1 Université de Savoie UFR-LLSH LCE1 UE 103 CM de Phonétique & Phonologie Alice Henderson...
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Transcript of 1 Université de Savoie UFR-LLSH LCE1 UE 103 CM de Phonétique & Phonologie Alice Henderson...
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Université de Savoie UFR-LLSH LCE1 UE 103
CM de Phonétique & Phonologie
Alice [email protected] 812
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Content of the five lectures
1) Introduction, Phonemes
2) Sounds in context: « connected speech »
3) Stress, accent & rhythm
4) Intonation
5) Conclusion
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General Outline: Lecture 1
Introduction, Why & How The IPA: History & Importance Generalities about spoken English & spoken
French Conclusion Bibliography
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Why have this lecture?
To better understand– how English is spoken– how spoken English can be studied
To arouse your curiosity– about a living language– about a potential subject of research
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Why phonetics? Why phonology?
to improve your hearing to improve your speaking to improve your communication skills to improve your understanding of:
– the unique features of spoken French (your L1)– the unique features of spoken English
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What is phonetics?
The study of sounds produced by human beings– « Branche de la linguistique qui étudie les sons
des langues naturelles » (Petit Robert)
A systematic approach to these sounds
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What is phonology?
« Science which studies the function of phonemes in natural languages. »
(Phonemes = « the smallest unit of spoken language »)
Source: Petit Robert
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What are the branches of this field?
General phonetics (acoustic & articulatory/physiological): studies the functionning of the human speech appartus and analyses articulatory capacities & the characteristics of the sounds produced, using acoustic measures
Descriptive phonetics : study of phonetic properties of a given language
Historical/evolutionary phonetics : study of the phonetic changes of a given language
Normative phonetics : prescribes rules for the « good » pronunciation of a given language
Forensic phonetics : study of phonetic properties for a medico-legal purpose
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What are the tools of descriptive phonetics?
A system of symbols which graphically represents human sounds
The IPA system (International Phonetics Association)
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General Outline: Lecture 1
Introduction, Why & How The IPA: History & Importance Generalities about spoken English & spoken
French Conclusion Bibliography
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Early days of the Association
Dhi Fonètik Tîcerz' Asóciécon (the FTA) To help children:
– pronounce foreign languages better– learn to read more easily
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Basic terminology
An articulatory definition for this lecture- consonants- vowels
Anatomy of the vocal tract
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Understanding the IPA chart
Pulmonic consonants Non-pulmonic consonants Vowels Other symbols Diacritic marks Supra-segmental marks: accent, intonation
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Pulmonic consonants (1/2)
Logical, methodical presentation– Modes/Manners of articulation (vertical axe)– Places of articulation (horizontal axe)– Pairs: unvoiced (left), voiced (right)
Symbols & examples
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Pulmonic Consonants (2/2)
Horizontal axis : bilabials, labio-dentals, dentales, alveolars, post-alveolars, retroflex, palatals, velars, uvulars, pharyngeals, glottals
Vertical axis: stops/plosives, nasals, trills, taps/flaps, fricatives, lateral fricatives, approximants, lateral approximants
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Try it ….
Exercises on the Web at UCL « Web Tutor »
Exercises with the terminology, adapted from P. Ashby’s Speech Sounds
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Answers …
Ex. 8.1.: palatal, uvular, uvular, bilabial, alveolar, alveolar, palatal, alveolar, velar, uvular
Ex. 8.2.: plosive (2), nasal (1,3), tap (8), fricative (4,6,10), approximant (9), lateral approximant (7), implosive (5). Lateral fricative
Ex. 8.4.: (see white board)
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Understanding the IPA chart
Pulmonic consonants Non-pulmonic consonants Vowels Other symbols Diacritic marks Supra-segmental marks: accent, intonation
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Vowels: the Cardinal vowels(1/2)
Vowel chart « reference points » = Cardinal vowels
Cardinal vowels chart
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Vowels: the Cardinal vowels(2/2)
Three aspects of the description of a vowel– degree of openness (height of the tongue):
open close (« près ») semi-close semi-open
– the position (what part of the tongue is « working »): frontal central back
– relative length:
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Diacritic marks
Try … Aspirated Creaky voice, breathy voice Labialized Dentalized Rhoticity Nasalized (French vowels)
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Summary of the IPA chart
Pulmonic consonants Non-pulmonic consonants Vowels Other symbols Diacritic marks Supra-segmental marks: accent, intonation
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General Outline: Lecture 1
Introduction, Why & How The IPA: History & Importance Generalities about spoken English & spoken
French Conclusion Bibliography
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Spoken French
16 vowels, 20 consonants 4 nasal vowels
Œ bain, bon, brun, banc 3 nasal consonants
/m n gemme, gène, geigne 3 semi-consonants
/j w / scier, suer, souhait; yacht, nuit, ouate no diphthongs, no triphthongs contracted forms stable tonic stress
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Spoken English
12 vowels, 24 consonants 3 nasal consonants, no nasal vowels
/m n seam, seen, sing 2 semi-consonants /j w/ yes, welcome 8 diphthongsbeer, moor, bear, bay, boy, buy, sew, cow 5 triphthongsplayer, fire, employer, tower, mower linking/liaisons: V + C, C + V, V + V, C + C contracted forms contractées, weak & strong forms variable tonic stress
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Summary: spoken French & English
16 Vs, 20 Cs 3 Cs & 4 nasal Vs
3 semi-Cs diphths, triphths.
liaisons
contracted forms
stable tonic stress
12 Vs, 24 Cs 3 nasal Cs, nasal Vs
2 semi-Cs 8 diphths., 5 triphs.
liaisons
formes cntrcts, weak & strong
variable tonic stress
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Spoken English: vowels
Three aspects of the description of a vowel– degree of openness (height of the tongue):
open : Œcat, car close (« près »): bee, moon semi-close : mi-fermée bid, took semi-open : bed, another, bird, bud, board
– the position (what part of the tongue is « working »): frontal : seat, sit, set, sat central : about, shut, shirt back : Œmoon, foot, four, pot, part
– relative length:
English vowel chart
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Spoken English: diphthongs (1/6)
8 diphthongs Two types:
Non-centring/Closing: pay, eye, boy, down,home Centring: clear, where, tour
Element most susceptible to change
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General Outline: Lecture 1
Introduction, Why & How The IPA: History & Importance Generalities about spoken English & spoken
French Conclusion Bibliography
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Bibliography & Useful Sources
English Pronouncing Dictionary CD-ROM Wells, J.C. (2004) « Materials for Summer
Course in English Phonetics », University College London
Ashby, P., Speech Sounds, Routledge, 2002 Cruttenden, A., Gimson’s Pronunciation of
English, 6th ed., Arnold, 2001 Différents sites Web (see photocopy)