1 Thermochemistry 2 Chemical reactions are accompanied by changes in energy.
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Transcript of 1 Thermochemistry 2 Chemical reactions are accompanied by changes in energy.
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Thermochemistry
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Thermochemistry
Chemical reactions are accompanied by changes in energy.
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Definitions:
Energy: The ability to do work, w = f x d
K.E. =1/2mv2 energy in motion
What are some forms of kinetic energy?
P.E. potential energy
What are some forms of potential energy?
Chemical
Positional
Mechanical, electrical, thermal, sound, etc (Motion)
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Energy Units:
Joule = J 1 J = kg ·m/s2
Since a J is very small we usually use kJ’s
calorie = cal 1 cal = 4.184 J (exact by definition)
1 cal is the amount of heat necessary to heat 1 g of water 1oC (from 14.5 to 15.5oC)
1 cal 4.184 J
A conversion factor!
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Food Calories:
1 Cal (note capital for food) = 1000 cal = 1 kcal
So... That donut with only 500 Calories is really....500,000 calories... (eat 2 to make it an even million).
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1st Law of Thermodynamics:
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed.
System SurroundingsSystem: whatever we are interested in.
Surroundings: the rest of the universe
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Internal Energy (E): The sum of all K.E. and P.E. of a system.
Internal energy is too complex to be measured exactly,so we look at the change in internal energy:
Esystem = Efinal - Einitial
Sign of E: (+) means: system has gained energy (-) means: system has lost energy
From the 1st Law of Thermodynamics: Esystem = -Esurroundings
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Sign of E: (+) means: system has gained energy (-) means: system has lost energy
2H2O(g) 2H2(g) + O2(g)2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g)
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Sign of E: (+) means: system has gained energy (-) means: system has lost energy
2H2O(g) 2H2(g) + O2(g)2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g) + energy(given off)
+ energy(added to system)
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Heat and Work: energy exchange
E = q + w
Work done on (+) or by (-) the sys. Heat gained (+) or lost (-) by the sys.
Internal energy of the sys. (both K.E. and P.E.)
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Reactions are Energy Driven:
Energy given off Exothermic (-) sign “Exit”
Energy absorbed Endothermic (+) sign “Enter”
Remember: 1st Law of Thermo.:
Esystem = -Esurroundings
So for every endothermic process there is an exothermic process.
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Decide if each of the following are Endo or Exothermicprocesses:
Ice melting?
Water freezing?
A candle burning?
Dynamite exploding?
A plant growing?
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Misconception: Energy vs Temperature
Both containersare at the same temperature, whichone contains the mostenergy?
Temperature is an intensive property (amount independent)Energy is an extensive property (amount dependent)
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Enthalpy (H): heat content per amount
Extensive property
Enthalpy Change (H)
In a reaction: H = HProducts - Hreactants
H (+) endoH (-) exo
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Enthalpy Change (H)
In a reaction: H = HProducts - Hreactants
H (+) endoH (-) exo
Enthalpy is a state function.
“Net Change” “Path indepedent”
A
B
Both accomplished the same net
result!
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Problem:Given the reaction, which occurs in the presence ofthe catalyst MnO2):
2KClO3(s) 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g) H = -89.7 kJ
a. What would be the value of H for the reverse RXN?
+89.7 kJ
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Problem:Given the reaction (which occurs in the presence ofthe catalyst MnO2):
2KClO3(s) 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g) H = -89.7 kJ
The H value listed is really a conversion factor!
-89.7 kJ -89.7 kJ -89.7 kJ 2 mol KClO3 2 mol KCl 3 mol O2
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Problem:Given the MnO2 catalyzed reaction:
2KClO3(s) 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g) H = -89.7 kJ
-89.7 kJ -89.7 kJ -89.7 kJ 2 mol KClO3 2 mol KCl 3 mol O2
Calculate the value of H for the decomposition 9 moles of KClO3 ?
2KClO3(s) 2KCl(s) + 3O2(s) H = -89.7 kJ
9 moles KClO3 -------------------------------------------------- = kJ-403.73KClO 2mol
89.7kJ
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Problem:Given the MnO2 catalyzed reaction:
2KClO3(s) 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g) H = -89.7 kJ
-89.7 kJ -89.7 kJ -89.7 kJ 2 mol KClO3 2 mol KCl 3 mol O2
Calculate the value of H for the formation 25.0 grams of KCl .
2KClO3(s) 2KCl(s) + 3O2(s) H = -89.7 kJ
25.0 g KCl -------------------------------------------------- = kJ2 mol KCl-89.7 kJ -15.0
74.6 g KClmol KCl
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CS2(l) + 3O2(g) CO2(g) + 2SO2(g)
From tables: 87.9kJ/mol 0 kJ/mol -393.5 kJ/mol -296.8 kJ/mol
H = H(products) - H(reactants)
Each value must bemultiplied by the numberof moles in the equation/
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CS2(l) + 3O2(g) CO2(g) + 2SO2(g)
From tables: 87.9kJ/mol 0 kJ/mol -393.5 kJ/mol -296.8k J/mol
H = H(products) - H(reactants)
H = H(products) - H(reactants) = [-393.5 + 2(-296.8)] - [87.9 + 3(0)]H = -1073.4 kJ
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