European Renaissance & Reformation

1300 - 1600

Concept Questions

1. What events contributed to the end of the Middle Ages?

2. How did Europe change during the Renaissance?

3. how did Europe change during the Reformation?

4. How did the printing press impact Europe?

5. how does Christianity develop and change during the Renaissance?

The State of Italy - Renaissance

Middle Ages

Crusades Black Death

Italy – Birthplace of the Renaissance

*Renaissance: “rebirth of art & learning” *Italy:

Thriving cities Wealthy merchant class Classical heritage of Greece &

Rome *Patrons: the Medici family – Florence

Gutenberg printing press

Greatest aid to spread of new ideas:

Revolutionized writing; mass printing

*Gutenberg Bible 1455 –cheap Spread Reformation ideas quickly

Renaissance Art:

New techniques: Donatello – realistic sculpture Perspective (see p. 419) Often imitated the classical cultures of

Greece and Rome

Can you remember the 4 greatest Renaissance Painters? Leonardo Raphael Donatello Michelangelo

Da Vinci’s: The Last Supper

Da Vinci

Raphael:

Text p. 419: Classical

painting & Renaissance 1400s

Perspective

Sistine chapel

Why did the Church/Pope need more money?

To finance theBuilding of theSistine Chapel & Papal chambers

Michelangelo

Sistine Chapel: Sale of Indulgences to finance

Michaelangelo Painter Sculptor Architect

The Pieta:

Mary & Christ in marble

Durer: Emphasized realism

Patrons: wealthy merchants

› Financed most artists› Medici family

Renaissance Writers: Humanism

Based on classical ideas - Greeks & Romans Wrote in vernacular Study secular and sacred matters Studied humanities: history, literature, philosophy “The Renaissance Man” – master of every area of

study:

The Courtier (1528) by Castiglione › “how to” be a Renaissance Man

Erasmus – satirical look at the church’s problems Sir Thomas More – Utopia Petrarch – sonnets to Laura in Italian Boccaccio – the Decameron stories about the plague

w/sarcastic humor

William Shakespeare

Born in 1564 Regarded by many as the best

playwright of all time Drew inspiration from classical events Some works include: Hamlet, Macbeth, Julius Caesar, and

Romeo and Juliet Renaissance England = “Elizabethan

Age”

Machiavelli The Prince -“how to”manual for political LeadersAny means necessary

Religious Reformation

auses of the Reformation: Problems in the Catholic Church Charges of corruption: simony,

nepotism, worldliness Early Reform attempts: John Wycliffe, England Jan Hus, Bohemia (burned)

Savonarola, Florence (burned)

Martin Luther:

from Catholicism to Protestantism

Martin Luther: wants CHANGE

Wittenberg, Germany – 1517: Writes 95 Theses

Against the selling of Indulgences for profit Advocating using the vernacular in Bible

printings Starts the Protestant Reformation when

church refuses to change Edict of Worms Persecuted by the church No one allowed to give him food/help of

any kind “Here I stand. I can do no other.

New Churches Form

Lutheranism- Germany *clerics could marry *no church needed

Anabaptists –no baptism of children Anglicans: Church of England,

Pilgrims, Puritans (Henry’s divorce)

Presbyterians- Scots Protestants Huguenots- French Protestants

Reformed Catholic Church

Churches answer to Protestantism:

Jesuit missionaries to “counter” the Reformation - Inquisition

Witch hunts – for heretics: those not practicing Catholicism

Peasant revolts in Germany Peace of Augsburg: 1555 –

Germany free to choose its religion

Issued after a German prince showed disloyalty to the Pope

England becomes Protestant:

Henry VIII – marriage to Catherine of Aragon produces a daughter (Mary), Henry needs a son

1527 Pope refused the divorce

1529 Act of Supremacy: makes king head of Anglican Church of England

Henry grants himself a divorce, & marries Anne Boleyn (Queen Elizabeth I’s mother)

Marries Jane Seymour = son Edward Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard,

Catherine Parr Marries 6 women total (youtube)

Rule of Succession Mary - Bloody Mary” – Catholic

› had Protestants killed Edward – king at 9

› rules only 6 years Elizabeth I –

› allowed both Catholic & Anglican religions, great leader

› defeated Spanish armada 1558

› Most powerful navy at the time› Establishes England as a naval force› “The Sun never sets on the British

Empire”

The Reformation continues:

Calvinism – John Knox› Predestination› Spreads to Scotland- › Presbyterians

Catholic Reformation

Counter Reformation-church reforms itself:

Council of Trent, 1545 Ended the sale of indulgences Banned Protestant books Church's interpretation of the

Bible is final Established the Inquisition to

punish heretics