10 Myths About Education From Around The World

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FROM AROUND THE WORLD

description

10 Myths About Education From Around The World is an idea of Gabriel & Mary Mustakis Foundation, Teach for All and Enseña Chile experience. United by the common challenge of working for effective learning inside and outside the classroom, we set out a record of experiences that identify the most common myths about education in the world. 10 Myths About Education From Around The World is a way to approach a global and open dialogue to break paradigms over students and their teachers. Is the first and most important step we can take to make progress in the way of effective learning. http://www.10mitos.org/mito/info/ In 1990, Teach For America enlisted its first group of 500 talented young leaders in addressing the problem of educational inequity by committing two years to teach in the United States' highest-need schools. Now in its 20th year, Teach For America, led by founder Wendy Kopp who initially proposed the organization's creation in her undergraduate senior thesis, places more than 7,000 teachers in 35 urban and rural regions, with a growing body of research demonstrating that these teachers are more effective in advancing student achievement than traditionally trained teachers. Moreover, 17,000 Teach For America alumni are already leading school systems, running many of a new generation of high-performing schools in low-income communities, winning prestigious teaching awards, pioneering education reforms from outside the system, advising political leaders on education policy, and marshalling the resources of other sectors toward the movement to end educational inequity. In 2001, London First and Business in the Community, two British business membership organizations dedicated to community involvement, engaged the consulting firm McKinsey & Company to ascertain how businesses could help improve pupil performance in London. Recognizing that teacher quality was one of the strongest predictors of pupil performance, Brett Wigdortz, a member of the McKinsey team, recommended a program targeted at top graduates, using the support of education and business leaders to bring additional excellent teachers into challenging schools for two years. The result was Teach First. Launched in 2002 as a registered charity, Teach First aims to address educational disadvantage in the U.K. by transforming exceptional graduates into effective, inspirational teachers and leaders in all fields. Under the leadership of CEO Brett Wigdortz, who left McKinsey to found the organization, Teach First has placed nearly 2,000 graduates to teach in challenging secondary schools, working in five regions across England. Teach First Ambassadors (alumni of Teach First's two year Leadership Development programme) are already assuming significant leadership roles in addressing educational inequity. In 2006 alone, social entrepreneurs from more than a dozen countries sought support from Teach For America or Teach First to create similar organizations...

Transcript of 10 Myths About Education From Around The World

Page 1: 10 Myths About Education From Around The World

FROM AROUND THE WORLD

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10www. myths.org

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MYTHSFROM AROUND THE WORLDM I TO S D E L A E D U CAC I O N E N E L M U N D O

ABOUT EDUCATION

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Learning is now more than ever a dynamic and challenging process that requires creativity in its educational forms and strategies.

10 Myths in Education is a way of bringing us closer to an open and global dialogue that affects not only Chilean reality. These paradigms are repeated in various forms in different countries, and are often assumed as true.

Joined together by the common target of working on effective learning inside and outside the classroom, we proposed to Enseña Chile and Teach For All, the global network of which it is a part, to jointly collect testimonies from teachers that could allow us to identify the most common global myths in education. Through this experience, we hoped to find a new reality.

10 Myths is a fresh and current testimonial record that renders an account of how wrong many of these statements are when we try different ways, and of the true potential offered by the classroom refreshing experience.

The contents here are an invitation to reflect on and discuss the pedagogical perceptions, state-ments and practices that have influenced learning for years, and which are currently being ques-tioned and fading away in light of the evidence of teachers and students interested in overcoming the barriers to positive learning.

GEOrGE ANASTASSIOU M.Presidente Ejecutivo

Fundación Gabriel & Mary Mustakis

El aprendizaje es hoy, más que nunca un proceso dinámico y cambiante que requiere creatividad en sus formas y estrategias educativas.

10 Mitos de la Educación es una forma de aproximarnos a un diálogo abierto y global que afecta no solo a la realidad chilena. Estos paradigmas se repiten de diversas formas en los distintos países y muchas veces se dan por ciertos.

Unidos por el desafío común de trabajar para un aprendizaje efectivo dentro y fuera del aula, propusimos a la organización Enseña Chile, y por su intermedio a la matriz internacional Teach For All, realizar un registro de experiencias que nos permitiera identificar los “mitos” más comu-nes de la educación en el mundo, y a través de la experiencia y testimonios de sus profesores encontrarnos con una nueva realidad.

10 Mitos es un registro testimonial, fresco y actual, que da cuenta de lo errado de muchas afirma-ciones y del verdadero potencial que ofrece la experiencia del aula.

Su contenido es una invitación a reflexionar y debatir sobre esquemas, afirmaciones y prácticas pedagógicas que por años han influido en el aprendizaje y que hoy se cuestionan, desaparecien-do ante la evidencia de maestros y estudiantes interesados en la superación de las barreras para el aprendizaje efectivo.

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I’m thrilled to introduce this book, a collaboration between Enseña Chile, Fundación Mustakis and Teach For All. It arose from a shared belief: although countries face great obstacles in pro-viding an excellent education for all, none are greater than the obstacles we’ve built up in our own minds. The first and biggest step toward making progress is tearing down these myths about children and their teachers.

Teach For All is a global network of organizations that are working to expand educational op-portunity in their countries through enlisting their nations’ most promising future leaders in the effort. Each of the organizations in our network recruit outstanding college graduates of all academic disciplines to commit two years to teach in high-need areas and to work throughout their lives, both within and outside of education, to expand opportunity for children.

When I founded Teach For America twenty-three years ago, the prevailing myth was that it would be impossible to make a major difference in the education of disadvantaged students without solving poverty first. I’ve seen firsthand that we can provide children facing the extra challenges of poverty with an excellent education when we meet them with high expectations and extra support.

The reflections in this book echo that lesson. They show us that all children, no matter their background, have a desire to learn and can achieve great things. Teaching is one of the har-dest but most important jobs there is, and the educators responsible for our children’s future deserve our highest respect. Despite the difficulty and often too little pay, top college gra-duates around the world are eager to make a difference by teaching in their countries’ most underprivileged schools.

Countries can make great strides toward increasing prosperity and equality when they refuse to accept myths like “poor students can’t learn” and “top college graduates will never beco-me teachers.”

Another myth is that education is so different from country to country that it can only be ad-dressed at the local level. We’ve learned that the problems are remarkably similar across the world, which means the solutions are too. Educational inequality is a global problem, and we can move forward faster when the national leaders and social entrepreneurs who are tackling it all around the world share their lessons and experiences.

We’re so grateful for the partnership of Fundación Mustakis, which has made it possible for us to share our reasons for optimism with readers around the world. The responsibility for con-fronting these myths whenever you see or hear them is now in your hands.

Wendy KoppCEO & Co-Founder,

Teach For All

Me siento muy emocionada de presentar este libro, que es una colaboración conjunta entre Ense-ña Chile, Fundación Mustakis y Teach For All, y que surgió a partir de una creencia compartida: a pesar de que los países enfrentan grandes obstáculos al proporcionar educación de calidad para todos, ninguno de estos impedimentos es más grande que aquellos que surgen en nuestras propias mentes. romper los mitos acerca de los niños y sus profesores es el primer y más importante paso que se puede dar para lograr avanzar al respecto.

Teach For All es una red mundial de organizaciones que se dedican a brindar mayores oportuni-dades educacionales en sus respectivos países. Para lograrlo, cada una de estas naciones recurre a sus líderes más promisorios. Las distintas organizaciones que forman parte de esta red reclutan a destacados alumnos graduados de todas las disciplinas académicas para que destinen dos años brindando educación en áreas de alta necesidad y para que se desempeñen, para siempre, tanto en el ámbito de la docencia como fuera de ella. El objeto de todo esto es la generación de mayores oportunidades para los niños.

Hace 23 años, cuando fundé Teach For America, el mito que predominaba consistía en que era imposi-ble marcar una diferencia importante en la educación de estudiantes en desventaja sin, antes, resolver la pobreza. He visto personalmente que podemos brindar una excelente educación a los niños que enfrentan los desafíos adicionales de pobreza, al recibirlos con altas expectativas y apoyo adicional.

Las observaciones de este libro hacen eco de aquella lección. Estas nos demuestran que todos los niños, sin importar su procedencia, poseen el deseo de aprender y que, además, pueden obtener importantes logros. La enseñanza es una de las labores más difíciles y de las más importantes que existen, y los educadores responsables del futuro de nuestros hijos merecen todo nuestro respeto. Alumnos graduados de las mejores universidades del mundo tienen toda la disposición para mar-car la diferencia mediante la enseñanza en las escuelas menos privilegiadas de sus respectivas naciones, a pesar de las dificultades que surgen y de que la remuneración es muy baja.

Los países pueden lograr grandes avances para conseguir bienestar e igualdad si es que se re-húsan a aceptar mitos como que “los estudiantes que viven en la pobreza no tienen la capacidad de aprender” o que “los graduados de las mejores universidades nunca llegarán a ser maestros”.

Otro mito indica que, debido a que la educación difiere enormemente entre un país y otro, esta solo puede abordarse a nivel local. Sin embargo, hemos aprendido que los problemas son increíblemente similares en todo el mundo, lo que nos indica que las soluciones también lo son. La desigualdad educa-cional es un problema mundial, y solo podemos avanzar más rápido si los líderes y los emprendedores sociales que hacen frente a esta situación a nivel global comparten sus lecciones y experiencias. 

Agradecemos enormemente la colaboración que nos brinda la Fundación Mustakis, pues ha hecho posible que podamos compartir nuestras razones para ser optimistas con lectores de todo el planeta. La responsabilidad de encarar estos mitos, donde sea que los escuchen o los vean, es, ahora, de ustedes.

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“To make changes in education

we need to know our schools’ reality in the classroom and

in the midst of their communities.

it is there where we learn to put our

vision, ideals, concepts and strategies into action”

JOSÉ JOAQUíN bRUNNERbOARD MEMbER / DiREcTOR

ENSEñA cHiLE

“para cambiar la educación necesitamos conocer la realidad

de las escuelas en la sala de clase

y en medio de sus comunidades.

Es allí, en terreno, donde aprendemos

a transformar en acción nuestra

visión, ideales, conceptos y estrategias”

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“Low-income does not mean kids can’t learn.

in fact, i have seen in them the hunger to succeed,

the will and determination to break out,

and an insatiable urge to go on

and make it big”

Animesh

Priya

“Tener bajos ingresos

no significa que los niños no puedan aprender.

De hecho, he visto hambre por sobresalir, voluntad

y determinación para romper el ciclo

y una urgencia insaciable de aprender”

INDIA

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CatalinaBeas

CHILE

“My students face

an education gap, not an inability

to learn”

“Mis alumnos tienen

una brecha educacional...no una incapacidad

para aprender”

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“All students have the potential to learn

amazing and incredible things,

regardless of their background or circumstance. It’s only when we expect less of them

that students believe they can achieve less”

“Todos los estudiantes tienen el potencial para aprender grandes cosas,

independiente de su trasfondo o circunstancia.

Solo cuando esperamos menos de ellos

es cuando creen que lograrán menos”

GeoffMathesonAUSTrALIA

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ADIBREYHANI

AUSTRIA

i now realize that what students need most

is the strong conviction that they

themselves are strong, talented, and capable individuals”

“Ahora me doy cuenta de que lo que los estudiantes

más necesitan es la fuerte convicción de que ellos,

por sí mismos, son individuos fuertes, talentosos y capaces”

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TrinNoorkoiv

Estonia

“Learning is a

natural process; it’s a part of who we are.”

“El aprendizaje

es un proceso natural, es parte de nuestro ser”

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“i see daily how my students are naturally

agents of change in their own lives, believing that their dreams will come true with their effort, transcending socioeconomic prejudices”

BRUNOIRIARTEArGENTINA

“veo a diario cómo mis alumnos

se predisponen como agentes de cambio

de sus propias vidas, a pensar que sus sueños

van a cumplirse con su esfuerzo,

trascendiendo prejuicios socioeconómicos”

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TIMBREKER

GERMANYALEMANIA

“Like every child or teen,

students from low-income communities have the skills and motivation to learn.

in fact, they love to learn. it is important to find out how they want to learn”

“Al igual que cualquier niño o adolescente, los estudiantes que provienen de comunidades de bajos ingresos tienen las habilidades y motivación para aprender.

De hecho, ellos aman el aprendizaje. Lo importante es descubrir cómo quieren aprender”

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“All children want to learn.

it’s our job as teachers to help unlock that attitude from within every child”

SriniManchikantiAUSTRALIA

“Todos los niños tienen

buena disposición frente al aprendizaje:

es nuestra labor como profesores

descubrir esa actitud

en cada uno de los niños”

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“games are the most powerful teaching tool i know.

if the activity is well-planned,

nothing is as effective and enjoyable”

ElinE

Lund SPAINESPAÑA

“Jugar en clases es la

herramienta de enseñanza más potente que conozco.

Si la actividad está bien planificada,

nada es tan eficiente y enriquecedor”

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“i grew up never equating school work to fun.

Now i believe there is no other way!”

Soumya SUreShINDIA

“Nunca pensé que trabajar

podía ser compatible con pasarlo bien,

pero ahora creo que son inseparables!”

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Carolina RamíRez

CHILE

“All that we learn through play stays engraved with fire”

“Todo lo que se aprende jugando queda grabado a fuego”

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“i play with the kids

and we have learned to take more advantage of our time,

working on our affective development.

We reflect and we learn”

KEITSamaniegoPeru

“Yo juego con los chicos

y hemos aprendido a aprovechar más el tiempo,

trabajando con ellos lazos afectivos.

Reflexionamos y aprendemos”

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SERpROFESORESFÁciL

bEiNg A TEAcHERiSEASY

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“Only if you succeed

in motivating and engaging students

you perform well”

EMILIANkadiyskyBULGARiA

“Solo puedes lograr un buen desempeño

si tienes éxito en motivar

y comprometer a los alumnos”

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J. JOSEPHINE

BURN UNITED STATES

ESTADOS UNIDOS

“Standing in front of a classroom isn’t teaching.

Teaching is an engagement,

and that’s more work than i ever realized”

“Enseñar no es llegar y pararse frente a una clase.

Enseñar es compromiso

y eso requiere mucho más trabajo

de lo que pensaba”

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“Never has a job been so hard.

Never have i suffered so many personal crises,

but now i feel strengthened

by this whole experience”

PABLOPrinczARGENTINA

“Nunca me costó tanto un trabajo. Nunca sufrí tantas crisis personales, pero ahora me siento fortalecido

después de toda esta experiencia”

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CharlotteMccorMick

UNITED KINGDOMrEINO UNIDO

“it is without doubt the hardest job you can do.

it is also the most rewarding”

“Es sin duda el trabajo

más difícil que puedes hacer; y al mismo tiempo, es el más gratificante”

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“i’ve noticed that there is no ideal method

that works with all students.

i dealt with each student individually”

Jessica KfouryLEBANONLÍBANO

“No hay un método ideal que funcione con todos los estudiantes.

Yo lidié con cada estudiante

de manera individual”

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“Educational reform

needs to start somewhere, and this place is the classroom”

Luanda de Oliveira lima

BrAzILBrASIL

“La reforma educacional tiene que partir en algún lado

y ese lugar es la sala de clases”

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“There is no single solution, there are thousands. The public, private and non-profit community sectors and the

education community should each play their part and be inter-connected. Each model should adapt to the reality

and needs of the students and their communities”

Jorge AliAgAPERU

“No hay una forma, hay miles. Los sectores público, privado, comunidad educativa

y sin fines de lucro deben poner su grano de arena

y estar interconectados.

cada modelo debe adaptarse a la realidad,

a las necesidades de los estudiantes y de su comunidad”

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“Educational disadvantage

is such a complex problem that there is no easy solution. it’s going to take hard work, leadership and collaboration from across society

to ensure that every child can have the chance to succeed”

RIChaRdAUNG

UNITED KINGDOMrEINO UNIDO

“La falta de igualdad en la educación

es un problema tan complejo que no hay una solución fácil. va a requerir de mucho trabajo, liderazgo y colaboración

desde distintos ámbitos de la sociedad

para que todos los niños

puedan tener acceso a oportunidades”

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“What i’m learning through this experience

is immeasurable,

and the biggest learning source

is my students”

Felipe HarriagueARGENTINA

“Lo que estoy aprendiendo con esta experiencia

es incalculable

y la mayor fuente de aprendizaje

son mis alumnos”

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“There is an inseparable bond between teaching and learning, and teachers must be

constantly willing to learn”

JAMESMURPHY

AUSTrALIA

“Enseñar y aprender son inseparables

y los profesores tienen que estar

constantemente dispuestos a aprender”

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“i spent my entire corps experience

learning from my students.

They taught me life lessons

that i will never find in a book”

PETER GRACEUNITED STATESESTADOS UNIDOS

“pasé todo mi tiempo como profesor

aprendiendo de mis estudiantes.

Ellos me enseñaron lecciones de vida

que nunca encontraré en un libro”

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“in the classroom we fight together to construct knowledge

My aim is that all students

can teach themselves”

ElinELund

SPAINESPAÑA

“En la sala luchamos juntos por

construir conocimiento.

Mi objetivo es que mis estudiantes

puedan aprender de sí mismos”

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“in the U.K. i would say most parents are pretty happy with the school their kids go to.

if they knew what they were missing i think they’d be furious.

And rightly so”

JACOB KESTNERUNITED KINGDOMREINO UNIDO

“Diría que en el Reino Unido la mayoría de los apoderados

está contento con el colegio al cual van sus hijos.

Si supieran lo que sus hijos se están perdiendo, estarían furiosos.

con justa razón”

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“in all my years in education,

i have yet to meet a parent who did not want what was best for their child”

Mike Spangenberg

UNITED STATESESTADOS UNIDOS

“En todos mis años ligado a la educación,

todavía me falta conocer padres

que no quieran lo mejor para sus hijos”

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“i saw how amazed parents became when

you’d tell them good things about their children.

Simple things that one would think they already knew,

moved them to tears”

CESARSotilloPErU

“vi cómo alucinaban los padres

cuando les decías algo bueno de sus hijos.

cosas muy sencillas que uno pensaría que ya saben,

los conmueven hasta las lágrimas”

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“it’s not that parents do not care.

Rather, parents don’t know the best way

to support his o her child”

MELANIEHENRY

AUSTrALIA

“No es que a los apoderados no les importe.

Más bien, no saben cuál es la mejor manera de apoyar a sus hijos”

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“Teachers are not in the classroom because they have to be;

it’s because they are truly passionate about teaching, educating and creating good citizens”

“Los profesores no están en la sala porque les toca;

están porque realmente les apasiona enseñar, educar y formar buenos ciudadanos”

LUISA

ROJASCOLOMBIA

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“i believe that teachers not only

create scientists, artists, scholars, and politicians;

they also create a belief system,

an ideology and a doctrine”

HASSANISSA

LEBANONLÍBANO

“creo que los profesores no solo buscan

formar científicos, artistas, eruditos y políticos; también buscan crear un sistema de creencias,

una ideología y una doctrina”

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“i have met amazing teachers,

heroes of education”“He conocido profesores increíbles,

héroes de la educación”

Juan Paulo

SÁNCHEZCHILE

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“The vast majority of teachers

are caring, thoughtful, and deeply committed

to the success of their students”

KyrraRankine

UNITED STATESESTADOS UNIDOS

“La gran mayoría de los profesores

son cuidadosos, considerados, y profundamente comprometidos

con el éxito de sus estudiantes”

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“De mis cuatro años en la educación he aprendido que

todos los recursos son valiosos,

pero lo que realmente se necesita

es un profesor, un estudiante

y una superficie donde escribir”

GauravSinghINDIA

“My four years in education have taught me this:

that all the resources are valuable

but ultimately what you need

is a teacher, a student and a surface to write on”

Page 52: 10 Myths About Education From Around The World

“Money is a poor subsitute for a teacher’s passion”

GeoffMatheson

AUSTrALIA

“El dinero es un pobre substituto

de la pasión de un profesor”

Page 53: 10 Myths About Education From Around The World

“An amazing teacher

with just a piece of chalk

can outteach someone with all the resources in the world”

Kyrra

RankineUNITED STATESESTADOS UNIDOS

“Un profesor sobresaliente, con solo un pedazo de tiza, puede superar a cualquier otro que tenga todos los recursos del mundo”

Page 54: 10 Myths About Education From Around The World

“i have seen the best lessons

being delivered under the open sky while sitting on dirt and mud. Facilities are good. They are needed.

but only after the intent and action are in place”

AnimeshPriya

INDIA

“Las mejores clases las he visto

impartidas bajo el cielo abierto, sentados sobre polvo y barro. Tener infraestructura es bueno y necesario,

pero solo si la intención y la acción están en su lugar”

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EDUcAcióN

LATEcNOLOgíA

ATENTA cONTRA LA

TEcHNOLOgY iS A

EDUcATiONTHREAT

TO

107

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“Kids use technology every single day. by incorporating it into our classroom,

we are adapting our content to a new generation of learners

in order to prepare them for a world that is driven

by constant technological advancements”

GOLD

CHHIMUNITED STATESESTADOS UNIDOS

“Los niños usan la tecnología todos los días. Al incorporla a nuestra sala de clases estamos adaptando los contenidos

a una nueva generación de alumnos

para prepararlos para un mundo

en constante avance tecnológico”

Page 57: 10 Myths About Education From Around The World

“We live in a tremendously connected world. Our students need technology”

Patricio

BorgoñoCHILE

“vivimos en un mundo

tremendamente conectado.

Nuestros alumnos

necesitan tecnología”

Page 58: 10 Myths About Education From Around The World

“My students are used to watching lessons

i prepare for them on Youtube.

They love it, because they can repeat it as many times as they want until

they understand everything”

QUIM

SABRIÀSPAINESPAñA

“Mis estudiantes están acostumbrados

a ver las lecciones que les preparo en Youtube.

Les fascina porque pueden repasarlas

cuantas veces quieran hasta entender todo”

Page 59: 10 Myths About Education From Around The World

“While technology cannot replace a teacher,

technology supports rather than threatens the teacher’s practice”

Melanie

HenryAUSTrALIA

“La tecnología no reemplaza al profesor.

Es un apoyo y no una amenaza para su práctica”

Page 60: 10 Myths About Education From Around The World

“ i did not realize that learning

could be made so much fun until i joined Teach For india

and today i see the potential of collaborating

games and learning”

MAiTREYE SHivAKUMAR 2011 FELLOW

TEAcH FOR iNDiA

“No me di cuenta

lo tremendamente divertido

que podía llegar a ser el aprendizaje

hasta que me uní a Teach For india.

Hoy veo el potencial de la colaboración que hay

entre los juegos y el aprendizaje”

Page 61: 10 Myths About Education From Around The World

LEARNiNg”

EFFORT AiMS

iMpROvE

“OUR DAiLY

TO

THE STUDENTS’

“NUESTRO ESFUERZO DiARiO ESTÁ EN MEJORAR EL ApRENDiZAJE DE LOS ESTUDiANTES”

Page 62: 10 Myths About Education From Around The World

1. AR

Jorge Aliaga PERU

Richard Aung UNITED KINGDOM / REINO UNIDO

Catalina Beas CHILE

Patricio Borgoño CHILE

Tim Breker GERMANY / ALEMANIA

José Joaquín Brunner CHILE

J. Josephine Burn UNITED STATES / ESTADOS UNIDOS

Gold Chhim UNITED STATES / ESTADOS UNIDOS

Luanda de Oliveira Lima BRAZIL / BRASIL

Peter Grace UNITED STATES / ESTADOS UNIDOS

Felipe Harriague ARGENTINA

Melanie Henry AUSTRALIA

Bruno Iriarte ARGENTINA

Hassan Issa LEBANON / LIBANO

Emilian Kadiysky BULGARIA

Jacob Kestner UNITED KINGDOM / REINO UNIDO

Jessica Kfoury LEBANON / LIBANO

Eline Lund SPAIN / ESPAñA

Srini Manchikanti AUSTRALIA

Geoff Matheson AUSTRALIA

Charlotte McCormick UNITED KINGDOM / REINO UNIDO

James Murphy AUSTRALIA

Trin Noorkoiv ESTONIA

Pablo Princz ARGENTINA

Animesh Priya INDIA

Kyrra Rankine UNITED STATES / ESTADOS UNIDOS

Carolina Ramírez CHILE

Adib Reyhani AUSTRIA

Luisa Rojas COLOMBIA

Quim Sabrià SPAIN / ESPAñA

Keit Samaniego PERU

Juan Paulo Sánchez CHILE

Maitreye Shivakumar INDIA

Gaurav Singh INDIA

César Sotillo PERU

Mike Spangenberg UNITED STATES / ESTADOS UNIDOS

Soumya Suresh INDIA

AKNOWLEDgEMENTSAgRADEciMiENTOS

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1.

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rEGISTrATION / iNScRipcióN

Intelectual Properties / Derechos intelectuales N° 222124

ISBN PrINT BOOK / iSbN LibRO iMpRESO N° 978-956-8814-06-9

ISBN DIGITAL BOOK / iSbN LibRO DigiTAL N° 978-956-8814-07-6

PrINTED IN / iMpRESO EN Santiago de chile

October / Octubre / 2012

NOTES / NOTASPhotographs do not match testimonies.

Las fotografías no están asociadas a los testimonios.

COPyrIGHT © 2012 By FUNDACIóN GABrIEL & MAry MUSTAKIS & ENSENA CHILE

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and re-

trieval system, without prior permission in writting from the publisher,

DErECHOS rESErvADOS ® 2012, FUNDACIóN GABrIEL & MAry MUSTAKIS y ENSEÑA CHILE.Todos los derecho reservados. Esta publicación no puede ser reproducida ni en todo, ni en

parte, ni registrada en, o transmitida en un sistema de recuperación de información, en ningu-na forma ni por ningún medio, sea mecánico, fotoquímico, electrónico, magnético, electroópti-

co, por fotocopia, o cualquier otro, sin el permiso previo por escrito.

AUTHOr / AUTORFundación gabriel & Mary Mustakis

EDITOrS / EDiTORESTomás Recart & george Anastassiou

ILLUSTrATIONS / iLUSTRAciONESclaudio gallina

galería Alfredo ginnocchio

EDITOrIAL ASSISTANCE / ASiSTENTE EDiTORiALEduardo guzmán & M. isabel Méndez

TEACH FOr ALL ASSISTANCE / ASiSTENTE TEAcH FOR ALL georgia gillette & Jeffrey Levick

DESIGN AND ArTWOrK / DiSEñO Y DiAgRAMAcióN DA Diseñadores Asociados

PrINTEr / iMpRESióNOgrama impresores

PHOTOGrAPHy / FOTOgRAFíAFundación gabriel & Mary Mustakis

Teach For AllEnseña chilepaulina Wevar

Shutterstock.com pÁg. 18 / Kailash K Soni

pÁg. 40 / Arindambanerjee pÁg. 60 / pal Teravagimov

98 / Asianet-pakistan pÁg. 102 / Dmitry berkut

pÁg. 104 / Jorg HackemannpÁg. 108 / Falk Kienas

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10www. mitos.org

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