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This document is contained within the This document is contained within the Traditional Tools and Skills Toolbox on Traditional Tools and Skills Toolbox on Wilderness.net. Since other related Wilderness.net. Since other related resources found in this toolbox may be of resources found in this toolbox may be of interest, you can visit this toolbox by interest, you can visit this toolbox by visiting the following URL: visiting the following URL: http://www.wilderness.net/index.cfm?http://www.wilderness.net/index.cfm?fuse=toolboxes&sec=tools. All toolboxes fuse=toolboxes&sec=tools. All toolboxes are products of the Arthur Carhart National are products of the Arthur Carhart National Wilderness Training Center.Wilderness Training Center.

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Use of Native Materials in Use of Native Materials in WildernessWilderness

Policy Regarding Trails, Policy Regarding Trails, Bridges and Administrative Bridges and Administrative

FacilitiesFacilities

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Example Structures with Native Material Example Structures with Native Material OptionsOptions

Trail Structures:Trail Structures: Turnpikes Turnpikes Check dams Check dams CulvertsCulverts Water barsWater bars Retaining wallsRetaining walls

BridgesBridges - many parts, such - many parts, such as:as: StringersStringers Decking Decking HandrailsHandrails

Administrative facilities:Administrative facilities: BuildingsBuildings

FencesFences Signs and postsSigns and posts

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Common QuestionsCommon Questions

Use of:Use of: Rock or local logs?Rock or local logs? Local logs or imported logs?Local logs or imported logs? Imported logs or dimensional lumber?Imported logs or dimensional lumber? Pressure treated lumber?Pressure treated lumber?

(including stringers, decking, railing)(including stringers, decking, railing) Filter fabric in turnpikes?Filter fabric in turnpikes? Rock, plastic, or metal culverts?Rock, plastic, or metal culverts?

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What are What are Trail and Wilderness Trail and Wilderness

Managers to do?Managers to do?

What’s the policy?What’s the policy?

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Forest Service Policy on Use of Forest Service Policy on Use of Native Materials in WildernessNative Materials in Wilderness

Wilderness ActWilderness Act Forest Service Manual – Trails & WildernessForest Service Manual – Trails & Wilderness Forest Service Handbook – TrailsForest Service Handbook – Trails Forest Plan and/or Wilderness Management Forest Plan and/or Wilderness Management

PlanPlan for your areafor your area Designating legislation for your Wilderness, Designating legislation for your Wilderness,

if applicableif applicable Wilderness Recreation Opportunity SpectrumWilderness Recreation Opportunity Spectrum

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Forest Service Policy on Use of Forest Service Policy on Use of Native Materials in WildernessNative Materials in Wilderness

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Forest Service Policy on Use of Forest Service Policy on Use of Native Materials in WildernessNative Materials in Wilderness

Nothing directly related to the use of Nothing directly related to the use of native materials in Wildernessnative materials in Wilderness

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Forest Service Policy on Use of Forest Service Policy on Use of Native Materials in WildernessNative Materials in Wilderness

Nothing directly related to the use of Nothing directly related to the use of native materials in Wildernessnative materials in Wilderness

Plenty of general direction that can Plenty of general direction that can be applied to answer questions be applied to answer questions related to the use of native materialsrelated to the use of native materials

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Wilderness ActWilderness Act

Section 2 (a): Section 2 (a):

"wilderness areas“… shall be "wilderness areas“… shall be administered… to provide administered… to provide for…the for…the preservation of their preservation of their wilderness characterwilderness character

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Wilderness ActWilderness ActSection 2 (c):Section 2 (c): Key phrases - Key phrases -

where the earth and its community where the earth and its community of life are of life are untrammeleduntrammeled by man.. by man..

protected and managed so as to protected and managed so as to preserve its preserve its natural conditionsnatural conditions… …

with the with the imprint of man's work imprint of man's work substantially unnoticeablesubstantially unnoticeable……

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Wilderness ActWilderness Act

Section 4 (b): Section 4 (b):

each agencyeach agency administeringadministering any area designated as any area designated as wildernesswilderness shall be responsible shall be responsible for preservingfor preserving the the wilderness wilderness charactercharacter of the area… of the area…

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Wilderness CharacterWilderness CharacterThe four qualities of wilderness related to The four qualities of wilderness related to

wilderness character –wilderness character –

UntrammeledUntrammeled – – wilderness is essentially unhindered wilderness is essentially unhindered and free from modern human control or manipulationand free from modern human control or manipulation..

NaturalNatural – – wilderness ecological systems are wilderness ecological systems are substantially free from the effects of modern civilization.substantially free from the effects of modern civilization.

Undeveloped Undeveloped – – wilderness is essentially without wilderness is essentially without permanent improvements or modern human occupation.permanent improvements or modern human occupation.

Outstanding opportunities for solitude or a primitive and Outstanding opportunities for solitude or a primitive and unconfined type of recreation .unconfined type of recreation .

From “Monitoring Selected Conditions Related to Wilderness Character: A National From “Monitoring Selected Conditions Related to Wilderness Character: A National Framework” 2005Framework” 2005

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FSM CHAPTER 2320 WILDERNESS FSM CHAPTER 2320 WILDERNESS MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

2320.6 - The Wilderness Management Model and the 2320.6 - The Wilderness Management Model and the Wilderness Act Wilderness Act

The more The more human influencehuman influence, the lower , the lower the purity of a wilderness is; the less the purity of a wilderness is; the less human influence on a wilderness, the human influence on a wilderness, the higher…higher…

……Manage wilderness toward attaining Manage wilderness toward attaining the highest level of purity in wilderness the highest level of purity in wilderness within legal constraints.within legal constraints.

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FSM CHAPTER 2320 WILDERNESS FSM CHAPTER 2320 WILDERNESS MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

Where a choice must be made…Where a choice must be made… preserving preserving the wilderness resource is the overriding the wilderness resource is the overriding value. value.

Economy, convenience, commercial value, Economy, convenience, commercial value, and comfort are not standards of and comfort are not standards of management management or use of wilderness. or use of wilderness.

Because uses and values on each area vary,Because uses and values on each area vary, management and administration must be management and administration must be tailored to each area…tailored to each area…

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FSM CHAPTER 2320 WILDERNESS FSM CHAPTER 2320 WILDERNESS MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

Ensure that other resources and Ensure that other resources and activitiesactivities within… wildernesswithin… wilderness are are coordinated and in harmony with coordinated and in harmony with the wilderness resource… the wilderness resource… includ(ing):… the trail system…includ(ing):… the trail system…

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FSM CHAPTER 2320 WILDERNESS FSM CHAPTER 2320 WILDERNESS MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

Design, construct, and maintain the Design, construct, and maintain the transportation system in wilderness transportation system in wilderness to provide access…to provide access…

Design and locate trails Design and locate trails to fit into to fit into the natural landscape as the natural landscape as unobtrusively as possibleunobtrusively as possible..

Design bridges to Design bridges to minimize the minimize the impact on the wilderness.impact on the wilderness.

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FSM CHAPTER 2320 WILDERNESS FSM CHAPTER 2320 WILDERNESS MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

Trees may be cutTrees may be cut for use in the for use in the construction and maintenance of construction and maintenance of authorized structures located within authorized structures located within the wilderness the wilderness when it is not when it is not reasonably possible to obtain the reasonably possible to obtain the necessary material from outside the necessary material from outside the wildernesswilderness..

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FSM 2353 - NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TRAILSFSM 2353 - NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TRAILS

Provide trail recreation opportunities Provide trail recreation opportunities that that emphasize the natural settingemphasize the natural setting

Emphasize Emphasize long-term cost long-term cost effectivenesseffectiveness and needand need when when developing or rehabilitating trail developing or rehabilitating trail facilities.facilities.

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FSH 2309.18 - TRAILS MANAGEMENT FSH 2309.18 - TRAILS MANAGEMENT HANDBOOKHANDBOOK

The objectiveThe objective of trail development of trail development is to is to provide a facility that provide a facility that minimally affects resourcesminimally affects resources…, …, that that requires minimal maintenancerequires minimal maintenance, , and that serves the intended type and that serves the intended type and level of use.and level of use.

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FSH 2309.18 - TRAILS MANAGEMENT FSH 2309.18 - TRAILS MANAGEMENT HANDBOOKHANDBOOK

Wilderness ConsiderationsWilderness Considerations.. … …The The standards for trails and waterways within a standards for trails and waterways within a wilderness will reflect the wilderness will reflect the minimum minimum requirementsrequirements to achieve the following goals: to achieve the following goals:

To construct and maintain the trail and To construct and maintain the trail and necessary facilities necessary facilities so that they appear so that they appear to be a part of the wilderness to be a part of the wilderness environment and not an intrusion upon environment and not an intrusion upon itit..

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Wilderness Management Wilderness Management PlansPlans

Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness General Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness General Management DirectionManagement Direction

The use of metal or plastic culverts is The use of metal or plastic culverts is prohibited.prohibited.

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So what does all that mean?So what does all that mean?

Lacking specific policy directionLacking specific policy direction

regarding the use of native materials,regarding the use of native materials,

apply the general directionapply the general direction

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Work togetherWork together to evaluate each situation to evaluate each situation and determine what is the appropriate and determine what is the appropriate combination of materials to meet both combination of materials to meet both wilderness and trail management wilderness and trail management objectives.objectives.

Use the Minimum Requirements Decision Use the Minimum Requirements Decision GuideGuide for complex projects for complex projects

(see www.wilderness.net for examples)(see www.wilderness.net for examples)

Unique outcomesUnique outcomes will result based on the will result based on the specifics of the situation. specifics of the situation.

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Expectations for Wilderness Expectations for Wilderness ProjectsProjects

When any Forest Service employee works in When any Forest Service employee works in Wilderness, Wilderness, they become a Wilderness Managerthey become a Wilderness Manager..

The The starting point should bestarting point should be to figure out how to to figure out how to accomplish the objective with accomplish the objective with the minimum the minimum necessarynecessary – materials, tools, transportation, – materials, tools, transportation, impacts – and how to impacts – and how to best protect wilderness best protect wilderness charactercharacter. .

Consider and evaluate all the optionsConsider and evaluate all the options: select the : select the combination that results in the least impact to combination that results in the least impact to wilderness character and is in conformance with wilderness character and is in conformance with law and policy.law and policy.

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What’s your ideal for What’s your ideal for

Wilderness Projects? Wilderness Projects?

(from the trails perspective)(from the trails perspective)

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Three Links Creek BridgeThree Links Creek Bridge

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Three Links Creek FordThree Links Creek Ford

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Cupboard Creek Cupboard Creek BridgeBridge

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