1 Understanding patterns of use Presentation at ICSTI Winter Meeting 2006 David J. Brown The British...

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Understanding patterns of use

Presentation at ICSTI Winter Meeting 2006

David J. Brown

The British Library

February 3, 2006

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1. Past Research on user behaviour

2. The current digital user

3. A future market - The knowledge workers

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1. Past Research on User Behaviour

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Categorisation of users

The Faxon Institute (Examination of Work-Related Information Acquisition and Usage among Scientific, Technical and Medical Fields,1991)

The SuperJournal Project (Electronic Journals and User Behaviour, Pullinger and Baldwin, 2002)

Tenopir and King. Studies undertaken during the 1970-2000, including Towards Electronic Journals, 2000

Other studies – Dempsey, OCLC, JISC

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• The Faxon Institute (Examination of Work-Related Information Acquisition and Usage among Scientific, Technical and Medical Fields,1991)

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• Classic Scientists• Moderate consumers of information and

confident they keep up (42% chemists)• Young Technologists

• Confident they read enough. Orientated towards desktop rather than library. Have few information encounters (0% chemists)

• Information Anxious• Acquire as much information as others but are

anxious to acquire more• Older Teachers

• Readers of books, in libraries, but not online (30-40%)

• Product Researchers• Corporate researchers using email but not

libraries• Information Zealots

• Hyperactive consumers of all types of information – ‘driven’ consumers of information (40%)

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• The SuperJournal Project (Electronic Journals and User Behaviour, Pullinger and Baldwin, 2002). • A JISC-funded project costing in

excess of £1 million

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Regular users

Enthused• Frequent use of large numbers of journals (11.6),

usually reaching fulltext. Mainly social scientists. 16 in total.

• Journal-focused• Most frequent use on specific journals, half time access

to fulltext. 92 in total

• Topic-focused• Access once every 6 weeks. Use of 3.5 journals on

average. More social scientists than scientists. 218 in total.

• Article-focused• Accesses once every 2 months, used only one journal.

Sometimes reaching fulltext. Mainly scientists retrieving known articles. 434 in total

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• Curtailed use

• Binge• Used service for short period, intensively,

and did not return

• Exploring• Used the service extensively, making

several visits

• Window-shopping• Those who came in once and looked

around and left. Mainly scientists.

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• Tenopir and King. Studies undertaken during the 1970-2000, including Towards Electronic Journals, 2000

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Readings per researcher

Institution No. arts No. hours

In academia 188 180

In industry 106 88

From subscriptions

Personal Library

1977 60% 25%

1990/3 36% 54%

Age of article read

Over 30% from journals over 1 year old

Time spent n research

Hours spent on all research activities 2,400

Hours spent on communication-related activities 1,386

Hours spent reading 370

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Type of Document University Non-university

Scholarly journal arts 188 106

Trade journals 74 51

Professional books 48 53

External reports 20 12

Internal reports 26 53

Other materials 14 22

TOTAL 370 297

Source: King surveys 1993-98

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Medical researchers read 380 articles per annum

Engineers read 75 articles per annum

Average readership per journal article is 900 (range of 500 to 1,500)

Journals represent half the reading time of researchers

Use of electronic journal high among physicists, biologists and biomedical scientists (Rusch-Feja & Siebeky, 1999)

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Other studies – Dempsey, OCLC, JISC

• The ‘active user’ (Dempsey)

• Subject based differentiation (JISC Disciplinary Differences Report, Rightscom, 2005)

• Library usage (OCLC – Perceptions of Libraries; Pattern Recognition)

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The ‘active use’ - Inhabits a network space

• Teacher * Parent

• Researcher * Cook

• Consumer of research * Musician

• Policy adviser * Entrepreneur

• Editors and referees * Football fanatic

• Consultant * School governor

Lorcan Dempsey, The Electronic Library

Vol 17. No 4, August 1999

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JISC Disciplinary Differences Report, RightsCom, August 2005

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Important formats:

* Journal articles for medical/biological science

* e-prints in physical sciences and engineering

* broad mix in social sciences

* books important in arts and humanities

* email newsletters in arts and humanities

Search

* Broad spread of discovery tools (not just search engines)

* availability of research assistant reduced information problem

Collaboration

* harder sciences saw more collaboration at research phase and use informal dissemination methods

Problems

* Space limitations in journals

* Slow refereeing process

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Attitudes

* 25% unaware of copyright issue

* Majority did not know if IR existed

* Physical scientists more aware of subject repository

* High level of awareness of OA debate

* Majority of researchers support mandated self- archiving

* Large minority feel traditional peer review needs changing

Source: JISC Disciplinary Differences Report, Rightscom, August 2005

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OCLC – Perceptions of Libraries and Information Resources

November 2005

Results of 3,300 global responses

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• 84% of respondents use search engines to begin search; 1% use library web site

• Use library (and read) less since they use Internet

• Borrowing print books is main library brand

• Quality and quantity of search results more important than speed

• Trust in purchased and free information the same

• 90% users satisfied with last use of search engine

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(a) CIBER(Centre for Information Behaviour and the Evaluation of Research)

http://www.ucl.ac.uk/ciber/UCL Centre for Publishing

University College London

(b) LANL – Los Alamos National Laboratory

2. The Digital User

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CIBER background

Established 2001 at City University, London

Moved to UCL (School of Library, Archive and Information Studies) in 2005 and now forms the research arm of the newly launched UCL Centre for Publishing, which aspires to be the world’s leading centre for research, scholarship and teaching on publishing in all forms, media and for all audiences.

CIBER is the largest University-based publishing research group in the UK and has generated more than £1 million in research income over the past five years.

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CIBER

Study of digital information footprints

Abundant and robust data of actions not impressions

Frightening the way the digital footprint will allow users future need to be assessed

CIBER analysed 3 million usages (Emerald and Blackwell) and are looking at OhioLINK usage

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CIBER• Studies on author attitudes (September 2005)• Studies on the disenfranchised • Identification of bouncers• Identification of promiscuous users• Article decay – two periods of decline (8-9

years is cutoff)• Analysis of Big Deal – ten years on

• OhioLINK study (6,000 journals to 600,000 people)

• Alternative decay model to progressive decline – level playing field for articles of all ages

• Odlyzko (2000) digital usage might increase with age

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CIBER illustrative data

From a deep log evaluation of 6000 journals hosted by the OhioLINK journal database.

First slide shows how the search or navigational route results in very different numbers of journals viewed

Second slide shows subject differences in the use of articles by date of publication.

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Alpha

Subject

Search

Alpa/subj & search

Alpha & subject

100806040200

No. of journals

10 or more

4 to 9

2 to 3

One

20

16

30

24

11

33

30

34

30

31

45

20

33

56

57

Number of different journals viewed by access method (OhioLINK)

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Subject of journal by date of articles viewed (OhioLINK)

General Physics andGeneral Social Scien

GeneticsGeography

GeologyGeometry

HistoryHumanities

Internal MedicineLanguage and Literat

Library and InformatManagement and Econo

Materials ScienceMechanical Engineeri

Medical SpecialtiesMeteorology ClimatolMicrobiology and ImmNeurology and Neurop

Nuclear and ParticleOrganic Chemistry

Physical and TheoretPhysiology and Anato

Politics Political SProbability and Stat

Psychology and PsychPublic Health

Sociology and SocialSurgery

Therapeutics and PhaZoology

100806040200

1988 to 1994

1995 to 1999

2000 to 2003

2004

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11

1120

1322

2121

1520

182117

141813

301828192820

1214

2315

31242211

1720

4737

4440

3935

3540

4642

447144

4242

4436

4041

4651

4247

4637

3740

3358

40

4140

4432

4032

5037363739

1138

4527

3837

40303333

4429

3631

3838

5522

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Current aggregate usage of articles by year of publication from the current year (2004) for a 24 year period. Usage as a October 2004

302520151050

60000

50000

40000

30000

20000

10000

0

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Decay of article usage of 4 psychology journals over a 16 year period. Usage as at October 2004

20151050

4

3

2

1

0

-1

-2

Jrnl of Applied Phyc

Jrnl of Consulting

Develop Psychology

Americ. Psychologist

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3. A new future market of users?

The Knowledge Workers

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SMEs

DistanceLearners

Financial and legal experts

Professionals

Health careInvesters

Engineers

Teachers andEducators

College and FE

Academic/researchers

Patients

InterestedLayperson

Medical practitiooners

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Problems facing Knowledge workers

• Disenfranchised > Open access

• Unaware > Google, Yahoo!

• Complexity >Improved online

services

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HEUndergraduate

Students1,141,850 New

Postgraduates58,105

EMPLOYMENT33,115 + 187,855

(New)RESEARCH

6,695

KNOWLEDGEWORKERS

7-10,000,000

New Knowledge Workers

Apprenticesand others

Postgraduates220,395

UKSource: HESA

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HEUndergraduate

Students16,611,711

New postgraduates

558,669

EMPLOYMENT

(New)RESEARCH

27,614

KNOWLEDGEWORKERS

New Knowledge Workers

Apprenticesand others

Postgraduates1,027,830

USASource: NCES

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Estimated Numbers of knowledge workers

Field UK USA

Engineering 436,000 1,158,370

Accountancy 805,000 1,627,730

Distance Learning 211,470 3,077,000

Entrepreneurs 3,162,944 17,646,062

Managers 2,463,000 5,654,800

Undergraduates 1,141,85010,082,332

Postgraduates/research 220,395 1,113,183

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Other ‘knowledge workers’

• Patients and those diagnosed with disease

• Financial and City bankers interested in value of sci/tech developments

• Hobbyists and those who have switched career

• Entrepreneurs and inventors

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