10 The “New Economic Policy” (NEP) and Bolshevik Culture
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Transcript of 10 The “New Economic Policy” (NEP) and Bolshevik Culture
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10The “New Economic Policy” (NEP) and Bolshevik Culture
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Overview
A. ThemesB. Why the NEPC. Basic ConceptionsD. TermsE. PerformanceF. ProblemsG. DemographyH. SocietyI. CultureJ. Conclusion
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A. Themes
1. No “NEP”: pragmatic, ad hoc reaction to crises and problems
2. Why? Multi-causal—popular unrest, fading hope of world revolution
3. NEP as “dual economy” with “capitalist” and “socialist” sectors
4. Chronological dynamic: recovery to 1925, then mounting problems
5. Foregoing as background to social tensions, political conflict, and cultural turmoil of Twenties
6. Demographic recovery: population growth and re-urbanization
7. Family revolution8. Cultural Revolution and cultural construction
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B. Why the NEP?
1. Worker unrest
2. Peasant rebellion
3. Fading prospects of world revolution
4. Trigger: Kronshtadt insurrection
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1921-22 Famine
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Famine of 1921-2
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Famine 1921-22
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Russian Committee for Aid to the Starving 1921
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American Famine Relief: ARA (1921)
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American Famine Relief: ARA
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American Famine Relief: ARA
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NEP: Transitional
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Kronshtadt: Insurrection, Repression (1921)
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C. NEP: Basic Conceptions
1. Dual economy concept
2. Embedded contradictions
3. Politics of NEP
4. Evolving conception
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1922 Poster: Appeal to Rebuild the Economy
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1924: Electrification and New World
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D. Terms of NEP
1. Agriculture
2. Trade
3. Monetary policy
4. Industry
5. Foreign concessions
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Table 1: Industrial Recovery under NEP
Branch 1913 1921 1924 1926
Industrial Output (1926-7 rubles
10251 2004 4660 11083
Coal (mln tons 29 9 16 27.6
Electricity (mln kw/hrs
1945 520 1562 3508
Pig iron (thous. Tons)
4216 116 755 2441
Steel (thous tons)
4231 183 1140 3141
Cotton (mln meters)
2582 105 963 2286
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Table 2: Rate of Economic Growth (as percent of previous year)
Fiscal Year Agriculture Industry GDP
1922-3 136.6 130.4 135.1
1923-4 106.9 132.8 113.3
1924-5 116.2 147.6 124.1
1925-6 119.2 137.4 125.7
1926-7 104.1 113.7 107.6
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Table 3: Recovery of Prewar Production Levels (percent of 1913)
Fiscal Year Agriculture Industry GDP
1921-2 46.8 26.0 52.3
1922-3 63.9 33.9 52.3
1923-4 68.4 45.1 59.8
1924-5 79.5 65.2 74.2
1925-6 94.5 90.8 93.3
1926-7 98.6 103.3 100.3
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F. Problems
1. Instability: Fluctuations, recurring crises
2. Social dangers: empowering kulaks and bourgeoisie
3. Intra-Party tensions
4. Post 1925: slowdown
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Demography
1. Population losses
2. Mortality and Fertility
3. Re-Urbanization
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1926 Poster: Cooperate in Census
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Demographic Indicators(per 1,000 inhabitants)
Country Fertility Mortality Infant Mortality
Russia 44.0 22.9 206
Germany 21.1 12.9 112
UK 19.3 12.2 73.8
USA 25.0 11.9 73.1
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C. Society
1. Dynamics
2. Social Categoriesa. Workers
b. Peasants
c. Sluzhashchie
d. “Alien elements”: Bourgeois, Nepman, Clergy
e. Outcasts
3. Family revolution
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Class Structure, 1913-28
Category 1913 1924 1928
Workers 14.6 10.4 12.4
Sluzhashchie 2.4 4.4 5.2
Peasants 66.7 75.4 74.9
Kolkhozniki and Coop Artisans
1.3 2.9
“Bourgeoisie” 16.3 8.5 4.6
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Peasant Strata: Bolshevik Categories
Category Number (Millions)
Batrak (landless peasant) 8
Bedniak (poor peasant) 20
Seredniak (middle peasant) 80
Kulak (rich peasant) 5
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Nepman License to Trade
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Nepmany: Market Kiosks
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Caricature: Nepman and Wife
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Caricature: Deputy Office Head and Wife (1926)
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1923 Poster: Women and the New Way of Life
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1924 Poster: Emancipated Woman
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Culture
1. Education
2. Religion and Atheism
3. Elite Culture
4. Mass culture
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Literacy Rates
Year City Village Both All
M F M F M F
1897 66 46 36 13 40 17 28
1920 81 67 52 25 58 32 44
1926 88 74 67 35 72 43 57
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Likbez in Village
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Likbez: Women in Uzbekistan
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Likbez: Poster on Female Literacy
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Confiscation of Church Valuables(1922)
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Uzbek Publishing House Seal
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Uzbek Film “Basmachi” (1930)
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E. Conclusion
1. Myths galore: “planning”2. Rife with tensions, contraditictions3. Role of external: world revolution or “socialism in one
country”4. Demographic revolution: population growth and re-
urbanization5. Family revolution: patriarchy reasserted and
contested6. Social revolution: anti-elitism, tensions among and
between workers and peasants7. Cultural revolution: education, atheism, and elite vs.
mass culture