11

Timber roof split due to Timber roof split due to strong hurricane windsstrong hurricane winds

22

In health facilities, a connection In health facilities, a connection between structural elements between structural elements and the roof must be adequateand the roof must be adequate

33

Construction close to the sea Construction close to the sea shore might result in great shore might result in great losseslosses

Construction close to the sea Construction close to the sea shore might result in great shore might result in great losseslosses

44

When there is a lack of symmetry When there is a lack of symmetry among resisting elements, wind will among resisting elements, wind will induce torsional effectsinduce torsional effects

When there is a lack of symmetry When there is a lack of symmetry among resisting elements, wind will among resisting elements, wind will induce torsional effectsinduce torsional effects

55

Hipped roofs with slope from Hipped roofs with slope from 20 to 30 degrees interact better 20 to 30 degrees interact better with the wind forceswith the wind forces

66

Pressure increase due to Pressure increase due to wind on overhanging roofswind on overhanging roofs

Win

d w

ard

Leew

ard

Roof

SECTION

77

Protection effect of Protection effect of hospital buildinghospital building

A favorable location of adjacent buildings can decrease the hurricane effects by reducing the wind loads

88

Unfavorable location of Unfavorable location of buildings adjacent to a hospitalbuildings adjacent to a hospital

A bad location of nearby buildings might induce increase of wind loads

99

Bridge base erosion as a Bridge base erosion as a consequence of river flow consequence of river flow increaseincrease

1010

Landslide obstructing Landslide obstructing highway accesshighway access

1111

Pressure sketch for wind Pressure sketch for wind perpendicular to the ridge on a perpendicular to the ridge on a pitched-roof industrial buildingpitched-roof industrial building

11.64

3.88

-226.90

-180.22

-246.68

Net pressure Perpendicular to ridge

Internal pressure (+)

1212

Pressure sketch for wind Pressure sketch for wind parallel to the ridge on a parallel to the ridge on a pitched-roof industrial building pitched-roof industrial building

11.64

3.88

-306.03

20.94

38.01

44.21

-226.90 -187.34

-203.16

Net pressure Parallel to ridge

Internal pressure (+)

1313

Flat-slab systems without capitals present Flat-slab systems without capitals present little resistance against lateral forces. little resistance against lateral forces. Their use on hospitals should be avoidedTheir use on hospitals should be avoided

1414

Wind load path on Wind load path on pitched-roof buildingspitched-roof buildings

1515

Structural steel frame collapsed Structural steel frame collapsed

due to strong windsdue to strong winds

1616

Hurricane design philosophy Hurricane design philosophy for hospitalsfor hospitalsHurricane design philosophy Hurricane design philosophy for hospitalsfor hospitals

The hospital structure must be designed and built in such a way that it:

withstands, without any damage, the design hurricane event;

withstands, with minor and easily repaired damage, hurricanes greater than the design event.

1717

Vulnerability assessment Vulnerability assessment objectivesobjectivesVulnerability assessment Vulnerability assessment objectivesobjectives

Available Available methodologiesmethodologies

Qualitative Qualitative methodsmethods

Quantitative Quantitative methodsmethods

To evaluate the To evaluate the likelihood of a likelihood of a structure suffering structure suffering damage due to the damage due to the effects of a effects of a hurricane, and to hurricane, and to characterize the characterize the possible damagepossible damage

ObjectiveObjective

1818

Qualitative methodsQualitative methods

Qualitative methods for Qualitative methods for vulnerability assessmentsvulnerability assessmentsQualitative methods for Qualitative methods for vulnerability assessmentsvulnerability assessments

They assess quickly and simply the structural safety conditions of the building, taking into account the following parameters:

• The age of the building• The state of conservation and maintenance• The characteristics of the materials used• The number of stories• The architectural plan

1919

Quantitative methodsQuantitative methods

Quantitative methods for Quantitative methods for vulnerability assessmentsvulnerability assessmentsQuantitative methods for Quantitative methods for vulnerability assessmentsvulnerability assessments

The goal is to determine the levels of resistance The goal is to determine the levels of resistance of the structure by means of an analysis similar to of the structure by means of an analysis similar to that used in new buildings and incorporating that used in new buildings and incorporating nonstructural elementsnonstructural elements..

2020

The goal is to ensure that the health care facility The goal is to ensure that the health care facility will continue to function after a hurricane, by will continue to function after a hurricane, by reinforcing existing components or incorporating reinforcing existing components or incorporating additional structural components to improve the additional structural components to improve the levels of strength and stiffness. levels of strength and stiffness.

The retrofitting measures should not interfere with The retrofitting measures should not interfere with the operation of the hospital during the process.the operation of the hospital during the process.

Structural retrofittingStructural retrofittingStructural retrofittingStructural retrofitting