Waste Management

A PROJECT ON

WASTE MANAGEMENT

COMMOM EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT

(A STEP TOWARDS BETTER ENVIRONMENT)

SUBMITTED BY

Ms. VIRAL PATEL

T.Y.B.M.S

SUBJECTED TO

UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI

2007-2008

GHANSHYAMDAS SARAF GIRLS COLLEGE

S.V ROAD

MALAD (WEST)

MUMBAI - 400 064

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Waste Management

WASTE MANAGEMENT

COMMON EFFLUENT TREATMENT

PLANT

A STEP TOWARDS BETTER

ENVIRONMENT

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Waste Management

DECLARATION

I, Ms. VIRAL PATEL of Ghansyhamdas Saraf Girls College, Malad

TYBMS (SEMESTER V) hereby declare that I have completed the

project on WASTE MANAGEMENT in the academic year 2007-

08.The information submitted is true and original to the best of my

knowledge.

SIGNATURE OF THE STUDENT

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Waste Management

RAJASTHANI SAMMELAN’S

GHANSHYAMDAS SARAF GIRLS’ COLLEGE(Arts & Commerce)

ACCREDITED BY NAAC WITH ‘A’ GRADE

S.V. ROAD, MALAD (W),MUMBAI- 400 064

CERTIFICATE

I, Prof. GURUNATHAN PILLAI (Project Guide) hereby certifies that

Ms VIRAL PATEL of T.Y.B.M.S (Semester V ) of GHANSHYAMDAS

SARAF GIRLS COLLEGE, MALAD has completed the project

WASTE MANAGEMENT in the academic year 2007-08 .The

information submitted is true and original to the best of my knowledge.

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Waste Management Project Co-ordinator College seal Principal

Date:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I sincerely thank the teaching faculty of the self financing

department of Ghansyhamdas Saraf Girls College and also to the

university of Mumbai to give us such big opportunity to work upon this

project.

I would particularly like to thank Prof. GURUNATHAN PILLAI for

being my project guide and for giving his valuable advice, guidance,

and suggestion on the subject.

Thanks are due to Mr. JATIN PATEL (Managing Director of

GESCL) for providing guidance, support, useful material and

information on the subject.

I also wish to thank all the employees of the GESCL who shared

their views while acquiring some of the information and for all the

support and help rendered in compilation of the project.

My thanks are also due to the college library for providing me

necessary books.

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Waste Management I thus acknowledge their contribution with full sincerity.

VIRAL PATEL

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Waste management is an important part of the urban infrastructure as

it ensures the protection of the environment and of human health. It is not

only a technical environmental issue but also a highly political one. Waste

management is closely related to a number of issues such as urban lifestyles,

resource consumption patterns, jobs and income levels, and other socio-

economic and cultural factors.

Waste prevention and minimization has positive environmental,

human health and safety, and economic impacts.  Implementing a "less is

better" concept provides better protection of human health and safety by

reducing exposures, generating less demand for disposal on the

environment. Less Waste also lowers disposal cost. 

Arising quality of life and high rates of resource consumption patterns

have had a unintended and negative impact on the urban environment -

generation of wastes far beyond the handling capacities of urban

governments and agencies. Cities are now grappling with the problems of

high volumes of waste, the costs involved, the disposal technologies and

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Waste Management methodologies, and the impact of wastes on the local and global

environment.

But these problems have also provided a window of opportunity for

cities to find solutions - involving the community and the private sector;

involving innovative technologies and disposal methods; and involving

behaviour changes and awareness raising. These issues have been amply

demonstrated by good practices from many cities around the world.

There is a need for a complete rethinking of "waste" - to analyze if

waste is indeed waste. A rethinking that calls for

WASTE to become WEALTH

REFUSE to become RESOURCE

TRASH to become CASH

There is a clear need for the current approach of waste disposal that is

focused on municipalities and uses high energy/high technology, to move

more towards waste processing and waste recycling (that involves public-

private partnerships, aiming for eventual waste minimization - driven at the

community level, and using low energy/low technology resources. Some of

the defining criteria for future waste minimization programmes will include

deeper community participation, understanding economic benefits/recovery

of waste, focusing on life cycles (rather than end-of-pipe solutions),

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Waste Management decentralized administration of waste, minimizing environmental impacts,

reconciling investment costs with long-term goals.

INDEX

Serial no. Content Page no.

1. Waste management introduction

- What is waste 1

- What is management 2

- What is waste management 3

- History of waste management 4

2. About waste mangement

- Waste management concepts 5

- Waste collection methods 7

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Waste Management

- Waste disposal methods 8

- Types of waste 17

- Health impacts of waste 22

- Preventive measures 27

3. Waste water management

- Classification of waste water 31

- Water Conservation 33

- Industrial wastewater treatment 41

- How to dispose of water wastes 44

- Recycling and its advantages 45

4. Waste management in India 47

5. About the visit to GESCSL

- Company Profile 49

- Introduction 51

- Process overview 53

- Laboratory 55

- Secured landfill facility 58.

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Waste Management

Research Methodology

I have used both primary and secondary research method for the purpose of

my project.

Primary Research

Primary research is a data you retrieve by doing some fieldwork. I have

visited an industrial waste water purification plant in order to know the

process to purify the waste water of various industries. Primary research can

often prove more relevant than secondary research because the primary

research can be co-ordinated to facts and data you want retrieve.

Secondary Research

Secondary research is a method of research carried out of another company

or organization. I have got the required information from various sources.

Mainly, I have used the internet, some books from the library.

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Waste Management

What is waste?

Waste is rubbish, trash, garbage, or junk is unwanted or undesired material.

There are a number of different types of waste. It can exist as a solid, liquid,

or gas or as waste heat. When released in the latter two states the wastes can

be referred to as emissions. It is usually strongly linked with pollution. Waste

may also be intangible in the case of wasted time or wasted opportunities.

The term waste implies things, which have been used inefficiently or

inappropriately.

Some components of waste can be recycled once recovered from the waste

stream, e.g. plastic bottles, metals, glass or paper. The biodegradable

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Waste Management component of wastes (e.g. paper & food waste) can be composted or

anaerobicly digested to produce soil improvers and renewable fuels. If it is

not dealt with sustainably in this manner biodegradable waste can contribute

to greenhouse gas emissions and by implication climate change.

There are two main definitions of waste. One view comes from the individual

or organization producing the material, the second is the view of Government,

and is set out in different acts of waste legislation. The two have to combine

to ensure the safe and legal disposal of the waste.

What is management?

The term "management" characterizes the process of and/or the personnel

leading and directing all or part of an organization (often a business) through

the deployment and manipulation of resources (human, financial, material,

intellectual or intangible).

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word "manage" comes

from the Italian maneggiare (to handle — especially a horse), which in turn

derives from the Latin manus (hand). The French word mesnagement (later

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Waste Management ménagement) influenced the development in meaning of the English word

management in the 17th and 18th centuries.

What is waste management?

Waste management is the collection, transport, processing (waste treatment),

recycling or disposal of waste materials, usually ones produced by human

activity, in an effort to reduce their effect on human health or local aesthetics

or amenity. A sub focus in recent decades has been to reduce waste materials'

effect on the natural world and the environment and to recover resources

from them. Waste management can involve solid, liquid or gaseous

substances with different methods and fields of expertise for each.

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Waste Management Waste management practices differ for developed and developing nations, for

urban and rural areas, and for residential, industrial, and commercial

producers. Waste management for non-hazardous residential and institutional

waste in metropolitan areas is usually the responsibility of local government

authorities, while management for non-hazardous commercial and industrial

waste is usually the responsibility of the generator.

The purpose of waste management is to:

1. Protect people who handle waste items from accidental injury.

2. Prevent the spread of infection to healthcare workers who handle thewaste.

3. Prevent the spread of infection to the local community.

4. Safely dispose of hazardous materials

5. Open piles of waste should be avoided because they are a risk to those who scavenge and unknowingly reuses contaminate items.

The history of waste management

Historically, the amount of wastes generated by human population was

insignificant mainly due to the low population densities, coupled with the

fact there was very little exploitation of natural resources. Common wastes

produced during the early ages were mainly ashes and human &

biodegradable wastes, and these were released back into the ground locally,

with minimal environmental impact.

Before the widespread use of metals, wood was widely used for most

applications. However, reuse of wood has been well documented

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Waste Management Nevertheless, it is once again well documented that reuse and recovery of

such metals have been carried out by earlier humans.

With the advent of industrial revolution, waste management became a

critical issue. This was due to the increase in population and the massive

migration of people to industrial towns and cities from rural areas during the

18th century. There was a consequent increase in industrial and domestic

wastes posing threat to human health and environment.

Waste has played a tremendous role in history. The Plague, cholera and

typhoid fever, to mention a few, were diseases that altered the populations of

many country. They were perpetuated by filth that harbored rats, and

contaminated water supply. It was not uncommon for everybody to throw

their waste and human wastes out of the window which would decompose in

the street.

Waste management concepts

There are a number of concepts about waste management, which vary in

their usage between countries or regions. This section presents some of the

most general, widely-used concepts.

Waste hierarchy

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Waste Management

The waste hierarchy

The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which

classify waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms

of waste minimization. The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most

waste minimisation strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract

the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum

amount of waste.

Some waste management experts have recently incorporated a 'fourth R':

"Re-think", with the implied meaning that the present system may have

fundamental flaws, and that a thoroughly effective system of waste

management may need an entirely new way of looking at waste. Some "re-

think" solutions may be counter-intuitive, such as cutting fabric patterns

with slightly more "waste material" left -- the now larger scraps are then

used for cutting small parts of the pattern, resulting in a decrease in net

waste. This type of solution is by no means limited to the clothing industry.

Source reduction involves efforts to reduce hazardous waste and other

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Waste Management materials by modifying industrial production. Source reduction methods

involve changes in manufacturing technology, raw material inputs, and

product formulation. At times, the term "pollution prevention" may refer to

source reduction.

Another method of source reduction is to increase incentives for recycling.

Many communities in the United States are implementing variable rate

pricing for waste disposal (also known as Pay As You Throw - PAYT)

which has been effective in reducing the size of the municipal waste stream.

Source reduction is typically measured by efficiencies and cutbacks in

waste. Toxics use reduction is a more controversial approach to source

reduction that targets and measures reductions in the upstream use of toxic

materials. Toxics use reduction emphasizes the more preventive aspects of

source reduction but, due to its emphasis on toxic chemical inputs, has been

opposed more vigorously by chemical manufacturers. Toxics use reduction

programs have been set up by legislation in some states .

WASTE COLLECTION METHODS

Collection methods vary widely between different countries and regions,

and it would be impossible to describe them all. Many areas, especially

those in less developed countries, do not have a formal waste-collection

system in place.

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Waste Management For example, in Australia most urban domestic households have a 240-litre

(63.4 U.S. gallon) bin that is emptied weekly from the curb using side- or

rear-loading compactor trucks. In Europe and a few other places around the

world, a few communities use a proprietary collection system known as

Envac, which conveys refuse via underground conduits using a vacuum

system. In Canadian urban centres curbside collection is the most common

method of disposal, whereby the city collects waste and/or recyclables

and/or organics on a scheduled basis. In rural areas people usually dispose of

their waste by hauling it to a transfer station. Waste collected is then

transported to a regional landfill.

WASTE DISPOSAL METHODS

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Waste Management

Disposal methods for waste products vary widely, depending on the area and

type of waste material. For example, in Australia, the most common

method of disposal of solid household waste is in landfill sites, as it is a

large country with a low-density population. By contrast, in Japan it is more

common for waste to be incinerated, because the country is smaller and

land is scarce. Other waste types (such as liquid sewage) will be disposed of

in different ways in both countries.

Landfill

Disposing of waste in a landfill is one of the most traditional method of

waste disposal, and it remains a common practice in most countries.

Historically, landfills were

often established in disused

quarries, mining voids or

borrow pits. A properly-

designed and well-managed

landfill can be a hygienic and

relatively inexpensive method

of disposing of waste materials in a way that minimises their impact on the

local environment. Older, poorly-designed or poorly-managed landfills can

Landfill Incineration Resource recovery Recovery

A landfill compaction vehicle in operation

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Waste Management create a number of adverse environmental impacts such as wind-blown litter,

attraction of vermin, and generation of leachate where result of rain

percolating through the waste and reacting with the products of

decomposition, chemicals and other materials in the waste to produce the

leachate which can pollute groundwater and surface water. Another

byproduct of landfills is landfill gas (mostly composed of methane and

carbon dioxide), which is produced as organic waste breaks down

anaerobically. This gas can create odor problems, kill surface vegetation,

and is a greenhouse gas.

Design characteristics of a modern landfill include methods to contain

leachate, such as clay or plastic lining material. Disposed waste is normally

compacted to increase its density and stablise the new landform, and

covered to prevent attracting vermin (such as mice or rats) and reduce the

amount of wind-blown litter. Many landfills also have a landfill gas

extraction system installed after closure to extract the landfill gas generated

by the decomposing waste materials. Gas is pumped out of the landfill using

perforated pipes and flared off or burnt in a gas engine to generate

electricity. Even flaring the gas is a better environmental outcome than

allowing it to escape to the atmosphere, as this consumes the methane,

which is a far more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.

Many local authorities, especially in urban areas, have found it difficult to

establish new landfills due to opposition from owners of adjacent land. Few

people want a landfill in their local neighborhood. As a result, solid waste

disposal in these areas has become more expensive as material must be

transported further away for disposal (or managed by other methods).

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Waste Management This fact, as well as growing concern about the impacts of excessive

materials consumption, has given rise to efforts to minimise the amount of

orts include taxing or levying waste sent to landfill, recycling the materials,

converting material to energy, designing products that use less material, and

legislation mandating that manufacturers become responsible for disposal

costs of products or packaging. A related subject is that of industrial

ecology, where the material flows between industries is studied. The by-

products of one industry may be a useful commodity to another, leading to a

reduced materials waste stream.

Incineration

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Waste Management

A waste-to-energy plant in Saugus, Massachusetts, the first plant in the

United States.

Incineration is a waste disposal method that involves the combustion of

waste at high temperatures. Incineration and other high temperature waste

treatment systems are described as "thermal treatment". In effect,

incineration of waste materials converts the waste into heat, gaseous

emissions, and residual solid ash. Other types of thermal treatment include

pyrolysis and gasification.

A waste-to-energy plant (WtE) is a modern term for an incinerator that

burns wastes in high-efficiency furnace/boilers to produce steam and/or

electricity and incorporates modern air pollution control systems and

continuous emissions monitors. This type of incinerator is sometimes called

an energy-from-waste (EfW) facility.

Incineration is popular in countries such as Japan where land is a scarce

resource, as they do not consume as much area as a landfill. Sweden has

been a leader in using the energy generated from incineration over the past

20 years. It is recognised as a practical method of disposing of certain

hazardous waste materials (such as biological medical waste), though it

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Waste Management remains a controversial method of waste disposal in many places due to

issues such as emission of gaseous pollutants.

Resource recovery

A relatively recent idea in waste management has been to treat the waste

material as a resource to be exploited, instead of simply a challenge to be

managed and disposed of. There are a number of different methods by which

resources may be extracted from waste: the materials may be extracted and

recycled, or the calorific content of the waste may be converted to

electricity.

The process of extracting resources or value from waste is variously referred

to as secondary resource recovery, recycling, and other terms. The practice

of treating waste materials as a resource is becoming more common,

especially in metropolitan areas where space for new landfills is becoming

scarcer. There is also a growing acknowledgement that simply disposing of

waste materials is unsustainable in the long term, as there is a finite supply

of most raw materials.

There are a number of methods of recovering resources from waste

materials, with new technologies and methods being developed

continuously.

In some developing nations some resource recovery already takes place by

way of manual labourers who sift through un-segregated waste to salvage

material that can be sold in the recycling market. These unrecognised

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Waste Management workers called waste pickers or rag pickers, are part of the informal sector,

but play a significant role in reducing the load on the Municipalities' Solid

Waste Management departments. There is an increasing trend in recognising

their contribution to the environment and there are efforts to try and

integrate them into the formal waste management systems, which is proven

to be both cost effective and also appears to help in urban poverty

alleviation. However, the very high human cost of these activities including

disease, injury and reduced life expectancy through contact with toxic or

infectious materials would not be tolerated in a developed country

Recycling

Recycling means to recover for other use a material that would otherwise be

considered waste. The popular meaning of ‘recycling’ in most developed

countries has come to refer to the widespread collection and reuse of various

everyday waste materials. They are collected and sorted into common

groups, so that the raw materials from these items can be used again

(recycled).

In developed countries, the most common consumer items recycled include

aluminium beverage cans, steel, food and aerosol cans, HDPE and PET

plastic bottles, glass bottles and jars, paperboard cartons, newspapers,

magazines, and cardboard. Other types of plastic (PVC, LDPE, PP, and PS:

see resin identification code) are also recyclable, although not as commonly

collected. These items are usually composed of a single type of material,

making them relatively easy to recycle into new products.The recycling of

obsolete computers and electronic equipment is important, but more costly

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Waste Management due to the separation and extraction problems. Much electronic waste is sent

to Asia, where recovery of the gold and copper can cause environmental

problems (monitors contain lead and various "heavy metals", such as

selenium and cadmium; both are commonly found in electronic items).

Recycled or used materials have to compete in the marketplace with new

(virgin) materials. The cost of collecting and sorting the materials often

means that they are equally or more expensive than virgin materials. This is

most often the case in developed countries where industries producing the

raw materials are well-established. Practices such as trash picking can

reduce this value further, as choice items are removed (such as aluminium

cans). In some countries, recycling programs are subsidised by deposits paid

on beverage containers (see container deposit legislation).

The economics of recycling junked automobiles also depends on the scrap

metal market except where recycling is mandated by legislation (as in

Germany).

However, most economic systems do not account for the benefits to the

environment of recycling these materials, compared with extracting virgin

materials. It usually requires significantly less energy, water and other

resources to recycle materials than to produce new materials. For example,

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Waste Management recycling 1000 kg of aluminum cans saves approximately 5000 kg of

bauxite ore being mined (source: ALCOA Australia) and prevents the

generation of 15.17 tonnes CO2 greenhouse gases; recycling steel saves

about 95% of the energy used to refine virgin ore (source: U.S. Bureau of

Mines).

Waste Disposal MethodsAdvantages and Disadvantages

Ocean dumping Advantages

Convenient inexpensive source of material, shelter and

breeding

Disadvantages ocean overburdened destruction of food sources killing of plankton desalination

Sanitary landfillAdvantages

volume can increase with little

addition of people/equipment filled land can be reused

for other community purposes.

Disadvantages completed landfill areas

can and requires maintenance requires proper planning, design and operation.

IncinerationAdvantages

requires minimum land can be operated in any

weather produces stable odor-

free

Disadvantages Inexpensive to build and operate High energy requirement Requires skilled personnel and

continuous maintenance

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Waste Management residue refuse volume is

reduced by half

Unsightly-smell waste,vermin.

Open dumpingAdvantages

InexpensiveDisadvantages

Health hazard- insects, rodents etc.

Damage due to air pollution Groundwater and run off

pollution. Recycling

Advantages Key to providing a liviable

environment for the future.

Disadvantages Expensive Some wastes cannot push

needed Separation of useful material

from waste difficult.

Types of solid waste

  Solid waste can be classified into different types depending on their source:

a) Household waste is generally classified as municipal waste,

 

Household waste

Industrial waste

Biomedical or hospital

waste

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Waste Management b)Industrial waste as hazardous waste

c) Biomedical waste or hospital waste as infectious waste.

Municipal solid waste

Municipal solid waste consists of household waste,

construction and demolition debris, sanitation residue,

and waste from streets. This garbage is generated mainly

from residential and commercial complexes. With rising

urbanization and change in lifestyle and food habits, the amount of municipal

solid waste has been increasing rapidly and its composition changing. In 1947

cities and towns in India generated an estimated 6 million tonnes of solid waste,

in 1997 it was about 48 million tonnes. More than 25% of the municipal solid

waste is not collected at all; 70% of the Indian cities lack adequate capacity to

transport it and there are no sanitary landfills to dispose of the waste. The

existing landfills are neither well equipped nor well managed and are not lined

properly to protect against contamination of soil and groundwater.

Garbage: the four broad categories

Organic waste: kitchen waste, vegetables, flowers, leaves, fruits.

Toxic waste: old medicines, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans, fertilizer and pesticide containers, batteries, shoe polish.

Recyclable: paper, glass, metals, plastics.

Soiled: hospital waste such as cloth soiled with blood and other fluids.

Over the last few years, the consumer market has grown rapidly leading to

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Waste Management

products being packed in cans, aluminium foils, plastics, and other such

nonbiodegradable items that cause incalculable harm to the environment. In

India, some municipal areas have banned the use of plastics and they seem to

have achieved success. For example, today one will not see a single piece of

plastic in the entire district of Ladakh where the local authorities imposed a ban

on plastics in 1998. Other states should follow the example of this region and ban

the use of items that cause harm to the environment. One positive note is that in

many large cities, shops have begun packing items in reusable or biodegradable

bags. Certain biodegradable items can also be composted and reused. In fact

proper handling of the biodegradable waste will considerably lessen the burden

of solid waste that each city has to tackle.

Type of litter Approximate time it takes to degenerate the litter

Organic waste such as a week or two vegetable and fruit peels, leftover foodstuff, etc.

Paper 10-30days

Cotton cloth 2-5 months

Wood 10-15 years

Woollen 1 year

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Waste Management

Tin, aluminium and other Metal items such as cans 100-500 yearsPlastic bags one million year

Hazardous waste

Industrial and hospital waste is considered hazardous as they may contain toxic

substances. Certain types of household waste are also hazardous. Hazardous

wastes could be highly toxic to humans, animals, and plants; are corrosive,

highly inflammable, or explosive; and react when exposed to certain things e.g.

gases. India generates around 7 million tonnes of hazardous wastes every year,

most of which is concentrated in four states: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar

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Waste Management

Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu.

Household waste that can be categorized as hazardous waste include old

batteries, shoe polish, paint tins, old medicines, and medicine bottles.

Hospital waste contaminated by chemicals used in hospitals is considered

hazardous. These chemicals include formaldehyde and phenols, which are used

as disinfectants, and mercury, which is used in thermometers or equipment that

measure blood pressure. Most hospitals in India do not have proper disposal

facilities for these hazardous wastes.

In the industrial sector, the major generators of hazardous waste are the metal,

chemical, paper, pesticide, dye, refining, and rubber goods industries. Direct

exposure to chemicals in hazardous waste such as mercury and cyanide can be

fatal.

Hospital waste

Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of

human beings or animals or in research activities in these fields or in the

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Waste Management

production or testing of biologicals. It may include wastes like sharps, soiled

waste, disposables, anatomical waste, cultures, discarded medicines, chemical

wastes, etc. These are in the form of disposable syringes, swabs, bandages, body

fluids, human excreta, etc. This waste is highly infectious and can be a serious

threat to human health if not managed in a scientific and discriminate manner. It

has been roughly estimated that of the 4 kg of waste generated in a hospital at

least 1 kg would be infected.

Surveys carried out by various agencies show that the health care establishments

in India are not giving due attention to their waste management. After the

notification of the Bio-medical Waste (Handling and Management) Rules, 1998,

these establishments are slowly streamlining the process of waste segregation,

collection, treatment, and disposal. Many of the larger hospitals have either

installed the treatment facilities or are in the process of doing so.

 

Health impacts of waste

Modernization and progress has had its share of disadvantages and one of

the main aspects of concern is the pollution it is causing to the earth – be it

land, air, and water. With increase in the global population and the rising

demand for food and other essentials, there has been a rise in the amount of

waste being generated daily by each household. This waste is ultimately

thrown into municipal waste collection centres from where it is collected by

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Waste Management the area municipalities to be further thrown into the landfills and dumps.

However, either due to resource crunch or inefficient infrastructure, not all

of this waste gets collected and transported to the final dumpsites. If at this

stage the management and disposal is improperly done, it can cause serious

impacts on health and problems to the surrounding environment.

Waste that is not properly managed, especially excreta and other liquid and

solid waste from households and the community, are a serious health hazard

and lead to the spread of infectious diseases. Unattended waste lying around

attracts flies, rats, and other creatures that in turn spread disease. Normally it

is the wet waste that decomposes and releases a bad odour. This leads to

unhygienic conditions and thereby to a rise in the health problems. The

plague outbreak in Surat is a good example of a city suffering due to the

callous attitude of the local body in maintaining cleanliness in the city.

Plastic waste is another cause for ill health. Thus excessive solid waste that

is generated should be controlled by taking certain preventive measures.

Impacts of solid waste on health

The group at risk from the unscientific disposal of solid waste include – the

population in areas where there is no proper waste disposal method,

especially the pre-school children; waste workers; and workers in facilities

producing toxic and infectious material. Other high-risk group includes

population living close to a waste dump and those, whose water supply has

become contaminated either due to waste dumping or leakage from landfill

sites. Uncollected solid waste also increases risk of injury, and infection.

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Waste Management In particular, organic domestic waste poses a serious threat, since they

ferment, creating conditions favourable to the survival and growth of

microbial pathogens. Direct handling of solid waste can result in various

types of infectious and chronic diseases with the waste workers and the rag

pickers being the most vulnerable.

Exposure to hazardous waste can affect human health, children being more

vulnerable to these pollutants. In fact, direct exposure can lead to diseases

through chemical exposure as the release of chemical waste into the

environment leads to chemical poisoning. Many studies have been carried

out in various parts of the world to establish a

connection between health and hazardous waste.

Waste from agriculture and industries can also cause serious health risks.

Other than this, co-disposal of industrial hazardous waste with municipal

waste can expose people to chemical and radioactive hazards. Uncollected

solid waste can also obstruct storm water runoff, resulting in the forming of

stagnant water bodies that become the breeding ground of disease. Waste

dumped near a water source also causes contamination of the water body or

the ground water source.

Direct dumping of untreated waste in rivers, seas, and lakes results in the

accumulation of toxic substances in the food chain through the plants and

animals that feed on it.

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Waste Management Disposal of hospital and other medical waste requires special attention

since this can create major health hazards. This waste generated from the

hospitals, health care centres, medical laboratories, and research centres

such as discarded syringe needles, bandages, swabs, plasters, and other types

of infectious waste are often disposed with the regular non-infectious waste.

Waste treatment and disposal sites can also create health hazards for the

neighbourhood. Improperly operated incineration plants cause air pollution

and improperly managed and designed landfills attract all types of insects

and rodents that spread disease. Ideally these sites should be located at a safe

distance from all human settlement. Landfill sites should be well lined and

walled to ensure that there is no leakage into the nearby ground water

sources.

Recycling too carries health risks if proper precautions are not taken.

Workers working with waste containing chemical and metals may

experience toxic exposure. Disposal of health-care wastes require special

attention since it can create major health hazards, such as Hepatitis B and C,

through wounds caused by discarded syringes. Rag pickers and others who

are involved in scavenging in the waste dumps for items that can be

recycled, may sustain injuries and come into direct contact with these

infectious items.

Occupational hazards associated with waste handling

Infections

35

Waste Management Skin and blood infections resulting from direct contact with waste, and from

infected wounds. Eye and respiratory infections resulting from exposure to

infected dust, especially during landfill operations.

Different diseases that results from the bites of animals feeding on the waste.

Intestinal infections that are transmitted by flies feeding on the waste.

Chronic diseases

Incineration operators are at risk of chronic respiratory diseases, including

cancers resulting from exposure to dust and hazardous compounds.

Accidents

Bone and muscle disorders resulting from the handling of heavy

containers. Infecting wounds resulting from contact with sharp objects.

Poisoning and chemical burns resulting from contact with small amounts of

hazardous chemical waste mixed with general waste.

Burns and other injuries resulting from occupational accidents at waste

disposal sites or from methane gas explosion at landfill sites.

Diseases

Certain chemicals if released untreated, e.g. cyanides, mercury, and

polychlorinated biphenyls are highly toxic and exposure can lead to disease

or death. Some studies have detected excesses of cancer in residents exposed

to hazardous waste. Many studies have been carried out in various parts of

the world to establish a connection between health and hazardous waste.

36

Waste Management The role of plastics

The unhygienic use and disposal of plastics and its effects on human health

has become a matter of concern. Coloured plastics are harmful as their

pigment contains heavy metals that are highly toxic. Some of the harmful

metals found in plastics are copper, lead, chromium, cobalt, selenium, and

cadmium. In most industrialized countries, colour plastics have been legally

banned. In India, the Government of Himachal Pradesh has banned the use

of plastics and so has Ladakh district. Other states should emulate their

example.

Preventive measure

Proper methods of waste disposal have to be undertaken to ensure that it

does not affect the environment around the area or cause health hazards to

the people living there.

At the household-level proper segregation of waste has to be done and it

should be ensured that all organic matter is kept aside for composting, which

is undoubtedly the best method for the correct disposal of this segment of

37

Waste Management the waste. In fact, the organic part of the waste that is generated decomposes

more easily, attracts insects and causes disease. Organic waste can be

composted and then used as a fertilizer.

How we all contribute everyday?

All of us in our daily lives contribute our bit to this change in the climate.

Give these points a good, serious thought:

-Electricity is the main source of power in urban areas. All our gadgets run

on electricity generated mainly from thermal power plants. These thermal

power plants are run on fossil fuels (mostly coal) and are responsible for the

emission of huge amounts of greenhouse gases and other pollutants

38

Waste Management - Cars, buses, and trucks are the principal ways by which goods and people

are transported in most of our cities. These are run mainly on petrol or diesel

both fossil fuels. We generate large quantities of waste in the form of

plastics that remain in the environment for many years and cause damage

- We use a huge quantity of paper in our work at schools and in offices.

Have we ever thought about the number of trees that we use in a day?

- Timber is used in large quantities for construction of houses, which means

that large areas of forest have to be cut down.

- A growing population has meant more and more mouths to feed. Because

the land area available for agriculture is limited (and in fact, is actually

shrinking as a result of ecological degradation!), high-yielding varieties of

crop are being grown to increase the agricultural output from a given area of

land. However, such high-yielding varieties of crops require large quantities

of fertilizers; and more fertilizer means more emissions of nitrous oxide.

PREVENTION & CONTROL OF WATER WASTE

39

Waste Management Water pollution are contributed due to industrial effluents and sewage. The

time has came to avert major disaster. Effluent treatment systems have to be

incorporated in industry. Industries, where it is already in existence, need to

operate their plants regularly without looking for savings.

1. New techniques that need no water is highly beneficial. Some of the wet

processes is replaced by the dry processes. For example, metal pickling

once carried out by acids is replaced by sand blasting in which no liquid

effluent is generated.

2. To minimize the volume of effluents, the waste water that is less

polluted may be used in rinsing. For instance, in the mercerizing of yarn,

the final rinse water containing little alkali is used for the first and second

rinsing of yarn containing excess alkali.

3. Concentrated wastes, low in volume, are mingled with diluted waste

for treatment or disposal. It can be segregated from other streams of

diluted wastes, for reduction in pollution load and the diluted wastes after

minor treatment is utilised for irrigation. This method is used for treating

tannery effluents. 

4. Small industries cannot afford treatment plants as they frequently

discharge their effluents, near agricultural lands and on roads. It can be

avoided by setting up a common effluent treatment plant where industries

are located. 

40

Waste Management 5. Waste can be converted into wealth. For instance, in our country

distilleries can set up bio-gas plants which are fed by their effluents

resulting in reduction in fuel costs and decrease in effluent’s strength. 

6. The sludge obtained is a problem. The sludge from pulp and paper

industry may be used for manufacturing boards used in packing or in

preparation of artificial wooden panels while those from the

electroplating industry may form water–proofing compounds. 

Recovery of chemicals and metals is practiced in most industries. The

reclaimed waste water can be reused for industrial processes such as boiler,

feeding, cooling, which will help cut down the fresh water needs. And paper

mills, sugar industries and distilleries that let out more effluents can be used

for irrigation or as fertilizers after proper treatment, without affecting ground

water.

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Waste Management

Waste Water Management

Water is one of the most essential parts for human survival. Human water

demand for industrial water supply, irrigation, and generation of power is

ever increasing with development of civilization. Since the start of the

industrial revolution and the fast expanding agricultural activities water

resource began to deteriorate with time. In view of the wide range of

activities affecting the quality of water, a large number of variables are to be

considered to describe water quality and water use. Water quality, in

general, is determined by the gases, solutes and suspended mater in the

water.

In any case water quality is usually affected, directly or indirectly, by human

activities making it harmful for living plants and animals.

Industrial operations produce a liquid product that almost always must be

treated before being returned to the environment. There are three different

groups of wastewater to be considered.

Classifications of Waste Water

1. Domestic waste waters: These waters are produced by the mere acts

of living such as using the bathroom, doing laundry, or washing the

dishes. These wastes are normally handled by the sanitation department,

which eliminates pathogens before disposal.

42

Waste Management 2. Process waste waters: These waters are produced by some industrial

processes and include the undesired liquid product of any unit operation.

The major concern with these wastes is the reactions that may occur with

the environment being either direct or indirect. Some may rob oxygen

from the environment, while others may be toxic

3. Cooling waste waters: These waters are produced as a result of some sort

of heat exchanger where heat is removed from the product. Waters can be

used once or recycled. Recycling creates the necessity for periodic

cleaning, where at least some may be released into the environment. This

type of waste must also be monitored and often treated, and is also a

major factor in thermal pollution of water sources.

  

Water conservation

  

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Waste Management

Our ancient religious texts and epics give a good insight into the water

storage and conservation systems that prevailed in those days.

Over the years rising populations, growing industrialization, and

expanding agriculture have pushed up the demand for water. Efforts have

been made to collect water by building dams and reservoirs and digging

wells; some countries have also tried to recycle and desalinate (remove

salts) water. Water conservation has become the need of the day. The

idea of ground water recharging by harvesting rainwater is gaining

importance in many cities.

In the forests, water seeps gently into the ground as vegetation breaks the

fall. This groundwater in turn feeds wells, lakes, and rivers. Protecting

forests means protecting water 'catchments'. In ancient India, people

believed that forests were the 'mothers' of rivers and worshipped the

sources of these water bodies.

Some ancient Indian methods of water conservation

The Indus Valley Civilization, that flourished along the banks of the river

Indus and other parts of western and northern India about 5,000 years

ago, had one of the most sophisticated urban water supply and sewage

systems in the world. The fact that the people were well acquainted with

hygiene can be seen from the covered drains running beneath the streets

of the ruins at both Mohenjodaro and Harappa. Another very good

example is the well-planned city of Dholavira, on Khadir Bet, a low

plateau in the Rann in Gujarat. One of the oldest water harvesting

systems is found about 130 km from Pune along Naneghat in the Western

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Waste Management

Ghats. A large number of tanks were cut in the rocks to provide drinking

water to tradesmen who used to travel along this ancient trade route.

Each fort in the area had its own water harvesting and storage system in

the form of rock-cut cisterns, ponds, tanks and wells that are still in use

today. A large number of forts like Raigad had tanks that supplied water.

In ancient times, houses in parts of western Rajasthan were built so that

each had a rooftop water harvesting system. Rainwater from these

rooftops was directed into underground tanks. This system can be seen

even today in all the forts, palaces and houses of the region.

Underground baked earthen pipes and tunnels to maintain the flow of

water and to transport it to distant places, are still functional at Burhanpur

in Madhya Pradesh, Golkunda and Bijapur in Karnataka, and

Aurangabad in Maharashtra.

Various methods of water conservation

Rainwater harvesting

In urban areas, the construction of houses, footpaths and roads has left

little exposed earth for water to soak in. In parts of the rural areas of

India, floodwater quickly flows to the rivers, which then dry up soonafter

the rains stop. If this water can be held back, it can seep into the ground

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Waste Management

and recharge the groundwater supply.

This has become a very popular method of conserving

water especially in the urban areas. Rainwater

harvesting essentially means collecting rainwater on

the roofs of building and storing it underground for

later use. Not only does this recharging arrest

groundwater depletion, it also raises the declining water table and can

help augment water supply. Rainwater harvesting and artificial

recharging are becoming very important issues. It is essential to stop the

decline in groundwater levels, arrest sea-water ingress, i.e. prevent sea-

water from moving landward, and conserve surface water run-off during

the rainy season.

Town planners and civic authority in many cities in India are introducing

bylaws making rainwater harvesting compulsory in all new structures. No

water or sewage connection would be given if a new building did not

have provisions for rainwater harvesting. Such rules should also be

implemented in all the other cities to ensure a rise in the groundwater

level.

Realizing the importance of recharging groundwater, the CGWB (Central

Ground Water Board) is taking steps to encourage it through rainwater

harvesting in the capital and elsewhere. A number of government

buildings have been asked to go in for water harvesting in Delhi and

other cities of India.

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Waste Management

All you need for a water harvesting system is rain, and a place to collect

it! Typically, rain is collected on rooftops and other surfaces, and the

water is carried down to where it can be used immediately or stored. You

can direct water run-off from this surface to plants, trees or lawns or even

to the aquifer.

Some of the benefits of rainwater harvesting are as follows:

Increases water availability

Checks the declining water table

Is environmentally friendly

Improves the quality of groundwater through the dilution of fluoride,

nitrate, and salinity

Prevents soil erosion and flooding especially in urban areas

Rainwater harvesting: a success story

Once Cherrapunji was famous because it received the largest volume of

rainfall in the world It still does but ironically, experiences acute water

shortages. This is mainly the result of extensive deforestation and

because proper methods of conserving rainwater are not used. There has

been extensive soil erosion and often, despite the heavy rainfall and its

location in the green hills of Meghalaya, one can see stretches of hillside

devoid of trees and greenery. People have to walk long distances to

collect water.

In the area surrounding the River Ruparel in Rajasthan, the story is

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Waste Management

different - this is an example of proper water conservation. The site does

not receive even half the rainfall received by Cherrapunji, but proper

management and conservation have meant that more water is available

than in Cherrapunji.

The water level in the river began declining due to extensive

deforestation and agricultural activities along the banks and, by the

1980s, a drought-like situation began to spread. Under the guidance of

some NGOs (non-government organizations), the women living in the

area were encouraged to take the initiative in building johads (round

ponds) and dams to hold back rainwater. Gradually, water began coming

back as proper methods of conserving and harvesting rainwater were

followed. The revival of the river has transformed the ecology of the

place and the lives of the people living along its banks. Their relationship

with their natural environment has been strengthened. It has proved that

humankind is not the master of the environment, but a part of it. If human

beings put in an effort, the damage caused by us can be undone.

Agriculture

Conservation of water in the agricultural sector is essential since water is

necessary for the growth of plants and crops. A depleting water table and

a rise in salinity due to overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has

made matters serious. Various methods of water harvesting and

recharging have been and are being applied all over the world to tackle

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the problem. In areas where rainfall is low and water is scarce, the local

people have used simple techniques that are suited to their region and

reduce the demand for water.

In India's arid and semi-arid areas, the 'tank' system is traditionally the

backbone of agricultural production. Tanks are constructed either by

bunding or by excavating the ground and collecting rainwater.

Rajasthan, located in the Great Indian Desert, receives hardly any

rainfall, but people have adapted to the harsh conditions by collecting

whatever rain falls. Large bunds to create reservoirs known as khadin,

dams called johads, tanks, and other methods were applied to check

water flow and accumulate run-off. At the end of the monsoon season,

water from these structures was used to cultivate crops. Similar systems

were developed in other parts of the country. These are known by various

local names ¾ jal talais in Uttar Pradesh, the haveli system in Madhya

Pradesh, ahar in Bihar, and so on.

Reducing water demand

Simple techniques can be used to reduce the demand for water. The

underlying principle is that only part of the rainfall or irrigation water is

taken up by plants, the rest percolates into the deep groundwater, or is

lost by evaporation from the surface. Therefore, by improving the

efficiency of water use, and by reducing its loss due to evaporation, we

can reduce water demand. There are numerous methods to reduce such

losses and to improve soil moisture .Some of them are listed below:

Mulching, i.e., the application of organic or inorganic material such as

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Waste Management

plant debris, compost, etc., slows down the surface run-off, improves the

soil moisture, reduces evaporation losses and improves soil fertility.

Soil covered by crops, slows down run-off and minimizes

evaporation losses. Hence, fields should not be left bare for long

periods of time.

Ploughing helps to move the soil around. As a consequence it

retains more water thereby reducing evaporation.

Shelter belts of trees and bushes along the edge of agricultural

fields slow down the wind speed and reduce evaporation and

erosion.

Planting of trees, grass, and bushes breaks the force of rain and

helps rainwater penetrate the soil.

Fog and dew contain substantial amounts of water that can be used

directly by adapted plant species. Artificial surfaces such as

netting-surfaced traps or polyethylene sheets can be exposed to fog

and dew. The resulting water can be used for crops.

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Waste Management

Salt-resistant varieties of crops have also been developed recently.

Because these grow in saline areas, overall agricultural

productivity is increased without making additional demands on

freshwater sources. Thus, this is a good water conservation

strategy.

Transfer of water from surplus areas to deficit areas by inter-

linking water systems through canals, etc.

Desalination technologies such as distillation, electro-dialysis and

reverse osmosis are available.

Use of efficient watering systems such as drip irrigation and

sprinklers will reduce the water consumption by plants.

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Waste Management

 

Industrial wastewater treatment

Industrial Waste Water Treatment can be classified into the following

categories:

Boiler water treatment

Cooling water treatment

Wastewater treatment

Water treatment is used to optimize most water-based industrial processes,

such as: heating, cooling, processing, cleaning, and rinsing, so that operating

costs and risks are reduced. Poor water treatment lets water interact with the

surfaces of pipes and vessels which contain it. Steam boilers can scale up or

corrode, and these deposits will mean more fuel is needed to heat the same

amount of water. Cooling towers can also scale up and corrode, but left

untreated, the warm, dirty water they can contain will encourage bacteria to

grow, and Legionnaires' Disease can be the fatal consequence. Domestic

water can become unsafe to drink if proper hygiene measures are neglected.

52

Waste Management In many cases, effluent water from one process might be perfectly suitable

for reuse in another process somewhere else on site. With the proper

treatment, a significant proportion of industrial on-site wastewater might be

reusable. This can save money in three ways: lower charges for lower water

consumption, lower charges for the smaller volume of effluent water

discharged and lower energy costs due to the recovery of heat in recycled

wastewater.

Industrial water treatment seeks to manage four main problem areas: scaling,

corrosion, microbiological activity and disposal of residual wastewater.

Boilers do not have many problems with microbes as the high temperatures

prevents their growth.

Scaling occurs when the chemistry and temperature conditions are such that

the dissolved mineral salts in the water are caused to precipitate and form

solid crystalline deposits. These can be mobile, like a fine silt, or can build

up in layers on the metal surfaces of the systems. Scale is a problem because

it insulates and heat exchange becomes less efficient as the scale thickens,

which wastes energy. Scale also narrows pipe widths and therefore increases

the energy used in pumping the water through the pipes.

Corrosion occurs when the parent metal oxidises (as iron rusts, for example)

and gradually the integrity of the plant equipment is compromised. The

corrosion products can cause similar problems to scale, but corrosion can

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Waste Management also lead to leaks, which in a pressurised system can lead to catastrophic

failures.

Microbes can thrive in untreated cooling water, which is warm and

sometimes full of organic nutrients, as wet cooling towers are very efficient

air scrubbers. Dust, flies, grass, fungal spores and so on collect in the water

and create a sort of "microbial soup" if not treated with biocides. Most

outbreaks of the deadly Legionnaires' Disease have been traced to

unmanaged cooling towers, and the UK has had stringent Health & Safety

Guidelines concerning cooling tower operations for many years as have had

governmental agencies in other countries.

Disposal of residual wastewaters from an industrial plant is a difficult and

costly problem. Most petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical

plants have onsite facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant

concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the local and/or

national regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into community

treatment plants or into rivers, lakes or oceans.

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Waste Management

HOW TO DISPOSE OF WATER WASTES

Liquid contaminated waste (e.g., human tissue, blood, feces, urine and other

body fluids) requires special handling, because it may pose an infectious risk

to healthcare workers who contact or handle the waste.

STEP 1: Wear PPE (utility gloves, protective eyewear and plastic apron)

Note: Liquid wastes can when handling and transporting liquid wastes.

also be poured into the latrine.

STEP 2: Carefully pour wastes down a utility sink drain or into a flushable

toilet and rinse the toilet or sink carefully and thoroughly with water to

remove residual wastes. Avoid splashing.

STEP 3: If a sewage system doesn’t exist, dispose of liquids in a deep,

covered hole, not into open drains.

55

Waste Management STEP 4: Decontaminate specimen containers by placing them in a 0.5%

chlorine solution for 10 minutes before washing them.

STEP 5: Remove utility gloves (wash daily or when visibly soiled and dry).

STEP 6: Wash and dry hands or use an antiseptic handrub as described

above.

Cholera Epidemic In case of a cholera epidemic, hospital sewage must also

be treated and disinfected.

Advantages of Recycling & Reuse Of Waste Water

Reduction in interference with the Environment will increase by reducing

or eliminating the effluent discharge. It is an effective approach towards

'Sero Liquid Discharge'.

Recycled water can be treated to almost any standards hence is suitable

for any end usage.

Reduction in "Fresh water" intake and the costs associated with it.

Reduction in "Disposal Volume" and the costs associated with it.

Recycled water is like creation of "New", "In-house" source of good

quality water largely unaffected by external factors. In areas where "fresh

water" cost is presently high or likely to be hiked, the recycled water

shall provide "ongoing savings".

Recycling & reuse is an approach towards ISO - 14000.

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Waste Management

Sources of waste water for recycle & reuse

In a running industry the water in untreated or treated form is used for

various applications. Hence the waste water is being generated in various

sections. The sources typically are treated effluent from effluent treatment

plant, boiler blow down, floor washings.

End use of recycled water

the recycled water generated from waste water can be used for various

applications after suitable post – treatment like process water, boiler feed

cooling tower, chillers, as soft water gardening etc.

Process of recycling

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Waste Management

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Waste Management

WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDIA 

There is no Indian policy document, which examines waste as part of a cycle

of production-consumption-recovery or perceives the issue of waste through

a prism of overall sustainability. In fact, interventions have been fragmented

and are often contradictory. The new Municipal Solid Waste Management

Rules 2000, which came into effect from January 2004, fails even to manage

waste in a cyclic process. Waste management still is a linear system of

collection and disposal, creating health and environmental hazards.

Urban India is likely to face a massive waste disposal problem in the coming

years. Till now, the problem of waste has been seen as one of cleaning and

disposing as rubbish. But a closer look at the current and future scenario

reveals that waste needs to be treated holistically, recognizing its natural

resource roots as well as health impacts. Waste can be wealth; which has

tremendous potential not only for generating livelihoods for the urban poor

but can also enrich the earth through composting and recycling rather than

spreading pollution as has been the case. Increasing urban migration and a

high density of population will make waste management a difficult issue to

handle in the near future, if a new paradigm for approaching it is not created.

Developing countries, such as India, are undergoing a massive migration of

their population from rural to urban centres. New consumption patterns and

social linkages are emerging. India, will have more than 40 per cent, i.e.

over 400 million people clustered in cities over the next thirty years (UN,

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1995). Modern urban living brings on the problem of waste, which increases

in quantity, and changes in composition with each passing day. There is,

however, an inadequate understanding of the problem, both of infrastructure

requirements as well as its social dimensions. Urban planners, municipal

agencies, environmental regulators, labour groups, citizens’ groups and non-

governmental organizations need to develop a variety of responses which are

rooted in local dynamics, rather than borrow non-contextual solutions from

elsewhere.

There have been a variety of policy responses to the problem of urban solid

waste in India, especially over the past few years, yet sustainable solutions

either of organic or inorganic waste remains an untapped and unattended

area. All policy documents as well as legislation dealing with urban solid

waste mention or acknowledge recycling as one of the ways of diverting

waste, but they do so in a piece meal manner and do not address the

framework needed to enable this to happen. Critical issues such as industry

responsibility, a critical paradigm to enable sustainable recycling and to

catalyse waste reduction through, say better packing, has not been touched

upon.

This new paradigm should include a cradle-to-grave approach with

responsibility being shared by many stakeholders, including product

manufacturers, consumers and communities, the recycling industry, trade,

municipalities and the urban poor.

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COMPANY PROFILE   

Constitution : The CETP at Vatva is managed by a Co.operative Society

named The Green Environment Services Co. Operative Society Limited

formed by the member units of GIDC Estate, Vatva. (Registration No. S

24106 Dated 08-09-1992)

Land Area : The Total Land area is 21000 sq. mtrs. The land for the

project is given at the token price of Rs. 1 by GIDC.

Cost of Project : The total cost of the project is about Rs. 32.00 crore.

Internal collection systems Rs. 10.17 croreTreatment units Rs. 18.00 croreConveyance line upto AMC Pirana Plant Sabarmati 

Rs. 5.11 crore

Total Rs. 33.28 crore

Source of Finance :Contribution from Member units Rs. 22.23 croreSubsidy from Central/State Govt. Rs. 10.75 croreTotal Rs. 32.98 crore

Society has obtained the loan amounting Rs. 1150 lacs from Industrial

Development Bank of India and same has been prepaid before maturity.

Power Requirement : The total connected power is 1100KW Supplied by

A.E.C. Ltd. In case of power failure they have stand by DG set of 1000

KVA which is sufficient to run the entire project.

Technology : M/s. Advent Corporation USA has carried out the process

design of the CETP. The construction work was started in March 96 and

the plant was pre-commissioned in just two year i.e. in May 98.

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Waste Management Salient features of the plant :

a) It has a state of art technology called as AIS (Advent's Intergral

System) Which consists Aeration system with Inbuit clarifier.

b) The advantage of this system is about 66% saving in land area, project

cost and power supply as compared to conventional systems.

c) There are no moving parts in the Aeration Tank as well as clarifier.

d) There is no pumping anywhere in the plant once effluent reaches to

E.Q. Tank as it's designed based on gravity flow only through the

system.

Charging Basis :

Effluent Rs. 20/kg. Toc/DAY

Solid waste : Rs. 200/MT.

They Collect extra treatment charges from the Member units who

discharge their Effluent exceeding specified norms given by GESCSL.

Incase of exceeding in any of the parameter than the specified by us, they

are calling them individually against our technical committee and proper

technology is being guided to them to control it at their premises itself.

which helps us in improving the quality of Influent of CETP.

INTRODUCTION

62

Waste Management The Vatva Industrial Estate has been developed by Gujarat Industries

Development Corporation in the year 1960 to accommodate small scale and

medium scale industries. This Estate is located in the south east direction of

Ahmedabad City on Ahmedabad-Mehmadabad state highway.  

In this Industrial Estate there are approximately 1800 units, out of which

approximately 680 industries generates the effluent. These units include

Pharmaceutical products manafacturers, rolling mills, Process houses, Dyes

& Dye Intermediates manufacturers, Pigment manufacturers etc.

To treat the effluent by individual member units at source was very difficult

and Techno-economically not viable hence to solve this problem, the most

practical and cost-effective approach was adopted by establishing the

Common Effluent Treatment Plant under the name "The Green Environment

Services Co-op. Soc. Ltd.", with the support of Vatva Industries Association

and Gujarat Dyestuff Manufacturer's Association.

The process designing is carried out by M/s. Advent Corporation, U.S.A.

one of the internationally renowned consultants for the industrial wastewater

treatment. The commissioning and operations supervision is done by

advent's Indian Collaborators Advent Envirocare Technology Pvt. Ltd.,

Ahmedabad. Detailed engineering for the CETP project is carried our by

renowed consultant M/s. Sudarshan Chemicals Ind. Ltd., Pune (India).

It is therefore necessary for the member units to give primary treatment to

their effluent before discharging the wastewater into ICS of CETP for the

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Waste Management further treatment. Treated effluent is taken to pirana sewage treatment plant

through a closed pipeline.

 

PROCESS OVERVIEW

INTERNAL COLLECTION SYSTEM & CONVEYANCE NETWORK

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There are 680 member units spread in an area of 13.5 sq. km. in Vatva

Insustrial Complex. The effluent from every member is conveyed through

the ICS to CETP in a most scientific and economical way. To Control the

quality & quantity of member’s effluent, control system is also provided.

The detailed engineering for ICS is carried out by renowed consultant M/s.

Dalal Consultants and Engineers Ltd., Ahmedabad based on the Techno-

economic feasibility study of the various alternative of ICS. The salient

features of the Internal Effluent Collection System are as under.

The 680 members which are scattered in different area of the complex are

covered in 92 sump rooms from where, the wastewater flows by gravity to

the pumping stations. The wastewater is pumped to CETP from six

pumping stations. In all there are six pumping stations located in such a

way that maximum flow from sump rooms to pumping stations is available

by gravity, so that pumping cost can be minimised. One new pumping

station No. 7 is installed to divert choked gravity mains of pumping station

no. 5 and its discharge goes to pumping station 5.

All the members discharge their effluent from their over head discharge

tank in the respective sumps. The magnetic flow meter & butterfly valves

are provided in each sump room maximum 9 connections are given. It is

obligatory on the part of member to construct discharge tank having

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holding capacity of waste water of one day volume at 15' height for gravity

discharge.

In Internal Collection System, Gravity mains is having a total pipe length

of 17,588 mts. and of different sizes varying from 250mm to 600mm

diameter and are made up of R.C.C. and stoneware. The rising mains have

a total length of 6119m and their sizes vary from 180mm to 400mm and

are made up of HDPE.

LABORATORY 

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The CETP has its own in house well equiped, laboratory. The laboratory

has been divided into four sections :

The Chemistry lab.

The Microbiology lab.

The TOC lab.

The R&D lab.

The physical and the chemical analysis of the wastewater from different

units of the CETP as well as influent from the individual member is carried

out in the laboratory. We have modern and Imported Analytical Instruments

for the Analysis.

The laboratory is functioning round the clock for the determination of

various parameters of the effluent and solid waste.

This CETP is a result of joint efforts and strong determination put together

to make environment pollution free and earth a better place.

 

TOC Laboratory

  

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Waste Management

Analytical Laboratory

    

Instrument Laboratory

 

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SCHEMATIC FLOW DIAGRAM OF CETP, VATVA

   

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Waste Management

SECURED LANDFILL FACILITY (SLF)

  The Society developed three Secured Landfill Sites for the disposal of

hazardous solid waste.

The Govt. of Gujarat, Forests and Environment Department notified the

area most suitable for developing Secured Landfill Facility.

Environmental Impact Assessment study was done by Ms. National

Productivity Council (NPC), New Delhi.

Detailed engineering design, construction and operation are done in

compliance with the guidelines issued by CPCB and GPCB.

The major types of solid waste include:

a ) Gypsum Waste;

b) Incinerator ash;

c ) Iron Powder and,

d) ETP sludge.

Charges for disposal of solid waste:

a ) Rs. 250/ MT of solid waste – member units from Vatva.

b) Rs. 400/MT of solid waste- member units outside of Vatva.

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CONCLUSION

Vasundhara or earth is the only planet in our solar system which can

support life so it is very important to save it from various waste hazards.

Thus, Waste management is of great concern to mankind as it affects the

entire planet and all its living creatures. Increasing amounts of wastes

generated everyday is becoming a major problem particularly in urban cities

around the globe.

With the rapid growth of population, there has been a substantial

increase in the generation of solid waste resulting into the contamination of

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Waste Management air, water and land resources. Human activities create waste, and it is the

way these wastes are handled, stored, collected and disposed of that pose

risks to the environment and to public health.

Thus, it is rightly said that God Gives Enough to Satisfy Every

Man’s Need but not Every Man’s Greed.

End Waste Before It Ends Your Life

CASE STUDY

Waste Minimization Through Plant Process Design And Modification

The trend for waste management has been moving from traditional “end-of-

pipe” treatment to “waste minimization” solution. Instead of treating waste

at the end of manufacturing processes, process engineers have been playing

a more important role in waste management by either eliminating emissions

at source or recovering and reusing materials that would otherwise be

discharged. This can be achieved using various process design and

modification techniques. For instance, the waste can be reduced from source

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Waste Management by designing or modifying process equipment or technology, by changing

process or procedure, by substituting raw materials, and by improving the

housekeeping and inventory control. This topical presentation includes:

Introduction of the waste minimization concepts .

Discussions on holistic approach for source reduction .

Identification of system components and process activities that may

contribute unnecessary waste generation .

Examination of practical techniques for planning .

Implementing and monitoring effective waste minimization principles.

Cost justification for waste minimization.

WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY

Indian Oil Corporation is the largest commercial enterprise in India, engaged in the

business of refining, transportation and marketing of petroleum products throughout the

country. For sustainable growth, safe disposal of oily sludge in a cost-effective manner is

a key issue that has confronted the oil industry in India for a long time. At a conservative

estimate, over 20,000 MT of oily sludge gets generated in the country every year.

To find an environmentally safe and cost effective solution to the problem, a

collaborative research project was launched by Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. (IOCL) and

Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI). This led to development of OiliVorous-S, a

commercially produced microbial consortium to biodegrade the hazardous constituents of

oily sludge. This product was successfully field tested in Mathura, Barauni and Digboi

refineries of IOCL and 4000 MT of sludge was biodegraded during the year 2002-2003 at

an average cost of about US$15 per MT of sludge.

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Waste Management Indian Oil Corporation has adopted a holistic approach for handling oily sludge at its

refineries and other locations.

The strategies adopted include:

Minimization of sludge generation at source .

In-situ cleaning of tanks by chemical and mechanical means.

Incineration .

Bio-remediation / bio-degradation.

General Manager (Safety & Environment Protection)

INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LIMITED

APPENDIX - 1

HAZARDOUS WASTE DROWNING GROUND WATER

India generates enough untreated hazardous waste to cover the whole of

Delhi. Going by the latest report of the hazardous waste management

committee of the Supreme Court, there are only 10 independent operational

treatment, storage and disposal facilities (TSDF) for industrial hazardous

waste in the country. This takes care only 40% of the hazardous waste

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Waste Management generated that includes harmful metals like lead and mercury and lethal

chemicals.

According to industry estimates, the country generates 5 million tonnes

of hazardous waste every year and 10 TSDFs have the capacity to treat not

more than 2 million tonnes. While independent TSDFs are open for

industries to use at a price, some large companies build their own. However,

since TSDFs involve multi- crore investments for development and

maintenance, most companies, especially small ones, rely on independent

TSDFs. The 10 TSDFs are spread out in a few states including Andhra

Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan. In Kerela, Tamil Nadu, West

Bengal and Haryana, among others, the TSDFs are still in the process of

development.

“Since in many states such facilities don’t exist, many companies

transport the waste to a state where a TSDF exists while others allow their

waste to remain untreated”, environment ministry official said. According to

the hazardous waste management rules under the Environment Protection

Act, that came into play in 1989, hazardous waste must be kept in storage

after which it is to be treated in a TSDFs facility. In 2002, the environment

ministry issued guidelines under the rules, one of which states the storage

time should not exceed three months. “ The three month guideline is rarely

followed and most of the hazardous waste is dumped in open spaces.

Contamination of ground water due to this is common,” Delhi- based NGO

Toxic Link director Ravi Agarwal said.

In 2003, the Supreme Court asked states to strictly implement the

hazardous waste management rules under the Environment Protection Act

and had appointed a committee to monitor the implementation of the rules.

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Waste Management The apex court said every state must have at least one TSDF. Officials said

the Centre and the monitoring committee have repeatedly asked states to

identify land for TSDFs.

“Lack of availability of appropriate land is the biggest constraint in

developing TSDFs and the state governments need to be proactive,” said AK

Saxena, vice president of Ramky Enviro Engineers, that runs 7 TSDFs. The

state authorities are supposed to provide land for TDSFs at a subsidized rate.

A TSDFs includes a laboratory and an incinerator where different waste is

treated separately and a landfill where treated waste is disposed. The bottom

of the landfill is covered by a high density polyethylene layer.

SOURCE- THE ECONOMIC TIMES

DATED- 5th July, 2007 Thursday

APPENDIX - 2

Now, power your house from plastic waste

Asian electronics & Singapore company to Build Power Plants Fired By

Liquid Hydrocarbons

Electricity from plastic waste. It may sound unrealistic, but it’s now

being touted as the technology of future for the power- deficit India. Alka

Umesh Zadgaonkar, who has got six patents in India for the technology and

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Waste Management in the process of filing for international patent, is joining hands with two

large corporates to make it a commercial success.

Mumbai- based Asian Electronics (AEL) AND Singapore ‘s environ- Hub

Holdings have teamed up to build four power plants of 8 mega watt (MW)

each based on this commercially viable’ technology. The plants will be fired

by the liquid hydrocarbons produced from plastic waste.

MUMBAI: Electricity from plastic waste. It may sound unrealistic, but it’s

now being touted as the technology of future for the power-deficit India.

Alka Umesh Zadgaonkar, who has got six patents in India for the technology

and in the process of filing for international patent, is joining hands with two

large corporate to make it a commercial success.

Mumbai-based Asian Electronics (AEL) and Singapore’s Enviro-Hub

Holdings have teamed up to build four power plants of 8 mega watt (MW)

each based on this ‘commercially viable’ technology. The plants will be

fired

by the liquid hydrocarbons produced from plastic waste.

The new initiate will take shape through the projects of joint venture

company, Green Hydrocarbons (GHL) which is registered in Japan, Europe

and the US. The power plants will be set up in Navi Mumbai, Bhiwandi,

Thane and Rajasthan at a total capex of Rs 128 crore. On experimental basis,

AEL had set up a 2 MW plant in Nagpur, which is running in full steam,

according to

The AEL board is expected to clear the proposals on Thursday (July 5), said

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Waste Management the official. AEL is already in talks Hindustan Petroleum Corporation

(HPCL) for a JV to develop technology for optimum conversion of crude oil

into petrol and diesel. In the present scenario, only 70% of the crude is

refined to fuel. Using our technology, it can be improved to 90%, claimed

the official.

AEL top management refused to comment on their JV plans and proposals

for setting up power plants. On Wednesday, AEL’s share price has moved

up 2% to close at Rs 908 on BSE. The stock price has seen 43% jump over

last one month.

Raymond Ng, executive chairman of Enviro-Hub, told ET from Singapore

that his company is looking forward to jointly set up fuel plants in and

around Singapore with the help of Unique and AEL. Cimelia, a part of $260

million Enviro-Hub, has already established its brand name in the global e-

waste management and recycling industry, he said.

The JV is planning to set up plants to process plastic waste in eight countries

in Far-East Asia and Brazil. Enviro-Hub has access to nearly 50,000 tonnes

waste in each of these markets. Each plant with a capacity of 12,000 tonnes

per annum can be set up at a cost of $12 million. Our estimate is that the

plant can generate a revenue of up to $10-$12 million.

Mrs Zadgaonkar, who developed the technology for producing fuel from

plastic waste, owns the patent for her invention. While working as the head

of chemistry department in Raisoni Engineering College in Nagpur, Mrs

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Waste Management Zadgaonkar invented the new method to reuse the hydrocarbons in plastic.

“On a December morning almost a decade ago, when 300 gm of plastic

waste she was processing in her college lab broke down into a dark brown

liquid. It took time to reach a happy confirmation that the derivative was

indeed liquid hydrocarbons. After years of refining processes, she tested the

fuel in bikes and proved successful,” said the official.

Enviro-Hub’s subsidiary Cimelia Resource Recovery will hold 50% stake in

GHL and the remaining 50% will be owned by Shah-controlled companies,

AEL and US Instruments. “In US Instruments, Mrs Zadgaonkar holds 26%

stake. US Instruments has got the manufacturing licence from Unique Waste

Plastic Management and Research, a company owned by Mrs Zadgaonkar

and family,” said the official.

As per the request of President APJ Abdul Kalam, the ministries, including

coal and mines, science and technology, petroleum and natural gas, have

done studies on the process and given permission to start commercial

production of fuel from plastic waste. Maharashtra Energy Development

Agency had signed a memorandum of understanding with Mrs Zadgaonkar

for a JV to develop commercial process for fuel from plastic. Rajasthan State

Industrial Development & Investment Corporation has expressed interest in

setting up similar plants across the state.

“Plastic, a product of petroleum, gives a fuel better than petrol and diesel as

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Waste Management the impurities are less when compared to the crude oil. Through the new

technology, we can convert the waste plastic into oil (70%), gas (20%) and

coke (10%),” said the official.

APPENDIX - 3

QUESTIONNAIRE

1. Why did you decided to have a plant for industrial waste water treatment?

2. How the process of the plant works?

3. What do you with the water that is purified?

4. How much percent of waste do you think is purified?

5. Is the technology oriented or labour oriented?

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Waste Management 6. Does the government provide any assistance or subsidy for the work done?

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Reference Material

Company (GESCSL) Booklet

Pamphlets

Newspapers

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Waste Management

The Economic Times

Times of India

Websites

www.gescsl.com

www.wikipedia.com

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