10th GradeRegents Review

Mrs. MeaneyGlobal 10

The Enlightenment Thinker Country Major Ideas/Accomplishment

1. John Locke, England, Natural Rights: Life, Liberty and Property. (Ideas used in

the Declaration of Independence)

2. Thomas Hobbes, England, Social Contract: Supported Absolutism, People are

selfish, evil and need to be controlled.

3. Rousseau, France, People are born good but are corrupted by society.

4. Montesquieu, France, Government should be separated into branches.

5. Voltaire, France, Free Speech, Religious toleration

The French Revolution1. Causes of the Revolution:

Absolutism, social inequality, unfair taxation, Enlightenment, British and American Revolutions.

2. The Estate General was a body made up of representatives from all 3 estates.

3. The 1st Estate: Church officialsThe 2nd Estate: NoblesThe 3rd Estate: Peasants (98% of population)

4. The Declaration of the Rights of Man is a document based on the Declaration of Independence giving rights based on Enlightenment ideas.

5. The Reign of Terror was led by Robespierre a radical revolutionary. Many people were executed using the guillotine.

6. Napoleon Bonaparte took control of the government in 1799 by a coup d-etat, or revolt by military leaders to overthrow a government.

7. Napoleon’s achievements: Napoleonic Code, National Bank.

8. Why did Napoleon’s empire crumble: Oppressive (cruel), nationalism, Russia’s “scorched earth policy” (Russia destroyed anything that may be useful to the enemy).

9. Effects of the Revolution: Nationalism, democracy spread.

Congress of Vienna1. There were a series of meetings after the

death of Napoleon to restore the balance of power to Europe by creating a sense of peace and stability.

2. Metternich was the dominant political figure at the meetings.

Latin American Independence Movements

Leader Country AccomplishmentsSimon Bolivar

Venezuela, Chile,

Colombia, Argentina,

Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia

“The Liberator”, military leader, inspired by the Enlightenment and helped gain independence for 7 countries.

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Haiti Self educated, former slave led a revolt against French in late 1700’s.

Jose de San Martin

Argentina and Chile

Joined forces with Bolivar in 1810’s to help obtain independence from Spain.

Porfirio Diaz Mexico Dictator late 1800’s and early 1900’s, brutally fought opposition, left people uneducated, poor and landless.

1. The Latin American independence movements were influenced by the French and American Revolutions.

Nationalism1. Nationalism is loyalty to your nation, religion, heritage, etc. 2. The Revolutions of 1848 were nationalist movements that occurred in

France, Austrian Empire, Italy and Germany.3. In India the Indian National Congress was a mainly Hindu

organization formed to help encourage modernization and democracy for India.

4. The Muslim League was formed in 1906 to further Muslim interests in India.

5. The Young Turks were a group of liberals in Turkey who wanted to strengthen the Ottoman Empire and end the threat of Western imperialism.

6. The Armenian Massacre was 25 year genocide. Muslim Turks turned against Christian Armenians in the Ottoman Empire. 1 Million Christians were killed.

7. Pan-Slavism is a nationalistic movement based on the idea that all slavic people shared a common heritage.

8. Zionism: A. Pogroms are violent attacks on the Jewish community.B. Zionism is the movement devoted to building a Jewish

state in Palestine.

Unification Movements

1. Italy:- Giuseppe Garibaldi: Formed nationalist group Red Shirts. Won control of Southern Italy and helped to unite the North.- Giuseppe Mazzini: Formed Young Italy (nationalist movement) in 1831. Exiled for beliefs.- Camilo di Cavour: Prime Minister of Sardinia. Drove Austria from Italy.

2. Germany:

A. Wilhelm I. Appointed Otto von Bismarck as Prime Minister of Prussia.

B. Later, Wilhelm took the title Kaiser which means “German Emperor”.

C. Bismarck has two important policies: realpolitik and “blood and iron”.

Industrial Revolution1. The movement away from rural

life began with the Agrarian Revolution a change in methods of farming.

2. Causes: Natural Resources, population growth, capital for investment.

3. The factory system is a means of mass producing manufactured items. This leads to cheaper prices and increased population.

4. Interchangeable parts: materials that can be “swapped” for machinery to meet specific needs.

5. Interdependence means: countries relying upon each other.

6. Capitalism: economic system in which production is privately owned.A. Laissez Faire means: businesses operating without government interference.

7. Marxism: economic system where production is owned by the people.A. The Communist Manifesto: book by Marx and Engels.B. Proletariat means: lower class “poor”.C. Bourgeoisie means: upper class

8. Social Darwinism is: the application of Darwin’s ideas to society (survival of the fittest).

9. Socialism: an ideology that focuses on society rather than the individual.

10. Effects: global migration, global economy, pollution, population increases.

Meiji Restoration of Japan1. In the 1600’s the Tokugawa shoguns

gained control of Japan and brought stability to the nation.

2. The US naval commander Commodore Matthew Perry sailed to Japan to ask them to open their ports for trade.

3. The Treaty of Kangawa was signed and the Japanese agreed to open 2 ports for American ships.

4. The period from 1868 to 1912 is known as the Meiji Restoration. It was a time period of rapid modernization of Japan.

5. Japan fought and won two wars during this time in an attempt to expand their power and gain more land. These wars are the Russo-Japanese War and Sino-Japanese War.

Imperialism1.Imperialism: When one

country takes over another for economic benefit.

2. Causes: Ethnocentrism, military power, raw materials and “White Man’s Burden”.

3. The “White Man’s Burden” was a poem by Rudyard Kipling that offered a justification for imperialism.

4. Skip the chart for now.5. Effects: Cultural diffusion,

competition, Western domination of the world.

Country Imperial Power

Important Concepts

India

Great Britain Sepoy Mutiny: Indian attempt to defeat the British (Sepoys are Indians who were trained by the British as soldiers, “holy” cow- greased the bullets)

China

Great Britain, US, Japan, France,

Germany, Russia

Spheres of influence, Opium War (English drug-trafficking), Taiping Rebellion (lasted 20 years, 20 million people died), Boxer Rebellion

South Africa

Great Britain, Netherlands

Boer War (British vs. the Dutch Boers…. British won)

African Continent

Great Britain, France, Germany, Netherlands, Italy,

Belgium, Spain

Scramble for Africa (European countries (“scrambled” to claim territory in Africa), Berlin Conference (regulated European colonization and trade in Africa, native Africans had no say)

World War I.1. Causes: MANIA – Militarism,

Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism and Assassination (of Arch Duke Ferdinand).

2. The original members of the Triple Alliance are Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary.

3. The original members of the Triple Entente France, Russia and Great Britain.

4. What are the Balkans? “the Powder Keg of Europe” tense region in Eastern Europe.

5. The Eastern Front was along the German/Russian border.

6. The Western Front was in Northwestern France (Trench Warfare).

7. Propaganda is the spreading of ideas to promote or damage a cause.

8. Why did the US enter WWI? Unrestricted submarine warfare, sinking of the Lusitania.

9. Why did Russia withdraw from WWI? Internal problems (civil war).

10. The Treaty of Versailles listed the provisions that ended WWI.

11. The Treaty created the League of Nations. (task was to ensure that a war never broke out again)

12. Effects: Germans blamed for the war, league of nations, empires collapsed.

Russian Revolution1. Causes: Czarist rule, unhappiness of peasants,

unhappiness of workers, diversity and nationalism.2. The March Revolution was a 1917 peasant revolt

leading to the Czar abdicating (stepping down from) the throne.

3. A Soviet is a council of workers and soldiers in the USSR.

4. The Bolshevik Party was a revolutionary socialist party. Slogan: “Peace, Land, Bread”

5. The leader of the Bolsehvik Party was V.I. Lenin.6. The New Economic Policy was Lenin’s economic

policy that allowed some privately owned businesses.

7. Joseph Stalin took control of the USSR after Lenin’s death.

8. Totalitarianism is one party dictatorship that regulates all aspects of life.

9. Stalin launched 2 five year plans to help boost the Soviet economy.

10. A command economy is a government that makes all economic decisions.

11. Collective farms are state owned farms operated by peasants.

Time Between the Wars1. Turkish Nationalism:

A. Kemal Atturk led a movement for westernization and modernization of Turkey.

2. Indian Nationalism: A. The Amritsar Massacre was a 1919 event in which British soldiers killed 400 Indians and wounded 1200 more.B. Mohandas Gandhi was an Indian nationalist leader who used civil disobedience to help inspire and unite the Indian people successfully.

3. Women’s Suffrage MovementA. In the mid 1800’s women in western democracies began to demand greater rights, including suffrage (the right to vote).B. Countries in which the movement was successful were US, Canada, Finland, Germany and Sweden.

4. Causes of the Great Depression: weakness in economics, less demand for raw materials, stock market crash, overproduction of goods.Effects: Loss of faith in democracy, communism strengthened, unemployment rose.

5. Fascism: Rule of people by nationalist, imperialist, dictatorship government.

Leader Country & Political

Party

Policies

Adolf Hitler

Germany,

Nazi Party

Ended civil rights, one-party government, rebuilt military, restricted lives of

Jews

Benito Mussolini

Italy, Fascist Force and Terror, ended free elections, speech, and

press

Francisco Franco

Spain, Fascist Authoritarian leader, won Spanish Civil War

Emperor Hirohito

Japan Militaristic, Imperialistic

World War II1. Causes: Appeasement, German

Aggression, Japan invades China, Italy attacks Ethiopia.

2. Appeasement: policy in which nations gave into aggressive demands to maintain peace.

3. Skip Chart4. The war in Europe ended on May 7,

1945 with the surrender of the Germans.5. The war ended in the Pacific with the

bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the US in August 1945.

6. The Holocaust is an example of genocide that Hitler forced against the Jews. He set up concentration camps, detention centers where Jews were starved, shot or gassed to death.

7. Effects: 75 million people killed, economic losses, Nuremberg trials, occupied nations, formation of the UN.

Entry of US into WWIIUS was attacked at Pearl Harbor and was forced to declare war on Japan. US entry gave the allies added strength. (Allies: British, US, France

Axis: Germany, Italy and Japan)

Battle of StalingradGermans invaded USSR in 1941. Freezing Russian winter forced a Nazi defeat.

El AlameinBritish forces stopped German advances in Africa and eventually trapped them.

Invasion of ItalyBritish and Americans invade Italy – Hitler was forced to send troops to Italy.

Invasion of NormandyJune 6, 1944 – Allied forces broke through German defenses to advance toward Paris and freed France from German control.

The Cold War1. Satellite nations are countries

surrounding the USSR (communist).2. Winston Churchill gave a speech about

an imaginary line dividing Eastern and Western Europe called the iron curtain.

3. During the Cold War, Eastern Europe was mainly communist and Western Europe was mainly democratic.

4. The two superpowers during the Cold War were USSR and US.

5. The Truman Doctrine was a policy that gave military and financial support to countries resisting USSR.

6. The Marshall Plan gave money to countries resisting communism.

7. The Theory of Containment hoped to limit the spread of communism to areas already under Soviet control.

8. Germany was divided into two major parts: East Germany and West Germany. The capital city of Berlin was also divided into East and West.

9. Stalin blockades West Berlin forcing the US and Great Britain to begin the Berlin Airlift to bring supplies and food to the people.

10. NATO is North Atlantic Treaty Organization (anti-communist military alliance)

11. The Warsaw Pact is alliance of USSR and its allies.

12. An arms race is a competition to obtain the most and best weapons.

13. Sputnik I. Was the first satellite launched into space by the USSR. This signals the start of the Space Race.

14. A nonaligned nation is a nation that did not choose a side during the Cold War.

Cold War ConflictsA. Korean War: After WWII, Korea

was divided into the Communist North and Democratic South. The North invaded the South in 1950. The United Nations helped prevent the takeover of the South and today Korea is still divided.

B. Vietnam War: In 1954, Vietnam was temporarily divided into the Communist North and non-Communist South. The US gave military support to the South and yet the North was victorious and united the country under Communism.

C. Cuban Missile Crisis: The USSR placed missiles aimed at the US in Cuba heightening tensions. President Kennedy agreed not to attack Cuba and Premier Kruschev asked Castro to take the missiles down.

D. The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979. They attempted to overthrow a Muslim government. The Soviets were forced to withdraw.

16. The SALT I treaty was signed by Nixon and Brezhnev and both countries agreed to limit missile production.

17. Carter and Brezhnev signed the SALT II treaty but it was not ratified by the US Congress.

18. Détente is the relaxing of Cold War tensions.

Communist China1. Today there are two Chinas. The

People’s Republic of China located on the mainland and Taiwan known as the Republic of China.

2. Mao Zedong emerged as the communist leader in the 1930’s.

3. Mao fled from the nationalist (Guomindang) forces led by Chaing Kai-Shek on a 6,000 mile retreat known as the Long March.

4. He organized the Great Leap Forward to increase agricultural output through the creation of communes.

5. In 1966, Mao launched the cultural revolution to renew loyalty to communism. This movement was supported by a student formed group called the Red Guards.

6. When Mao died, Deng Xiaoping took over and attempted to modernize China by implementing the Four modernizations.

7. In May 1989, political protestors demanding more rights were killed during the Tiananmen Square Massacre.

8. In 1997, Great Britain handed control of Hong Kong back to the Chinese.

Collapse of Imperialism1. India:

A. India earned their independence from Great Britain in 1947 under the guidance of Mohandas Gandhi. The first Prime Minister was Jawaharlal Nehru.B. India is partitioned (divided) into two countries: Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan.C. After Nehru’s death, Sikh extremists assassinated two following Prime Ministers Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi.D. Sikhism is a religion that blends Hinduism and Islam.E. The Caste System underwent major changes, yet today it is still a part of Indian society.F. During the Cold War, India followed a policy of nonalignment

2. Africa:

Country Leaders What hardships did they face?

How did they earn their independence?

Ghana

Kwame Nkrumah

Pan Africanism, boycotted British, Granted independence in 1957.

Kenya

Jomo Kenyatta

Wanted land that had been taken from them – some violent uprisings by kikuyu led to jail time for Kenyatta, later he is freed and becomes 1st Prime Minister.

Algeria

N/A French colony- Muslim nationalist movement led to war. Algeria gained independence in 1962.

S. Africa

Nelson Mandela & FW de Klerk

Apartheid – legal segregation of races, 1994 – Apartheid was over 1st election where everyone could vote, Mandela is elected.

3. Cambodia:

A. The Khmer Rouge, a group of Communist guerillas, who gained control of the government in 1969.

B. Under the leadership of Pol Pot, Cambodia underwent a purge of western influence by way of genocide. More than 1 million people were killed.

4. Myanmar:A. Myanmar was formally known as Burma. After gaining independence, a repressive military government took control.B. Aung San Suu Kyi won an electoral victory in 1990 but was placed under house arrest until 1995. She still fights for democracy.

Conflict and change in the Middle East1. Islamic Fundamentalism is an application of basic

concepts of Islam to government.Country/Group Leaders Conflicts/Problems

Israel Yasir Arafit (PLO), Rabin (Israel)

Palestinian (Arabs) and Israeli (Jews) lay claims to the same land, Israel remains divided.

Palestine (see Israel) (see Israel)

Lebanon N/A Civil War between Christians and Muslims (1975) – Syria and Israel got involved too.

Iran Shah Pahlavi, Ayatollah Khomeini

Iranian Revolution saw an Islamic Fundamentalist government put in place.

Iraq Saddam Hussein

Iran-Iraq War, Iraq invaded disputed territory (1980 – 1988), Persian Gulf War – Iraq invades Kuwait for oil. US helps with Iraqi defeat.

Collapse of the Soviet Union1. In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev came

to power in the USSR.

2. Perestroika is a plan to stimulate economic growth.

3. Glasnost is “openness” – ended censorship.

4. In 1991, opponents tried to overthrow Gorbachev and restore previous order. He later resigned, but his policies helped contribute to the break up of the Soviet Union.

5. Boris Yeltsin becomes Russian President in 1991.

6. Poland:A. Solidarity was an independent trade union led by Lech Walesa. The group sought political change.B. In 1989, due to the weak USSR, Poland was able to hold their 1st elections in 50 years. Lech Walesa was elected President.

7. Germany:A. In 1989, the Berlin Wall fell and East and West Germany united for the 1st time since the end of WWII. B. Reunification did lead to some problems such as high taxes and unemployment.

8. The Balkans:A. After the fall of communism Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Macedonia separated from Yugoslavia and became independent states.B. The policy of removing or killing people of a certain ethnic group is known as ethnic cleansing.

Political and Economic change in Latin America

Country Problems, Solutions and Change

Argentina Juan Peron’s repressive government led to huge debt and he lost power in a coup. 1983, democracy was restored.

Guatemala Civil War between indigenous (local) Indians and military. 1996, rebels gave up and peace was reached.

Cuba 1959 – Fidel Castro gains control of government, Later he gains support of USSR

Nicaragua Civil War – Sandinistas (communists) vs. Contras (US backed), 1990 – Contras Violeta Chamorro is elected.

Mexico PRI dominated Mexican politics from 1900 – 1997 when they lost the monopoly of power. NAFTA is created to lower trade barriers in N. America.

Panama Panama was given control of the canal in 2000 by the US.

Economic Trends

1. Northern, Wealthy Nations: Western Europe, N.America, Japan, Australia.

2. Southern, Poor Nations: Asia, Africa and Latin America.

3. Obstacles to development: geography, population growth, past economic policies, economic dependence (debt), political instabilities.

A. IMF: International Monetary Fund – helps nations in debt.

B. ASEAN: Association of South Eastern Asian Nations.

C. NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement (US, Canada and Mexico).

D. EC: Common Market, expanded trade.

E. EU: European Union, introduced euro.

F. OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, controls oil prices.

Conflicts and Peace Efforts

1. Terrorism is deliberate use of unpredictable violence to achieve political goals.

2. Methods to attempt to stop terrorism: increased airport security, condemnation (disapproval) of terrorist activity.

Area Problem/Leader Resolution?

The Balkans

Yugoslav president (Milosevic), used ethnic cleansing against non-serbs.

NATO intervened in 1999 but Milosevic refused peace.

South Asia

Sikhs want self-rule, Sri Lanka, Indonesia

In Sri Lanka Buddhist vs. Hundus, In Indonesia Catholic wanted independence. Indonesia used force but gave independence in 1999.

Africa Rwanda (Hutu vs. Tutsi) 1994 – Hutu extremists launched genocide against Tutsi. It was stopped when Tutsi led rebel army took over the government.

Area Problem/Leader Resolution?

Middle East

Palestine and

Iraq (Saddam Hussein)

Palestinians gained some self-rule in Isreal. Violence is still a problem. Saddam was removed from power and executed. Democracy is trying to become established.

North Korea

Kim Jong Il (communist Dictator)

Countries fear the nuclear capabilities of N. Korea. They remain poor due to high military spending.

China Hu Jintao – communist China and US relations strained due to American spy plane landing in China.

N.Ireland Britain maintained control of 6 northern countries of Ireland after its independence in 1922.

The Irish Republican Army (IRA) (Catholics) tried to drive the British out of Northern Ireland. Protestants formed their own groups. Terrorist activity became common. Ceasefire 1995 – incidents still occur.

Area Problem/Leader Resolution?

India & Pakistan

Hindus vs. Muslims Indian city Kashmir wants to separate from India and join Muslim Pakistan. Both countries are nuclear.

Former USSR

Collapse of communism led to difficult transition.

1994-96 Russia fought war in Chechnya (who wanted independence)

1999 – Russia blamed Chechnya for attack on Moscow.

4. The United Nations:

A. List the ways that the UN maintains peace around the world – Peacekeeping operations, disaster relief, fighting for human rights.

Social Patterns and ChangeCountry How have the traditions in the

country been changes/altered?

Japan More focus on individual work ethic and success. Women gaining rights, entering workplace.

Saudi Arabia Family structure has weakened. Women still have few rights. Not ready for Western ideas.

Egypt Movement to cities led to social problems. Some say fundamentalism is the answer.

Afghanistan Women have obtained rights since the fall of the Taliban. Western ideas are being used.

Algeria Fighting between those who support French influence and traditionalists.

How has each item evolved?Overpopulation

Family planning, birth control

UrbanizationIn cities, traditional values often fade. Women have more opportunities in cities. Poor, overcrowded shantytowns grow due to high cost of living.

Status of WomenWest – women share equality

Middle East – varied, some rights to few rights

Global MigrationDue to influx in 1996, Germany no longer takes immigrants. Mid 1970’s French limit immigrants, in US illegal immigration is a problem.

Science and TechnologyThe Green Revolution

The food supply has increased due to irrigation, machinery, fertilizer, pesticides.

The Computer Revolution (including the internet)Increased demand for computers because business depends on them. The internet (a growing computer network) links the world, provides information, it is fast and widespread.

The Space AgeThe US and Russia have cooperated in many space ventures. Satellites are commonly used today for telephones, navigation, TV, computers and weather forecasts.

Medical TechnologyPeople are living longer and enjoying better quality of life (due to vaccines, transplants, antibiotics and laser surgery). We have seen cloning, and AIDS drug resistant microbes.

The Environment

Problem Description Solutions

Pollution Contamination of the environment

Government sets standards on water and air quality

Acid Rain Rain that falls through the air and becomes polluted by fossil fuels

Reduction of emissions that release pollutants into the air.

Depletion of the Ozone

Layer

Layer of gases in the atmosphere that a “hole” is forming in.

Eliminate CFC’s (Chlorofluorocarbons)

Global Warming

Gradual rise in global temperatures (greenhouse effects)

Reduction of emissions

Problem Description Solutions

Deforestation Destruction of forests (especially tropical rainforests)

Creating new sources of income for countries who are participating in deforestation.

Endangered Species

Wiping out of various animal and plant species

Banning shipment and sale of endangered animals, preserving habitats.

Desertification Changeover of arable land into desert

Restricting livestock grazing, irrigation

Nuclear Proliferation

Spread of nuclear weapons

Disposing of radioactive waste properly