10 Nov- Part1- Materials of Construction Stones[1]

8/3/2019 10 Nov- Part1- Materials of Construction Stones[1]

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CRCH2011 II Focus on StoneSensitization Workshop towards

Conservation and Restoration of Built Stone Heritage

Module II : History and basic materials of construction 10 November 11 November 2011

Session: 1/2Materials in early construction

Construction technology

Terminology

Types of Rocks

Theory v/s practice in conservation

9 November 12 December 2011


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Module II: History and basic materials of construction Materials in early construction

C RC H2 01 1- F oc us o n S to ne : S en si ti za ti on w or ks ho p t ow ar ds C on se rv at io n a nd R es to ra ti on o f B ui lt S to ne H er it ag e

Etymology

WALL Latin. VALLUM rampart

rampart


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Etymology


LINE Latin. LINEA linen cord



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Etymology



vertical as plumb lineLatin. PERPENDICULARISPERPENDICULAR

Latin. PERPENDERE balance carefully



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Etymology



vertical as plumb lineLatin . PERPENDICULARISPERPENDICULAR


bowl for mixingLatin. MORTARIUMMORTAR



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Etymology






small ladle/ dipperLatin. TRUELLATROWEL

stirring spoonLatin. TRUA



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Etymology








to prop up/ supportLatin. fulcrum (FULCIRE)FULCRUM



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Etymology









to prop / supportO Fr. eschafaut (ESCHARE)SCAFFOLD



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Etymology










ARCH a bowLatin. ARCUS



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Etymology










ARCH a bowLatin. ARCUSGROUT coarse mealO. Eng. GRUTA



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Etymology











STREET paved wayLatin . VIA STRATA



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Etymology











STREET paved wayLatin . VIA STRATA

TESSERAE fourIonic Greek . TESSERES



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WHERE DID PRIMITIVE MAN LIVE?



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Primitive man

lived in trees and caves

Native Americans - hunters and gatherers

Tepee- Young branches with animal skins


Native Americans - farmers ; cold climate

Wigwams or long houses

Tepees, IndianAmerican World Book encyclopedia

Wikipedia


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Inspired by ant hill

Cob walls

Used for construction since prehistoric times

Clay based subsoil + straw + water + oxen to trample

24 thick walls were excellent thermal mass- cool in summerand warm in winter

Construction would progress depending on time required

for previous course to dry

Long life span- if tall foundation and large overhang


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Inspired by ant hill

St. Francis Church Cob house- Mayne island, Canada

Cob walls


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Wattle and Daub



Wattle: Woven lattice of

wooden stripsloose infill panels slotted

between timber frames

Used for construction for the past 6,000 years and still in use

Walls made of woven lattice daubed with sticky material of

wet soil, clay, sand and straw

Daub: mixture of binder, aggregate and reinforcement

Wattle : loose infill panels slotted between timber framing

Binders: hold mix together ex- clay, lime, chalk dustAggregates: bulk and dimensional stability ex-earth, sand

Reinforcement- holds mix together and prevents shrinkage

ex- straw, hair, hay

Whitewashed to increase resistance to rain


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Adobe

sun dried blocks

Used by native Americans for thousands of years.

Wide use attributed to simplicity of design and economical

Lime based plaster used to protect from rain damage

Composite material of clay and water mixed with straw.

Best suited for hot and arid climates as the walls are a

good thermal reservoir

City of BAM, Iran

Slow drying in shade reduces shrinkage cracks

Not good for cold and damp areas as the walls will crumble

with continuous cycles of freezing and thawing


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Indus Valley civilization

2500 BC

Deir el-Medina,

Ancient Egypt, 3000 BC

Pueblo village, New Mexico

1000- 1450 ADAdobe

sun dried blocks


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Availability of useful soil and design based on local climate



Rammed Earth

Ancient building technique. Used all over the world

Simple to construct, thermally massive, strong and durable

Revival- sustainable building technique and natural material

Raw materials- earth, lime, chalk and gravel.

Controls humidity, density is good for soundproofing

Sub soil is used (clay: 5-15%), top soil retained for agriculture

Reduces need for lumber as formwork can be reused


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The process

The mould The first layer- 1/3 height Ramming with plate

Create notches The product The continuation

d l i d b i i l f i i l i l i


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Rammed Earth home by Paul Weiner

Chapel of Reconciliation, Berlin

Rammed Earth

M d l II Hi d b i i l f i M i l i l i


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wooden houses with planked sides

Presence of thick forests,

mild climates

Wooden houses

M d l II Hi t d b i t i l f t ti M t i l i l t ti


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Stone

Step Pyramid- 6 steps, limestone blocks

2650 BC, Egypt

Great Sphinx, c. 2500 BC, Egypt

Head and body- limestone formation,

Paws- limestone blocks

Abu Simbel Temple, limestone

c. 1250 BC, Egypt

Maya architecture, limestone

C. 500 AD, Central America

Mod le II Histor and basic materials of constr ction Materials in earl constr ction


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Stone

Colloseum, brick and marble

80 AD, Rome

Cestius Pyramid, white marble

c.16 BC, Rome

Parthenon, marble

447 BC, Greece



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Vishwakarma cave temple, Basalt

7th- 8th C, Ellora

Stone Angkor Wat, sandstonec.1100 AD, Cambodia

Cave temple, red sandstone

6th C, Badami



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WHAT DID THESE ALL HAVE IN COMMON ?

Natural materials

Locally available

Gain experience with them




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Industrial Revolution

1700s 1800s




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Module II: History and basic materials of construction


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I n t e r m i s s i o n . . .



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k h d d f l

Video: Levelling block tools. . .

Video:Ancient Egyptian building tools. . .

10 Nov- Part1- Materials of Construction Stones[1]

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