1. What were the causes of the Civil War? 2. Was the Civil War preventable? Give an argument why or...
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1.What were the causes of the Civil War?
2.Was the Civil War preventable? Give an argument why or why
not.
WARM-UP
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Lincoln and the start of the Civil War
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«He was what Beethoven was in music, Dante in poetry, Raphael in painting, the Christ in the philosophy of life…»
Leo Tolstoy
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Born February 12th, 1809In a log cabin near
Hodgenville, KentuckySon of Thomas and Nancy
Hanks LincolnMoved to Indiana at age 7Mother dies in 1818 from
milk sicknessFather remarries to Sarah
Bush Johnston
The Early Years
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Lincoln loved to read
Preferred reading to working in the fields
Led to difficult relationship with his father
Borrowed books from neighbors
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The Lincolns moved again in 1830Illinois Lived in New Salem, Illinois until 1837
Worked odd jobs – store clerk, surveying, and postmaster
Impressed residents with his character
Earned nickname “Honest Abe”
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Henry Clay was Kentucky's most prominent nineteenth-century politician. He was Abraham Lincoln's political idol.
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Lincoln and His FamilyMet Mary Todd in
Springfield, IL in 1839
Married her in 1842
Next eleven years 4 children
Robert, Edward, William (Willie), and Thomas (Tad)
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The Lincoln Family
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Abraham Lincoln's wife, Mary Todd Lincoln, was from Lexington, Kentucky. She was one of the best-educated women of her era, and her support, encouragement, and vast political knowledge helped Lincoln become our nation's sixteenth president.
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Lincoln reportedly wept when his brother-in-law, Ben Hardin Helm, was killed while fighting for the Confederacy. Lincoln's family, like the nation, was divided during the Civil War.
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Mary Todd Lincoln
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Lincoln in Politics
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1832 – Lincoln unsuccessful in run for Illinois legislature
1834, 1836, 1838, 1840 – won these races for Illinois legislature
Member of the Whig party (remained a Whig until 1856)
Studied law in spare time, became lawyer in 1836
Serving the State of Illinois
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“The probability that we may fall in the struggle ought not to deter us from the support of a cause we believe to be just; it shall not deter me.”
Speech on the Sub-Treasury, IL House of Representatives 12-26-1839
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1846 – Lincoln elected to the House of Representatives
Opposed the Mexican WarOpposed slaveryAfter his term was over, he returned to
Illinois to practice law
Congress
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Washington Cont’dMade unsuccessful
attempt for seat in the Senate in 1854
1856 – received support for Republican Vice-Presidential nomination
Opposed the Dred Scott decision
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The Rise of Abraham Lincoln
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1858 – Lincoln challenges Stephen Douglas (Compromise of 1850) for Illinois US Senate seat
Debated Slavery
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
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Issues and IdeasStephen Douglas
“The Little Giant”5’ 1” tallFreeport Doctrine
– slavery decided by popular sovereignty
Slavery was not morally wrong
Abraham LincolnLittle known
lawyerAbolitionist6’ 4” tallSlavery was
morally wrong
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Issues of the Debates
1. Expansion of slavery 2. Popular sovereignty 3. Dred Scott decision 4. Freeport Doctrine 5. African-American Citizenship
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“A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half-slave and half-free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved – I do not expect the house to fall – but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all the one thing or all the other.”
House Divided Speech in Springfield, IL 3-4-1858
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Lincoln is thrust into the national spotlight as a abolitionist leader
Leading Republican
Importance
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4 Major Candidates (including Lincoln)
Election of 1860
John Breckinridge (KY) – Southern
Democrat
Stephen Douglas (IL) – Northern
Democrat
Sen. John Bell (TN) –
Constitutional Unionists (Whigs)
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Abraham Lincoln, IL—turned out had strongest hand: was former anti-slavery Whig in a party
full of thesehad reputation as a moderatehad opposed Know Nothingshad reputation for integrity and honestyembodied ideology of upward mobilitycame from crucial state
ELECTION OF 1860—REPUBLICANS
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Nominate Abraham Lincoln (R – Illinois)
Republicans
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ELECTION OF 1860Unique in American history because came down to
two separate races: Lincoln vs. Douglas in the North and Breckinridge vs. Bell in the South
in 10 southern states, Lincoln did not even have a ticket and in 5 remaining slave states received 4% of popular vote
Lincoln won by carrying northern states plus OR and CA—purely sectional victory with less than 40% of popular vote
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Results of 1860 Election
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Lincoln Presidential Advertisements
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Photograph showing March 4, 1861 inauguration of Abraham Lincoln in front of U.S. Capitol, which was
undergoing construction
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Southern Response
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The South Secedes
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Leave the UnionSouthern State Legislatures vote to pass
“Articles of Secession”7 states secede before Lincoln’s
Inauguration12/20/1860 – SC1/9/1861 – MS1/10/1861 – FL1/11/1861 – AL1/19/1861 – GA1/26/1861 – LA2/1/1861 – TX 3/4/1861 – Lincoln is Inaugurated
What is secession?
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On December 20, 1860, South Carolina became the first state to secede.
They were followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.
The eleven states that had seceded formed the Confederate States of America.
They named Jefferson Davis as president.
They wrote a new Constitution which made slavery legal.
Confederate States of America
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The Confederate States of America (CSA or Confederacy)
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Government similar to the UnionConstitution nearly identical, except:
State SovereigntySlavery as a right of whitesPresident limited to one six year termPresident had “Line-Item” veto
CSA Organization
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Army of N. Virginia Battle Flag. Became the symbol of Confederacy and included all states in it as stars.
Question: What does this flag represent to you?
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The President and VP
Jefferson Davis Alexander Stephens
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Jefferson Davis, the President of the Confederacy, was also born in Kentucky. Before the Civil War, he was a planter, soldier, politician, and U.S. Secretary of War. He died in 1889.
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Advantages North
FactoriesPopulationRailroads (70%)TelegraphMoneyNavy
SouthGreat Leaders
(Robert E. Lee, “Stonewall” Jackson)
Home Field Advantage
Southerner’s believed in the cause
Defensive WarIndian TribesDid not have to
win, only tieCotton and
Tobacco
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1. Increased Sectionalism
2. Tariffs 3. State’s Rights4. Preservation of
the Union5. Westward
Movement6. Slavery7. Election of 1860
Causes of the Civil War
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Was the Civil War about slavery? Why or why not?
How did the election of 1860 lead to the separation of the South from the North?
Wrap-up