1 Utilizing Beamforming Antennas for Wireless Multi-hop Networks Romit Roy Choudhury.

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Utilizing Beamforming Antennas for Wireless Multi-hop Networks

Romit Roy Choudhury

romit

Thank you for the introduction, Prof. XXX, and thank you all for taking the time to come to this talk. My area of research is in networking and systems, and today I would be presenting my work on "Utilizing Beamforming ..."

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ApplicationsSeveral Challenges, Protocols

Internet

romit

be connected to the wired internet infrastructure, feeding urban and rural mesh networks with internet connectivity.While this is a projection of the future, realizing such a networking system is associated with a large number of challenges. These challenges are non-trivial and diverse.For example, ...

3

Internet

Omnidirectional Antennas

romit

All these protocols, implicitly or explicitly, assumes an omnidirectional antenna at its physical layer. As shown in this animation, energy radiated using an omnidirectional antenna scatters almost equally in all directions. This can prove to be a constraint, especially in multihop networks where the number of parallel communication is the key to good performance. Moreover, with denser deployments of wireless networks in the future, the situation can degrade significantly. Managing wireless interference efficiently emerged to be a very important problem, and a scalable solution became necessary.

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CTS = Clear To Send

RTS = Request To Send

IEEE 802.11 with Omni Antenna

D

Y

S

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K

RTS

CTS

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D

Y

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Ksilenced

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silencedData

ACK

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DS

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silencedData

ACK

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silenced

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silencedA

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silenced

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`` Interference management ``A crucial challenge for dense multihop networks

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Managing Interference

Several approaches Dividing network into different channels Power control Rate Control …

New Approach …Exploiting antenna capabilities to

improve the performance of wireless multihop networks

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From Omni Antennas …

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silenced

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silencedA

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silenced

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To Beamforming Antennas

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To Beamforming Antennas

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Today

Antenna Systems A quick look

New challenges with beamforming antennas

Design of MAC and Routing protocols MMAC, ToneDMAC, CaDMAC DDSR, CaRP Cross-Layer protocols – Anycasting Improved understanding of theoretical capacity

Experiment with prototype testbed

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Antenna Systems

Signal Processing and Antenna Design research Several existing antenna systems

•Switched Beam Antennas

•Steerable Antennas

•Reconfigurable Antennas, etc.

Many becoming commercially availableFor example …

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Electronically Steerable Antenna [ATR Japan]

Higher frequency, Smaller size, Lower cost Capable of Omnidirectional mode and Directional

mode

romit

I had the opportunity to work on a testbed at the Advanced Telecommunications Research Labs in Japan, where they have built an electronically steerable antenna, called ESPAR antennas. This is the ESPAR antenna prototype for the 2.4 Ghz band. While this seems quite big, here is the same antenna for the .....

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Switched and Array Antennas

On poletop or vehicles Antennas bigger No power constraint

romit

.....Now, given that there are several types of antennas, it appears necessary to generalize the antenna characteristics in a manner that is relevant to higher layer researchers. In other words, we need an abstraction that can decouple protocol design from the exact details of antennas.

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Antenna Abstraction

3 Possible antenna modes Omnidirectional mode Single Beam mode Multi-Beam mode

Higher Layer protocols select Antenna Mode Direction of Beam

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Antenna Beam

Energy radiated toward desired direction

A

Pictorial Model

A

Main Lobe (High gain)

Sidelobes (low gain)

romit

Let me try to present to you a 2-slide overview of antenna characteristics. With directional antennas, energy is radiated toward a desired direction. An example radiation pattern has been shown in this figure - Node A transmits most of the energy towards the right, and some energy leaks out in other directions. The amount of energy that is radated in a given direction is called the gain of the antenna, and is proportional to the length of this line joining the node and the radiation pattern in that direction.

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Directional Reception

Directional reception = Spatial filtering Interference along straight line joining

interferer and receiver

A BC

D

Signal

Interference

No Collision at A

A B

C

D

Signal

Interference

Collision at A

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Will attaching such antennas at the radio layer yield most of the benefits ?

Or

Is there need for higher layer protocol support ?

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We design a simple baseline MAC protocol(a directional version of 802.11)

We call this protocol DMAC and investigate its behavior through simulation

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Remain omni while idle Nodes cannot predict who will trasmit to it

DMAC Example

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Y

S

X

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RTS

DMAC Example

D

Y

S

X

Assume S knows direction of D

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RTS

RTSCTS

DMAC Example

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S

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DATA/ACK

X silenced … but only toward direction of D

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Intuitively

Performance benefits appear obvious

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However …

0

100

200

300

400

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Sending Rate (Kbps)

Aggregate Throughput (Kbps)

802.11

DMAC

Sending Rate (Kbps)

Th

rou

gh

pu

t (K

bp

s)

Romit Roy Choudhury

what are beamwidths? sidelobes? (see mobicom paper)

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Clearly, attaching sophisticated antenna hardware is not sufficient

Simulation traces revealed various new challenges

Motivates higher layer protocol design

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Antenna Systems A quick look




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Self Interferencewith Directional MAC

New Challenges [Mobicom 02]

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Unutilized Range

Longer range causes interference downstream Offsets benefits

Network layer needs to utilize the long range Or, MAC protocol needs to reduce transmit power

A B CData

D

route

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Utilize Range – MMAC

Learn far away neighbor via ngbr discovery Approaches proposed in literature

Send RTS packets over multiple DO links Request Rx to beamform back toward Tx Tx sends Data over DD link, followed by DD Ack

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New Hidden Terminal Problemswith Directional MAC

New Challenges II …

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New Hidden Terminal Problem

Due to gain asymmetry

Node A may not receive CTS from C i.e., A might be out of DO-range from C

B CAData

RTSCTS

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Node A later intends to transmit to node B A cannot carrier-sense B’s transmission to C

B CAData

Carrier Sense

RTSCTS

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Node A may initiate RTS meant for B A can interfere at C causing collision

B CADataRTS

Collision

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New Hidden Terminal Problemswith Directional MAC

New Challenges II …

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While node pairs communicate X misses D’s CTS to S No DNAV toward D

New Hidden Terminal Problem II

D

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DataData

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While node pairs communicate X misses D’s CTS to S No DNAV toward D X may later initiate RTS toward D, causing

collision


D

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Data

RTS

Collision

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Deafnesswith Directional MAC

New Challenges III …

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Deafness

Node N initiates communication to S S does not respond as S is beamformed toward

D N cannot classify cause of failure Can be collision or deafness

S D

N

Data

RTS

M

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Channel Underutilized

Collision: N must attempt less often Deafness: N should attempt more often

Misclassification incurs penalty (similar to TCP)

S D

N

Data

RTS

M

Deafness not a problem with omnidirectional antennas

Romit Roy Choudhury

talk about a 2-hop flow here itself so that graph on next slide can be of immediate relevance

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Deafness and “Deadlock”

Directional sensing and backoff ... Causes S to always stay beamformed to D X keeps retransmitting to S without success Similarly Z to X a “deadlock”

DATA

RTS

X

DS

Z

RTS

Romit Roy Choudhury

klara's comment on this case being a starvation and not a deadlock. A deadlock is A -> B -> C -> A. Incorporate this later.

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MAC-Layer CaptureThe bottleneck to spatial reuse

New Challenges IV …

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Typically, idle nodes remain in omni mode When signal arrives, nodes get engaged in

receiving the packet Received packet passed to MAC If packet not meant for that node, it is dropped

Capture

Wastage because the receiver could accomplish useful communication

instead of receiving the unproductive packet

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Capture Example

A B

C

D

Both B and D are omni whensignal arrives from A

A B

C

D

B and D beamform to receivearriving signal

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Outline / Contribution

Antenna Systems A closer look




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Impact of Capture

Beamforming for transmission and reception only is not sufficient

Antenna control necessary during idle state also

A B

C

DA B

C

D

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Capture-Aware MAC (CaDMAC) D monitors all incident traffic Identifies unproductive traffic

Beams that receive onlyunproductive packets are turned off

However, turning beams offcan prevent useful communication in future

MAC Layer Solution

A B

C

D

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CaDMAC turns off beams periodically Time divided into cycles Each cycle consists of

1.Monitoring window + 2. Filtering window

1 2

CaDMAC Time Cycles

1 12 2

cycle

time

All beams remain ON,monitors unproductive beams

Node turns OFF unproductivebeams while it is idle.

Can avoid capture

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CaDMAC Communication

Transmission / Reception uses only necessary single beam

When node becomes idle, it switches back to appropriate

beam pattern Depending upon current time window

A B

C

D

A B

C

D

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During Monitoring window, idle nodes are omni

Spatial Reuse in CaDMAC

A B

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EF

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At the end of Monitoring window CaDMAC identifies unproductive links


A B

C

EF

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During Filtering window use spatial filtering


A B

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EF

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Parallel CommunicationsCaDMAC : 3 DMAC & others : ≤ 2Omni 802.11 : 1

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Questions?

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ToneDMAC timeline

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Common Receiver

Another possible improvement:

Backoff Counter for DMAC flows

Backoff Counter for ToneDMAC flows

time

Ba

cko

ff V

alu

es

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Network Transport Capacity

Transport capacity defined as:bit-meters per second

(like man-miles per day for airline companies)

Capacity analysis∑∑

= =

≥nT

bit

bith

h

hbit nTLr

λ

λ1

)(

1

∑∑= =

≤nT

bit

bith

h

AWTkrλ

1

)(

1

2 .

⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎝

⎛∞→

n

WOLimn

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Directional Capacity

Existing results show Capacity improvement lower bounded by

Results do not consider side lobes of radiation patterns

We consider main lobe and side lobe gains (gm

and gs)

We find capacity upper bounded by

i.e., improvement of

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛

θβπ2

O

α

α

α

βπ

2

1

1

21⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛

⎟⎟⎟

⎠

⎞

⎜⎜⎜

⎝

⎛

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s

m

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g

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⎟⎟⎟

⎠

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⎜⎜⎜

⎝

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⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ α2

s

m

g

gO

CaDMAC still below achievable capacity

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CaDMAC cannot eliminate capture completely

Happens because CaDMAC cannot choose routes Avoiding capture-prone links A routing

problem

Discussion

YX

AB

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Routing using Beamforming AntennasIncorporating capture-awareness

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Motivating Capture-Aware Routing

YX

AB

YX

AB

D

S

Z DZ

S

Find a route from S to D, given AB exists Options are SXYD, SXZG

Capture No Capture

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1. Sum capture costs of all beams on the route Capture cost of a Beam j =

how much unproductive traffic incident on Beam j

2. Route’s hop count3. Cost of participation

1. How many intermediate nodes participate in cross traffic

Measuring Route Cost

X

DS

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Source routing protocol (like DSR) Intermediate node X updates route cost from S -

X

Destination chooses route with least cost (Uroute) Routing protocol shown to be loop-free

Protocol Design

X

DS

C1

C2

C3

C5

USX

USD = USX + C2 + C5 + PD + 1

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Uroute = Weighted Combination of1. Capture cost (K)2. Participation cost (P)3. Hop count (H)

Weights chosen based on sensitivity analysis

Unified Routing Metric

ijipijrouteij

kroute HPU ++= ∑∈

ωκω

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CaRP Vs DSR

1

2

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CaRP Vs DSR

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CaRP Vs DSR

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CaRP Vs DSR

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CaRP Vs DSR

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CaRP Vs DSR

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CaRP Vs DSR

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CaRP Vs DSR

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CaRP Vs DSR

DSR CaRP

CaRP prefers a traffic-free direction“Squeezes in” more traffic in given area

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Performance of CaDMAC

CaDMAC

DMAC

802.11

CBR Traffic (Mbps)

Ag

gre

gate

Th

rou

gh

pu

t (M

bp

s)

CMAC

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Throughput with CaRP CaRP +CaDMAC

DSR +CaDMAC

DSR +802.11

Ag

gre

gate

Th

rou

gh

pu

t (M

bp

s)

Topology Number

Random Topologies

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Outline / Contribution

Antenna Systems A closer look




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Testbed Prototype [VTC 05, Mobihoc 05]

Network of 6 laptops using ESPAR antennas ESPAR attached to external antenna port Beams controlled from higher layer via USB

Validated basic operations and tradeoffs Neighbor discovery

•Observed multipath

•60 degrees beamwidth useful

Basic link state routing • Improves route stability

•Higher throughput, less delay

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Summary

Future = Dense wireless networks Better interference management necessary

Typical approach = Omni antennas Inefficient energy management PHY layer research needs be exploited

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Omnidirectional Antennas

Internet

romit

All these protocols, implicitly or explicitly, assumes an omnidirectional antenna at its physical layer. As shown in this animation, energy radiated using an omnidirectional antenna scatters almost equally in all directions. This can prove to be a constraint, especially in multihop networks where the number of parallel communication is the key to good performance. Moreover, with denser deployments of wireless networks in the future, the situation can degrade significantly. Managing wireless interference efficiently emerged to be a very important problem, and a scalable solution became necessary.

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Summary

Our focus = Exploiting antenna capabilities Existing protocols not sufficient

Our work Identified several new challenges

•Lot of ongoing research toward these challenges

Designed MAC, Network layer protocols

Theoretical capacity analysis

Prototype implementation Our vision …

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Beamforming

Internet

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Other Work

Sensor Networks Reliable broadcast [submitted]

Exploiting mobility [StoDis 05]

K-Coverage problems

Location management in mobile networks Distributed algorithms [IPDPS], [Mobihoc]

Scheduling protocols for 802.11n Combination of CSMA + TDMA schemes [WTS 04]

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Future Work

Next generation radios (software, cognitive) PHY layer not be sufficient to harness flexibility

Example•When should a radio toggle between TDMA and CSMA

?

•Dynamic channel access needs coordination

Higher layer protocols necessary for decisions

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Future Work

Exploiting Diversity Opportunistically Especially in the context of improving

reliability

•Link diversity

•Route diversity

•Antenna diversity

•Channel diversity …

My previous work on Anycasting – a first step I intend to continue in this direction

S

A

B

C

D

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Future Work

Sensor Networks

Strong guarantees

Weak guarantees

Solu

tion C

om

ple

xit

y

Very complexWorks 100%

Very simpleWorks 80%

Sensor applications Need to operate here

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Future Work

Experimental Testbeds and Prototypes Evaluate protocols in real conditions

•Mesh Networks

•Sensor Networks

•RFID Networks

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Thank You

AcknowledgmentsProf. Nitin Vaidya (advisor)

Members of my research group

CollaboratorsXue Yang (Intel)

Ram Ramanathan (BBN)Tetsuro Ueda (ATR Labs, Japan)Steve Emeott (Motorola Labs)

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RTS

CTS = Clear To Send

CTS


D

Y

S

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K

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Enhancing MAC [Mobicom02]

MMAC Transmit multi-hop RTS to far-away receiver Synchronize with receiver using CTS

(rendezvous) Communicate data over long links

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Routing with Higher Range [PWC03 Best Paper]

Directional routes offer Better connectivity, fewer-hop routes

However, broadcast difficult Sweeping necessary to emulate broadcast

Evaluate tradeoffs Designed directional DSR

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ToneDMAC’s Impact

Another possible improvement:

Backoff Counter for DMAC flows

Backoff Counter for ToneDMAC flows

time

Ba

cko

ff V

alu

es

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2-hop flow

DMAC

IEEE 802.11

Dea

fnes

s

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Neighbor Discovery

Non LOS and multipath important factors However, wide beamwidth (60 degrees)

reasonable envelope

Anechoic Chamber Office Corridor

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Route Reliability

Routes discovered using sweeping – DO links Data Communication using DD links Improved SINR improves robustness against

fading

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Optimal Carrier Sense Threshold

When sidelobe abstracted to sphere with gain Gs

T

Sidelobe Gs

Mainlobe Gd

Provided, optimal CS threshold is above the Rx sensitivity thresholdi.e., min {CS_calculate, RxSensitivity}

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Commercial Antennas …

Paratek (DRWin scanning smart antennas) Beamforming in the RF domain (instead of digital) Multiple simultaneous beams possible, each

steerable http://www.mobileinfo.com/news_2002/issue08/Paratek_Antenna.htm

Motia Inc. (Javelin appliqué to 802.11 cards) Blind beamforming in RF domain (< 2us, within pilot)

CalAmps (DirectedAP offers digital beamforming) Uses RASTER beamforming technology http://www.calamp.com/pro_802_directedap.html

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Commercial Antennas

Belkin (Pre-N smart antenna router – Airgo tech.) Uses 3 antenna elements for adaptive

beamforming http://www.techonline.com/community/tech_group/37714

Tantivy Communications (switching < 100 nanosec) http://www.prism.gatech.edu/~gtg139k/papers/11-03-025r0-WNG-bene

fitsofSmartAntennasin802.11Networks.pdf

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While node pairs communicate X misses D’s CTS to S No DNAV toward D


D

Y

S

X

DataData

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While node pairs communicate X misses D’s CTS to S No DNAV toward D X may later initiate RTS toward D, causing

collision


D

Y

S

X

Data

RTS

Collision

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Abstract Antenna Model

N conical beams

Any combination of beams can be turned on

Capable of detecting beam-of-arrival for received packet

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Wireless Multihop Networks

RFID

RFID

Sensors

RFID Readers

romit

... at the smallest scale, RFIDs and sensors are being embeded in the environment, and they together form a multihop network capable of sensing, tracking, and monitoring applications.People are injecting RFID tags under their skins and opening doors with a wave of their hand. Sensor networks are being mounted around houses as a means of security, or in hospitals for health monitoring systems. And then, these mini-scale networks are being dynamically programmed through a smart phone or PDA, based on the need of the occasion.The future is likely to see applications where every object in the environment can be electronically queried or programmed, changing the way in which we do the simplest of things

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romit

At the next level, wireless personal area networks are connecting multiple gadgets within the home, and offering the ability to access information anywhere and anytime. For example, a bluetooth headset might be able to stream music from the IPOD in the neighboring apartment, or a music clip will be played from the camcorder on several LCDs in the house. A large fraction of the communication will prove to be over wireless.

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romit

At a level yet higher, routers are being mounted on street lampposts and rooftops of houses, forming a mesh network that together illuminates the city with ubiquitous connectivity. Mobile users in vehicles or mobile pedestrians would be able to access information anywhere-anytime.The mesh network will form the wireless backbone of the city, and will eventually ...next slide

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Internet

romit

be connected to the wired internet infrastructure, feeding urban and rural mesh networks with internet connectivity.While this is a projection of the future, realizing such a networking system is associated with a large number of challenges. These challenges are non-trivial and diverse.For example, ...

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Protocol Design

Numerous challenges Connectivity (nodes can be mobile) Capacity (increasing demand) Reliability (channels fluctuate) Security QoS …

Many protocols designed

One commonality among most protocols

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CTS = Clear To Send



D

Y

S

M

K

RTS

CTS

X

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Testbed Prototype [VTC 05, Mobihoc 05 Poster]

Network of 6 laptops using ESPAR antennas ESPAR attached to external antenna port Beams controlled from higher layer via USB

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Neighbor Discovery

Non LOS and multipath important factors However, 60 degree beamwidth useful

Anechoic Chamber Office Corridor

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Route Reliability

Routes discovered using sweeping – DO links Data Communication using DD links Improved SINR improves robustness against

fading

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Announcements

Please start with project thoughts Come and discuss even if you don’t have a topic

•Do you want me to do a forward pointing class in which I discuss what we will cover in future

•May help in identifying exciting topics …

Planning to buy sensor motes for class•See TinyOS tutorial … talk to me

Download simulator (ns2, Qualnet), code your own• I am arranging Qualnet license for class students

1 Utilizing Beamforming Antennas for Wireless Multi-hop Networks Romit Roy Choudhury.

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