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Transcript of 1 There are currently 5 satellites in the “A-Train”: Aqua, CloudSat, CALIPSO, PARASOL, and Aura....
![Page 1: 1 There are currently 5 satellites in the “A-Train”: Aqua, CloudSat, CALIPSO, PARASOL, and Aura. OCO and Glory missions will launch in January and June.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110208/56649de35503460f94ada20c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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• There are currently 5 satellites in the “A-Train”: Aqua, CloudSat, CALIPSO, PARASOL, and Aura.
• OCO and Glory missions will launch in January and June 2009, respectively
The Afternoon Constellation(A-Train)
01_Kelly_MOWG_Rev.ppt – page 6
Mission MLT
Aqua 01:37:24
CloudSat 01:46:13
CALIPSO 01:46:24
PARASOL 01:36:22
Aura 01:46:00
As of October 22, 2008
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2002Afternoon Constellation Evolution
akelly_trainstatus2.ppt – page 4
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Afternoon Constellation EvolutionAura and PARASOL joined in 2004
akelly_trainstatus2.ppt – page 5
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CloudSat and CALIPSO joined in 2006Afternoon Constellation Evolution
akelly_trainstatus2.ppt – page 6
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Glory and OCO to be launched in late 2008Afternoon Constellation Evolution
akelly_trainstatus2.ppt – page 7
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The Afternoon Constellation
MODIS/ CERES
IR Properties of Clouds
AIRS Temperature and
H2O Sounding
OCO - CO2
Aqua
1:30 PM
PARASOL
Aura
OMI - Cloud heights
OMI & HIRLDS – Aerosols
MLS& TES - H2O & temp profiles
MLS & HIRDLS – Cirrus clouds
1:38 PM
OCO
1:15 PM
Glory
VIIRS - Clouds & AerosolsCrIS/ATMS- Temperature and H2O SoundingOMPS - Ozone
NPP
CALIPSO- Aerosol and cloud heights
Cloudsat - cloud droplets
PARASOL - aerosol and cloud
polarization
CALIPSO Cloudsat
pres_frascati_new_missions_gleason.ppt – page 2
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Morning and Afternoon Constellations
SAC-C
EO-1
Terra
Landsat
In contrast, the Earth Science Constellation satellites orbit in close proximity so that observations occur at about the same time over approximately the same region.
Due to the relative closeness of the satellites (as small as 10 seconds), safety is an issue.
Most constellations are spaced around the Earth to provide instantaneous, global coverage (e.g., GPS, communications, satellite radio, weather).
GPS Constellation
Earth Observing Constellations Unique Challenges
55165.ppt – page 11
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Earth Observing ConstellationsWhy Fly Constellations?
Constellations provide the opportunity to make coincident,
co-registered, and nearly simultaneous science measurements
from a range of instruments.
– The satellites are aligned in their orbital positions so their instrument fields of views overlap.
– Earth science data from one satellite’s instrument can be correlated with data from another.
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts
The Earth science community has long advocated placing numerous instruments in space to study the Earth and its environment.
akelly_trainstatus2.ppt – page 3
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13.5 km AIRS IR; AMSU & HSB
wave
13.5 km AIRS IR; AMSU & HSB
wave
Washington DCUSGS Map
5.3 x 8.5 km TES 5.3 x 8.5 km TES
0.09 km CALIPSO0.09 km CALIPSO
0.5 km MODIS Band 3-70.5 km MODIS Band 3-7
1. 4 km Cloudsat1. 4 km Cloudsat
OCO1x1.5 km
The Afternoon Constellation observational “footprints” vary greatly
2.3 km AIRS 0.4-1 2.3 km AIRS 0.4-1
55165.ppt – page 10 & A-train3.ppt – page 9
6x7 km POLDER 6x7 km POLDER
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Now for a closer look
akelly_trainstatus2.ppt – page 6
First up, Aqua …
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Purpose
Investigates the Earth's water cycle, including evaporation from the oceans, water vapor in the atmosphere, clouds, precipitation, soil moisture, sea ice, land ice, and snow cover on the land and ice.
Instruments• AIRS: Atmospheric Infrared Sounder – Obtains highly accurate temperature profiles within the
atmosphere
• AMSU-A: Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit – Obtains temperature profiles in the upper atmosphere (especially the stratosphere) and provides a cloud-filtering capability for tropospheric temperature observations
• HSB: Humidity Sounder for Brazil – 4-channel microwave sounder aimed at obtaining humidity profiles throughout the atmosphere.
• AMSR-E: Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS – Uses a twelve-channel, six-frequency, microwave radiometer system to measures precipitation rate, cloud water, water vapor, sea surface winds, sea surface temperature, ice, snow, and soil moisture
• MODIS: Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer – Similar to Terra
• CERES: Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System – Similar to Terra
EOS Aqua
akelly_trainstatus2.ppt – page 11
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Instrumental Background : MODIS
– NASA, Terra & Aqua• launched 1999, 2002• 705 km polar orbits, descending (10:30
a.m.) & ascending (1:30 p.m.)
– Sensor Characteristics• 36 spectral bands ranging from 0.41 to
14.385 µm• cross-track scan mirror with 2330 km
swath width• Spatial resolutions:
– 250 m (bands 1 - 2)– 500 m (bands 3 - 7)– 1000 m (bands 8 - 36)
• 2% reflectance calibration accuracy• onboard solar diffuser & solar diffuser
stability monitor
AMS2006_Riedi_et_al.ppt – page 3
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GEYSER, CAA fast-moving wildfire burned in northern California’s Sonoma wine country on Friday, September 3, 2004. It rapidly grew to several thousand acres, threatening homes and vineyards. Smoke billowed out over the Pacific Ocean for nearly 200 miles.
MODIS_FireImages.ppt – page 3
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Now for a closer look
akelly_trainstatus2.ppt – page 6
Next up, Aura …
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Purpose
Researches the composition, chemistry, and dynamics of the Earth’s atmosphere as well as study the ozone, air quality, and climate.
Instruments• HIRDLS: High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder – Observes global distribution of
temperature and composition of the upper troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere
• MLS: Microwave Limb Sounder – Uses microwave emission to measure stratospheric temperature and upper tropospheric constituents
• OMI : Ozone Monitoring Instrument – Distinguishes between aerosol types, such as smoke, dust, and sulfates. Measure cloud pressure and coverage, which provide data to derive tropospheric ozone.
• TES: Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer – High-resolution infrared-imaging Fourier transform spectrometer that offers a line-width-limited discrimination of essentially all radiatively active molecular species in the Earth's lower atmosphere.
EOS Aura
akelly_trainstatus2.ppt – page 12
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• At the request of the Aura Project Scientist, Aura was moved from its current location (15 minutes behind Aqua) to ~ 8 minutes behind Aqua—completed on May 8, 2008
• Aura is now on a different ground track than Aqua (+18 kilometer (East) offset of Aqua’s WRS-2 path) to enable MLS/CloudSat viewing goal
• Aura FOT is maintaining the Control Box to ±10 km (±20 km requirement)
Aura Rephasing (1 of 2)
A-Train Control Box Configuration
01_Kelly_MOWG_Rev.ppt – page 7
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Ground track(WRS Paths)
Equator
CloudSat ground track
Orbit PlaneMLTAN – 13:35 13:44
Aqua
PARASOL
MLS
AIRS +/- 825 km
MODIS +/- 1150 km
OMI +/- 1300 km
N
MLS Limb track
Aura
CloudSat CALIPSO
Aura MLS now sees the same air mass as CloudSat and CALIPSO
~7 min 10 sec8 min
7 min
Aura Rephasing (2 of 2)
01_Kelly_MOWG_Rev.ppt – page 8
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0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
Date
Fu
el R
emai
nin
g (
kg)
Definitive Fuel Use Predicted Fuel Use
Aura Fuel Usage: (Actual & Predicted)
Fall 2006 Delta-i
Maneuvers
Fall 2004 Delta-i
Maneuvers
Spring 2007 Delta-i
Maneuvers
Spring 2009 Delta-i
Maneuvers
Annual Delta-i
Maneuvers
02_Guit_SpacecraftStatus.ppt – page 15
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Now for a closer look
akelly_trainstatus2.ppt – page 6
Next PARASOL …
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PARASOL
Instrument
POLDER: Improve the microphysical and radiative property characterization of clouds and aerosols for model improvement.
Source: CNES
akelly_trainstatus2.ppt – page 13
Purpose
Studies the role of clouds and aerosols using Polarization and Anisotropy of Reflectances for Atmospheric Science coupled with Observations from a LIDAR.
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Instrumental Background : POLDER
– CNES/LOA instrument, Parasol launched 2005• ~ 705 km polar orbits, ascending (13:30 a.m.)
– Sensor Characteristics• 10 spectral bands ranging from 0.443 to 1.020 µm• 3 polarised channels•Wide FOV CCD Camera with 1800 km swath
width• +/- 43 degrees cross track• +/- 51degrees along track•Multidirectionnal observations (up to 16 directions)• Spatial resolution : 6x7 km•No onboard calibration system - Inflight vicarious
calibration : – 2-3% absolute calibration accuracy– 1% interband – 0.1% interpixel over clouds
AMS2006_Riedi_et_al.ppt – page 4
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Now for a closer look
akelly_trainstatus2.ppt – page 6
Next CloudSat and CALIPSO …
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23d314_calipso-cloudsat.pdf – page 7
Delta II 7420 Launch Vehicle – 10 ft Fairing
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705 km
Aqua
CALIPSO-CloudSat Coordinated Ascent Overview
CALIPSO
CloudSat
690 km
PreliminaryBurns
OrbitRaises 1
OrbitRaises 2
PARASOL
54809.ppt – page 17Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations
Final Trim
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CloudSat
Cloud Profiling Radar
akelly_trainstatus2.ppt – page 14
Purpose
Will advance our understanding of cloud abundance, distribution, structure, and radiative properties. First satellite-based millimeter-wavelength cloud radar 1000 times more sensitive than existing ground weather radars Able to detect the much smaller particles of liquid water and ice (ground-based weather radars use centimeter wavelengths)
Instrument
Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) instrument, a 94-GHz nadir-looking radar. Measures the power backscattered by clouds as a function of distance from the radar. Developed jointly by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA).
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CALIPSO
akelly_trainstatus2.ppt – page 15
Instruments
Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP): Two wavelength polarization-sensitive Lidar that provides high-resolution vertical profiles of aerosols and clouds
Wide Field Camera (WFC): Fixed, nadir-viewing imager with a single spectral channel covering the 620-670 nm region
Imaging Infrared Radiometer (IIR): Nadir-viewing, non-scanning imager
Purpose
Determine the distribution of aerosols and thin clouds around the world and will help scientists develop never-before-seen views of Earth’s atmospheric structure and behavior1.
1 -http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/calipso/multimedia/cloud_calip_mm.html
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27akelly_trainstatus2.ppt – page 7
Now for a closer look
Final two, OCO and Glory …
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Future Missions
Two more missions are set to join the A-Train after they launch in late 2008:
• The Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO) will– Provide space-based observations
of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), the principal human-initiated driver of climate change.
• The Glory mission will– Collect data on the chemical,
microphysical, and optical properties, and spatial and temporal distributions of aerosols, and
– Continue collection of total solar irradiance data for the long-term climate record.
Glory
OCO
akelly_trainstatus2.ppt – page 16
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The Afternoon ConstellationIs an International Undertaking
akelly_trainstatus2.ppt – page 9
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Principal Investigators/Project Scientists andInternational Partners for Constellation Missions
akelly_trainstatus2.ppt – page 10
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Backup Charts
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Morning and Afternoon Constellation Phasing
Tracking Station Key:AGS – Alaska Ground StationSGS – Svalbard Ground StationLGS – Landsat Ground StationTDRSW – TDRS-WEST (geo-synchronous)
kelly_613_409_final.ppt – page 7
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Earth Science Morning Constellation
• SAC-C is staying 2 km above Landsat-7 & Terra
Mission MLTTerra 10:30:03EO-1 09:59:56Landsat-7 10:01:03SAC-C 08:14:41
Original Morning Constellation configuration
• EO-1 is currently 15 km below Landsat-7 & Terra
Operating on a 2-year extension through 2009
Has enough propellant to last through 2011
• Terra and LandSat-7 are continuing operations at
705 km.
01_Kelly_MOWG_Rev.ppt – page 20
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Debris Avoidance
• On average, one object comes closeWithin 5 km of each constellation
mission each dayWithin 2 km of each constellation
mission once or twice a week.• ESMO has a task with the DOD’s
Joint Space Operations Center (JSpOC) to screen all A-Train and Morning Constellation missions to ensure their safety.
• A number of missions are in a 705 km sun-synchronous polar orbit.• 55 other objects reside in orbits with mean altitudes of 705 +/- 5 km,
including, A-Train missions, Terra, EO-1, Landsat-5 and -7, and six Iridium satellites.
• More than 1500 cataloged objects pass through this regime each day.
01_Kelly_MOWG_Rev.ppt – page 22
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• Aura performed a 2-second burn on June 26, 2008 to avoid a piece of well-tracked debris from a U.S. satellite.
• CloudSat performed two small maneuvers on July 20 and 22, 2008 to avoid debris from a Delta I LV.
• PARASOL performed an early drag make-up maneuver on October 20, 2008 to avoid a space object.
• PARASOL is planning a possible avoidance maneuver on October 27
• Terra is evaluating a debris avoidance maneuver this week
Debris Avoidance Maneuvers During June 2007 – July 2008
01_Kelly_MOWG_Rev.ppt – page 23
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INDOCHINA
Image captured on March 10, 2006 from the MODIS instrument on the Aqua satellite. Widespread fires throughout Myanmar (Burma), Thailand and Laos.
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Afternoon ConstellationControl Center Coordination
kelly_613_409_final.ppt – page 15