1. The first federal regulatory agency designed to protect the public interest from business...

1. The first federal regulatory 1. The first federal regulatory agency designed to protect the agency designed to protect the public interest from business public interest from business

combinations was thecombinations was the

a.a. Federal Trade CommissionFederal Trade Commission

b.b. Interstate Commerce CommissionInterstate Commerce Commission

c.c. Consumer Affairs CommissionConsumer Affairs Commission

d.d. Federal Anti-trust CommissionFederal Anti-trust Commission

e.e. Warren CommissionWarren Commission

Corporations used this Amendment (designed to protect Corporations used this Amendment (designed to protect the rights of ex-slaves during Reconstruction) to the rights of ex-slaves during Reconstruction) to defend themselves against regulation by state defend themselves against regulation by state governments?governments?

2. Which of the following socially-2. Which of the following socially-conscious authors does NOT match-up conscious authors does NOT match-up with the novel next to his or her with the novel next to his or her

name. name. a.a. Jack London - Jack London - The Call of the The Call of the

WildWild

b.b. Frank Norris - Frank Norris - The OctopusThe Octopus

c.c. Charlotte Perkins Gilman - Charlotte Perkins Gilman - Women Women and Economicsand Economics

d.d. Stephen Crane - Stephen Crane - The Gilded AgeThe Gilded Age

e.e. Edward Bellamy - Edward Bellamy - Looking Looking BackwardBackward

Name the organization that was formed by women Name the organization that was formed by women to combat the effects of alcoholism in America to combat the effects of alcoholism in America during the Gilded Age. Name one of the women during the Gilded Age. Name one of the women involved in the organization.involved in the organization.

3. By 1900, American attitudes 3. By 1900, American attitudes toward labor began to change as the toward labor began to change as the public came to recognize the right public came to recognize the right of workers to bargain collectively of workers to bargain collectively

and strike. Neverthelessand strike. Nevertheless a.a. Labor unions continued to decline Labor unions continued to decline in membership.in membership.

b.b. The Knights of Labor failed to The Knights of Labor failed to take advantage of the situation.take advantage of the situation.

c.c. The vast majority of employers The vast majority of employers continued to fight organized continued to fight organized labor.labor.

d.d. Congress declared labor unions Congress declared labor unions illegal.illegal.

e.e. Big business continued to fail in Big business continued to fail in their attempts to break up their attempts to break up strikes.strikes.

The most effective and most enduring labor union of The most effective and most enduring labor union of the Gilded Age and its founder? - the Gilded Age and its founder? - “Show me the “Show me the country in which there are no strikes and I’ll show country in which there are no strikes and I’ll show you that country in which there is no liberty.”you that country in which there is no liberty.”

4. The “Gospel of Wealth” referred 4. The “Gospel of Wealth” referred to the idea thatto the idea that

a.a. Excess wealth would prevent those who Excess wealth would prevent those who possessed it from going to heaven.possessed it from going to heaven.

b.b. Real wealth comes from the love of Real wealth comes from the love of those around you, not from money.those around you, not from money.

c.c. Money talks.Money talks.

d.d. Being wealthy wasn’t sinful so long Being wealthy wasn’t sinful so long as you didn’t hurt other people in as you didn’t hurt other people in the process of gathering that wealth.the process of gathering that wealth.

e.e. Rich people obtained their wealth Rich people obtained their wealth because God gave it to them.because God gave it to them.

Name the best-selling idealistic novelist and lecturer Name the best-selling idealistic novelist and lecturer who wrote “Progress and Poverty”. His socialistic who wrote “Progress and Poverty”. His socialistic “single tax” rhetoric and ideas were quite unpopular “single tax” rhetoric and ideas were quite unpopular with the wealthy and were extremely controversial for with the wealthy and were extremely controversial for the time.the time.

5. In the cartoon shown below, 5. In the cartoon shown below, Thomas Nast presents Boss Tweed asThomas Nast presents Boss Tweed as

a.a. A politician ruled by A politician ruled by greed.greed.

b.b. A benefactor of the A benefactor of the public.public.

c.c. A political reformer.A political reformer.

d.d. A politician corruptly A politician corruptly influenced by business.influenced by business.

e.e. A politician who rejected A politician who rejected business influence.business influence.

Who co-wrote the book Who co-wrote the book The Gilded AgeThe Gilded Age which which eventually became the name of this era in U.S. eventually became the name of this era in U.S. History? History?

Analyze the Analyze the cartoon and cartoon and explain how it explain how it relates to relates to U.S. economic U.S. economic and and governmental governmental practices of practices of the late the late 1800s.1800s.

Are Are Rockefeller’s Rockefeller’s words words reflective of reflective of the time? the time? ExplainExplain

OverviewOverviewThe most important force reshaping The most important force reshaping

American politics, diplomacy, American politics, diplomacy, life, and thought in the late 19th life, and thought in the late 19th century was industrialization. century was industrialization. Between 1865 and 1890, the U.S. Between 1865 and 1890, the U.S. changed from an agricultural changed from an agricultural country to an industrialized country to an industrialized

nation with all of the advantages nation with all of the advantages and disadvantages that go along and disadvantages that go along with such a transformation.with such a transformation.

Themes of the Gilded Age:• Politics: hard vs. soft money ('70s & '90s); tariff ('80s); corruption due to greed, patronage & trusts (throughout late 19th c.)

• Industrialism: U.S. became the world’s most powerful economy by 1890s: railroads, steel, oil, electricity, banking

• America was transformed from an agrarian nation to an urban nation between 1865 and 1920.

• Urbanization: millions of "New Immigrants" came from Southern and Eastern Europe, mostly to work in factories.

• Unions and Reform movements sought to curb the injustices of industrialism.

• Farmers increasingly lost ground in the new industrial economy and eventually organized (Populism)

• The "Last West": farming, mining, & cattle raising

• By 1900 society had become more stratified into classes than any time before or since.

FAMOUS PEOPLE• CHARLES DARWIN – “Origins of the Species”

• HERBERT SPENCER – Social Darwinism• ANDREW CARNEIGE – Steel Tycoon• JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER – Oil Tycoon• HORATIO ALGER• COMMODORE VANDERBILT – Railroad Tycoon

• MARK TWAIN - author

1.1. Plentiful raw materialsPlentiful raw materials

2.2. Available capitalAvailable capital

3.3. Available laborAvailable labor

4.4. ““Yankee” ingenuityYankee” ingenuity

5.5. Government encouragementGovernment encouragement

6.6. Attraction of able leadershipAttraction of able leadership

The rich resources of the East had scarcely been The rich resources of the East had scarcely been tapped while still greater riches waited in the Westtapped while still greater riches waited in the West

LumberLumber:: Great Lakes, Great Lakes, Rockies, Pacific NW, Rockies, Pacific NW, & Parts of South& Parts of South

CoalCoal:: PA westward PA westwardIron oreIron ore:: PA, AL, MI, PA, AL, MI,

MNMNOilOil:: PA & Southwest PA & SouthwestCopperCopper:: MI, MT, AZ MI, MT, AZSilverSilver:: CO & NV CO & NVGoldGold:: CA & SD CA & SDLeadLead:: CO, MO, IL CO, MO, IL

1)1) ForeignForeign(England, Holland, (England, Holland,

Germany)Germany)Investors eager to Investors eager to

finance American finance American industry because:industry because:

a) Higher interest a) Higher interest rates were paidrates were paid

b) U.S. bought more b) U.S. bought more abroad than it sold abroad than it sold

abroadabroad(Unfavorable balance of (Unfavorable balance of

trade)trade)

2) DOMESTIC2) DOMESTIC(Decline of commercial (Decline of commercial

industry)industry)-American ships which -American ships which

carried 66% of carried 66% of commerce in 1860, commerce in 1860, carried only 9% in carried only 9% in

19001900-Money formerly -Money formerly

invested in commerce invested in commerce flowed into industryflowed into industry

-Factories expand/More -Factories expand/More capital to reinvestcapital to reinvest

1) Within1) WithinCW soldiers / Former CW soldiers / Former farmers / Freedmenfarmers / Freedmen

-Improved -Improved agricultural agricultural machinery reduced machinery reduced need for farmers need for farmers (over 4 million (over 4 million freed to work in freed to work in industry)industry)

1830 - 1900:1830 - 1900: From 3 hrs. - 10 min. From 3 hrs. - 10 min. per wheat bushelper wheat bushel

2) From Abroad2) From Abroad-Between 1860 and 1900 almost 14 million -Between 1860 and 1900 almost 14 million immigrants reached the U.S. (Push - Pull immigrants reached the U.S. (Push - Pull

factors)factors)Push (Causes)Push (Causes)• Overcrowding at Overcrowding at homehome

• Escape military Escape military serviceservice

• Religious/Religious/Racial Racial persecutionpersecution

• Liberalized Liberalized emigration lawsemigration laws

Pull (Attractions)Pull (Attractions)• Demand for cheap Demand for cheap labor in U.S.labor in U.S.

• Shipping/RR Shipping/RR companies companies advertisementsadvertisements

• Freedom/New lifeFreedom/New life

Mechanical / Managerial skill allowed industrialists to offset Mechanical / Managerial skill allowed industrialists to offset their greatest handicap: competition with cheap-labor areas their greatest handicap: competition with cheap-labor areas

with lower standards of livingwith lower standards of living 1)Mass production 1)Mass production

techniquestechniques-Produced more cheaply, -Produced more cheaply,

despite higher labor despite higher labor costscosts

-Europe: Tradition -Europe: Tradition hindered innovationhindered innovation

2)Inventions2)Inventions-638,000 patents issued-638,000 patents issued-typewriter, incan. lamp, -typewriter, incan. lamp,

telephone, Bessemer telephone, Bessemer process, dynamo, air process, dynamo, air brake, RR parlor & brake, RR parlor & refrig. carrefrig. car

Domestic and foreign markets expanded steadily Domestic and foreign markets expanded steadily throughout the Gilded Agethroughout the Gilded Age

1) Improved living standards1) Improved living standards-Econ. Growth, industrialization, and new -Econ. Growth, industrialization, and new

inventions allowed Americans to live inventions allowed Americans to live above their immediate means above their immediate means

2) RR building2) RR building-1860 (31,000 mi) - 1890 (164,000 mi.)-1860 (31,000 mi) - 1890 (164,000 mi.)-Expanded markets for domestic mftrs.-Expanded markets for domestic mftrs.

““LAISSEZ-FAIRE”LAISSEZ-FAIRE”-Government non--Government non-

interference with interference with industryindustry

-Allowed businesses to:-Allowed businesses to:1.1. Pay low wagesPay low wages2.2. Charge high pricesCharge high prices3.3. Employ corrupt Employ corrupt

practicespractices4.4. Enter into monopolies Enter into monopolies

w/o govt. interferencew/o govt. interference5.5. Govt. did support Govt. did support

through:through:-High tariffs, land grants -High tariffs, land grants

and loans to RRsand loans to RRs

The ablest men of the generation were attracted into The ablest men of the generation were attracted into industry rather than politicsindustry rather than politics

Industrial geniuses Industrial geniuses who in an earlier who in an earlier generation might generation might have been have been outstanding outstanding statesmen.statesmen.

““CAPTAINS OF CAPTAINS OF INDUSTRY”INDUSTRY” OROR “ROBBER BARONS”“ROBBER BARONS”

Impact of Economic Revolution on Impact of Economic Revolution on American LifeAmerican Life

When the Civil War began, Americans were When the Civil War began, Americans were an agricultural people, provincial in an agricultural people, provincial in viewpoint, unaware of the world around viewpoint, unaware of the world around them, distrustful of strong government, them, distrustful of strong government,

and culturally immature. and culturally immature.

Before the close of the 19th century, Before the close of the 19th century, they had become an industrial people, they had become an industrial people,

international in viewpoint, international in viewpoint, imperialistically minded, and imperialistically minded, and

culturally awakened.culturally awakened.

Industrialization forced Industrialization forced various segments of the various segments of the population to reassess population to reassess their roles in society:their roles in society:

Long accustomed to Long accustomed to dominating the nation, dominating the nation, farmers were forced farmers were forced into a subsidiary role into a subsidiary role as industrialists as industrialists gained controlgained control

Led to a rebellion which Led to a rebellion which launched the agrarian launched the agrarian uprising in the last uprising in the last quarter of the 19th quarter of the 19th century (Populism)century (Populism)

• Bad Weather (1886-1887)• Foreign Competition drives down prices• High cost of farm machinery• RRs charge high prices to transport food to markets

Increased Demand forIncreased Demand for Farmers’ Goods Farmers’ Goods

Farmer Farmer increases increases investmentinvestment

Increased Increased Grain (Crop) Grain (Crop) OutputOutput

OverproductioOverproduction!n!

More supply More supply than demand than demand (Crop Prices (Crop Prices drop)drop)1870 - 18971870 - 1897

Wheat: Wheat: $108.70 $108.70

To 63.30 / To 63.30 / 100 bushels100 bushels

Farmers Farmers unable to unable to pay off pay off loansloans

Bank Bank foreclosures foreclosures (equipment, (equipment, land, land, mortgages)mortgages)

ORGANIZE!ORGANIZE!

Grange/ Grange/ PopulistPopulist

homehome, , equiequip.p.

“THE MONEY ISSUE”DeflationDeflation makes the makes the dollar worth dollar worth moremore

InflationInflation makes the makes the dollar worth dollar worth lessless

Late 19th Late 19th cent.cent.

Farmers were Farmers were debtorsdebtors

Debtors Debtors like like inflationinflation

$$ worth worth less / less / debt is debt is lessless

Increasing Increasing the money the money supply - supply - creates creates inflationinflation

Supply & Supply & Demand:Demand: If If supply of supply of something something increases it increases it becomes less becomes less valuable valuable (even the (even the dollar)dollar)

ELECTION OF 1896ELECTION OF 1896

Democrat:Democrat: Wm. Jennings Wm. Jennings BryanBryan

Republican:Republican: Wm. McKinleyWm. McKinley

““Silverites”Silverites” vs. vs. “Gold “Gold bugs”bugs”

(working America)(working America) (big (big business)business)

1 - Senators elected by the people

2 - Government ownership of RRs, banks, and communication

3 - 8-hour work day (factory workers)

4 - Expand the money supply (print more paper currency)

Powerless to bargain Powerless to bargain individually with big individually with big corporationscorporations

Formation of labor Formation of labor unions for better unions for better wages and shorter wages and shorter hourshours

Minority of workers Minority of workers joined radical parties joined radical parties to express their to express their discontentdiscontent

Late 1800s were economically uncertain Late 1800s were economically uncertain timestimes

““BOOMS” & BOOMS” & “BUSTS”“BUSTS”GOOD TIMES:GOOD TIMES:Stock market upStock market upIncreased productionIncreased productionIncreased consumer Increased consumer

spendingspendingJobs availableJobs availableHARD TIMES:HARD TIMES:Depressions Depressions

(1873/1893)(1873/1893)Stock market downStock market downUnemploymentUnemployment

Child LaborChild Labor

“Galley Labor”“Galley Labor”

Labor Unrest: 1870-1900

Labor Unrest: 1870-1900

The Molly Maguires(1875)

The Molly Maguires(1875)

JamesJamesMcParlanMcParlan

dd

Led to Union FormationLed to Union FormationUnions Formed To:Unions Formed To:

• Increase Wages• Improve Working Conditions

• Organize workers to bargain with employers

• Guarantee job security

• Compete with growing size and strength of industry

3 Unions of the Late 1800'sAmerican Federation of LaborNational Labor UnionKights of LaborLeaders: Membership:Actions:Leaders: Membership:Actions:Leaders: Membership:Actions:

William Sylvis

1st union for skilled and unskilled workers

•8 hour day

•Sought government help

•Political party

Skilled and Unskilled

(blacks and women)

•End child labor

•Government ownership of RR’s

Uriah Stephens

Terence Powderly

Samuel Gompers

Skilled workers

No Blacks

No Women

No recent immigrants

•Workers paid dues

•Closed shop: employer hire only union workers

•Strikes

Most successful

Why?•Bargained with employer

(Did not seek government help)

•Skilled workers

(More respected by management)

Knights of LaborKnights of Labor

Terence V. Terence V. PowderlyPowderly

An injury to one is the concern of An injury to one is the concern of all!all!

Goals of the Knights of Labor

Goals of the Knights of Laborù Eight-hour workday.Eight-hour workday.

ù Workers’ cooperatives.Workers’ cooperatives.

ù Worker-owned factories.Worker-owned factories.

ù Abolition of child and prison Abolition of child and prison labor.labor.

ù Increased circulation of Increased circulation of greenbacks.greenbacks.

ù Equal pay for men and women.Equal pay for men and women.

ù Safety codes in the workplace.Safety codes in the workplace.

ù Prohibition of contract foreign Prohibition of contract foreign labor.labor.

ù Abolition of the National Bank.Abolition of the National Bank.

The American Federation

of Labor: 1886

The American Federation

of Labor: 1886

Samuel GompersSamuel Gompers

How the AF of L Would Help the

Workers

How the AF of L Would Help the

Workersù Catered to the skilled worker.Catered to the skilled worker.

ù Represented workers in matters of Represented workers in matters of national legislation.national legislation.

ù Maintained a national strike fund.Maintained a national strike fund.

ù Evangelized the cause of unionism.Evangelized the cause of unionism.

ù Prevented disputes among the many Prevented disputes among the many craft unions.craft unions.

ù Mediated disputes between Mediated disputes between management and labor.management and labor.

ù Pushed for Pushed for closed shopsclosed shops..

WHO?B&O Railroad; gradually

every RailroadWHY?Cut wages, fired union

workersWHAT?Strike turned violent,

federal troops called in (10 dead)-Strike failed

A Striker Confronts a SCAB!

A Striker Confronts a SCAB!

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

The Tournament of Today:

A Set-to Between Labor and Monopoly

The Tournament of Today:

A Set-to Between Labor and Monopoly

Anarchists Meet on the Lake Front in

1886

Anarchists Meet on the Lake Front in

1886

WHO?McCormick-Harvester

Company (Chicago)

WHY?Workers wanted an 8-hour

work day

WHAT?Strike turned violent, police

showed up, bomb exploded (anarchist), 11 die, strike failed (Knights discredited)

Haymarket Riot (1886)

Haymarket Riot (1886)

McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.

Governor John Peter Altgeld

Governor John Peter Altgeld

Haymarket MartyrsHaymarket Martyrs

WHO:U.S. Steel Company

(Carnegie/H.C. Frick)WHY:Management cut workers

payWHAT:Strike turned violent,

Pinkertons and federal troops called in; 16 die;-Strike failed

The Corporate “Bully-Boys”:

PinkertonAgents

The Corporate “Bully-Boys”:

PinkertonAgents

WHO?Pullman Company (made

train cars)WHY?1893 Depression forced

Pullman to cut wages but not the rent (“company town”)

WHAT?Pullman hired new workers

(SCABS); turned violent; federal troops sent in-Strike failed

A “CompanyTown”:

Pullman, IL

A “CompanyTown”:

Pullman, IL

Pullman CarsPullman Cars

A Pullman A Pullman porterporter

The Pullman Strike of 1894


President Grover Cleveland

President Grover Cleveland

If it takes the entire army and navy to If it takes the entire army and navy to deliver a postal card in Chicago, that deliver a postal card in Chicago, that

card will be delivered!card will be delivered!



Government by injunction!Government by injunction!

?? Questions to Ponder ???? Questions to Ponder ??

• Was the formation of labor unions avoidable?Was the formation of labor unions avoidable?

• Do you believe workers during the late 1800s Do you believe workers during the late 1800s made the right choice to fight (sometimes using made the right choice to fight (sometimes using violence) for better working conditions?violence) for better working conditions?

•Would you have made the same choice?Would you have made the same choice?

Samuel Gompers

The SocialistsThe Socialists

Eugene V. Eugene V. DebsDebs

International Workers of the World (“Wobblies”)

International Workers of the World (“Wobblies”)

“Big Bill” Haywood of the

IWW

“Big Bill” Haywood of the

IWW

Violence was justified to overthrow Violence was justified to overthrow capitalism.capitalism.

Employees refuse to work until

their demands are met.STRIKE!STRIKE!

Parading in front of the workplace

PICKETING!PICKETING!Workers and general public

refuse to purchase products and services of a company whose workers are striking

BOYCOTT!BOYCOTT!Agreement between employer and

union that the company will hire only union workers

CLOSED SHOP!CLOSED SHOP!Special label placed on product

signifying it was made by union labor

UNION MADE!UNION MADE!

Hire workers to fill jobs of striking employeesSCABS!/STRIKEBREAKERS!

Employer refuses to permit employees to work until they accept conditions of employment set by mgmt.

LOCKOUT!List containing names of employees active in

union affairs.BLACKLISTS!

Contract signed by employees which states they will not join a union.

YELLOW DOG CONTRACTS!A shop where union and non-union workers may be

employed.OPEN SHOP!

Employers seek to prevent growth of discontent by establishing a welfare program.

WELFARE CAPITALISM!

ArbitrationArbitration (must be (must be followed)followed)

-Neutral third party -Neutral third party settles a disagreementsettles a disagreement

InjunctionInjunction -A court order to settle -A court order to settle a disputea dispute

MediationMediation(does not have to be (does not have to be

followed)followed)

-Neutral third party -Neutral third party makes a recommendation makes a recommendation to solve a to solve a disagreementdisagreement

The “Formul

a”

The “Formul

a”

unions unions violence violence strikes strikes socialists socialists anarchists = immigrants !! anarchists = immigrants !!

Labor Union MembershipLabor Union Membership

“Solidarity Forever!”

by Ralph Chapin (1915)


by Ralph Chapin (1915)When the union's inspiration When the union's inspiration through the workers‘ blood shall run, through the workers‘ blood shall run,There can be no power greater There can be no power greater anywhere beneath the sun; anywhere beneath the sun;Yet what force on earth is weaker Yet what force on earth is weaker than the feeble strength of one, than the feeble strength of one,But the union makes us strong! But the union makes us strong!

CHORUS:CHORUS:Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,Solidarity forever,For the union For the union makes us strong! makes us strong!

Come On and Come On and

Sing Sing Along!!Along!!

Come On and Come On and

Sing Sing Along!!Along!!


“Solidarity Forever!”Is there aught we hold in common

with the greedy parasite,Who would lash us into serfdom and would crush us with his might?Is there anything left to us but to organize and fight?For the union makes us strong!



“Solidarity Forever!” * * * *

Through our sisters and our brothersThrough our sisters and our brothers we can make our union strong, we can make our union strong,For respect and equal value, For respect and equal value, we have done without too long. we have done without too long.We no longer have to tolerate We no longer have to tolerate injustices and wrongs, injustices and wrongs,Yes, the union makes us strong!Yes, the union makes us strong!


Workers Benefits Today

Workers Benefits Today

Unionism & Globalization?Unionism &

Globalization?

Concerned with plight of Concerned with plight of poor poor

Fearful of the decline in Fearful of the decline in economic democracy economic democracy leading to a decline in leading to a decline in political democracypolitical democracy

Attack on Social Attack on Social Darwinism and the Darwinism and the “gospel of wealth” “gospel of wealth” mentality mentality

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