1 The GNU-Project Payam Pirghaibi The GNU-Project.
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Transcript of 1 The GNU-Project Payam Pirghaibi The GNU-Project.
2
• What is GNU?
• GPL/LGPL
• The History of GNU
• GNU/Linux
• Free Software Foundation and Open Source Initiative
• Advantages of Free Software
• Final remarks
The GNU-Project
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The GNU-Project
GNU is a Unix-compatible software system. It‘s source code is free for all
and is protected against transformation in commercial software by
General Public License.
„What is GNU? GNU’s Not Unix.”
What is GNU?
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• “Free Software“
• Free not in the sense of “no cost“ but in the sense of “freedom“
• “Free speech, not free beer“
The philosophy of the GNU-Project
The GNU-Project
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The four gradations of freedom
• The freedom to use a software no matter for which purpose (freedom 0)
• The freedom to examine a software, to understand and to adapt it as one likes (freedom 1)
• The freedom to distribute copies of the software, to let friends participate and help (freedom 2)
• The freedom to improve and publish the software, so that everbody can profit from it (freedom 3)
The GNU-Project
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License-characteristic
Software-typ
Non-profitable Free distribution
Unlimited use Sourcecode available
Sourcecode modification
All divisions have to be free
No mixing with commercial software
commercial
(„Microsoft“)
Sample-software, shareware
(X) X
Freeware
(„Pegasus-Mail“) X X X
licensefree libraries X X X X
Free-Software
(BSD, NPL,…) X X X X X
Free Software
(GNU, LGPL) X X X X X X
Free Software
(GNU GPL) X X X X X X X
The GNU-Project
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GPL:
• Constructed and published in 1983 by Richard Stallman
• Garanties the freedom of the users while dealing with software
LGPL:
• Libraries
• Collection of functions
The GNU-Project
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• Born in New York in 1953
• Founder of the GNU-Project
• The first president of the Free Software Foundation
• Prize winner of the MacArthur Fellowship, the Association of Computing Machinery’s Grace Murray Hopper Award
• Receiver of the Takeda Foundation Award
• Devoloper of gcc, GNU Emacs and many other elements of the GNU-Project
• “The true Hacker“
Richard Matthew Stallman
The GNU-Project
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Hacker or Cracker?
I am a hacker. With other words, I love to play about with computers, to work with clever computer programms, to understand and write them. I am not a cracker, I don‘t occupy myself with cracking security systems of computers. [...]Newspapers like your‘s [...] convey hacking means the cracking of security systems and nothing else. They bring hackers into disrepute [...].
Wall Street Journal 1984
The GNU-Project
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1969
- Stallman joins IBM
- Development of the first UNIX-Version by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie
1971
- Stallman changes to the Artificial Intelligence Lab of the MIT
„But by then it began to be something else because you weren't alone, there were a few other hackers there too, and so it became a social phenomenon. During the daytime if you came in, you could expect to find professors and students who didn't really love the machine, whereas if during the night you came in you would find hackers. Therefore hackers came in at night to be with their culture. And they developed other traditions such as getting Chinese food at three in the morning. And I remember many sunrises seen from a car coming back from Chinatown."
The time before GNU
The GNU-Project
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1975
- Development of the first Emacs-Version from Stallman as a macrocollection for the ITS-Editor TECO
- First PC on the market
1981
- The “community of hackers“ leaves the MIT
1982
- AI Lab changes to the DECs commercial operating system
- James Gosling writes the Gosling Emacs
1983
- AT&T commercializes the UNIX System as Closed Source
The time before GNU
The GNU-Project
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The beginning
The printer of the department was the release for the foundation of the GNU-Project
- Insufficient functionality of the printer software
- Not existing source codes
- Non-cooperative colleague in the company Xerox
The GNU-Project
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The beginning
The GNU-Project starts on September 17th. 1983
Aim of the project:
Creation of a free operating system in the sense of the “Software Sharing Community“ of the AI Lab. This means:
- To open the source codes
- The freedom to copy, to manipulate and to distribute the software
The GNU-Project
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The beginning1984
- Stallman leaves the MIT
- New Emacs-Version by Stallman
- Quarrel between Stallman and the company UniPress
1985
- Establishment of the Free Software Foundation
- GNU Manifesto
1986
- First version of the GNU General Public License
The GNU-Project
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The beginning1990
- An almost complete operating system
- Start of the GNU Hurd-Project for the development of the Kernel
1991
- Second version of the GNU General Public License
- First version of the GNU Lesser/Library General Public License
- Richard Stallman recieves the „Grace-Hopper-Award" of the Association for Computing Machinery for the development of the Emacs-Editor
- Linus Torvalds releases Linux Version 0.01
The GNU-Project
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The beginning1992
- Development of GNU/Linux
1993
- Establishment of the Linux-Distributor Debian
- The rank of a honorary doctor of the Royal University of Applied Sciences in Stockholm is confered to Richard Stallman
1996
- Development of the KDE with commercial QT-libraries from the company Trolltech
The GNU-Project
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The beginning1998
- Launch of the project "GNU Network Object Model Environment“ (GNOME)
- Development of the Harmony-library
- Stallman and Torvald recieve the “Pioneer Award" of the Electronic Frontier Foundation
- Trolltech renounces it‘s copyright on the QT-libraries
- Establishment of the Open Source Initiative
1999
- Stallman recieves the “Yuri Rubinski Award“
- Release of the GNU Lesser GPL Version 2.1
The GNU-Project
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The GNU-Project
The future
Sectors where the Free Software needs to be accepted:
1. Secret hardware
2. Proprietary libraries
3. Software patents
4. Free documentation
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The GNU-Project
• Born on December 28th. 1969 in Helsinki
1988
• Beginns his studies at the university of Helsinki
1990
• First experiences with C-programming
August 25th. 1991
• Announcement of his plan to write an operating system in the newsgroup comp.os.minix
Linus Benedict Torvalds
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September 17th. 1991
• First Linux-Version
1997 - 2003
• Employed at Transmeta in California
Currently working at the Open Source Devolopment Lab (OSDL)
Linus Benedict Torvalds
The GNU-Project
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The GNU-Project
What is Linux?
Linux is only a Kernel
A piece of software that regulates the communication between the hardwarecomponents
and the userprogramms
Linux is put together by Linus and Unix
Right: GNU/Linux
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The GNU-Project
The development of GNU/Linux
September 17th. 1991
• Linux Version 0.01
Oktober 5th. 1991
• First official version of the Linux Kernel
Dezember 19th. 1991
• Release of the first independant running version of Linux
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The GNU-Project
The development of GNU/Linux
1992
• New version with more functionality
• Kernel is protected by GPL
• The rights of Linux are ceded from Mr. William R. Della Croce, Jr. to Torvalds
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The GNU-Project
Linux logo
Why a penguin?
Re: Linux Logo
Linus Torvalds ([email protected]) Sun, 12 May 1996 09:39:19 +0300 (EET DST)
"Linus likes penguins". That's it. There was even a headline on it in some Linux Journal some time ago (I was bitten by a Killer Penguin in Australia - I'm not kidding). Penguins are fun.
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The GNU-Project
Linux logo
Why TUX?
Re: Let's name the penguin! (was: Re: Linux 2.0 really _is_ released..)
James Hughes ([email protected])
Mon, 10 Jun 1996 20:25:52 -0400
(T)orvalds (U)ni(X) -> TUX!
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The GNU-Project
Linux logo
Why TUX?
Re: Let's name the penguin! (was: Re: Linux 2.0 really _is_ released..)
James Hughes ([email protected])
Mon, 10 Jun 1996 20:25:52 -0400
(T)orvalds (U)ni(X) -> TUX!
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The GNU-Project
Linux today
10 million users
Torvalds‘ announcement in Berlin in 1996:
World Domination through Linux
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The GNU-Project
Free Software Foundation
1985
Establishment by Richard Stallman.
Aims:
• To open the source code
• The freedom to copy the software
• The freedom to manipulate the software
• The freedom to distribute the software
“Free speech, not free beer“
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The GNU-Project
Open Source Initiative
1998
Establishment by Eric S. Raymond and Bruce Perens.
Aims:
• To open the source code
• Free distribution
• Free Software as a business-model
• Help Linux and Open Source software to a broader use
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The GNU-Project
Free Software Foundation
Sendmail
Samba
KDE, GNOME
Mozilla
OpenOffice
Perl, Phyton, PHP
Examples of FSF and OSI products:
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The GNU-Project
Characteristic of Free Software
• Social aspects
• Improvement of quality
• Flexibility/compatibility
• Reuseability
• Credibility
• Independence
• Cost advantage
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The GNU-Project
Costcomparison
— 245 x Standard Workstations
— 3 x Developer Workstations
— 2 x Graphics/Design Workstations
— 1 x Mail Server
— 5 x File/Print Server
— 1 x Proxy/Firewall Server
— 1 x Intranet & SQL Server
— 1 x E-Business Server (incl. SQL & Web Server)
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The GNU-Project
Microsoft solution:Norton Antivirus 2002 250 copies $12,487.50
MS Internet Information Server 2 copies $0.00
MS Windows 2000 Advanced Server 9 copies $35,991.00
MS Commerce Server 1 copy $12,333.00
MS ISA Standard Server 2000 1 copy $1,499.00
MS SQL Server 2000 1 copy $4,999.00
MS Exchange Standard Server 2000 1 copy $1,299.00
Windows XP Professional 250 copies $74,750.00
MS Visual Studio 6.0 3 copies $3,237.00
MS Office Standard 250 copies $119,750.00
Adobe Photoshop 6 2 copies $1218.00
Additional Client Access Licenses 2 copies $15,410.00
Total: $282,973.50
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The GNU-Project
Linux solution:Linux Distribution (eg SuSE 7.3) only 1 copy necessary $79.95
Apache (Web server) provided with distribution $0.00
Squid (Proxy server) provided with distribution $0.00
PostgreSQL (Database) provided with distribution $0.00
iptables (Firewall) provided with distribution $0.00
Sendmail / Postfix (Mail servers) provided with distribution $0.00
KDevelop (IDE) provided with distribution $0.00
GIMP (Graphics) provided with distribution $0.00
OpenOffice (Productivity suite) provided with distribution $0.00
The Exchange Project
(e_ Commerce system)
only 1 copy necessary
(free download )
$0.00
Total: $79.95
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The GNU-Project
Source Declaration
- Linus Torvalds und David Diamond, Just for fun. Wie ein Freak die Computerwelt revolutionierte, München 2001.
- The GNU Project: http://www.gnu.org
- The Open Source Definition: http://www.opensource.org
- GPL/LGPL: http://www.gnu.org/licenses/licenses.html
- http://www.linux.de/linux
- http://www.linux.org/info/index.html
- http://www.openoffice.de/linux/Debian
- http://www.fsf.org/
- http://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.html