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This file reviews materials in Exercises 17-19 & prepares you for the lab practical#4.

by Dr. Shaw, Zoology 251 Lab Coordinator, x7176; donalds@utm.edu

In this file, required structures are highlighted, checked, or specified,

sometimes in different colors.

Ex. 17 Spinal cord

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Cauda equina (spinal nerves past conus

medullaris)

C1

C7

S5

Col

L5

T12

Cervical enlargement

Dural sheath

See next slide (a brow-up image)

Lumbar enlargement

Conus medullaris (where the spinal cord ends)

Filum terminale (pia mater that connects to the

coccyx)

Sacral spinal nerves (5)

Lumbar spinal nerves (5)

Thoracic spinal nerves (12)

Cervical spinal nerves (8)

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The spinal cord, posterior aspect

Coccygeal nerve (1)

C1

C7

S5

Col

L5

T12

Cervical enlargement

Dural sheath

See next slide (a brow-up image)

Lumbar enlargement

Sacral spinal nerves (5)

Lumbar spinal nerves (5)

Thoracic spinal nerves (12)

Cervical spinal nerves (8)

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The spinal cord, posterior aspect

Coccygeal nerve (1)

Practice

Gray matter:White matter:

Anterior median fissure

Dorsal horn (containing interneurons)

Lateral column/funiculus

Gray commissureVentral column/funiculus

Central canalDorsal column/funiculus

Dorsal root ganglion

Spinal nerve

Lateral horn

Ventral horn

Pia mater

Arachnoid mater

Dura mater

Dorsal root of spinal nerve

Posterior median sulcus

Ventral rootof spinal nerve

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The spinal cord and meninges

White matter:

Lateral column/funiculus

Ventral column/funiculus

Dorsal column/funiculus

Spinal nerve

Dorsal root of spinal nerve

Ventral rootof spinal nerve

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The spinal cord; ID the indicated structures

Practice

Fat in epidural space

Spinous process of vertebra

Spinal nerve

Dorsal root ganglion

Spinal cord

Denticulate ligament

Subarachnoid space

Posterior

Anterior

Meninges:

Dura mater

Arachnoid mater

Pia mater

Vertebral body

The spinal cord and vertebra (cervical)

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Fat in epidural space

Spinous process of vertebra

Spinal nerve

Spinal cord

Subarachnoid space

Posterior

Anterior

Vertebral body

The spinal cord and vertebra; ID the indicated structures

8Practice

Ex. 18 The eye

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Ducts

Nostril

Lacrimal punctum

Lacrimal canaliculi

Nasolacrimal duct

Lacrimal gland

Lacrimal sac

Inferior meatusof nasal cavity

The lacrimal apparatus; the arrows indicate the flow of tears (containing lysozyme)

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Ducts

Nostril

Inferior meatusof nasal cavity

The lacrimal apparatus; the arrows indicate the flow of tears (containing lysozyme)

11Practice

Eyebrow

Eyelashes

Pupil

Iris

Sclera

Tarsal plate

Superciliaryridge

Palpebralfissure

Lateralcommissure

Superiorpalpebralsulcus

Uppereyelid

Medialcommissure

Lower eyelid (Palpebrae)

Inferiorpalpebralsulcus

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Eyebrow

Eyelashes

Tarsal plate

Superciliaryridge

Palpebralfissure

Lateralcommissure

Superiorpalpebralsulcus

Uppereyelid

Medialcommissure

Inferiorpalpebralsulcus

13Practice

Superior oblique

Superior rectus

Lateral rectus

Medial rectus

Inferior oblique

Inferior rectus

Trochlea

Optic nerve

Extrinsic muscles of the eye, lateral view, and their controlling cranial nerves

Controlling cranial nerves:

VI, abducens

III, oculomotor

III, oculomotor

III, oculomotor

III, oculomotor

IV, trochlear

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Trochlea

Optic nerve

ID extrinsic muscles of the eye and their respective controlling cranial nerves

Controlling cranial nerves:

15Practice

Oculomotor nerve (III)

Trochlear nerve (IV)

Abducens nerve (VI)

Superioroblique

Lateralrectus

Levator palpebraesuperioris muscle

Superior rectus

Medial rectus

Inferior rectus

Inferior oblique

Extrinsic muscles of the eye, frontal view, and their controlling cranial nerves

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Oculomotor nerve (III)

Trochlear nerve (IV)

Abducens nerve (VI)

Levator palpebraesuperioris muscle

Extrinsic muscles of the eye, frontal view, and their controlling cranial nerves

17Practice

Suspensory ligament

Ciliary body

Conjunctiva

Iris

Pupil

Lens

Cornea

Aqueous humor

Vitreous humor

Blood vessels

Optic disc (blind spot)

Optic nerve

Fovea centralis

Sclera

Retina

Choroid

Extrinsic eyemuscle

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Suspensory ligament

Conjunctiva

Pupil

Lens

Blood vessels

Extrinsic eyemuscle

19Practice

Ciliary body:

Suspensoryligament

Posterior cavitycontaining

vitreous humor

Posteriorchamber

Anteriorchamber

Anteriorcavity containing aqueous humor

Iris

Canal of Schlemm

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Ciliary muscle

Ciliary process

Lens

Production and reabsorption of aqueous humor

Ciliary body:

Posteriorchamber

Anteriorchamber

Anteriorcavity containing aqueous humor

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Production and reabsorption of aqueous humor

Practice

Fovea centralis

Optic disc (blind spot; exit of optic nerve)

Venule

Arteriole

Macula lutea

Anatomical features of the rear of the eye

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Venule

Arteriole

Anatomical features of the rear of the eye

23Practice

Dissected sheep eye

Required structures are in bold. 1—Cornea; 2– Sclera; 3– Optic nerve; 4– Iris; 5—Pupil; 6– Ora serrata; 7– Ciliary body; 8– Choroid; 9—Tapetum lucidum; 10—Retina; 11– Lens; 12—Vitreous humor

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Dissected sheep eye

Required structures are in bold. 1— ________ ; 2– _________; 3– __________;

4– ________; 5— _________; 6– Ora serrata; 7– ______________; 8– ___________;

9— _____________; 10—__________; 11– _________; 12—____________________

25Practice

Back of eye

Front of eye

Sclera

Choroid

Pigment epithelium

Rods and cones (nuclei)

Bipolar cells

Ganglion cells

25 µm

Rods and cones (outersegments)

Nerve fibers to optic nerve

Vitreous humor

Histology of the retina

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Back of eye

Front of eye 25 µm

Nerve fibers to optic nerve

Histology of the retina

27Practice

Rod

Cone

Photoreceptors:

Horizontal cell

Bipolar cell

Amacrine cell

Ganglion cell

Nerve fibers (to optic nerve)

Direction of light

Back of eye

Pigment epithelium

Transmissionof cone signals in red

Transmissionof rod signals in blue

Schematic of the retina

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Photoreceptors:

Horizontal cell

Amacrine cell

Nerve fibers (to optic nerve)

Direction of light

Back of eye

Transmissionof cone signals in red

Transmissionof rod signals in blue

Schematic of the retina

29Practice

Ex. 19 The ear

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Outer ear Middle ear Inner ear

Helix

Stapes

Incus

Malleus

Ossicles:

Auricle

Lobule

Semicircular ducts (canals)

Cochlear nerve

Cochlea

Round window

Auditory tube

Oval window

Vestibular nerve

Vestibule

Tympanic cavity

Tensor tympanimuscle

TympanicMembrane (ear drum)

Ear Canal (external acoustic meatus)

Internal anatomy of the ear

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Outer ear Middle ear Inner ear

Semicircular ducts (canals)

The ear; ID the indicated structures

32Practice

Required structures are checked.

33

Required structures are checked.

34Practice

Required structures are checked.

of cochlear

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of cochlear

36Practice

37Required structures are checked.

Bony & Membranous labyrinths

38Required structures are checked.

Bony & Membranous labyrinths

Practice

Scala vestibuli

Scala tympani

Scala media (Cochlear duct)

Utricle

Ampulla

Posterior

Anterior

Semicircular ducts:Dura mater

Saccule

Lateral

Endolymphaticsac

Vestibule:

Secondary tympanic membrane

in round window

Stapesin oval window

Tympanicmembrane

Temporal bone

Cochlea:

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Bony & Membranous labyrinths—perilymph (green) & endolymph (blue)

Ampulla

Posterior

Anterior

Semicircular ducts:Dura mater

Lateral

Endolymphaticsac

Vestibule:

Cochlea:

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Bony & Membranous labyrinths—perilymph (green) & endolymph (blue)

Practice

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Required structures are checked.

How sound is transmitted-01

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How sound is transmitted-01

Practice

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All structures are required except one that is crossed out.

How sound is transmitted-02

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All structures are required except one that is crossed out.

How sound is transmitted-02

Practice

Oval window

Cochlear nerve

Vestibularmembrane

Cochlear duct(Scala media)

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Anatomy of the cochlear, vertical section

Next slide

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Anatomy of the cochlear, vertical section

Next slide

Practice

Spiral ganglion

Scala vestibuli(with perilymph)

Scala tympani(with perilymph)

Vestibularmembrane

Cochlear duct(with endolymph)

Tectorial membrane

Spiral organ of Corti

Basilar membrane

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Section through one turn of cochlear

Next slide

Spiral ganglion

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The cochlear; ID the indicated structures

Practice

Tectorialmembrane

Stereovilli of hair cellsOuterhair cellsSupportingcells

Basilarmembrane

Inner haircell

Fibers ofcochlear nerve

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Enlargement of spiral organ of Corti

Outerhair cellsSupportingcells

Inner haircell

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Enlargement of spiral organ of Corti

Practice

Histology of the cochlear

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