების წერის დროს მეც ნაწილობრივ

ვიზიარებდი იმჟამად აბსოლუტურად დამკვიდრებულ თვალსაზრისს რომ

დასავლეთ საქართველო კონსტანტინოპოლის იურისდიქციაში იმყოფებოდა (ოღონდ

მე მივიჩნევდი - ჰერაკლე კეისრიდან ვიდრე მე-10 საუკუნემდე), ამიტომ, ამ

თვალსაზრისითაა დაწერილი პირველი ოთხი ტომი, ასევე, საეკლესიო კანონების

კრებული და დენაციონალიზაციის ტომები. დაახლოებით 2000 წლისათვისო კი,

ამბობს ის, მე მივხვდი და ეს იყო ურთულესი საქმე, რომ სინამდვილეში

კონსტანტინოპოლის საპატრიარქოს ლაზიკის ეპარქია მოიცავდა არა დასავლეთ

საქართველოს, არამედ ე. წ. სამხრეთ ლაზიკას, ანუ იმ მიწაწყალს, რომელსაც

ამჟამად „ლაზისტანი“ ეწოდება (დაახლოებით ტერიტორიას ტრაპეზუნტიდან

ჭოროხამდე, რომელსაც ასევე სამხრეთ ეგრისს ვუწოდებ). ეს ძიება გრძელდებოდა

წლები, ჩემთვისო, ამბობს ის, ეს იყო ურთულესი ძიება, მისი შედეგები ასახულია

წიგნებში: „ქალდეა, საეპისკოპოსოები ლაზიკაში“, „არიან-ქართლი, საეპისკოპოსოები

ისტორიულ ივერიაში“, „იურისდიქცია ჩრდილოეთ კავკასიაში“, ასევე „საეკლესიო

რუკების ატლასში“.

აღსანიშნავია, რომ მეუფის ახალი კვლევები და მტკიცებანი, რომ

კონსტანტინოპოლის საპატრიარქოს ლაზიკის ეპარქია მოიცავდა არა დასავლეთ

სქართველოს, არამედ ამჟამინდელ ლაზისტანს, ძალზე აღიზიანებდა ზოგიერთ

გამოჩენილ პიროვნებას, ასევე ზოგიერთ ისტორიკოსს, ფილოლოგს, რადგანაც

დასავლეთ საქართველოს მიმართ (1 ათასწლეული) მათი კვლევებიც ბათილდებოდა

და საეჭვო ხდებოდა, მეორე მხრივ კი მეუფის კვლევები სრულიად ეთანადებოთ

ქართულ, ასევე უცხოურ წყაროებს, საეკლესიო კრებების (მაგალითად, რუის-

ურბნისის) სულისკვეთებას, რაც მთავარია მისი კვლევები ჩვენი ეკლესიის

იურისდიქციას ამყარებდა.

ასეთ ვითარებაში აუცილებელი იყო მისი უწმიდესობის ყურადღება და

მფარველობა, რადგენაც აღნიშნული პირები ჯგუფური დელეგაციების სახით

ჩიოდნენ პატრიარქთან, რათა მეუფეს შეწყვიტა კვლევები.

მისმა უწმიდესობამ კი თავისი მაღალი ხედვით, არწივის მზერით შეაფასა

ვითარება და გამოსცა მეუფის მხარდასაჭერი დადგენილებები (2009, 2011, 20012

წლებში), ასევე ისინი მიაღებინა წმიდა სინოდს. qarTuli Tanamedrove istoriografiis problematikuri sakiTxebis rkvevas

misma uwmidesobam gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia 2006 wlidan.

1.

514

2006 wlis saSobao epistoleSi man aRniSna, rom Tanamedrove qarTuli

istoriografia samwuxarod ver acda jer kidev XIX saukuneSi ruseTis

imperiis mier saistorio mecnierebaSi danergil Teorias, romlis

mixedviTac qarTveli eris mTlianoba da misi uflebebi saqarTvelos miwa-

wyalze saeWvod Canda. amasTan dakavSirebiT ilia II wers: ~wminda ilia

marTali Tavis publicistur werilebSi ebrZoda peterburgis

universitetSi Seqmnil antiqarTul istoriografiul Teorias, romlis

mixedviTac erTiani qarTveli eri warmodgenili iyo gansxvavebuli tomebis

xelovnur gaerTianebad. aRniSnuli kampaniis gagrZeleba iyo is, rom

imperiulma Zalebma daiwyes megrulad da svanurad saRvTismsaxuro

wignebis Targmna da scades wirva-locvis Catarebac, magram am kuTxis

Svilebma da mTelma qarTulma sazogadoebam maT sakadrisi pasuxi gasca. es

iyo neli moqmedebis ideologiuri naRmi; am naRmma Cven dRevandel

mdgomareobamde migviyvana da Zmoba da erToba dagvarRvevina~- wers

uwmidesi patriarqi 2006 wlis saSobao epistoleSi.

2.

შექმნილი პრობლემების აღმოაფხვრელად, უწმიდესმა პატრიარქმა ილია მეორემ

თავისი 2009 წლის 10 ივლისის N 76 ბრძანებით დაარსა „საქართველოს

საპატრიარქოს რეალური ისტორიის დამდგენი მუდმივმოქმედი კომისია“

მიტროპოლიტ ანანია ჯაფარიძის მეთაურობით.

2009 წლის 76–ე ბრძანებაში უწმიდესი პატრიარქი ბრძანებს –

„მე–19, მე–20 საუკუნეებში საქართველოს ეკლესის ავტოკეფალიის გაუქმებისა და

სახელმწიფოებრივი დამოუკიდებლობის გაუქმების პერიოდში მიზანმიმართულად

ყალბდებოდა საქართველოს ისტორია და ენათმეცნიერების საფუძვლები, ამასთან

დაკავშირებით ვბრძანებ:

საქართველოს საპატრიარქოსთან შეიქმნას საქართველოს რეალური ისტორის

დამდგენი მუდმივმოქმედი კომისია მისი მაღალყოვლადუსამღვდელოესობის

მანგლისისა და წალკის მიტროპოლიტ ანანიას (ჯაფარიძე) ხელმძღვანელობით.

3.

2011 წ. ილია მეორის თავმჯდომარეობით შემუსავდა საქართველოს ეკლესიის წმიდა

სინოდის დადგენილება მიტროპოლიტ ანანიას ხელმძღვანელობით ისტორიკოსთა

სამეცნიერო ჯგუფის ჩამოყალიბების შესახებ.

2011წლის 20 დეკემბრის წმიდა სინოდის დადგენილება თავის 2.დ. მუხლში

აღნიშნავს –

„საბჭოთა პერიოდში ხდებოდა საქართველოსა და მსოფლიო ისტორიის გაყალბაბა,

შეცდომების გამოსასწორებლად შეიქმნას ისტორიკოსთა ჯგუფი მანგლისისა და

წალკის მიტროპოლიტ ანანიას (ჯაფარიძე) ხელმძღვანელობით“.

ეს ფაფქტი მან რამდენიმე თვის შმდეგ საგანგებოდ მოიხსენია თავის საშობაო 2011

წლის ეპისტოლეში

515

4. 2011 wlis saSobao epistoleSi uwmidesi patriarqi aRniSnavs:

~Cveni uZvelesi istoriis zogierTi sakvanZo sakiTxi, rac qarTvelTa

warmomavlobasa da eris erTianobas ukavSirdeba, realuri saxiT

Tanamedrove sazogadoebam naklebad icis. amis mizezi aris is, rom carizmi

da sabWoTa imperia yovelTvis cdilobdnen igi araobieqturad warmoeCinaT.

maT ar surdaT, Cvens xalxSi erovnul-patriotuli suliskveTebis

gaRviveba, radgan igi saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis moTxovnis

saSiSroebas Seicavda. araobieqturad miwodebuli istoriis safuZvelze,

sruliad ukanonod da usamarTlod Seiqmna, magaliTad, avtonomiebi XX

saukunis dasawyisSi ruseTis mier dapyrobil saqarTveloSi. adrec

miTqvams, rom swored amitom, gansakuTrebul cenzuras ganicdida qarTuli

istoriografia, enaTmecniereba da sxva iseTi mimarTulebebi, romelnic

msoflmxedvelobis ganmsazRvrel dargebad miiCneoda.

Cvens cnobil mkvlevarebs didi Zalisxmeva da Tavdadeba dasWirdaT, raTa

nawilobriv mainc gadaerCinaT da dRemde moetanaT Cveni eris istoriuli

simarTle.

axla ki, rodesac aRsdga saqarTvelos Tavisufleba, aucilebelia,

Segnebulad dafaruli warsulis warmoCena da saqarTvelos obieqturi

matianis dawera uxsovari droidan dRemde (aRniSnul sakiTxze bolo

sxdomaze imsjela wm. sinodma da miiRo saTanado gadawyvetileba).

amas jer kidev XIX s-Si da XX s-is dasawyisSi cdilobdnen Cveni

sasiqadulo mamuliSvilni, magram maTi naazrevi maSindeli

saxelmwifoebrivi ideologiis sapirwoned, bunebrivia, ver iqca~.

5.

საკითხის სიმძაფრის გამო უწმიდესმა პატრიარქმა საჭიროდ მიჩნია, რათა ეს

საკითხი განეხილა მომდევნო წლის სინოდის სხდომას, კერძოდ, 2012 წლის 5

ივლისს წმ. სინოდის სხდომამ მიიღო დადგენილაბა, რომლის მე–6 მუხლი

აღნიშნავს –

„წმინდა სინოდმა მოისმინა მანგლისისა და წალკის მიტროპოლიტ ანანიას

(ჯაფარიძე) მოხსენება საქართველოს ეკლესიის ისტორიის პრობლემატიკასთან

დაკავშირებით და განაჩინა: ვინაიდან XIX საუკუნის მეორე ნახევარში და

განსაკუთრებით, XX ს-ში, – კომუნისტების მმართველობის ხანაში,

მიზანმიმართულად შეიცვალა და გაყალბდა შეხედულება საქართველოს ეკლესიის

საზღვრების შესახებ, მკვიდრდებოდა რა აზრი, თითქოს დასავლეთ საქართველო

IV-X საუკუნეებში, ანუ 600 წლის მანძილზე, არ იყო ქართული ეკლესიის

იურისდიქციაში, ამასთან, თითქოს, ჩრდილო, აღმოსავლეთ და სამხრეთ

საქართველოში ასევე არ შედიოდა ჩვენი ზოგიერთი ისტორიული რეგიონი,

დაევალოს წმიდა ანდრია პირველწოდებულის ქართულ უნივერსიტეტს, გადადგას

რეალური, დროული და ქმედითი ნაბიჯები ათეისტურ პერიოდში შემუშავებული

იდეოლოგიის ნაცვლად საქართველოს ეკლესიის ნამდვილი ისტორიის წარმოჩენისა

516

და პოპულარიზაციისათვის. ხელი შეეწყოს მეუფე ანანიას (ჯაფარიძე) მიერ

წარმოდგენილი მასალების დაბეჭდვას და ისტორიულ წყაროებზე დაყრდნობილი

იმ ჭეშმარიტი აზრის განმტკიცებას, რომ “წმინდა მოციქულმა ანდრიამ იქადაგა

ყოველსა ქვეყანასა საქართველოისასა,” ხოლო წმინდა ნინომ “განანათლა ყოველი

სავსება ყოველთა ქართველთა ნათესავისა.” (დიდი სჯულის კანონი, 1974, გვ.545-546)

და რომ ამას მოწმობენ უცხოური წყაროებიც. აღსანიშნავია ისიც, რომ ამ აზრს

სრულად იზიარებს ბატონი ივანე ჯავახიშვილი. იგი წერს: “ანდრია მოციქულიც და

წმიდა ნინოც საერთო ქართული ეკლესიის დამაარსებლად და მთელი ერის

განმანათლებლად იყვნენ ცნობილნი, საქართველოს სხვადასხვა ნაწილების ცალკე

მქადაგებლების გამოძებნის სურვილიც არ ჰქონიათ, რადგან ისინი მთლიანი და

განუყოფელი საქართველოს განმტკიცებისა და აღორძინებისათვის იღვწოდნენ.”

(ქართველი ერის ისტორია, ტ. III, გვ.47.)“

ასე, რომ მეუფის სამეცნიერო მიმართულების მხარდასაჭერად უწმიდესმა მრავალი

დადგენილება გამოსცა.

უნდა ითქვას, რომ საბოლოოდ მუეფის 40 წლიანი შრომა დადებითად შეაფასა

უწმიდესმა პატრიარქმა და 2019 წელს განაცხადა - „მიტროპოლიტმა ანანიამ

ნამდვილი ისტორიის აღდგენისათვის უდიდესი ნაბიჯები გადადგა, რომ მის მიერ

გაწეულია უზარმაზარი შრომა და ჩაყრილია ღრმა ფუნდამენტი“.

უწმიდესის გზავნილი -

6.

სრულიად საქართველოს კათოლიკოს პატრიარქი

მის მაღალყოვლადუსამღვდელოესობა მიტროპოლიტ ანანიას (ჯაფარიძე)

გულითადად ვულოცავთ დაბადების 70 წლითავს

მან ეკლესიური ცხოვრება მაშინ დაიწყო, როდესაც მორწმუნეთა რიცხვი მეტად

მცირე იყო და ინტელიგენციაც ათეისტური აზროვნების ტყვეობაში იმყოფებოდა.

ყველამ იცის, რომ სულიერი მოღვაწეობის გარდა, მეუფე ანანია თავიდანვე

გამოირჩეოდა საქართველოს ისტორიის, ჩვენი წარსულის ძიების დაუცხრომელი

სურვილით და ამ მიმართულებით არაერთი წიგნი დაბეჭდა.

შეიძლება ითქვა, იგი იმ პირველთაგანია, რომელიც კომუნისტური რეჟიმის მიერ

დაკნინებულ მიმართულებას პროტესტი გამოუცხადა და ნამდვილი ისტორიის

აღდგენისათვის უდიდესი ნაბიჯები გადადგა.

რა თქმა უნდა, ზოგიერთი პოზიცია შეიძლება აზრთა სხვადასხვაობას იწვევდეს,

მაგრამ მთავარია, რომ მის მიერ გაწეულია უზარმაზარი შრომა და ჩაყრილია

ღრმა ფუნდამენტი მომავალ მკვლევართათვის, ამასთან მისი ნაშრომები

განმსჭვალულია ქვეყნის სიყვარულითა და წარსულის რეალური სურათის

აღდგენის დიდი სურვილით.

ღმერთმა დალოცოს მეუფე ანანია და მრავალჟამიერ დაუღალავად

მოღვაწეობისათვის ღვთისა და ქვეყნის სამსახურად

517

ილია II

სრულიად საქართველოს კათოლიკოს პატრიარქი

ესაა ერთგვარი შეფასება ხანგრძლივი შრომისა.

აღნიშნული სულისკვეთებითაა დაწერილი სხვა ტომები.

მათ შესახებ მეუფე წერს -

მე-5 ტომის სახელია - „არიან-ქართლი, საეპისკოპოსოები ისტორიულ ივერიაში“

ის შეეხება იმ ქართული საეპისკოპოსოების ისტორიას, რომელთა სამრევლოები

მდებარეობდნენ ამჟამინდელი საქართველოს ფარგლებს გარეთ, ისტორიული

ივერიის სამხრეთ ნაწილში მდინარე არაქსიდან ვიდრე კლარჯეთამდე. აქ მე-10

საუკუნისათვის არსებობდა ქართული ე.წ. „აღმოსავლეთის საკათალიკოსო“, ტაო

მის ცენტრს წარმოადგენდა, თუმცა მის იურიდიქცაში შედიოდა ანისის,

ვალაშკერტის, ყარსის (კარის), დადაშენის, არზრუმისა და სხვა ქართული

საეპისკოპოსოები.

ჯერ კიდევ 1906 წელს რუსეთის სინოდში წარდგენილ მოხსენებაში კირიონ მეორე

მიუთითებდა, რომ ეფრემ მცირესა და სხვათა ცნობები ივერიის ეკლესიისათვის

ავტოკეფალიის მინიჭების შესახებ ეხება არა მცხეთის ივერიის ეკლესიას, რომელიც

მუდამ ავტოკეფალური იყო, არამედ, „მეორე ივერიის“ ანუ „აღმოსავალის“

(„აღმოსავლეთის“) საკათალიკოსოს. მან მე-8 საუკუნის შემდეგ ანტიოქიისაგან

მოიპოვა ავტოკეფალია, ხოლო იერუსალიმის საპატრიარქოსაგან მირონის ადგილზე

(ქართლში) კურთხევის უფლება, რადგანაც „ქართლად ფრიადი ქვეყანა

აღირაცხების, რომელსაცა შინა ქართულითა ენითა ჟამი შიწირვის და ლოცვა

ყოველი აღესრულების“. მირონთან დაკავშირებით უნდა ითქვას, რომ მირონის

კურთხევის უფლება ამ დროს მოიპოვა არა მცხეთის საკათალიკოსომ, არამედ

„მეორე ივერიის“ ანუ „აღმოსავალის“ საკათალიკსომ. მცხეთას ეს დასტური არ

ესაჭიროებოდა, რადგანაც მე-4 საუკუნის დასაწყისიდან მირონი გადაჭრილი

სვეტიცხოვლიდან გადმოედინებოდა, ხოლო მე-5 ს. ქართლის მეფე არჩილის დროს,

წყაროს ცნობით, მცხეთის ქართლში ადგილზევე აკურთხებდნენ მირონს (არჩილ

I — ქართლის მეფე V საუკუნის 20-30-იან წლებში).

ტაოს სამეფოს ტაოს ქართლი ანუ „ქართველთა სამეფო“ ერქვა, ის „ყოველი

ქართლის“ ერთი ნაწილი იყო, და აქ, მე-8 საუკუნედან, ქართული ენით

აღესრულებოდა წირვა ლოცვა ქართველი მრევლისათვის. ის იბერების ისტორიული

518

ქვეყანის ნაწილი იყო, ამტომაც ტაოს სამეფოს გაუქმების შემდეგ ბიზანტიამ აქ

დაარსა „იბერიის თემი“ ანუ „ფემა ივერია“, ცენტრებით ანისსა და არზრუმში.

მეუფე ანანიას კვლევით, არიან-ქართლი“ ეწოდებოდა ტერიტორიას - არაქსის

ხეობიდან და ვანის ტბიდან ვიდრე კლარჯეთის ჩათვლით და ათასწლეულის

შემდეგ აქ ჩამოყალიბდა ტაოს ანუ „ქართველთა სამეფო“, ხოლო შემდეგ

ბიზანტიური „იბერიის თემი“, „ფემა იბერია“. ქართველთა სამეფოს დროს აქ

არსებობდა ქართული „აღმოსავალის ანუ აღმოსავლეთის საკათალიკოსო“.

მეუფე წერს - „არიან ქართლსა“ და იქაურ ქართველობას მძიმე ბედი ჰქონდა, მისი

შემადგენელი ნაწილები იყო სტრაბონის მიერ ნახსენები ხორძენე, გოგარენე და

პარიადრე, კარენიტან ერთად, რომელიც არმენიამ იბერებისაგან და ხალიბებისაგან

მიიტაცა ქრისტეშობამდე მეორე საუკუნეში (სტრაბონი, გეოგრაფია, XI,14,15). ჩვენ

მას ვუწოდებთ სამხრეთის ივერიას, მის შემადგენლობაში შედიოდა აღნიშნული

ტერიტორია, (არაქსიდან კლარჯეთის ჩათვლით, არზრუმის ოლქი ყოფილი

კარენიტია). მართალია ეს მიწაწყალი არმენიამ მიიტაცა, მაგრამ აქ ივერები

ძველებურადვე აგრძელებდნენ ცხოვრებას, და, იქ, უკვე არმენიად სახელდებულ

ისტორიულ იბერიაში, საუკუნეთა მანძილზე მიმდინარეობდა მკვიდრი ივერების

ანუ ქართველების არმენიზაციის გამალებული პროცესი, მიტაცების შემდეგ, იქ

ქართული ენა აკრძალული იყო, დაფარულად მოსახმარი, რადგანაც აქ

ადმნისტრაციისა და ეკლესიის ენა იყო სომხური. ამიტომაც წერს ამ (ტაო-ბასიან-

კარინის) რეგიონიდან გამოსული, ჩანს VI-VII საუკუნეების თხზულება „ქებაი და

დიდებაი ქართულისა ენისაი“ -„დამარხულ არს ენა ქართული...და ესე ენაი

მძინარე არს დღესამომდე..და ესე ენაი...მდაბალი და დაწუნებული“.

ამ ეპოქაში მცხეთის იბერიაში ქართული ენა საეკლესიო ენა იყო, ამიტომ ამ

თხულებაში, აღიწერება არა მცხეთის ქართლში, არამედ სამხრეთის ქართლში ანუ

სამხრეთის ივერიაში ქართული ენის „დაწუნება, დამდაბლება“, დაფარულად მისი

მოხმარება ანუ „დამარხვა“.

არმენიის მიერ დაიპყრობის შემდეგ, ამ რეგიონში, ქართული ენის ადგილი

საზოგადოებრივ ასპარეზზე სომხურმა დაიჭირა. აქაური ივერები მე-8 საუკუნემდე

სომხური ეკლესიის წევრები იყვნენ, სომხური საეკლესიო ენით, მხოლოდ

შინაობაში ანუ „ფარულად“ თუ მოიხმარდენენ ქართულ ენას.

საბედნიეროდ ვითარება შეიცვალა მე-8 საუკუნეში. 726 წლის მანასკერტის კრებაზე

სომხური ეკლესია საბოლოოდ და მტკიცედ მიემხრო მონოფიზიტობას, კრებამ

დაავალდებულა სომხური მოსახლეობა არაქალკედონური აღსარებლობისა

ყოფილიყო, კრების ამ დადგენილებას მხარი არ დაუჭირა ე.წ. არმენიის

519

აღნიშნულმა ქართულმ მოსახლეობამ, არმენიის ივერებმა, რომლის ძირითადი

ბირთვი ტაოში ცხოვრობდა.

780 წლის შემდეგ არმენიის ქართველობამ უკვე დაუფარავად მხარი დაუჭირა

ქალკედონურ აღმსარებლობას, ეკლესიებში აღიდგინა ქართულენვნი წირვა ლოცვა.

იმდენად აღმაფრთოვანებელი იყო ეს ფაქტი, რომ აქაურმა ქართველობამ საკუთარი,

ტაოს სამეფო დაარსა, რომელსაც, როგორც ითქვა „ქართველთა სამეფო“ ერქვა,

მალე აქაურმა ქართველებმა მისი საზღვარი გააფართოვეს კლარჯეთიდან ვანის

ტბამდე.

იქამდე დაფარული, დამდაბლებული და დაწუნებული ქართული ენა IX-X

საუკუნეებში ტაოსა და სამხრეთის ივერიაში გადაიქაც ადმინისტრაციის, ეკლესიის,

კულტურისა და განათლაბს ენად, შეწყდა ქართველთა არმენიზაცია, აქაური

ქართველობა მასიურად დაუბრუნდა დედა ქართულ ეკლესიას.

ტაოს სამეფოს ბაზაზე ჩამოყალიბდა ადგილობრივი ქართული საეკლესიო-

ადმინისტრაციული ერთეული „აღმოსავალის საკათალიკოსო“, რომელმაც

ანტიოქიისაგან ავროკეფალია, ხოლო იერუსალიმისაგან, როგორც ითქვა, მირონის

ადგილზე კურთხევის უფლება მოიპოვა, ეს და სხვა მრავალი საკითხია

განხილული მე-5 ტომში.

წინა ტომებში მივიჩნევდი, რომ „აღმოსავალის საკათალიკოსო“ ერქვა აფხაზეთის

საკათალიკსოს, ეს აზრი უარვყავი დაახლოებით 2012 წლის შემდეგ, და ამჟამად

მივიჩნვ, რომ „აღმოსავალის საკათალიკოსო“ ერქვა სამხრეთ ივერიაში IX-X

საუკუნეებში არსებულ ქართულ საეკლესიო ადმინისტრაციულ ერთეულს, ის გაქრა

ტაოს სამეფოსთან ერთად ბასილი ბულგართმმუსვრელის ივერიაში (ტაო-ბასიანში)

ლაშქრობის შემდეგ.

ყოფილი ქართველთა სამეფოს ტერიტორიაზე ბიზანტიის იმპერიამ თავისი

ადმინისტრაციული ერთეული „იბერიის თემი“ დაარსა. იბერიის თემში ზაქარია

ვალაშკერტელისა და სხვა დიდი მამების ბრძოლის მიუხედავად, ბიზანტია

დევნიდა ქართულენოვან ეკლესიას. ამის შემდეგ იქაური ქართველობის ერთი

ნაწილი ბერძნული ეკლესიის მრევლად იქცა (მათ შეადგინეს ე.წ. „სომეხ

ქალკედონიტთა“ მნიშვნელოვანი ნაწილი), ხოლო მეორე დიდი ნაწილი ივერებისა,

განსაკუთრებით ოსმალეთის იმპერიის დაარსების შემდეგ, კვლავ სომხური

ეკლესიის მრევლად იქცა, ისინი გააწევრიანეს ოსმალეთის „სომხურ მილეთში“,

დაუქვემდებარეს კონსტანტინოპოლის სომხურ საპატრიარქოს. საბოლოოდ

„სომხური მილეთის“ ყოფილი ქართველობა, უფრო არზრუმ-არტაან-ყარსის

მკვიდრი მოსახლეობა, საბოლოოდ გასომხდა, შემდეგში ის ძირითადად შეეწირა

520

1915 წლის ე.წ. გენოციდს, იქამდე, მე-19 ს. დასაწყისში, ერთი უკვე არმენიზებული

ნაწილი ყოფილი ქართველებისა პაასკევიჩმა საქართველოს სამხრეთ რეგიონებში

ჩაასახლა.

მე-6 ტომის სახელია - „ქალდეა, საეპისკოპოსოები ლაზიკაში“. sabWoTa epoqaSi gavrcelda usafuZvlo Teoria, TiTqosda lazebi VII

saukunis Semdeg dasavleT saqarTvelodan gadasaxldnen trapezuntis

regionSi, sadac amJamadac cxovroben. sinamdvileSi, rogorc wyaroebis

analizi aCvenebs lazebi am (trapezuntis) regionis mkvidri igive qaldebi

arian.

strabonis cnobiT qaldebs (xalibebs) aseve uwodebdnen `alazonebs~,

saidanac warmodga pontospireTisa da misi mosaxleobis saxeli `lazonia~,

`lazi~.

uwmidesi patriarqi ilia II, aRniSnavs, rom `qaldi~ saerTo qarTul

samyaros, kolxeTis centrs, mis guls erqva. iv. javaxiSvilis kvleviT

qaldea ara mxolod lazebis, aramed yvela qarTuli tomis samSoblo iyo.

qarTuli tomebis es miwa-wyali bizantiis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi

aRmoCnda da eklesiurad aq, qaldea-lazikaSi, Camoyalibda fasidis eparqiis

petras, rodopolisis, ziganasa da saisinis saepiskoposoebi, xolo rac

Seexeba dasavleT saqarTvelos, is gaqristianebis Semdeg, IV saukunidanve

qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda. fasidis eparqiis ZiriTadi

nawili ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed aRniSnul qaldea-lazikaSi

(trapezunt-Teodosiopolis SemaerTebel gzaze) mdebareobda.

naSromi daiwera Cveni uflisa da macxovris ieso qristes sadidebelad da

exeba saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciis sakiTxs. აქ, mraval wyaroze

dayrdnobiT, mimoxilulia, dasavleT saqarTvelos, lazika-qaldeasa da

saqarTvelos sxva istoriuli regionebis saeklesio, ekonomikuri,

politikuri, administraciuli, yofiTi da geografiuli viTareba pirvel

aTaswleulSi.

მე-7 ტომის სახელია - „ქართველთა დენაციონალიზაცია XVII-XX საუკუნეებში

(საინგილო,აფხაზეთი,ქართლ-კახეთი, თრიალეთი, შიდა ქართლი)“.

მის ანოტაციაში ნათქვამია :

521

„sakuTar saxelmwifoSi yoveli eri mTliandeba da naciad yalibdeba, magram

usaxelmwifoebriobis dros piriqiT _ iSleba da nawevrdeba. miT umetes, Tu

qveyana saukuneTa manZilzea mtrisagan dapyrobili. aseTive bunebisaa,

cxadia qarTvelobac.

Cveni xalxis istoriuli mexsierebidan erTgvarad amovardnilia XV-XVIII ss

da istoriis Semecneba xdeba ise, TiTqosda ayvavebuli periodidan (daviT

aRmaSeneblidan da Tamaridan) _ Cven uceb aRmovCndiT XIX s-Si, magram

kvleva aCvenebs, rom XVII-XVIII ss-Si ganviTarebulma procesebma Sva Cveni

dRevandeli problemebi. XV s-is Semdeg, saqarTvelo daiSala, Semdeg misi

yoveli nawili mterma daipyro, daiwyo denacionalizacia qarTveli

xalxisa. es procesi sakmaod Rrma iyo. erovnuli TviTSemecneba mxolod im

qarTvelma marTlmadideblebma SeinarCunes, romelnic saqarTvelos

eklesiis wevrebi iyvnen...

XX s-is 80-iani wlebis xanmokle erovnul konsolidacias, Tan mohyva

xangrZlivi aTwleulebi erovnuli dezintegraciisa, kuTxurobis

aRorZinebisa... im adamianebs, romelTac iqamde TavianTi Tavi qarTvelebad

hqondaT identificirebuli gauxsenes winaparTa odindeli `ucxo

warmomavloba~. gansakuTrebiT ki maT ucxoelobas, osobas Tu somxobas

ixsenebdnen maTi mezoblebi, mxedrionelTa razmebi, momentiT mosargeble

yaCaRebi, romelTac didi asparezi gadaeSalaT XX s-is miwuruls. aseT

dros, am adamianTa dacva da Sexseneba maTi mezoblebisaTvis, rom isini

qarTvelebi arian, mowme varT imisa rom dadebiT Sedegebs iZleoda.

vfiqrob, winamdebare naSromi xels Seuwyobs saqarTvelos mosaxleobis

integracia-konsolidacia-gamTlianebis saqmes. Cvenma axalgazrdebma unda

icodnen, rom maTi zogierTi Tanaklaseli Tu Tanajgufeli, romelTac oss,

an somexs uwodeben sinamdvileSi arian im qarTvelTa STamomavlebi,

romelnic XVII-XIX ss-Si denacionalizaciis procesis msxverplni iyvnen. es

codna maT albaT met tolerantobas SesZens.

naSromi dabeWdili iyo sxvadasxva wlebSi, amJamad erTwignad Sekrebils,

ucvleli saxiT vawodebT mkiTxvels

მე-8 ტომია - „საქრთველოს საეკლესიო კანონების კრებული (სამართალი, კანონები,

დადგენილებები).

მის ანოტაციაში ნათქვამია :

522

„saqarTvelos eklesiaSi moZRvrebis, mmarTvelobisa da saeklesio

sasamarTlos sferoSi umaRlesi xelisufleba ekuTvnis saqarTvelos

eklesiis wmida sinods (saeklesio krebas), misi zrunvis erT-erT sagans

warmoadgens `saeklesio kanonebis krebulis, sasuliero da saero

saswavleblebis Sesabamisi saxelmZRvaneloebisa da saRvTismetyvelo

literaturis~ gamocema (1995 wlis saeklesio krebis debuleba, Tavi II, $20).

am muxlis aRsasruleblad gaweul naSroms warmoadgens mitropolit anania

jafariZis wigni `saqarTvelos saeklesio kanonebis krebuli~ (saqarTvelos

saeklesio krebebis samarTali, kanonebi da dadgenilebebi).

naSromSi erTadaa Tavmoyrili da ganxiluli IV-XX saukuneTa saqarTvelos

saeklesio krebebis samarTali.

ganxilul 15 sakanonmdeblo da 50-ze met mimdinare krebis analizs Tan

erTvis krebebis mier gamocemuli samarTlis Zeglebi, amitomac naSromi,

amasTanave, warmoadgens saqarTvelos saeklesio kanonebis krebuls,

romelic esaWiroeba rogorc sasuliero pirebsa da marTlmadidebel

mrevls, aseve saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis mkvlevarebs. es wigni,

saxelwodebiT `saqarTvelos saeklesio krebebi~, 2003 wlidan warmoadgens

saxelmZRvanelossasuliero akademiaSi“.

მე-9 ტომია: „საქართველოს ეკლესიის იურისდიქცია ჩრდილო კავკასიაში“

(დაღესტანი, ალანია, ადიღე-ჩერქეზეთი, დურძუკეთი, ჩრდილოკავკასიის სვანეთი,

ოსეთი, ქისტეთი, ალბანეთი)“

მის ანოტაციაში ნათქვამია :

მიტროპოლიტ ანანია ჯაფარიის ნაშრომი „საქართველოს ეკლესიის იურისდიქცია

ჩრდილო კავკასიაში“ სიახლეა იმ მხრივ, რომ პირველად ხდება ჩვენს საეკლესიო

ისტორიოგრაფიაში განზოგადებული გამოკვლევა ამ მნიშვნელოვანი თემსა, მაშინ

როცა, როგორც მრავალი რუსი მეცნიერი, ასევე განსაკუთრებით დაღესტნელი,

ჩეჩენი, ინგუში, ოსი, ყარაჩაელი, ბალყარელი, აფხაზი, აზერბაიჯანელი და სხვა

მკვლევარები ინტენსიურად იკვლევენ ამ საკითხს, სამწუხაროდ – ძირითადად,

შეიძლება ითქვას, ძალზე მიკერძოებით და ტენდენციურად.

მეუფე ანანიას ნაშრომი ეფუძნება ქართულ და უცხოურ წყაროებს, ვრცელ

სამეცნიერო ლიტერატურას, საინტერნეტო მასალას, ჩრდილო კავკასიაში

შემორჩენილ ფაქტებს ქართული კულტურისა და სხვა.

მისი საბოლოო დასკვნით, მართლდებიან ქართული წყაროები, რომელთა

მიხედვითაც, ჩრდილო კავკასიაში თავის იურისდიქციას ახორციელებდა

საქართველოს ეკლესიაში შემავალი აფხაზეთის, ქართლისა და ხუნძეთის

523

საკათალიკოსოები, ხოლო ჩრდილო კავკასიის მოსახლეობა თემურ ლენგის

შემოსევამდე, და ნაწილობრივ, მის შემდეგაც, წარმოადგენდა საქართველოს

ეკლესიის მრევლს, რომელიც აგებდა მრავალ ეკლესიასა და ჯვარ–ხატთა ნიშებს,

სადაც აღესრულებოდა ქართულენოვანი წირვა–ლოცვები, საჭიროების დროს კი,

ჩრდილო კავკასიელი ქრისტიანები თავიანთ საუკეთესო შვილებს ომებში

აგზავნდნენ სამშობლოს – საქართველოს დასაცავად“.

ამ ნაშრომის მტკიცებით თემურლენგის შემოსევამდე ჩრდილო კავკასია

დასახლებული იყო ქართველებითა და ქართველტა მონათესავე ხალხებით, იქამდე

ქრისტიანები, საქართველოს ეკლესიის იურისდიქციაში, აქ საქართველოს ეკლსიას

გააჩნდა საკუტარი ქართულენოვანი „ხუნძეთის საკატალიკოს“, ანწუხის

საეპისკოპოსო, ქურმუხის სამტავარეპისკოპოსო, სასულიერო სასწავლებლები,

ტაძრები და სამრევლოები, სადაც ქართულენაზე აღესრულებოდა წირვა-ლოცვა

მე-10 ტომის სახელია: „საქართველლოს ეკლესიის ისტორიის ატლასი, მე-10

საუკუნემდე, რუკების კრებული“. ესაა საქართელოს ისტორიული გეოგრაფიის

ახალი გააზრება.

მეუფის ნაშრომები ემსახურებოდა ორ მთვარ მიზანს, 1. საქართელოს ეკლესიის

ავტოკეფალიის რკვევა და 2. საქართველოს ეკლესის იურისდიქციის საზღვრები.

პირველი საკითხი ატუალური იყო იმ წლებში, როდესაც ჩვენი ეკლესია იბრძოდა

ავტოკეფალის მოსაპოვებლად, კონსტანტინოპოლის საპატრიარქოსაგან, რაც

მიღწეული იქნა 1990 წლისათვის, ამის შემდგომ საქართველოს ეკლესის წინაშე

წარმოიშვა მეორე საკითხი. სადვო გახდა ჩვენი ეკლესიის იურისდიქცია, როგორც

დასავლეთ და სამხრეთ, ისე აღმოსავლეთ საქართველოში, ამიტომაც ჩვენი

კვლევები იურისდიქციას ეხება.

ავტოკეფალიის საკითხების კვლევისას ეკლესიის წინაშე არ იდგა იურისდიქციის

საკითხის სიმძაფრე. ამიტომ 1-4 ტომში გაზიარებული იყო ქართულ

ისტორიოგრაფიაში დამკვიდრებული თეორია, რომ დასავლეთ საქართველო მე-10

საუკუნემდე კონსტანტინოპოლის იურისდიქციაში იმყოფებოდა, ეს თვლასაზრისი

ასახულია შესაბამის ტომებში. შემდეგშიო, ბრძანებს მეუფე, ჩემი დამოკიდებულება

ამ საკითხის მიმართ კარდინალურად შეიცვალა. განსაკუთრებით 2010-2012 წლის

შემდეგ.

ამ წლებში სეპარატისტებმა და მათმა მფარველმა იმპერიამ შეძლო ოკუპირება

საქართველოს ისტორიული მიწაწყლისა აფხაზეთსა და ცხინვალის რეგიონში,

აქაური საეკლესიო სეპარატისტები კი იბრძვიან საეკლესიო დამოუკიდებლობის

მოსაპოვებლად, მათ შორის ისინი თავიანთ მტკიცებებში მიუთითებენ ქართველი

ავტორების შრომებს. საჭირო გახდა კრიტიკული თვალ შეგვეხედა ს. ყაუხჩიშვილის

მიერ დანერგილი თვალსაზისრისათვის, რომ კონსტანტინოპოლის ლაზიკის ეპარქია

მოიცავდა დასავლეთ საქართველოს და უფრო სინტერესო გახდა ნ. ადონცის

თვალსაზრისის მიხედვით კვლევა-ძიება, რომ ლაზიკის ეპარქია სინამდვილეში

524

მოიცავდა არა დასავლეთ საქართველოს არამედ ამჟამინდელ ლაზისტანს,

ტრაპაზუნტიდან ჭოროხის მიმართულებით.

მართლაც ფაქტი იმისა, რომ კონსტანტინოპოლის საპატრიარქოს ლაზიკის ეპარქია

მოიცავდა არა დასავლეთ საართველოს, არამედ ამჟამინდელ ლაზისტანს

დადასტურდა მეუფის კვლევებით, ამ შემთხვევაში სრულიად მართლდება

ქართული წყაროები დასავლეთ საქართველოს მიმართ. ეს წყაროთმცოდნეობითი

თვალსაზრისით ძალზე მნიშვნელოვანი მომენტია.

17.01.2020

arian-qarTli

saepiskoposoebi istoriul iveriaSi

sarCevi Sesavali ................................................................................................................................................ 5

kari pirveli

arian-qarTlis istoria

Tavi I

arian-qarTlis xalxi da miwa-wyali

arian-qarTlis qveyana da sityva `qarTvelis~ etimologia ............ 19 arian-qarTlis eri .................................................................................................................... 23 azonis mamis samefo ............................................................................................................... 26 `azonis mamuli~........................................................................................................................... 30 xalibTa `qaldus qveyana~ arian-qarTlis safuZveli ........................... 33 strabonis cnoba iberielTa miwebis armenielebis mier mitacebis

Sesaxeb ......................................................................................................................................... 42 azo-farnavazis Sidadinastiuri brZola ...........................................................45 vaxtang gorgasali istoriuli arian-qarTlis miwa-wyalze ........ 46 arian-qarTlis aCrdili ..................................................................................................... 49

Tavi II

wyaroebis da literaturis mimoxilva istoriuli arian-qarTlis miwaze

mcxovrebi qarTuli tomebis Sesaxeb

qsenofonis `kirosis anabasisi~................................................................................... 51

525

qsenofontes gza ........................................................................................................................ 62 qsenofonte qaldebis Sesaxeb da arian-qarTli ......................................... 63 strabonis cnobebi laz-alazonebis Sesaxeb ................................................ 67 alazonebi da georgebi Crdilo da samxreT kavkasiaSi

strabonisa da pliniusis cnobebiT .............................................................. 69 lazebi da svanokolxebi ptolemaiosTan ......................................................... 71 istoriul arian-qarTlSi mcxovrebi tomebi................................................ 77 iberTa tomi `luvias qveyanaSi~ anu libiaSi................................................84 lazebi g. gozaliSvilis mixedviT .......................................................................... 88 adelle billisa da o. lorTqifaniZis gansxvavebuli

mosazrebani kolxeTis Sesaxeb ..........................................................................105 `arian-qarTlis~ sakiTxisaTvis. ariani ............................................................. 109 nabuqodonosori (g. qavTaraZe) ................................................................................... 110 xalibebi (g. qavTaraZe) ....................................................................................................... 113 xorZene _ arian-qarTli (g. qavTaraZe) ............................................................... 114 iberebi xotenesa da akiliseneSi ............................................................................. 116 n. xazaraZe mosxebis qveynis Sesaxeb (Zv. w. I s.) ........................................ 119 p. ingoroyva mesxeT-kolxeTis Sesaxeb (I s.) .................................................128 Zvel berZen-marTlmadidebel episkoposTa ganmartebani qarTvelTa

warmoSobis Sesaxeb ....................................................................................................... 130

Tavi III

istoriuli arian-qarTlis miwaze somxuri saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebis

daarseba

Zv. w. II s-Si armenielTa mier mitacebuli iberielTa miwebi strabonis cnobiT ........................................................................................................... 136

dasavleT armeniis eTnikuri saxe (Zv. w. II s-dan).................................... 138 istoriuli qarTuli olqebi armeniaSi. 1. `qveyana CrdiloeTisa~ (IV s.) ................................................................................ 144 2. gogarena, korduena da basiani (V-VII ss.) .................................................145 3. iveria, persarmenia da persiberia (IV-VI ss.)......................................... 147 4. somxebis gadasaxleba persarmeniidan bizantiur

somxeTSi V-VI ss. ............................................................................................................ 149 `oTxi armenia~ xalibebis yofil miwaze (IV-VI ss.) .............................. 151

Tavi IV

qarTuli TviTSemecnebis aRorZineba

Crdilo da dasavleT armeniaSi

dasavleT armeniis xalxSi eTnoidentobis Ziebis Sedegi (IX-X ss.) ................................................................................................................ 153

qarTvelTa TviTSemecnebis aRorZineba dasavleT armeniaSi .......154

526

lazikis eparqia _ dasavleT armeniisa da persarmeniaSi Semavali persiberiis (istoriuli, yofili arian-qarTlis) qarTvelobis gamaerTianebeli ............................................................................ 155

ucxouri wyaroebi megrelTa da svanTa iberielobis Sesaxeb .. 159 brZola erovnul-qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenisaTvis `zemo

qveynebSi~ (X-XVI ss.) ................................................................................................... 164

Tavi V

`armeniis~ qarTvelTa sarwmunoeba

`berZnuli da qarTuli qristianoba~ ................................................................. 167 wmida ninos jvari dasavleT armeniaSi (VI-XI ss.) ................................ 169 wmida nino _ armeniis qarTvelebis erovnuli droSa (IX-X ss.)171 wm. nino lazikaSi (IV s.) .................................................................................................. 172 armeniis iberiuli zolis saunjeni (`qebaY da didebaY

qarTulisa enisaY~ da wmida ninos jvari) .............................................178

kari meore

saeklesio erTeulebi istoriuli arian qarTlis miwaze

Tavi VI

`meore iveriis~ qarTuli mrevli somxuri eklesiis

iurisdiqciaSi IV-VIII ss-Si

somxuri eklesiis Tavdapirveli iurisdiqcia (IV-V ss.) ................. 191 basianis somexi episkoposebi ....................................................................................... 194 grigol ganmanaTleblis cxovrebis arabuli versiis araswori

Targmna n. maris mier.................................................................................................. 194

Tavi VII

kirion I-is Rvawlis Sedegebi armeniis iberiul zolSi

kirionismieri erovnuli gamofxizleba dasavleT armeniis qarTvelobisa...................................................................................................................... 196

enobrivi viTareba gugarqSi ..........................................................................................198 kirion I ............................................................................................................................................. 199 armeniis qarTvelTa didi gamofxizleba ....................................................... 208 kirionis `gamofxizlebis~ proeqti ...................................................................... 209 gamofxizlebis ori mTavari stimuli (IV-X ss.) ..................................... 210 wm. daviT da tariWani, isaaki da iosebi ......................................................... 212 axali era somxeTis eklesiis istoriaSi ........................................................ 213

527

arseni safareli qarTul-somxuri saeklesio urTierTobebs Sesaxeb VI-VII saukuneebSi ........................................................................................................... 214

Tavi VIII

e.w. somex-qalkedonitTa vinaoba

araswori Teoriebi iberebisa da somexi qalkedonitebis Sesaxeb ....................................................................................................................................... 217

somxur-qalkedonuri eklesiis qarTuli frTa ......................................... 231 patriarq nikoloz mistikosis miTiTeba tao-basianis

qarTvelTa da aseve albanelTa Sesaxeb (X s.) ................................. 232 wmida mamebi eqvTime mTawmideli, stefane mtbevari da sxvani somxuri

eklesiis mZlavrobis Sesaxeb ............................................................................. 237 `somex-qalkedonitTa~ namdvili vinaoba ......................................................... 243 somex-qalkedonitTa ierarqiuli damokidebuleba imperiis eklesiis

mimarT (VI-VII-VIII ss.) ................................................................................................. 252 somxur-qalkedonuri eparqiebi lazikaSi ....................................................... 254

Tavi IX

qarTuli warmoSobis ierarqi armeniis iberiaSi

wmida nerse iSxneli ............................................................................................................ 255 bizantiis imperatori konstans (konstantine) II somxeTSi .......... 256 gugarqeli, taoeli, vanandeli da arzrumeli aznaurebi somxuri

eklesiis winaaRmdeg .................................................................................................... 262 basianis sofeli okomi da anisis somxuri jvari ................................. 264 anisis jvris lursmnebi................................................................................................... 265

Tavi X

`aRmosavleTis~ sakaTalikoso

`iverTa~ (avanis) sakaTalikoso (VII s-is dasawyisi) ........................... 268 `iberieli~ ioane bagaranelis delegacia antoqiaSi da misi

taZari avanSi ....................................................................................................................... 271 mamaTmTavar-patriarqi daviT kurapalatis karze (X s.) .................. 282 taos samamamTavros sazRvrebi (X s.) .................................................................. 284 `aRmosavleTis kaTalikosni~ ...................................................................................... 287 `qarTlisa da yovlisa aRmosavleTisa patriarqi iovane~ ............ 291 iSxani _ avani.............................................................................................................................. 298 somxuri ganmartebiTi warwerebi ............................................................................. 301 didi gaqceva somxuri eklesiidan ......................................................................... 308

kari mesame

528

qarTvelTa saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulebi istoriul arian-qarTlSi

Tavi XI

`qarTvelTa samefosa~ da `iveriis Temis~ aRorZineba

istoriul arian-qarTlis miwaze somxuri saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulebis

dauZlurebis Semdeg

`qarTvelTa samefos~ daarseba (IX-X ss.) ........................................................ 314

mefeebi samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi ....................................................... 318

qarTvelTa mefis tituli .............................................................................................. 325

`somexTa da qarTvelTa mefe~ .................................................................................... 326

bagrationTa legitimacia .............................................................................................. 328

mirdatis Zeni da bagrationebi klarjeTSi................................................. 330

Zveli lazikis mefeebis warmomavloba WaneT-taos samefodan .. 333

bagrationebi baiberdidan klarjeTSi ............................................................... 335

bagrationebs TavianTi gvari aRebuli hqondaT dedis mxridan336

berZnuli sakariskaco titulebi ............................................................................338

taoelebi `arian-qarTvelTa~ memkvidreebi .................................................... 339

mkvidri mosaxleobis erTguleba (X s.) ........................................................... 340

ganmaTavisuflebeli laSqroba xalxis mxardaWeriT (X s.) ........ 342

Tavi XII

iberiis Temi

iberiis Temi (XI s.) ................................................................................................................ 346

iberiis Temi `bizantiis istoriis~ mixedviT ............................................. 347

manralia da mardalia _ iberiis Temis ZiriTadi nawilebi ....... 348

basianelni anu mesxni qarTlis cxovrebis mixedviT (IX-XI ss.)349

anisi _ iberiis Temis erT-erTi dedaqalaqi, erevani _ `saqarTvelos

qalaqi~ ....................................................................................................................................... 351

gogarena _ `hereTi~ .............................................................................................................. 355

Tavi XIII

iberiis Temis qarTuli samamamTavro

`iberiis Temis~ olqebi da gzebi ........................................................................... 357 basili II-isa da sxva imperatorebis omebi iberiis winaaRmdeg (1001-

1054 ww.)...................................................................................................................................... 368

529

valaSkerti da Tormeti qarTuli gavari (XI s.) a. lastivertecis cnobiT ........................................................................................ 371

saeklesio iurisdiqciaTa cvlileba (XI s.) ................................................ 374 saba mtbevari, ezra anCeli, baneli ioane da zaqaria

valaSkerteli (XI s.) ................................................................................................... 376 `iberiis TemSi~ qarTulenovani eparqiis gauqmeba (XI s.) ................383 valaSkertis samamamTavro da lazikis samitropolito (XI s.)387 `naTesaviT qarTvelni~ (grigol bakurianis Ze) ....................................... 388 qarTuli saepiskoposoebi yofili mesxeTis miwebze .......................... 392 yofili iberiis Temis mimdebare qarTuli saepiskoposoebi

(XIV-XVII ss.) ........................................................................................................................ 393

Tavi XIV

`Zveli qarTuli ena~`Zveli qarTuli ena~

Zveli qarTuli ena _ salaparako norma regionebSi ......................... 397 zanur-qarTuli enobrivi erToba............................................................................ 399 lazikis samitropolitos Zveli mosaxleobis ena ............................... 413 qarTulenovnebis naSTebi armeniaSi .................................................................... 416 enis SenarCunebis mizezebi ............................................................................................ 418 somexi qalkedonitebis ena ............................................................................................ 419 Zv. lazuris da Zv. qarTulis erTianobis mtkicebulebani .......... 421 kolxi da glexi n. maris mixedviT ....................................................................... 424

kari meoTxe

arian-qarTlis warsuli

Tavi XV

argonavtebi da amiraniani

aia-kolxida da pelasgur-kavkasiuri identoba ....................................... 427 iazoni da amirani ................................................................................................................... 430 amirani iasonia, xolo medea _ yamari ............................................................... 433 amirani da argonavtebi ..................................................................................................... 434

Tavi XVI

arian-qarTlis winaistoria

`haiasa~ _ `aias qveyana~ (Semdgomi kolxida) .............................................. 437 e. w. somxeTis zeganze istoriulad arsebuli saxelmwifoebi 444 iarvandi – iaredos _ ariani ...................................................................................... 458 urartu – qalduelTa qveyana .................................................................................... 465

530

urartus meore Zlieri tomi _ qaldebi ......................................................... 467 urartus `RmerTi~ qaldi da qarTlis armazi .......................................... 472 qarTvelebi (qalduelebi) urartusa da zRvispireTSi .................... 481 samxreT kavkasia da momijnave qveynebi elinizmis periodSi

(lev gumiliovi) ............................................................................................................... 486 araqsis xeobisa da misi mTianeTis armenizacia ...................................... 492

Tavi XVII

etimologiuri Zieba

xeTebis qalaqi arina, nairi da arian-qarTli........................................... 500 ariani-arzeni ............................................................................................................................... 506 arian-qarTlis adgilebi _ kari, karini, arwni, arzrumi,

artaani, artanuji, arzene da xorZene ...................................................... 508 arian-qarTlis etimologia............................................................................................510

I daskvna ..................................................................................................................................... 513 avani da `iverTa aRmosavalis sakaTalikoso~avani da `iverTa

aRmosavalis sakaTalikoso~ ................................................................................. 513

II daskvna .................................................................................................................................. 527 eTnokulturuli situacia ............................................................................................ 527

ZiriTadi daskvna ................................................................................................................ 531

fotoebi..................................................................................................................................... 536

rukebi ......................................................................................................................................... 550

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoriის aTtomeulში gadmocemulia

ჩვენი ერის სულიერი ცხოვრება uZvelesi xanidan vidre XXI saukunemde.

Pპirveli oTxi tomi uSualoდ saqarTvelos eklეsiiს istorias

warmoadgens. masSi wmida mociqulebis epoqidanve srulfasovnad aris

aRwerili Cveni eklesiis cxovreba uamravi wyarosa da literaturis

darTviT, amasTan, mas win uZRvis qarTvelTa winaprebis sarwmunoebrivi

cxovrebis mimoxilva da ufali RmerTis mier qarTveli xalxis

mravalsaukunovani momzadeba qristianobis misaRebad.

MsaqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis me-5 tomis saxelia “arian qarTli,

saepikoposoebi istoriul iveriaSi”. Mme-6 tomis saxelia – “qaldea,

saepiskoposoebi lazikaSi”, me-7 tomis saxelia – “qarTvelTა

denacionalizacia XVII-XX საუკუნეებში“, მე-8 ტომის სახელია -„ საქართველოს

საეკლესიო კანონები“, მე-9 ტომის სახელია -„საქართველოს ეკლესიის იურისდიქცია

531

ჩრდილოეთ კავკასიაში“, მე-10 ტომის სახელია- „საქართველოს ეკლესიის ისტორიის

ატლასი, რუკების კრებული წყაროების გამოყენებით“.

ყველა ეს ტომი რამდენჯერმე დაიბეჭდა სხვადასხვა გამომცემლობის მიერ, ამჟამად

კი პირველად იბეჭდება ერთად თავმოყრილი, ზოგადი სახელით, რადგანაც ყველა

ეს ტომი ერთობლიობაში წარმოადგენს საქართველოს წმიდა მართლმადიდებელი

სამოციქულო ეკლესიის ისტორიას.

მადლობა უფალს, ყოვლადწმიდა სამებას, რომლის სადიდებლადაც დაიწერა ეს

ტომეულები.

დიდება და მადლობა უფალს.

mitropoliti anania jafariZe