1 The Human Body: An PART A...
Transcript of 1 The Human Body: An PART A...
![Page 1: 1 The Human Body: An PART A Orientationccassidy.rsd17.org/uploads/5/7/5/2/57520997/intro_to_ap...Title Nerve activates contraction Author Karl Miyajima Created Date 9/8/2014 9:07:04](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042122/5e9c56455bfaf66eb90645c2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ELAINE N. MARIEB
EIGHTH EDITION
1
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University
ESSENTIALS
OF HUMAN
ANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
PART A
The Human Body: An
Orientation
![Page 2: 1 The Human Body: An PART A Orientationccassidy.rsd17.org/uploads/5/7/5/2/57520997/intro_to_ap...Title Nerve activates contraction Author Karl Miyajima Created Date 9/8/2014 9:07:04](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042122/5e9c56455bfaf66eb90645c2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Human Body – An Orientation
Biology – study of all forms of life
Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of
the body and relationship of one part to
another
Physiology – study of how the body and its
parts work or function
![Page 3: 1 The Human Body: An PART A Orientationccassidy.rsd17.org/uploads/5/7/5/2/57520997/intro_to_ap...Title Nerve activates contraction Author Karl Miyajima Created Date 9/8/2014 9:07:04](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042122/5e9c56455bfaf66eb90645c2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Anatomy – Levels of Study
Gross Anatomy
Large structures
Easily observable
with the naked eye
Morphology
![Page 4: 1 The Human Body: An PART A Orientationccassidy.rsd17.org/uploads/5/7/5/2/57520997/intro_to_ap...Title Nerve activates contraction Author Karl Miyajima Created Date 9/8/2014 9:07:04](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042122/5e9c56455bfaf66eb90645c2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 14.4
Anatomy – Levels of Study
Microscopic Anatomy
Very small
structures
Can only be
viewed with
a microscope
Cytology
Histology
![Page 5: 1 The Human Body: An PART A Orientationccassidy.rsd17.org/uploads/5/7/5/2/57520997/intro_to_ap...Title Nerve activates contraction Author Karl Miyajima Created Date 9/8/2014 9:07:04](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042122/5e9c56455bfaf66eb90645c2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Anatomy – Levels of Study
Developmental Anatomy
Growth of organism
Embryology
![Page 6: 1 The Human Body: An PART A Orientationccassidy.rsd17.org/uploads/5/7/5/2/57520997/intro_to_ap...Title Nerve activates contraction Author Karl Miyajima Created Date 9/8/2014 9:07:04](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042122/5e9c56455bfaf66eb90645c2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Anatomy – Levels of Study
Comparative Anatomy
Similarities &
Differences to other
animals
![Page 7: 1 The Human Body: An PART A Orientationccassidy.rsd17.org/uploads/5/7/5/2/57520997/intro_to_ap...Title Nerve activates contraction Author Karl Miyajima Created Date 9/8/2014 9:07:04](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042122/5e9c56455bfaf66eb90645c2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Anatomy – Levels of Study
Systematic Anatomy
Structure and
function of organ
systems and
relationship to
organism
![Page 8: 1 The Human Body: An PART A Orientationccassidy.rsd17.org/uploads/5/7/5/2/57520997/intro_to_ap...Title Nerve activates contraction Author Karl Miyajima Created Date 9/8/2014 9:07:04](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042122/5e9c56455bfaf66eb90645c2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Language of Anatomy
Special terminology is used to prevent
misunderstanding
Anatomical Position
Exact terms are used for:
Position
Direction
Regions – superficial/deep & internal/external
Structures
![Page 9: 1 The Human Body: An PART A Orientationccassidy.rsd17.org/uploads/5/7/5/2/57520997/intro_to_ap...Title Nerve activates contraction Author Karl Miyajima Created Date 9/8/2014 9:07:04](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042122/5e9c56455bfaf66eb90645c2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1
![Page 10: 1 The Human Body: An PART A Orientationccassidy.rsd17.org/uploads/5/7/5/2/57520997/intro_to_ap...Title Nerve activates contraction Author Karl Miyajima Created Date 9/8/2014 9:07:04](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042122/5e9c56455bfaf66eb90645c2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (cont)
![Page 11: 1 The Human Body: An PART A Orientationccassidy.rsd17.org/uploads/5/7/5/2/57520997/intro_to_ap...Title Nerve activates contraction Author Karl Miyajima Created Date 9/8/2014 9:07:04](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042122/5e9c56455bfaf66eb90645c2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Body Landmarks
Anterior
Figure 1.5a
![Page 12: 1 The Human Body: An PART A Orientationccassidy.rsd17.org/uploads/5/7/5/2/57520997/intro_to_ap...Title Nerve activates contraction Author Karl Miyajima Created Date 9/8/2014 9:07:04](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042122/5e9c56455bfaf66eb90645c2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Body Landmarks
Posterior
Figure 1.5b
![Page 13: 1 The Human Body: An PART A Orientationccassidy.rsd17.org/uploads/5/7/5/2/57520997/intro_to_ap...Title Nerve activates contraction Author Karl Miyajima Created Date 9/8/2014 9:07:04](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042122/5e9c56455bfaf66eb90645c2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Body Planes
Figure 1.6
![Page 14: 1 The Human Body: An PART A Orientationccassidy.rsd17.org/uploads/5/7/5/2/57520997/intro_to_ap...Title Nerve activates contraction Author Karl Miyajima Created Date 9/8/2014 9:07:04](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042122/5e9c56455bfaf66eb90645c2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Body Cavities
Figure 1.7
![Page 15: 1 The Human Body: An PART A Orientationccassidy.rsd17.org/uploads/5/7/5/2/57520997/intro_to_ap...Title Nerve activates contraction Author Karl Miyajima Created Date 9/8/2014 9:07:04](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042122/5e9c56455bfaf66eb90645c2/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Figure 1.8a
![Page 16: 1 The Human Body: An PART A Orientationccassidy.rsd17.org/uploads/5/7/5/2/57520997/intro_to_ap...Title Nerve activates contraction Author Karl Miyajima Created Date 9/8/2014 9:07:04](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042122/5e9c56455bfaf66eb90645c2/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.8b
![Page 17: 1 The Human Body: An PART A Orientationccassidy.rsd17.org/uploads/5/7/5/2/57520997/intro_to_ap...Title Nerve activates contraction Author Karl Miyajima Created Date 9/8/2014 9:07:04](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042122/5e9c56455bfaf66eb90645c2/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Abdominopelvic Major Organs
Figure 1.8c
![Page 18: 1 The Human Body: An PART A Orientationccassidy.rsd17.org/uploads/5/7/5/2/57520997/intro_to_ap...Title Nerve activates contraction Author Karl Miyajima Created Date 9/8/2014 9:07:04](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042122/5e9c56455bfaf66eb90645c2/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Characteristics of Life
Made of cells
Grows and develops
Obtains and uses energy
Responds to environment
Able to reproduce
![Page 19: 1 The Human Body: An PART A Orientationccassidy.rsd17.org/uploads/5/7/5/2/57520997/intro_to_ap...Title Nerve activates contraction Author Karl Miyajima Created Date 9/8/2014 9:07:04](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042122/5e9c56455bfaf66eb90645c2/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Necessary Life Functions
Maintain Boundaries
Movement
Locomotion
Movement of substances
Responsiveness
Ability to sense changes and react
Digestion
Break-down and delivery of nutrients
![Page 20: 1 The Human Body: An PART A Orientationccassidy.rsd17.org/uploads/5/7/5/2/57520997/intro_to_ap...Title Nerve activates contraction Author Karl Miyajima Created Date 9/8/2014 9:07:04](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042122/5e9c56455bfaf66eb90645c2/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Necessary Life Functions
Metabolism – chemical reactions within the
body
Production of energy - use of food &
secretions
Making body structures – growth & repair
Anabolism vs. Catabolism
Excretion
Elimination of waste from metabolic
reactions
![Page 21: 1 The Human Body: An PART A Orientationccassidy.rsd17.org/uploads/5/7/5/2/57520997/intro_to_ap...Title Nerve activates contraction Author Karl Miyajima Created Date 9/8/2014 9:07:04](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042122/5e9c56455bfaf66eb90645c2/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Necessary Life Functions
Reproduction
Production of future generation
Growth
Increasing of cell size and number
![Page 22: 1 The Human Body: An PART A Orientationccassidy.rsd17.org/uploads/5/7/5/2/57520997/intro_to_ap...Title Nerve activates contraction Author Karl Miyajima Created Date 9/8/2014 9:07:04](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042122/5e9c56455bfaf66eb90645c2/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Survival Needs
Nutrients
Chemicals for energy and cell building
Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
vitamins, and minerals
Oxygen
Required for chemical reactions
![Page 23: 1 The Human Body: An PART A Orientationccassidy.rsd17.org/uploads/5/7/5/2/57520997/intro_to_ap...Title Nerve activates contraction Author Karl Miyajima Created Date 9/8/2014 9:07:04](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042122/5e9c56455bfaf66eb90645c2/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Survival Needs
Water
60–80% of body weight
Provides for metabolic reaction
Stable body temperature
Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate
![Page 24: 1 The Human Body: An PART A Orientationccassidy.rsd17.org/uploads/5/7/5/2/57520997/intro_to_ap...Title Nerve activates contraction Author Karl Miyajima Created Date 9/8/2014 9:07:04](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042122/5e9c56455bfaf66eb90645c2/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Homeostasis
Maintenance of a stable internal environment
= a dynamic state of equilibrium
Homeostasis must be maintained for normal
body functioning and to sustain life
Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in
homeostasis resulting in disease
![Page 25: 1 The Human Body: An PART A Orientationccassidy.rsd17.org/uploads/5/7/5/2/57520997/intro_to_ap...Title Nerve activates contraction Author Karl Miyajima Created Date 9/8/2014 9:07:04](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042122/5e9c56455bfaf66eb90645c2/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.1
Levels of Structural Organization