1 Wind Energy. 2 Preperd by : Huthefa Flieh Osama mohamad Nazer Al Zoubi Hazem khres Malek Rezkallh.
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Transcript of 1 Wind Energy. 2 Preperd by : Huthefa Flieh Osama mohamad Nazer Al Zoubi Hazem khres Malek Rezkallh.
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Wind Energy
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Preperd by :
Huthefa Flieh
Osama mohamad
Nazer Al Zoubi
Hazem khres
Malek Rezkallh
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Wind Energy Outline
History and Context Advantages Disadvantages Wind Farm Development Future
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History and Context
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Wind Energy History ~ 400 A.D.
Wind driven Buddhist prayer wheels 1200 to 1850
Golden era of windmills in western Europe – 50,000
9,000 in Holland; 10,000 in England; 18,000 in Germany
1850’s Multiblade turbines for water pumping made
and marketed in U.S. 1882
Thomas Edison commissions first commercial electric generating stations in London .
Wind Energy History …..cont. 1900
Competition from alternative energy sources reduces windmill population to fewer than 10,000
1850 – 1930 Heyday of the small multiblade turbines in the US
midwast As many as 6,000,000 units installed
1936+ US Rural Electrification Administration extends the
grid to most formerly isolated rural sites Grid electricity rapidly displaces multiblade
turbine uses
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Increasingly Significant Power Source
Wind could generate 6% of nation’s electricity by 2020.
Wind currently produces less than 1% of the nation’s power. Source: Energy Information Agency
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Wind Power Advantages
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Advantages of Wind Power
Environmental Economic Development Fuel Diversity & Conservation Cost Stability
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Environmental Benefits
No air pollution No greenhouse gasses Does not pollute water with mercury No water needed for operations
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Pollution from Electric Power
Source: Northwest Foundation, 12/97
23%
28%
33%
34%
70%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
Toxic Heavy Metals
Particulate Matter
Nitrous Oxides
Carbon Dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide
Percentage of U.S. Emissions
Electric power is a primary source of industrial air pollution
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Economic Development Benefits
Expanding Wind Power development brings jobs to rural communities
Increased tax revenue Purchase of goods & services
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Fuel Diversity Benefits
Domestic energy source Inexhaustible supply Small, dispersed design
reduces supply risk
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Cost Stability Benefits
Flat-rate pricing hedge against fuel price volatility risk
Wind electricity is inflation-proof
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Wind Disadvantages
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Market Barriers Siting
Avian Noise Aesthetics
Intermittent source of power Transmission constraints Operational characteristics different from
conventional fuel sources Financing
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Wind Energy and the Grid Pros
Small project size Short/flexible development time Dispatchability
Cons Generally remote location Grid connectivity -- lack of transmission capability Intermittent output
Only When the wind blows (night? Day?) Low capacity factor Predicting the wind -- we’re getting better
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Birds - A Serious Obstacle
Birds of Prey (hawks, owls, golden eagles) in jeopardy Altamont Pass – News Update – from Sept 22
shut down all the turbines for at least two months each winter eliminate the 100 most lethal turbines Replace all before permits expire in 13 years
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Wind – Characteristics & Consequences Remote location and low capacity factor
Higher transmission investment per unit output Small project size and quick development
time Planning mismatch with transmission investment
Intermittent output Higher system operating costs if systems and
protocols not designed properly
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Balancing Supply & Demand
Base Load – Coal
Gas/Hydro
Gas
3500
4000
4500
3000
Wind Farm Development
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Wind Farm Development
Key parameters Wind resource Zoning/Public Approval/Land Lease Connectivity to the grid Financing
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Wind Farm Development Wind resource
Absolutely vital to determine finances Wind is the fuel
Requires historical wind data Daily and hourly detail
Install metrological towers Preferably at projected turbine hub height Multiple towers across proposed site
Multiyear data reduces financial risk Correlate long term offsite data to support short term
onsite data Local NWS metrological station
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Wind Energy Variability
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Wind Farm Development Zoning/Public Approval/Land Lease
Obtain local and state governmental approvals Often includes Environmental Impact Studies
Impact to wetlands, birds (especially raptors) NIMBY component
View sheds
Negotiate lease arrangements with ranchers, farmers, Native American tribes, etc.
Annual payments per turbine or production based
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Wind Farm Development Connectivity to the grid
Obtain approvals to tie to the grid Obtain from grid operators – WAPA, BPA, California
ISO Power fluctuations stress the grid
Especially since the grid is operating near max capacity
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Wind Farm Development Financing
Once all components are settled… Wind resource Zoning/Public Approval/Land Lease Power Purchase Agreements (PPA) Connectivity to the grid Turbine procurement Construction costs
…Take the deal to get financed
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Future Trends
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Expectations for Future Growth
20,000 total turbines installed by 2010 6% of electricity supply by 2020
100,000 MW of wind power installed by 2020
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Future Cost Reductions Financing Strategies Manufacturing
Economy of Scale Better Sites and
“Tuning” Turbines for Site Conditions
Technology Improvements
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Future Tech Developments Application Specific Turbines
Offshore Limited land/resource areas Transportation or construction limitations Low wind resource Cold climates
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The Future of Wind - Offshore
•1.5 - 6 MW per turbine•60-120 m hub height•5 km from shore, 30 m deep ideal•Gravity foundation, pole, or tripod formation•Shaft can act as artificial reef•Drawbacks- T&D losses (underground cables lead to shore) and visual eye sore
The EndAny questions ??
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