1 Thomas Watteyne @ EDERC 2010 1. Introduction to Sensor Networks.

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Thomas Watteyne @ EDERC 2010

1. Introduction to Sensor Networks

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1997, the Smart Dust vision


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2001, Intel Developers Forum

• 800 motes• 8-level dynamic

networkThomas Watteyne @ EDERC 2010

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2001, 29 Palms Demo


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S. Oh et al, "Tracking and coordination of multiple agents using sensor networks: system design, algorithms and experiments," Proc. of the IEEE, 2007.S. Kim et al, “Health Monitoring of Civil Infrastructures Using Wireless Sensor Networks,” IPSN, Cambridge, MA, April 2007A. Ledezci, http://www.isis.vanderbilt.edu/projects/countersniperJ. Lees et al, “Reventador Volcano 2005: Eruptive Activity Inferred from Seismo-Acoustic Observation”, Jnl, of of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 2007

Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensor Networks for SecurityStructural Monitoring

Sniper Localization

Environmental Monitoring


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Automated Meter Reading• Overview

– Urban-wide Water Meter Reading– Coronis Systems, Elster group– Deployed since 2005 in Sable-

d'Olonne, France

• Platform– 25,000 proprietary nodes

• Networking– Static routing tree– Parent association done at

deployment– 10+ years (<.1% duty cycle)


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Building Automation

Smart Grid Applications

IndustrialAutomation

Industrial Applications


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Barriers to Adoption


Reliability

Standards

Ease of use

Power consumption

Development cycles

Node size

0% 20% 20% 60% 80% 100%

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Reliability

Reliability is challenged by:• external interference• multi-path fading


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First Challenge: External Interference

IEEE802.11(Wi-Fi)

IEEE802.15.1(Bluetooth)IEEE802.15.4(ZigBee)


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IEEE802.11b/g/nIEEE802.11a/n


868 MHz

433 MHz

2.4 GHz 5 GHz

IEEE802.15.4


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• 45 motes*

• 50x50m office environment

• 12 million packets exchanged, equaly over all 16 channels

*data collected by Jorge Ortiz and David Culler, UCBPublicly available at wsn.eecs.berkeley.edu


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Second Challenge: Multipath Fading


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• Separate sender and receiver by 100cm

• Have sender send bursts of 1000 packets

• Have receiver count the number of received packets

• Move transmitter around in a 20cmx35cm square and start over


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ch.11Thomas Watteyne @ EDERC 2010

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ch.11 ch.12

0% reliability 100% reliability


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ch.11

ch.13

ch.15

ch.17

ch.12

ch.14

ch.16

ch.18

ch.19

ch.21

ch.23

ch.25

ch.20

ch.22

ch.24

ch.26

changing channel improves performance


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Taking A Real-World Example

• Doherty, Lindsay, Simon. “Channel-Specific Wireless Sensor Network Path Data”, ICCCN 2007.

• 44 nodes, 26 days


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Pathloss

0 50 100 150 200 250 300-100

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

distance in feet

RS

SI

(dB

m) RSSI does not give

an indication about distance


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Stability over all paths, all channels


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Stability over all paths, all channels


1 Thomas Watteyne @ EDERC 2010 1. Introduction to Sensor Networks.

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