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THE HISTORY OF WOMENTHE HISTORY OF WOMENIN THE WESTERN WORLD IN THE WESTERN WORLD

IN THE FRENCH PUBLIC IN THE FRENCH PUBLIC RADIO BROADCASTING SERVICERADIO BROADCASTING SERVICE

Isabel GuglielmoneIsabel GuglielmoneMaître de ConférencesMaître de Conférences

Université de Technologie de Compiègne(France) www.utc.frUniversité de Technologie de Compiègne(France) www.utc.frIsabel.Guglielmone@utc.frIsabel.Guglielmone@utc.fr

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The History of Women in the Western The History of Women in the Western WorldWorldDuby G & Perrot M - Editions PLON 1992Duby G & Perrot M - Editions PLON 1992

• France CultureFrance Culture : : My history of womenMy history of women by Michelle Perrot by Michelle Perrot

• France Inter: series France Inter: series Two thousand years Two thousand years of history - of history - chapter chapter The history of the The history of the work of women work of women by Patrice Gelinetby Patrice Gelinet

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The transmission of knowledge The transmission of knowledge concerning historyconcerning history

• where the where the principle of veracityprinciple of veracity is is therefore a central issuetherefore a central issue

• the aim of the present study is to provide the aim of the present study is to provide a comparative description of these two a comparative description of these two radio broadcasts radio broadcasts

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We shall ask the We shall ask the following questionsfollowing questions

• What are the functions performed by M. What are the functions performed by M. Perrot and P. Gelinet as presenters of Perrot and P. Gelinet as presenters of these radio broadcasts? these radio broadcasts?

• How is the audience taken into count?How is the audience taken into count?

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• What are the socio-discursive actions by What are the socio-discursive actions by which knowledge is transmitted?which knowledge is transmitted?

• In order to authenticate the veracity of In order to authenticate the veracity of this knowledge, what is the presence of this knowledge, what is the presence of “other” discourses and the forms of “other” discourses and the forms of “dialogues” which are used? “dialogues” which are used?

We shall ask the We shall ask the following questionsfollowing questions

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• How do history and fiction cross-fertilise How do history and fiction cross-fertilise and stabilise each other?and stabilise each other?

We shall ask the We shall ask the following questionsfollowing questions

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MethodologyMethodology

1.1. The analysis of the formal linguistic The analysis of the formal linguistic and and semiological traces in the opening semiological traces in the opening sequences of the two programmes. sequences of the two programmes.

2.2. The notion of “emplotment” by the The notion of “emplotment” by the philosopher P. Ricœurphilosopher P. Ricœur

3. 3. The socio-discursive sequences using The socio-discursive sequences using the the categories proposed by the linguist categories proposed by the linguist J.M. J.M. Adam.Adam.

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MethodologyMethodology

4. 4. The forms of “dialogism” employed The forms of “dialogism” employed will will serve to characterize the cultural and serve to characterize the cultural and

scientific references that are invoked scientific references that are invoked to to authenticate the veracity of the authenticate the veracity of the discourse.discourse.

5. 5. Finally, this will lead us to characterize Finally, this will lead us to characterize two two ways of handling the classical radio ways of handling the classical radio

situation, where there is an attempt to situation, where there is an attempt to create a “rapport” with the listeners create a “rapport” with the listeners

but but where where the public is physically absentthe public is physically absent..

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The opening sequences of the The opening sequences of the programmesprogrammes

• France Culture: France Culture: “My history of women: “My history of women: Michelle Perrot”Michelle Perrot” pronounced in a neutral tone. pronounced in a neutral tone.

• The use of the possessive adjectif The use of the possessive adjectif “my”“my” . .

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““My history of women”:My history of women”:

• ““This week, we will talk about the work of This week, we will talk about the work of women”women”

• the personal pronoun “we” is inclusive the personal pronoun “we” is inclusive since it combines the “I” of the presenter since it combines the “I” of the presenter and the “you” of the listenersand the “you” of the listeners

• the “you” which prevails in the relation the “you” which prevails in the relation “me + you” = “me + you” = solidarity and proximitysolidarity and proximity

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France Inter: “France Inter: “Two thousand Two thousand years of history”:years of history”:

• He addresses the listeners, who are manifestly He addresses the listeners, who are manifestly dissociated from the dissociated from the “I/me”“I/me” of the enunciation. of the enunciation.

• ““Hello everybody, today with the historian Hello everybody, today with the historian Michelle Perrot: ‘The work of women’.”Michelle Perrot: ‘The work of women’.”

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An argument of An argument of intellectual authorityintellectual authority

• ““The French persuade women that they The French persuade women that they have no gifts, the better to relegate them have no gifts, the better to relegate them to the subordinate ranks of housework” to the subordinate ranks of housework” (Charles Fourier)(Charles Fourier)

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The following text is read The following text is read byby P. Gelinet P. Gelinet

• ““Whereas women represent today close to half Whereas women represent today close to half the working population in France, the working population in France, one forgetsone forgets that parity is not equality, that women are often that parity is not equality, that women are often confined to subordinate tasks and that for equal confined to subordinate tasks and that for equal work they remain less well paid than men. work they remain less well paid than men. One One forgetsforgets also that they often have a double also that they often have a double workload and that in addition to their salaried workload and that in addition to their salaried job, if they have one, they have not been job, if they have one, they have not been relieved of the housework to which they have relieved of the housework to which they have always been relegated. always been relegated. One forgets One forgets finally finally that well before entering the factories and the that well before entering the factories and the offices, women have always worked, without offices, women have always worked, without waiting for Simone de Beauvoir to see in work waiting for Simone de Beauvoir to see in work the main instrument of their liberation.”the main instrument of their liberation.”

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This assertion is reinforced This assertion is reinforced by:by:

• a a triple accumulationtriple accumulation

• preceding it by the repeated use of the preceding it by the repeated use of the impersonal pronoun «one» impersonal pronoun «one»

• a generalisation which neutralizes the need a generalisation which neutralizes the need for Gelinet to take responsibility for his for Gelinet to take responsibility for his assertionassertion

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The events of the emplotmentThe events of the emplotment

• the human condition faced with the dimensions the human condition faced with the dimensions of cosmic timeof cosmic time

• “ “ time becomes human to the extent that it is time becomes human to the extent that it is articulated through a narrative mode, and articulated through a narrative mode, and narrative attains its full meaning when it narrative attains its full meaning when it becomes a condition of temporal existence” becomes a condition of temporal existence” (Ricœur 1984: 52)(Ricœur 1984: 52)

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My history of womenMy history of women

• the narration is presented as a journey from the narration is presented as a journey from immobility to movement, and from silence to speechimmobility to movement, and from silence to speech

• the events which configure the development of the the events which configure the development of the story are external in naturestory are external in nature

• these events attributed to socio-economic conditions: these events attributed to socio-economic conditions: industrialization, and the two World Warsindustrialization, and the two World Wars

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From immobility to movementFrom immobility to movement

• situation of immobility: in the home, in the situation of immobility: in the home, in the wash-house, taking care of the farmyardwash-house, taking care of the farmyard

• travel, the train and the town engender travel, the train and the town engender movement which will lead to a final movement which will lead to a final situation: salaried worksituation: salaried work

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The passage from the silence The passage from the silence of women, towards the final of women, towards the final situation of speaking outsituation of speaking out

• Marguerite Audoux, born 1863, Marguerite Audoux, born 1863, shepherdess in Sologne as a child, shepherdess in Sologne as a child, seamstress in a workshop in Paris, who seamstress in a workshop in Paris, who became the author of two realistic and became the author of two realistic and autobiographical novels.autobiographical novels.

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• Nicole Notat is also cited: Nicole Notat is also cited: “daughter of “daughter of Lorraine farmers, she was a school teacher Lorraine farmers, she was a school teacher before entering the CFDT “ (before entering the CFDT “ (Confédération Confédération Française Démocratique du Travail). Française Démocratique du Travail).

The passage from the silence The passage from the silence of women, towards the final of women, towards the final situation of speaking outsituation of speaking out

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The events of the emplotmentThe events of the emplotment

• In the France Inter programme In the France Inter programme Two Two thousand years of historythousand years of history,, the event the event which constitutes the core of the story is which constitutes the core of the story is also external but easier to handle from a also external but easier to handle from a journalistic point of view: the changes in journalistic point of view: the changes in the lives of women caused by the the lives of women caused by the commercialisation and the use of commercialisation and the use of domestic appliances.domestic appliances.

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The changes in the lives of women The changes in the lives of women caused by the use of domestic caused by the use of domestic appliancesappliances

• he then presents a recording of the words he then presents a recording of the words spoken by a journalist at the inauguration spoken by a journalist at the inauguration of the Saloon of Domestic Arts at the of the Saloon of Domestic Arts at the Grand Palais in 1957 in Paris Grand Palais in 1957 in Paris

• ””just before airing it, this extract is just before airing it, this extract is described by Gelinet as “very sexist”described by Gelinet as “very sexist”

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Schematic representations Schematic representations of the worldof the world

• the conception of narrative sequences the conception of narrative sequences proposed by Jean Michel Adamproposed by Jean Michel Adam

• My history of womenMy history of women, narrative , narrative sequences are the predominant typesequences are the predominant type

• after the opening of the broadcast, once after the opening of the broadcast, once the listeners are assembled, Perrot uses the listeners are assembled, Perrot uses the composite past tense the composite past tense

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The story-teller Michelle PerrotThe story-teller Michelle Perrot

• thus, the use of the composite past, the present, thus, the use of the composite past, the present, and the future indicative may correspond to a and the future indicative may correspond to a call for an engagement, an incitation to close call for an engagement, an incitation to close listening, which provokes the entry into the listening, which provokes the entry into the world that is being commented onworld that is being commented on

• By contrast, the imperfect tense, a sort of By contrast, the imperfect tense, a sort of “Once “Once upon a time…”upon a time…”, marks the entry into a sort of , marks the entry into a sort of narration where the story-teller Michelle Perrot narration where the story-teller Michelle Perrot excels.excels.

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The descriptive sequencesThe descriptive sequences

• the passages concerning life in the the passages concerning life in the countryside contain descriptive countryside contain descriptive sequences, manifested by sequences, manifested by operations operations which qualify persons which qualify persons (Adam 2005): (Adam 2005):

““The peasant woman is a woman with a The peasant woman is a woman with a stoop”stoop”  

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Explaining through dialogueExplaining through dialogue

• the explanatory sequences are formed by the explanatory sequences are formed by two operators (Adam 2005): by a two operators (Adam 2005): by a “why”“why”, , when a question is asked; by a when a question is asked; by a “because”“because” or equivalent conjunction, to introduce or equivalent conjunction, to introduce the corresponding answerthe corresponding answer

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The interview characteristically The interview characteristically presents explanatory presents explanatory sequencessequences

• employing interactions which are symmetrical employing interactions which are symmetrical in nature, based on equality and minimizing in nature, based on equality and minimizing the difference between the speakers the difference between the speakers

“

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““Dialogism” and the principle Dialogism” and the principle of veracityof veracity

• the transmission of historical knowledge the transmission of historical knowledge via the media is also dependent on the via the media is also dependent on the conditions of veracity; it is based on the conditions of veracity; it is based on the backing provided by references coming backing provided by references coming from “other” sourcesfrom “other” sources

• the notion of “dialogism” (Charaudeau & the notion of “dialogism” (Charaudeau & Mainguenau 2002) Mainguenau 2002)

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Investigations, testimonies Investigations, testimonies and fictionand fiction

• Michelle Perrot makes use of the external Michelle Perrot makes use of the external voices of a multitude of narrators coming voices of a multitude of narrators coming from two specific fields: historical from two specific fields: historical investigation and literatureinvestigation and literature

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The domain of testimoniesThe domain of testimonies

• M.Perrot evokes the memory of Agatha, M.Perrot evokes the memory of Agatha, “I still see her”“I still see her”, her great-grandmother , her great-grandmother from the Poitiers regionfrom the Poitiers region

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The domain of fictionThe domain of fiction

• M. Perrot evokes:M. Perrot evokes:

– Emile Zola Emile Zola a representative of the a representative of the realist novels of the 19th centuryrealist novels of the 19th century

– Georges SandGeorges Sand

– Marguerite AudouxMarguerite Audoux

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The domain of investigationThe domain of investigation

• a dozen precise references concerning a dozen precise references concerning authors and themes of researchauthors and themes of research

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Recorded sourcesRecorded sources

• Patrice Gelinet cites from documents in Patrice Gelinet cites from documents in the audiovisual archives concerning the audiovisual archives concerning current events current events and from creations of the and from creations of the cinema and record industries cinema and record industries

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The actual selection of extractsThe actual selection of extracts

• reinforces the openly partisan position of reinforces the openly partisan position of Gelinet who denounces the inequality of Gelinet who denounces the inequality of the condition of women, as already the condition of women, as already indicated at the opening of the broadcastindicated at the opening of the broadcast

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Gatherings and the Radio Gatherings and the Radio TribuneTribune

a)a) the narrative-descriptive assertions of the narrative-descriptive assertions of My My history of womenhistory of women

b) b) the explicative-argumentative assertions the explicative-argumentative assertions of of Two thousand years of historyTwo thousand years of history

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The inventory of a large The inventory of a large number of spatio-temporal number of spatio-temporal shiftersshifters

• has provided the necessary information has provided the necessary information to assert that in both of these to assert that in both of these programmes, the world is presented on programmes, the world is presented on the basis of an entry-point for the basis of an entry-point for commentary, with the open intervention commentary, with the open intervention of Perrot and Gelinet who do not efface of Perrot and Gelinet who do not efface their presence by hiding behind eventstheir presence by hiding behind events

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The situations of the two radio The situations of the two radio programmes are distinctly programmes are distinctly differentdifferent

• PerroPerrot t performs the entire narration of performs the entire narration of My My history of womenhistory of women, combining the roles of , combining the roles of actor, witness actor, witness andand mediator mediator

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A Radio GatheringA Radio Gathering

• using a “we” that is inclusive and using a “we” that is inclusive and unlimited, the broadcasts are unlimited, the broadcasts are “radio “radio gatherings”gatherings”, where during the time the , where during the time the programme is on the air the listeners are programme is on the air the listeners are part of that part of that “spiritual”“spiritual” collective called collective called the public, formed by individuals who are the public, formed by individuals who are separated physically but linked mentally separated physically but linked mentally (Tarde, 2007 edition)(Tarde, 2007 edition)

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Circular relation between Circular relation between history and fictionhistory and fiction

• the recourse to fictional characters in the recourse to fictional characters in order to speak of history, and the order to speak of history, and the theatrical theatrical nature of certain scenes, testify nature of certain scenes, testify to the circular relation between history to the circular relation between history and fiction because both can be told “as and fiction because both can be told “as if it had really happened”. (Ricœur 1985)if it had really happened”. (Ricœur 1985)

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• conversely, the fictionalising of history offers conversely, the fictionalising of history offers the metaphoric possibility of the metaphoric possibility of “imagining “imagining that”that”, and seeing perfectly real events , and seeing perfectly real events “as if”“as if” they were fictional (Ricœur op.cit 185)they were fictional (Ricœur op.cit 185)

Circular relation between Circular relation between history and fictionhistory and fiction

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A «radio tribune»A «radio tribune»

• Patrice Gelinet takes sides right from the Patrice Gelinet takes sides right from the start in defence of the condition of womenstart in defence of the condition of women

• argument and explanation are the argument and explanation are the expository strategies employed, with the expository strategies employed, with the support of recorded extracts to assist the support of recorded extracts to assist the demonstrationsdemonstrations

,

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• the public is represented by a “you” the public is represented by a “you” detached from the first person of the detached from the first person of the speaker, but which remains an alter-ego speaker, but which remains an alter-ego with whom Gelinet wishes to share his point with whom Gelinet wishes to share his point of view in order to transmit knowledgeof view in order to transmit knowledge

• installed in his installed in his “radio tribune”“radio tribune” and with a and with a view to demonstrate the inequality of the view to demonstrate the inequality of the situation of womensituation of women

A «radio tribune»A «radio tribune»

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Michelle PerrotMichelle Perrot

• in her condition as a woman, and moreover a in her condition as a woman, and moreover a historian and protagonist of the French historian and protagonist of the French feminist movement in the 1970’s, she feminist movement in the 1970’s, she maintains her reserve and has a much less maintains her reserve and has a much less reactive posturereactive posture

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Patrice GelinetPatrice Gelinet

• Gelinet, as a journalist, announces with Gelinet, as a journalist, announces with precise figures that in France, at the precise figures that in France, at the present time, the wages of women are less present time, the wages of women are less than those of men, that unemployment and than those of men, that unemployment and precariousness are more prevalent in the precariousness are more prevalent in the female population; Gelinet and Perrot agree female population; Gelinet and Perrot agree that, for the equality of women, that, for the equality of women, “there is “there is still a lot to be done”.still a lot to be done”.

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Radio will never itself be, or try Radio will never itself be, or try to imitate, a traditional to imitate, a traditional classroomclassroom

• the “radio tribunes” and the “gatherings” may the “radio tribunes” and the “gatherings” may correspond, in a non-determinate manner, to correspond, in a non-determinate manner, to the essential characteristics of the two stationsthe essential characteristics of the two stations

.

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In face of the technological and In face of the technological and economic mutationseconomic mutations

• in a panorama of radio broadcasting which is in a panorama of radio broadcasting which is hyper-competitive, and which is currently hyper-competitive, and which is currently under way, public service radio will have to under way, public service radio will have to invent new modes of relating to knowledgeinvent new modes of relating to knowledge and and the place for the listenersthe place for the listeners

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• Benveniste E. Benveniste E. Problèmes de linguistique générale 1Problèmes de linguistique générale 1 Gallimard 1966 Gallimard 1966• Charaudeau P., Mainguenau D. Charaudeau P., Mainguenau D. Dictionnaire d’analyse du discours.Dictionnaire d’analyse du discours. Seuil Seuil

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Thank you.Thank you.

Any questions?Any questions?