1 Tobias Scheer Université de Nice – Sophia Antipolis, CNRS 6039 Branching Onsets in the light of...

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Tobias ScheerUniversité de Nice – Sophia Antipolis, CNRS 6039

Branching Onsets

in the light of Sardinian metathesis and diachronic lenition in French

41st Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages

Ottawa, May 5-7, 2011

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C V C V C V

| | | |

C T R V

Lic

in strong position C__V

<==

IG

Gvt

purpose of the talk:

to convince you that this is the identity of muta cum liquida (a branching onset)

C V C V C V

| | | | |

C V T R V

Lic

in weak position V__V

<==

IG

Gvt

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three phenomena are examinedlenition of muta cum liquida

• (Celtic, Latin > Italian, Gorgia Toscana)• Latin > French• Gallo-Romance: ALF (French, Occitan, Franco-Provençal)

•compensatory lengthening within (sic) a muta cum liquida: lat. latroone > fr. laRRon

•metathesis in Tertenia Sardinian:/dormendu/ dromendu

introduction to the theory: the Coda Mirror and (syntactic) locality (Relativized Minimality)

roadmap

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The Strong Position in Phonology

•the Strong Position (in Romance and elsewhere, Ségéral & Scheer 2001, 2008)

- {#,C}__ = Strong Position: PORTA > porte

TALPA > taupe

- V__V = weak position A: FABA > fève

- __{#,C} = weak position B (Coda): LUP(U) > l[u]

RUPTA > route•the mirror effect: {#,C}__ vs. __{#,C} are symmetric

- with respect to their position: mirror image

- with respect to their effect: strength vs. weakness

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relevant consonants:

the word-initial consonant

the consonant that occurs after a coda

the initial CV = #

represents the morphological information

« beginning of the word »

•analysis in CVCV (Lowenstamm 1996, Scheer 2004)

The Coda Mirror: Government & Licensing

initial consonant #__ post-Coda consonant C.__

C V - C V … … V C V C V …

| | | | | |

C V V R T V#

GvtGvt

Government

inhibits the segmental expression of its target

empty nuclei must be governed

Lic Lic

Licensing

promotes the segmental expression of its target

P O RTA T A L P A

consonants in Strong Position occur

after an empty nucleus

ø __

consonants in Strong Position are

licensed

but ungoverned

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intervocalic position V__V

C V C V

| | |

V C V

Gvt

Lic

F A B A

internal coda __.C final coda __#

… V C V C V ... V C V #

| | | | | |

V R T V V C

R U P T A L U P (U)

intervocalic V__V: the consonant is

not adjacent to any empty nucleus

licencensed and governed

in coda position: the consonant

occurs before an empty nucleus: __ø

is neither licensed nor governed

Lic

Gvt

Lic

Gvt

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summary

Strong Position = {#,C}__ = ø__ = strength = ungoverned but licensed

Coda = __{#,C} = __ ø = weak A = ungoverned and unlicensed

intervocalic = V__V = V__V= weak B = governed and licensed


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C V C V C V

| | | |

C T R V

•worse than making a wrong prediction:

Gvt

Lic

branching onset

<==

IG

•the liquid R: licensed, but ungoverned ==> strong position

making NO prediction at all

branching onsets in CVCV

•what a branching Onset looks like (after a consonant)

•the solidarity of the cluster is due to a relationship that is contracted by the (melodies of) the two consonants: IG (Infrasegmental Government)

•the obstruent T: target of neither Gvt nor Lic ==> ??

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Locality in Syntax

Relativized Minimality, Rizzi (1990)

given two classes of items A and B,

a relation between A1 et A2 is local iff no other A intervenes

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Locality in Syntax

•three major classes of items in syntax: - verbs (heads) - arguments (A position) - quantifiers (A’ position)

Couldi John __i have come ?hea

dargumen

thea

dhea

d

☺ John could have come

argument

head

head

John could have come Havei John could __i come ?hea

d

*

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C V C V C V

| | | |

C T R V

•a branching onset is a non-local structure: - major classes of items in phonology are: onset and nucleus- an internuclear relation exists whereby a third nucleus intervenes.

Gvt

Lic

branching onset

<==

IG

A M P L U S

Locality in Syntax

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The trouble: summary

1. no prediction made

2. violation of locality

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C V C V C V

| | | |

C T R V

Gvt

Lic

branching onset

<==

IG

•the intervening nucleus is the source of government

Gvt

instead of having a non-local government relation

The cure: making branching onsets local

•it is entitled to govern because it is not itself governed: it is unpronounced for a different reason (IG)

•consequence: the definition of what a good governor is owes nothing to phoneticsbefore: only nuclei with phonetic content can governnow: a nucleus can govern iff it is not governed itself

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C V C V C V

| | | |

C T R V

Lic

TR in Strong Position

<==

•in case the TR is in intervocalic position, the T will also be in intervocalic position (licensed and governed)

•when the TR is preceded by an empty nucleus (Strong Position), the T will also be in Strong Position (licensed but ungoverned)

Gvt

C V C V C V

| | | | |

C V T R V

TR in intervocalic positon

<==

Lic

Gvt

local branching onsets: predictions

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in other words:

given a branching onset TR, T behaves like if R were not there

•hence the following prediction:the T of a TR group behaves exactly like a simplex T

- if the TR group is in Strong Position, T will be strong

- if the TR group is in intervocalic position, T will be intervocalic

local branching onsets: predictions

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testing the prediction

•typologically speaking, branching onsets are rare

•even rarer are languages that allow to test the reaction of TRs on lenition

•we examine 5 cases: - voicing in Latin > Northern Italian dialects- Celtic (in its prehistory)

- Gorgia Toscana - French diachrony - Gallo-Romance dialects as witnessed by the ALF (Atlas Linguistique de la France)

•==> the empirical situation largely understudied

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testing the prediction

in each case, T behaves alike in

V.TRV = V.TV

C.TRV = C.TV

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Grande GrammaireHistorique du Français

(GGHF)

éd.Christiane Marchello-Nizia

Bernard CombettesSophie PrévostTobias Scheer

env. 1800 pagesprojet en cours

livraison prévue vers 2013-14

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test case 1: Northern Italian dialects

(lomb., lig., venez. etc.)

e.g. Rohlfs (1966:§260)"I gruppi cr, tr, pr. In questi gruppi la consonante occlusiva viene trattata esattemente come se si trovasse in posizione intervocalica."

T TR

p>v sapere saver aprile avril to know (lomb.), April (venez.)

ripa riva capra chevra river bank, goat (bol.)

t>d rota roda lutra lodra wheel, otter (venez.)

lavata lavada *anitra anadra washed, duck (venez.)

k>g amica amiga macro magro friend, mince (venez.)

ficu figu lacruma legruma figue (lig.), tear (bol.)

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test case 2: Celtic

the classical scenario assumes 3 stages (e.g. McCone 1996)

•stage 1: IE b,d,g > v,,ɣ / V__V et V__RV

1. V__V IE Proto-Celtic Old Irish glose b kladibos *klaivos klaiəv épée

d kladibos *klaivos klaiəv épéeg tegos *teɣos tieɣ maison

2. V__RVb dubro- *duvro- dovər eaud widwa: *wiwa: fiev veuveg wegros *weɣros fe:r herbe

3. but resistance in Strong Position {#,C}__ and in gemination

N__ *windos fiind blanc#__, gém *buggos bog mou

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test case 2: Celtic

•stage 2: as stage 1, but now also across word boundaries

1. V__V Insular Celtic Proto-Irish Old Irish glose t *ehja teɣah *eja eɣa ə ieɣ sa maison

k *inda: kloka: *inda: loa: iŋ lo la pierre

2. V__RVt *bre:tra: *bre:rə briiaər motk *dakra *dærə die:r larme

3. but resistance in Strong Position {#,C}__ and in geminationR__ *eisko- *eisk iask poissongém *makwkwos *makwkwah mak garçon

•stage 3: t,k > , / V__V and V__RV (there is no p)

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test case 3: Gorgia Toscana

Castellani (1960), Giannelli & Savoia (1978, 1979), Marotta (2000-01, 2008)

1. V__V Stand. It. Tuscan glose p apɛrto aɸɛrto

ouvertt laato laaθo côték bruuko bruuxo, bruuho, bruuo

worm

2. V__RVp la piega la ɸjɛɛɣa le plit liitro liiθro litrek la krɛɛma la xɾɛɛma, la hrɛɛma la

crème

3. but resistance in Strong Position {#,C}__ and in gemination

R__ pɔrta pɔrta porte#__ pjɛɛde pjɛɛe

piedgém. gatto gatto chat

p,b,t,d,k,g > ɸ,β,θ,,x/h/ø,ɣ / V__(R)V

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test case 4: French

•only labials and dentals are examined – the situation of velars is complicated by palatalizations (Bourciez 1967 etc.)

#__ Coda__ V__V

pr

pl

prunaprune

plenu plein

comprend(e)recomprendrepurp(u)ra pourpreamplus ample*temp(u)la temple

capra chèvrepip(e)re poivreduplu doublecap(u)lu afr chable

br

bl

brachiu bras

*blastimareblâmer

umbra ombrearb(o)re arbregerm *blād afr emblaverumb(i)licus afr umblil

labra lèvrerob(o)re rouvre—fab(u)la fable

•labials in TR groups

#__ Coda__ V__V

p porta porte talpa taupe riparive

b bene bien herbaherbe

faba fève

•simplex Labials

p

p

p

p

b

b

b

b

v

v

vv

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#__ Coda__ V__V

tr tres troistractare traiter

capistru chevêtrealt(e)ru autre

petra pierreit(e)rare errer

dr drappu drap*dras(i)c drêche

—perd(e)re perdre

quadratu carrérid(e)re rire

•dentals in TR groups

#__ Coda__ V__V

t tela toile cantarechanter

vita vie

d dente dent ardore ardeur codaqueue

•simplex dentals

t

t td d

ø

dtd

øø

ø

test case 4: French

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test case 5: Gallo-Romance dialects (ALF)

ALFAtlas Linguistique de la FranceGilléron, Jules, and Édmond Édmont 1902-10. Atlas linguistique de la France. Paris: Champion, 9 vol., supplément 1920.

based on fieldwork 1897-1900, 639 points of inquiry.

this part of the talk is joint work with Guylaine Brun-Trigaud

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•prediction in a dialectal system T alone and T in a TR cluster behave alike in every given system (dialect)

•examination of labials in intervocalic position

•dentals are inconclusive for independent reasons (desolidarisation, see next slide), velars are blurred by palatalisations.

•hence for each obstruent and each position, the isoglosses of T alone and T in a TR cluster are identical.

==> not exactly a trivial or intuitive prediction==> a prediction about 639 systems at the same time

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•goal: comparison of -P- with -PR- -B- with -BR-

•variation and its interpretation: only actual branching onsets (solidary TR groups) are an input for the comparison. Hence non-solidary groups are counted out:

coda vocalisation betrays desolidarisation: V.TRV > VT.RV

(grey-shaded on the maps below) example: solidary TR group: FEBREM > fièvre, TAB(U)LA > table

non-solidary TR group: FEBREM > fewre, TAB(U)LA > tole

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-B-ABANTIARE > avancerABOCULUS > aveugleFABA > fèveHIBERNU > hiver

-BR- (primary)FEBREM > fièvre

-B’R- (secondary)BIB(E)RE > boireSCRIB(E)RE > écrire

-BL- (primary)OBLITARE > oublier

-B’L- (secondary)SAB(U)LU > sableDIAB(U)LU > diableSTAB(U)LA > étable

syntheses

lexical basis ALF level 0

B’L 0

BL 0

B’R 0

BR 0

B 0

level 1

BR 1

BL 1

B 1

level 2

BR 2

B 2

?

-B- vs. -BR-


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-P-CREPANT > crèventNEPOTE > neveu*ARRIPARE > arriverTROPARE > trouverLUPA > louveSAPONE > savonSAPA > sève

-PR- (primary)APRILE > avril

-P’R- (secondary)PIP(E)R > poivreLEP(O)RE > lièvreOP(E)RARIU > ouvrier

-PL- (primary)DUPLU > double

-P’L- (secondary)CAP(U)LU > câble

syntheses

lexical basis ALF level 0

P’L 0

PL 0

P’R 0

PR 0

P 0

level 1

PR 1

PL 1

P 1

level 2

PR 2

P 2

?

-P- vs. -PR-


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-P- aloneintervocalic

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-P-in an intervocalic TR group

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superposition:intervocalic -P- alone and in a group

poitevin

Croissant

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Croissant

•-P- alone spirantizes (-P- > -v-), but remains a stop in -PR- (> -br-).

•8 points of inquiry (503‑5, 600, 601, 800, 802, 803)•well-known zone of transition (Croissant).

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poitevin

•opposite pattern: P in PR spirantizes (> vr), but lexical variation is observed for isolated P (> b, v) (which however always voices)

•24 points of inquiry (429, 448, 459, 479, 509-13, 515, 517, 518, 521, 525, 527-29, 533, 535, 536, 540, 621, 630, 632)•since ‑PR‑ always spirantizes, a fricative output is also expected for ‑P‑.

•lexical basis ALF: 7 words•unexpected non-spirantization concerns only two words •two contravening words: LOPA > loube, SAPONE > sabon•LOPA: contravening in 19 out of 24 points, SAPONE in 17 out of 24. The five other words are well-behaved in all 24 points.

==> lexical inconsistency points to contact, rather than to regular evolution.

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-B-alone intervocalic

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-B-in an intervocalic TR group

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superposition:intervocalic -B- alone and in a group

provençal

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provençal

- there are no *vl, *vr at all - hence -BL-, -BR- could not produce *vr, *vl (cf. *vl in oïl)

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compensatory lengthening TR > RR

in French, lat. tr,dr (primary and secondary) lose their dental with eventually ensuing compensatory lengthening of the r.Fouché (1966-73:719ff) etc.

> r > rr

tr primaire patre afr. perepetra afr. pierre

secondaire3sg it(e)rat afr. eire it(e)raare afr. errer

dr primaire– – quadratu afr. carré

secondaire*riid(e)re afr. rire fut.3sg *riid(e)rát afr. rirra

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three factors

•monophthongs vs. diphthongs

•light (ie, ue) vs. heavy (ei, ai) diphthongs

•stress for monophthong

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Latin vowel length is irrelevant

> r > rr

lat. VV__ tr maatre afr. mere *buut(y)raare afr. burrer

dr creed(e)re afr. creire fut.3sg *creed(e)rát afr. crerra

lat. V__ tr patre afr. pere latroone afr. larron

dr – – quadratu afr. carré

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only Gallo-Romance vowel length mattersG-R length is stress: tonic vowels (in open syllables) are longunstressed vowels are short

> r > rr

g-rom VV__(= tonique)

tr bút(y)ru afr. bure

pátre afr. pere

dr créed(e)re afr. creire

g-rom V__(= atone)

tr *buut(y)ráare afr. burrer

latroone afr. larron

dr fut.3sg *creed(e)rát

afr. crerra

quadratu afr. carré

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(Gallo-Romance) stress does not matter for diphtongs•heavy diphthongs always prohibit gemination•light diphthongs always provoke gemination (but are also always tonic)

==> heavy diphthongs are inherently long==> light diphthongs are inherently short

afr. évolution en position libre

diphtongue lourde

tonique ai – –

ei vitru afr. veire

atone ai *mat(e)riame afr. mairien

diphtongue légère

tonique iepetra afr. pierre

ue frk. *looþr afr. luerre (>leurre)

atone – –

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g-romlat. lat.

monopht. tonique

< VV tonique

ii 3sg consiid(e)rat afr. cossire uu buut(y)ru afr. bure

ii 3sg desiid(e)rat afr. desire aa fraatre afr. frere

ii *riid(e)re afr. rire aa maatre afr. mere

ii occiid(e)re afr. ocire aa imperaator afr. emperere

< V tonique

i arbitriu afr. arvoire a latro (cas sujet de latroone)

afr. lere

e *petr(i)ca afr. pierge a patre afr. pere

u lutra afr. leure

oo < au au claud(e)re afr. clore au exclaud(e)re afr. esclore

au Lovolautrum Vollore

dipht. lourde

ei i 3sg it(e)rat afr. eire i vitru afr. veire

i tonítru (<cl. tónitru)

afr. toneire ee creed(e)re afr. creire

ai a *mat(e)riamentu afr. mairement a *mat(e)riame afr. mairien

a repatriaare afr. repairier

1. tr,dr > r / VV__

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compensatory lengthening TR > RR2. tr,dr > rr / V__g-rom lat. lat.

dipht. légère ie e hed(e)ra afr. ierre e Petru afr. Pierre

e petra afr. pierre

ue oo frk. foodre afr. fuerre o Altiod(u)ru afr. Auçuerre (>Auxerre)

oo frk. *looþr afr. luerre o Nemelod(u)ru afr. Nantuerre

o Tonod(u)ru afr. Tonuerre

monopht. atone

< VV ii fut.3sg *occiid(e)rát

afr. ocirra aa maatriina marraine

ii fut.3sg *riid(e)rát afr. rirra uu *buut(y)raare afr. burrer

ee fut.3sg *creed(e)rát

afr. crerra uu *buut(y)rariu afr. burrier

oo < au au fut.3sg *claud(e)rát

afr. clorra au fut.3sg *aud(i)rát afr. orra

au fut.3sg *gaud(i)rát (*gaudiire, lat. gaudeere)

afr. jorra

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compensatory lengthening TR > RR2. tr,dr > rr / V__(choice of relevant data for < V unstressed)

monopht. atone

< V i *Bit(u)riigu afr. Berri a *matriculaare afr. mareillier

i it(e)raare afr. errer a *matriina afr. marrine, marraine

i fut.3sg *vid(e)rát afr. verra a quadratu afr. carré

i vitrariu afr. verrier a patriinu afr. parrin, parrain

i vitriinu afr. verrin a *quadrellu afr. carrel

e *petrariu afr. perrier a *quadrifurcu afr. carreforc

e *petroone afr. perron a quadruviu afr. carrouge

e *petrosiiliu afr. perresil a *quadrariu carrier

e Petriciacu afr. Perreci a *quatrinioone afr. carregnon (>carillon)

e fut.3sg *sed(e)rát afr. serra a *adripaare arriver

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alternations within verbal paradigms

V tonique__ > r V atone__ > rr

*riid(e)re afr. rire fut.3sg *riid(e)rát afr. rirra

3sg it(e)rat afr. eire it(e)raare afr. errer

creed(e)re afr. creire fut.3sg *creed(e)rát afr. crerra

occiid(e)re afr. ocire fut.3sg *occiid(e)rát afr. ocirra

buut(y)ru afr. bure *buut(y)raare afr. burrer

*buut(y)rariu afr. burrier

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generalization

tr,dr > r / VV__tr,dr > rr / V__

==> *VVC.CV

superheavy rhymes are forbidden

==> this much we knew anyway

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*VVC.CVthis much we knew anyway: •this is why there is a contrast between the evolution of vowels in open and closed syllables

•stress is converted into length, but long vowels can only exist in open syllables

•==> Vstr.CV VV.CVvs. VstrC.CV VC.CV

lat op cl open syllable closed syllble

a e a mare mer carta charte

i,ee oi e pira poire virga verge

e ie e feru fier herba herbe

o eu o mola meule porta porte

u,oo eu u floore fleur surdu sourd

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compensatory lengtheninghow can•an onset-x slot become a coda ?•worse: a non-moraic consonant become moraic?

51


if the solidarity of TR is due to " <== ", the breakdown of this relationship due to the elimination of T sets an full CV unit free, which is ready for segmental identification.

==> compensatory lengthening.

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metathesis in Tertenia Sardinian

generalities•there are many metatheses in Sardinian (Molinu 1998, Bolognesi 1998)

•not all metatheses need to have the same workings•focus on one particular case found in Tertenia (point 211 of Contini 1987)

•there is no lateral in coda position at all in the language

data and analysis below are by Rosangela Lai, who is a native speaker of Tertenia Sardinian.

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split between native and foreign vocabulary:only native items have the phonology that is of interest to us

native foreign

p/paris pappendu/ "you seem eating"a) [párizi βappéndu]b) [páris pappéndu]

p/tenis puntʃas/ "you have (some) nails" (cat. punxa)a) [ténizi βúntʃaza]b) [ténis púntʃaza]

b/paris bazendu/ "you seem kissing"a) [párizi azéndu]b) [párir βazéndu]

b/paris bivendu/ "you seem living" (sp. vivir)a) [párizi bivéndu]b) [párir bivéndu]

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native foreign

t/tenis tempus/ "you have time" a) [ténizi ðémpuzu]b) [ténis témpuzu]

t/tenis tamatta/ "you have tomatoes" (cat. tomata)a) [ténizi ðamátta]b) [ténis tamátta]

d/portas dentis/ "you have teeth" a) [pórtaza éntizi]b) [pórtar ðéntizi]

d/tenis diziʎʎu/ "you wish sth" (cat. desig)a) [ténizi dizíʎʎu]b) [ténir dizíʎʎu]

k/paris kastiendu/ "you seem to be looking" a) [párizi ɣastiéndu]b) [páris kastiéndu]

k/tenis kuʎʎera/ "you have a spoon" (cat. cullera)a) [ténizi ɣuʎʎéra]b) [ténis kuʎʎéra]

g/portas ɡunneɖɖa/ "you are wearing a skirt" a) [portaza unnéɖɖa]b) [portar ɣunnéɖɖa]

g/tenis ɡana/ "you feel like doing sth" (cat./sp. gana)a) [ténizi gána]b) [ténir gána]

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summary for native items in weak position•voiceless input: voicing + spirantization•voiced input: > zero

strong position C__ weak position V__V

native foreign native foreign

p p p β β

t t t

k k k ɣ ɣ

b β b zero b

d d zero d

g ɣ g zero g

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metathesis/ses dormendu/ "you are sleeping“a) [sézi orméndu]b) [sér romméndu]

•conditions on the landing site: must be a voiced stop•conditions on the take-off site: ANY cluster with an r, RT or TR

•trigger: preceding C-final word

/portas bentri manna/ “you have a big belly“a) [pórtaza éntri mánna]b) [pórtar βrénti mánna]

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crossing the three criteria•landing site = voiced stop•internal r-group RT or TR•only native vocabulary

do metathesize•dormiri "sleep" •bentre "belly"

do not metathesize•barba "beard" •bermi "worm" •berbei "sheep"

/portas barba longa/ “you have long beard“

a) [pórtaza árβa loŋga]b) [pórtar βárβa loŋga]

leaves us with only 5 roots, two of which do metathesize, against 3 that do not:

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==> whatever the analysis, it must be based on a LEXICAL difference between the two groups

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external sandhi •excludes allomorphic analyses, i.e. where a given

morpheme has several lexical entries

•IF you want to stick to a modular view of grammar, i.e. where phonology and morphology are two distinct computational systems, i.e. where there is no mixing of instructions (in the same constraint hierarchy)

•only phonological properties of previous cycles (phases) are visible to allomorph selection

•phonologically conditioned allomorphy is a classical argument for abandoning modularity

•Embick (2010:81ff) provides an overview of the question, showing how phonologically conditioned allomorphy works in a modular framework

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==> if you don’t like modularity, you can do phonologically conditioned allomorphy with reference to outer cycles.And generative grammar will not be the same anymore: it is an application of the Standard model of Cognitive Science to language. This model is modular. Opposed to this is the "everything is one" perspective of connectionism, which is a piece of OT’s genetic endowment (Smolensky 1987, 1988)==> if you do think that grammar is modular, you will want to have a purely phonological analysis of the metathesis mentioned, and of any external sandhi phenomenon for that matter.So do I: bear with me.

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classical, pre-theoretical perspectives on metathesis

•metathesis is triggered because the liquid in its original position is illegal or in "bad shape"==> not the case here

•matathesizing liquids are attracted to consonants in strong position==> not in this case: we need a LEXICAL difference between metathesizing and non-metathesizing roots. Not all consonants in strong position cause liquids to move.

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triggering mechanism I•in Government Phonology all morphemes end in a

nucleus: C-final words end in an empty nucleus•/sesø/ vs. /sesi/•==> metathesis is triggered by the empty nucleus of

/sesø/

/ses dormendu/ /sesi dormendu/

C V C V C V C V

| | | | | | |

s e s s e s i

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triggering mechanism II•two empty nuclei in a row are illegal•hence the lexical contrast:

•metathesizing roots have an empty nucleus•non-metathesizing roots don’t

C V C V - C V C V C V C V C V C V

| | | | | | | | | | |

s e s d o r m e n d u

C V C V C V C V - C V C V C V

| | | | | | | | | | |

p o r t a s b a r b a

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repair•metathesis occurs in order to repair the sequence of

two empty nuclei•the metathesized liquid forms a branching onset

(d<=r) with the initial consonant which circumscribes the empty nucleus and thereby makes the structure well-formed.

C V C V - C V C V C V C V C V C V

| | | | | | | | | | |

s e s d <=

r o m e n d u

==> the existence of an empty nucleus in the middle of the branching onset is critical

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C V C V C V

| | | |

C T R V

Lic

<==

IG

Gvt


recall that a øT<=RV is well-formed

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thank you for your attention

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References 1

Bolognesi, Roberto 1998. The phonology of Campidanian Sardinian. Dordrecht: HIL.

Bourciez, Edouard & Jean Bourciez 1967. Phonétique française. 9e édition Paris: Klincksieck.

Castellani, Arrigo 1960. Precisazioni sulla gorgia toscana. Boletin de de Filologia 19: 242-261.

Contini, Michele 1987. Etude de géographie phonétique et de phonétique instrumentale du sarde. 2 vols. Alessandria: dell'Orso.

Embick, David 2010. Localism versus Globalism in Morphology and Phonology. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Fouché, Pierre 1966-1973. Phonétique historique du français. Trois vols. Paris: Klincksieck.

Giannelli, Luciano & Leonardo Savoia 1978. L'indebolimento consonantico in Toscana (I). Rivista Italiana di Dialettologia 2: 25-58.

Giannelli, Luciano & Leonardo Savoia 1979-80. L'indebolimento consonantico in Toscana (II). Rivista Italiana di Dialettologia 3-4: 39-101.

Gilliéron, Jules & Edmond Edmont 1902-1912. Atlas linguistique de la France. Paris: Champion.

Lowenstamm, Jean 1996. CV as the only syllable type. Current trends in Phonology. Models and Methods, edited by Jacques Durand & Bernard Laks, 419-441. Salford, Manchester: ESRI. WEB.

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References 2

Marotta, Giovanna 2000-01. Non solo spiranti. La gorgia toscana nel parlato di Pisa. L'Italia Dialettale 62: 27-60.

Marotta, Giovanna 2008. Lenition in Tuscan Italian (Gorgia Toscana). Lenition and Fortition, edited by Joaquim Brandão de Carvalho, Tobias Scheer & Philippe Ségéral, 235-271. Berlin: de Gruyter.

McCone, Kim 1996. Towards a relative chronology of ancient and medieval celtic sound change. Maynooth: St. Patrick's College.

Molinu, Lucia 1998. La syllabe en sarde. Ph.D dissertation, Université Sendhal de Grenoble.

Rizzi, Luigi 1990. Relativized Minimality. Linguistic Inquiry Monograph 16. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Rohlfs, Gerhard 1966. Grammatica storica della lingua italiana e dei suoi dialetti. Fonetica. Torina: Einaudi.

Scheer, Tobias 2004. A Lateral Theory of Phonology. Vol.1: What is CVCV, and why should it be? Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

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References 3

Ségéral, Philippe & Tobias Scheer 2001. La Coda-Miroir. Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 96: 107-152. WEB.

Ségéral, Philippe & Tobias Scheer 2008. The Coda Mirror, stress and positional parameters. Lenition and Fortition, edited by Joaquim Brandão de Carvalho, Tobias Scheer & Philippe Ségéral, 483-518. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. WEB.

Smolensky, Paul 1987. Connectionist AI, symbolic AI, and the brain. Artificial Intelligence Review 1: 95-109.

Smolensky, Paul 1988. On the proper treatment of connectionism. Brain and Behavioural Sciences 11: 1-74.

1 Tobias Scheer Université de Nice – Sophia Antipolis, CNRS 6039 Branching Onsets in the light of...

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