1. WWII IN EUROPE-------Allies vs Axis Powers• Big 3• Strategy:

– Get Hitler First– Converge on Germany- create a second 2nd Front– Call for Unconditional surrender

• Turning point battles---1942 to 1945– Invasion of North Africa– El Alamein – Stalingrad– Invasion of Sicily and Italy– D-Day invasion----June 6, 1944-– Battle of the Bulge– Yalta Conference----Feb. 1945

• Three world leaders die in April of 1945• WWII ends in Europe with the Battle for Berlin

•Germany surrenders, May 2, 1945– Victory in Europe or VE Day---

•1935: prohibited arms shipments to all

belligerent countries.

•1936: forbid loans to all belligerents

•1937: “Cash and CarryCash and Carry” principle: all nations must

pay for nonmilitary purchases and ship the

goods in their own vessels

•1935: prohibited arms shipments to all

belligerent countries.

•1936: forbid loans to all belligerents

•1937: “Cash and CarryCash and Carry” principle: all nations must

pay for nonmilitary purchases and ship the

goods in their own vessels

Neutral

Danzig and the Polish Corridor Danzig and the Polish Corridor Danzig and the Polish Corridor Danzig and the Polish Corridor • After the Czechoslovakia, Hitler

wanted Poland. Why?– Danzig, a seaport city that was

90% German – Germany lost this after WWI so

that Poland would have access to the sea.

• If Hitler invaded Poland, Great Britain and France would declare war on Germany.

• Hitler prepared to invade and started to negotiate with the USSR signing the Non-Aggression Pact

•If Stalin had to fight the British and French he did not want to fight the Soviets, too.

•Hitler and Stalin sign the Non-Aggression Pact and divide Poland.

•Hitler is free to launch his attack on Europe- the Blitzkrieg

•If Stalin had to fight the British and French he did not want to fight the Soviets, too.

•Hitler and Stalin sign the Non-Aggression Pact and divide Poland.

•Hitler is free to launch his attack on Europe- the Blitzkrieg

ww2 begins

WWII BEGINS IN EUROPE

WWII BEGINS IN EUROPE

•SEPT. 1, 1939, GERMANY GERMANY INVADES POLANDINVADES POLAND…..

•THIS BEGINS WWIIWWII…

•GREAT BRITAIN AND FRANCE DECLARE WAR

ON GERMANY!

•SEPT. 1, 1939, GERMANY GERMANY INVADES POLANDINVADES POLAND…..

•THIS BEGINS WWIIWWII…

•GREAT BRITAIN AND FRANCE DECLARE WAR

ON GERMANY!

BLITZKREIG

•GERMAN MILITARY TACTICS OR

“LIGHTING WAR”

•The key to blitzkrieg is … SURPRISE!

•It is designed to attack and coordinate all military

resources at many different targets with overwhelming numbers so as to simply devastate the enemy.

BLITZKREIG

•Attack with the Luftwaffe (Airforce)

–Fighters (air superiority)–Stuka (Dive bombers)–Bombers

•Destroy Communications (radio…)•Destroy Transportation (bridges, RR)•Destroy Military Targets (bases, supply)

Step One

BLITZKREIG

•Next come the PANZERSPANZERS (tanks)

•Hitler’s military designers had developed extremely advanced tanks.

•Their tanks were light years ahead.

•Advance very quickly, and destroy any remaining targets that the Luftwaffe had left behind. (Comm, Trans, Military)

Step Two

BLITZKREIG

•Finally come the infantry

•They had been training for several years and these troops were VERY ready.

•Hitler’s troops were already battle experienced b/c of the Spanish Civil War.

•Their job was to MOP UP anything left.

Step Three

Map in 1942

•Hitler crushes France in June 1940

•Hitler’s last enemy was Great Britain, who along with France had been defeated at the battle of

Dunkirk

•Hitler wanted to gain air supremacy.

•Battle of Britain, largest air battle ever fought in the history of warfare.

•July to November 1940 and was won by the Royal Air Force (RAF or British Air Force).

•First major German loss in WWII and forced Hitler to change his strategy

•British people fought for their country and a possible Nazi invasion (Operation Sea Lion).

Britain

Now Britain Is All Alone!Now Britain Is All Alone!Now Britain Is All Alone!Now Britain Is All Alone!•Winston

Churchill, the Prime Minister

of Great Britain.

•The “Lion of England”

"What General Weygand called the Battle of France

is over. The Battle of Britain is about to begin, upon this battle depends the survival of Christian

civilization, upon it depends our own British

life and the long continuity of our

institution and our Empire."

"What General Weygand called the Battle of France

is over. The Battle of Britain is about to begin, upon this battle depends the survival of Christian

civilization, upon it depends our own British

life and the long continuity of our

institution and our Empire."

Britain

WINSTON CHURCHILL JUNE 18 1940

FROM HIS "FINEST HOUR" SPEECH

Britain

London’s Casualties 43,000 Killed

51,000 Seriously injured 88,000 Slightly injured

London’s Casualties 43,000 Killed

51,000 Seriously injured 88,000 Slightly injured

•Nearly 500 (RAF) pilots and aircrew had been killed, 500 wounded and 915 aircraft were destroyed.

•The once undefeated Luftwaffe (NazisNazis) had been beaten and lost 1733 aircraft and crews in the process.

•Their immortality (RAF) was guaranteed when Churchill in a speech made on the 20th August said

"Never in the field of human conflict was so "Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few".much owed by so many to so few".

Neutral

•1939: prohibited Americans from

traveling on ships of belligerent nations

•1940: Lend Lease program offered to Great Britain…. U.S. becomes

the “arsenal of democracy”

•FDR responds to Fascist aggression in Europe by protecting FDR responds to Fascist aggression in Europe by protecting democracies and preparing the US for war…..democracies and preparing the US for war…..

Great Britain.........................$31 Great Britain.........................$31 billionbillionSoviet Union...........................$11 Soviet Union...........................$11 billionbillionFrance......................................$ 3 France......................................$ 3 billionbillionChina.......................................$1.5 China.......................................$1.5 billionbillionOther European.................$500 Other European.................$500 millionmillionSouth America...................$400 South America...................$400 millionmillion

The amount totaled: The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000$48,601,365,000

Great Britain.........................$31 Great Britain.........................$31 billionbillionSoviet Union...........................$11 Soviet Union...........................$11 billionbillionFrance......................................$ 3 France......................................$ 3 billionbillionChina.......................................$1.5 China.......................................$1.5 billionbillionOther European.................$500 Other European.................$500 millionmillionSouth America...................$400 South America...................$400 millionmillion

The amount totaled: The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000$48,601,365,000

U. S. Lend-Lease Act,U. S. Lend-Lease Act,1941, “ US becomes the arsenal 1941, “ US becomes the arsenal

of democracy”of democracy”

U. S. Lend-Lease Act,U. S. Lend-Lease Act,1941, “ US becomes the arsenal 1941, “ US becomes the arsenal

of democracy”of democracy”

1941, The Key Year for the US

1941, The Key Year for the US

Hitler invaded Soviet Union (June 1941)

the Japanese are planning their attack on the United States.

(Dec. 1941).

The US had frozen trade w/ Japan

•Pearl HarborPearl Harbor, on the Island of O'ahu, Hawaii, (then a territory of

the United States) was attacked by the Japanese Imperial Navy, at

approximately 8:00 A.M., Sunday morning, December 7, 1941December 7, 1941. •The surprise attack had been conceived by Admiral Isoroku Admiral Isoroku

YamamotoYamamoto. •The striking force of 353 Japanese 353 Japanese

aircraftaircraft was led by Commander Mitsuo Fuchida.

•There had been no formal formal declaration of wardeclaration of war.

Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto

Captain Mitsuo Fuchida

•In less than 2 hours, the Pacific Fleet lost two battleships, six others were heavily battered and nearly a dozen

lesser vessels put out of action.

•More than 150 planes were wrecked; over 2,300 servicemen were killed and

1,100 wounded.

•Blame was widespread, both on the Officials in Washington and on the Admiral and the General in Hawaii.

WWII POLITICAL

ALLIESALLIES AXISAXIS

THE BIG THREETHE BIG THREEWINSTON CHURCHILL—Great Britain

FDR---U.S.

JOSEPH STALIN---Soviet Union

BENITO MUSSOLINIADOLF HITLERHIDEKI TOJO•““The enemy of my enemy, is my The enemy of my enemy, is my

friend”friend”

Date Place Participants Decisions

Dec. 1941 to

Jan. 1942

June 1942

Washington Conference

1st

2nd

FDR

Winston ChurchillBig 2

War Production, shipping, aid for China,

diversion of German strength from Eastern

Front and a North African invasion.

Jan. 1943

CasablancaConference

FDR

Winston ChurchillBig 2

Plans for invasion of Sicily and to step up Pacific

War…D-day invasion in 1944 onto French coast.

Unconditional Surrender of Germany

Nov. 1943

TeheranConference

FDRWinston Churchill

Joseph StalinBig 3

1st time “Big 3” meet. Stalin demands 2nd front

onto French coast…. Date of D-day invasion decided… General

Eisenhower appointed as commander of Allies

Hitler First Allied Strategy

• Eastern Front

• Southern Front

• Western Front

Attack Hitler’s “soft soft

underbelly”underbelly”

Stalin’s 2nd front

Attack Hitler’s “soft soft

underbelly”underbelly”

TURNING POINT

BATTLES

19421942•Allied

invasion of North Africa

•El Alamein

TURNING POINT

BATTLES

19421942•Allied

invasion of North Africa

•El Alamein

The North Africa Campaign: The North Africa Campaign: The Battle of El Alamein, The Battle of El Alamein,

19421942

The North Africa Campaign: The North Africa Campaign: The Battle of El Alamein, The Battle of El Alamein,

19421942

Gen. Ernst Gen. Ernst Rommel,Rommel,

The “Desert Fox”The “Desert Fox”

Gen. Ernst Gen. Ernst Rommel,Rommel,

The “Desert Fox”The “Desert Fox”

Gen. Bernard Gen. Bernard LawLaw

MontgomeryMontgomery(“Monty”)(“Monty”)

Gen. Bernard Gen. Bernard LawLaw

MontgomeryMontgomery(“Monty”)(“Monty”)

German General Erwin RommelGerman General Erwin Rommel

German tank commander

known as the ““Desert Fox”- mobile operationsImplicated in attempt to kill Hitler but really an advocate of

defeatism, he would be forced by Hitler to accept trial for high treason or commit suicide

WWII Military Leaders

•General Bernard Montgomery

•British commanding officer

•Defeated Rommel at El AlameinWWII Military Leaders

The horrendous British casualties in 1914-1918 help explain Montgomery's caution as a commander twenty-five years later.

Attack Hitler’s “soft soft

underbelly”underbelly”

TURNING POINT

BATTLES

19421942•Allied

invasion of North Africa

•El Alamein

TURNING POINT

BATTLES

19421942•Allied

invasion of North Africa

•El Alamein

19431943•Battle of Stalingrad.

Stalin upset with the FDR and Churchill because they took their time establishing a “2nd Front”“2nd Front” in Western Europe

while Russian soldiers were being massacred by the Germans………...

Big 3

Battle of Stalingrad:Battle of Stalingrad:Winter of 1942-1943Winter of 1942-1943

Battle of Stalingrad:Battle of Stalingrad:Winter of 1942-1943Winter of 1942-1943

German Army Russian Army1,011,500 men 1,000,500 men

10,290 artillery guns

13,541 artillery guns

675 tanks 894 tanks

1,216 planes 1,115 planes Stalin orders his troops to follow the “scorched earth policy”Germans are surrounded at Stalingrad and supply lines are cut by the Russians. Germans surrender to Soviets.

STALINGRAD

• Russians had trapped the Germans in Stalingrad

• Hitler orders no surrender• Supreme Commander to 6 Army, January 24, 1943 "Surrender is

forbidden. 6 Army will hold their positions to the last man and the last round and by their heroic endurance will make an unforgettable contribution towards the establishment of a defensive front and the salvation of the Western world."

• Hitler's communication with von Paulus.

• Unable to break out, the Germans also had to face the winter. Temperatures dropped to well below zero and food, ammunition and heat were in short supply

STALINGRAD• However, by the end of January 1943, the Germans could

do nothing else but surrender.

• Why was this battle so important?

• A complete army group was lost at Stalingrad and 91,000 Germans were taken prisoner. With such a massive loss of manpower and equipment, the Germans simply did not have enough manpower to cope with the Russian advance to Germany when it came.

• Hitler commented:"The God of War has gone over to the other side."

•

Attack Hitler’s “soft soft

underbelly”underbelly”

TURNING POINT

BATTLES

19421942•Allied

invasion of North Africa

•El Alamein

TURNING POINT

BATTLES

19421942•Allied

invasion of North Africa

•El Alamein

19431943•Battle of Stalingrad.

•Allied invasion of

Sicily

The Italian Campaign The Italian Campaign [[“Operation Torch”“Operation Torch”]] ::

Europe’s “Soft Underbelly”Europe’s “Soft Underbelly”

The Italian Campaign The Italian Campaign [[“Operation Torch”“Operation Torch”]] ::

Europe’s “Soft Underbelly”Europe’s “Soft Underbelly” George S. George S.

PattonPatton leads leads American American troopstroops

•General George PattonGeneral George Patton

•Graduate of West Point

•Tank commander and commander of the 7th Army

•Germans feared Patton

•““ole blood and guts”ole blood and guts”WWII Military Leaders

The Battle for Sicily:The Battle for Sicily: June, 1943June, 1943

The Battle for Sicily:The Battle for Sicily: June, 1943June, 1943

General General George S. George S. Patton:Patton:

Operation Mincemeat: body, secret plans in case, divert to Corsica, really a homeless man. Hitler redirected his troops in the summer of 1943, a massive Allied invasion force was sailingto Sicily.

The Allies Liberate Rome:The Allies Liberate Rome:June 5, 1944June 5, 1944

The Allies Liberate Rome:The Allies Liberate Rome:June 5, 1944June 5, 1944

Planning D-Day

• Fearing an Allied invasion Hitler order the construction of the Atlantic Wall- 2,400 mile fortification of concrete bunkers, barbed wire, tank ditches, landmines, fixed-gun emplacements and beach and underwater obstacles.

• Subterfuge is needed: diversion at Calais- To fool the Germans to believing the invasion was at Calais, the Allies dropped dummy parachute soldiers…..

D-Day, the decision day or H-day…Stalin’s 2nd front….one of the Largest military invasion in world history to defeat Hitler.

The 5000-vessel armada stretched as far as the eye could see, transporting over 150,000 men and nearly 50,000 vehicles across the

channel to the French beaches along a 50 mile stretch of the Normandy Beaches.

First Wave: Six parachute regiments -- over 13,000 men -- were flown from nine British airfields in over 800 planes, dropped behind enemy

lines with a mission to destroy communication and supply lines. More than 300 planes dropped 13,000 bombs over coastal Normandy

immediately in advance of the invasion. War planners had projected that 5,000 tons of gasoline would be

needed daily for the first 20 days after the initial assault. Second Wave: fight to take the beach. By nightfall on June 6, more than

9,000 Allied soldiers were dead or wounded, but more than 100,000 had made it ashore, securing French coastal villages.

Within weeks, supplies were being unloaded at UTAH and OMAHA beachheads at the rate of over 20,000 tons per day. Nearly a year later Germany would surrender

Gen. Eisenhower Gives the Orders Gen. Eisenhower Gives the Orders for D-Day for D-Day [[“Operation Overlord”“Operation Overlord”]]Gen. Eisenhower Gives the Orders Gen. Eisenhower Gives the Orders for D-Day for D-Day [[“Operation Overlord”“Operation Overlord”]]

US General Dwight Eisenhower was chosen by the Big 3Big 3 at the Tehran ConferenceTehran Conference (Nov. 28-Dec. 1, 1943) as the Supreme Supreme

Allied CommanderAllied Commander and was responsible for the D-Day Invasion.

•4 Star, US General Dwight EisenhowerGeneral Dwight Eisenhower•Graduate of West Point

•Commanded Allied invasion on North Africa in 1942•Named Supreme Allied Commander and in charge of D-D-

Day.Day.WWII Military Leaders

= Canadian= Great Britain

= United States

Normandy Beach todayNormandy Beach today

DDay

The Battle of the Bulge:The Battle of the Bulge:Hitler’s Last OffensiveHitler’s Last Offensive

The Battle of the Bulge:The Battle of the Bulge:Hitler’s Last OffensiveHitler’s Last Offensive

Dec. 16, 1944 to Jan. 28,

1945

July 20, 1944 Assassination July 20, 1944 Assassination PlotPlot

July 20, 1944 Assassination July 20, 1944 Assassination PlotPlot

•Major Claus vonMajor Claus vonStauffenberg Stauffenberg tried to kill tried to kill

Hitler. Hitler.

•Believed Hitler Believed Hitler was evil.was evil.

V-E Day (May 8th, 1945)•V-E = Victory in Europe

•The Soviets reached Berlin from the East and the Germans surrendered…

Celebrations across Europe…

Churchill in London

A Soviet Soldier flies A Soviet Soldier flies the flag of the Soviet the flag of the Soviet Union over BerlinUnion over Berlin

YaltaConference: YaltaConference: February, 1945February, 1945

YaltaConference: YaltaConference: February, 1945February, 1945 Talks prior to war’s end-Talks prior to war’s end-

FDR wants quick Soviet entry FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific war.into Pacific war.

FDR & Churchill concede Stalin FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs buffer needs buffer (Poland)(Poland) , FDR & , FDR & Stalin want spheres of influence Stalin want spheres of influence and a weak Germany.and a weak Germany.

Churchill wants Churchill wants strong Germany strong Germany as as bufferbufferagainst against Stalin. Stalin.

FDR arguesFDR arguesfor a for a ‘United Nations’.‘United Nations’.

Yalta

DECISIONS MADE AT YALTADECISIONS MADE AT YALTACreated a United NationsUnited Nations to promote world peace.Germany and BerlinGermany and Berlin would be divided into 4 zones

controlled by the US, British, France and Soviet UnionUS, British, France and Soviet UnionEastern European countries under Soviet control would

have ““free electionsfree elections””Stalin agreed but kept Eastern Europe under Soviet

control after WWII leading to the Cold WarCold War…..

The decisions at the Yalta Conference shaped

the post WWII world. Many agreements were

made but the lasting effect was: “You cannot You cannot

trust the words of a trust the words of a dictator”.dictator”.

FDR dies in Warm Springs,

Georgia on April 12, 1945

FDR dies in Warm Springs,

Georgia on April 12, 1945

Mussolini is executed by his own people on April 28, 1945

Mussolini is executed by his own people on April 28, 1945

Hitler realizing that Berlin was about to fall,

married his mistress, Eva Braun and both

commit suicide on April 30, 1945.

Hitler realizing that Berlin was about to fall,

married his mistress, Eva Braun and both

commit suicide on April 30, 1945.

United United NationsNations

•Allied Powers became the United United

NationsNations.

•Germans surrender to the United Nations to

end the war in Europe

United United NationsNations

•Allied Powers became the United United

NationsNations.

•Germans surrender to the United Nations to

end the war in Europe

UN

Democrac

y

Communism

Limited Democra

cy1 Party

State

MilitaryDictatorship

Dictatorship

Monarchy

No Self Governmen

t

No

Government

China

U.S.AU.S.AU.S.AU.S.A

*Great Britain**France

***

Soviet UnionSoviet UnionSoviet UnionSoviet Union

•Founders of the United Nations in 1945 •Permanent seats on the Security Council.

•Replaced the League of Nations to promote world peace•Worked to create the state of Israel by 1948

WW II WW II CasualtieCasualties: Europes: Europe

WW II WW II CasualtieCasualties: Europes: Europe

Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead in the

appropriate theater of operations

WW II WW II CasualtieCasualtie

s: Asias: Asia

WW II WW II CasualtieCasualtie

s: Asias: Asia

Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead in the

appropriate theater of operations

SEE WWII PACIFIC PPTPACIFIC THEATER OF WAR

Meanwhile….